2.1-热机 课件---2025-2026学年教科版物理九年级上冊

第1节 热机 第二章———改变世界的热机 学习目标： 【物理观念】知道热机的概念，初步了解热机的工作原理；知道内燃机是热机的一种；了解四冲程内燃机的构造及工作过程。。 【科学思维】知道内燃机各冲程的工作状态和能量转化；体会内能的利用对人类发展的重要作用。 【科学态度与责任】通过演示实验培养学生观察和分析问题的能力；通过阅读“科学世界——现代汽车”扩展学生的知识面。。 教学引入 车流在城市中蜿蜒穿行，货轮在茫茫大海中航行，飞机在蓝天中翱翔，火箭刺破苍穹…热机，改变了我们的生活，推动了社会的进步。 什么是热机？ 利用内能做功 一 为在路面上行驶的燃油车源源不断提供动力的，是一种叫作热机(heat engine)的装置。 利用内能做功 一 观察实验：热机的原理 如图 2-1-2所示，在锥形瓶内装些水，用带小孔的胶塞塞住瓶口，在小孔上方放一个用纸做成的小叶轮。加热锥形瓶使水沸腾，细心观察，会发生什么现象? 利用内能做功 一 ＊看到了什么现象？ ＊小风车为什么会转起来呢？ ＊请分析其中的能量转化情况 利用内能做功 一 （一）热机： 1.定义：通过燃料燃烧获取内能并转化为机械能的装置。 内能 机械能 燃料的 化学能 燃烧 做功 通过做功的方式把内能转化为机械能 2.工作原理： 3.能量转化： 4.分类： 蒸气机、内燃机、汽轮机、喷气发动机、火箭发动机 利用内能做功 一 蒸汽机(steam engine)是最早应用于工业生产的热机。利用蒸汽做功，可追溯到古希腊时期。但直到1769年，瓦特(James Watt，1736-1819)改进、完善了蒸汽机，才使蒸汽机广泛成为带动其他机器运转的动力装置。 利用内能做功 一 讨论交流：蒸汽机是怎样工作的 图 2-1-4是蒸汽机的原理图，汽缸内活塞的左右移动由滑块阀门来控制，请和同学研究图中的机械结构，说明蒸汽是如何进入汽缸、推动活塞运动、带动轮子转动的 原理： 通过活塞的直线运动带动飞轮做圆周运动，解决了动力的传输问题。 内燃机 二 水蒸气对风车做功，使风车转动但是能量在外部损失特别大。 能否直接将燃料在汽缸内燃烧，利用燃气直接推动活塞做功? 内燃机 二 【演示实验】内能转化为机械能 如图2-1-5所示，在透明塑料盒上钻一个小孔，把电子式火花发生器的放电针插进孔中，打开盒盖，在盒中滴入几滴酒精，再将盒盖盖好，然后按下火花发生器的按钮，观察发生的现象 发生一起强有力的爆炸 内燃机 二 1.定义：把燃料放入内部燃烧从而获得更为强大动力的热机 ②分类：汽油机和柴油机 2.活塞式内燃机： ①定义：燃料在气缸内燃烧生成高温高压的燃气,使燃气推动活塞而做功的机器. 汽油机 柴油机 内燃机 二 ③汽油机的构造： 由气缸、火花塞、进气门、排气门、活塞、曲轴、连杆等组成。 汽油机的工作过程 三 要使汽油机连续工作，活塞必须在推动曲轴后回到原来的位置，以便再次推动曲轴，这就要求活塞能在汽缸里做往复运动。活塞在往复运动中从汽缸一端运动到另一端叫作一个冲程。多数汽油机是由吸气、压缩、燃烧一膨胀做功(简称做功)和排气四个冲程的不断循环来保证连续工作的、 汽油机的工作过程 三 吸气冲程: 进气门打开 排气门关闭 汽油和空气混合物 进入汽缸 汽油机的工作过程 三 吸气冲程: 进气门打开 排气门关闭 汽油和空气混合物 进入汽缸 吸气冲程: 进气门打开 排气门关闭 汽油和空气混合物 进入汽缸 汽油机的工作过程 三 吸气冲程: 进气门打开 排气门关闭 汽油和空气混合物 进入汽缸 活塞向下运动 曲轴转动半周 汽油机的工作过程 三 压缩冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门关闭 活塞向上运动 燃料混合物被压缩 汽油机的工作过程 三 压缩冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门关闭 活塞向上运动 燃料混合物被压缩 汽油机的工作过程 三 压缩冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门关闭 活塞向上运动 燃料混合物被压缩 活塞向上运动 曲轴转动半周 想一想：在这一冲程中能量是如何转化的？ 机械能转化为内能 汽油机的工作过程 三 做功冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门关闭 火花塞产生电火花 使燃料燃烧 产生高温高压气体 推动活塞向下运动 汽油机的工作过程 三 做功冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门关闭 火花塞产生电火花 使燃料燃烧 产生高温高压气体 推动活塞向下运动 汽油机的工作过程 三 做功冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门关闭 火花塞产生电火花 使燃料燃烧 产生高温高压气体 推动活塞向下运动 活塞向下运动 曲轴转动半周 在这一冲程中是将 能转化为了 能 内 机械 汽油机的工作过程 三 排气冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门打开 活塞向上运动把废气排出汽缸 汽油机的工作过程 三 排气冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门打开 活塞向上运动把废气排出汽缸 汽油机的工作过程 三 排气冲程: 进气门关闭 排气门打开 活塞向上运动把废气排出汽缸 活塞向上运动 曲轴转动半周 汽油机的工作过程 三 四个冲程 汽油机的工作过程 三 规律总结： 四冲程内燃机的 一个工作循环：__个冲程，活塞往复运动___次，曲轴转动___周；能量转化__次，其中压缩冲程____能转化为____能，做功冲程____能转化为_____能。只有___冲程燃气推动活塞对外做功____次，其它三个冲程是利用飞轮转动时的_____完成。 四 一 两 机械 内 做功 惯性 练习: 某四冲程汽油机飞轮的转速是3 600 r/min,则它每秒钟对外做功( )次. 两 两 内 机械 30 汽油机的工作过程 三 汽油机的工作过程 三 本节小结 课堂练习 1．热机是通过燃料的燃烧获取 ，再把它转化成 的装置。 2.用水壶烧水时，壶中水蒸气将壶盖顶起，这是消耗水蒸气的 能对外做功，水蒸气的 能转化为壶盖的 能。 3．在图的实验中观察并思考酒精灯对试管中水加热时，水的内能怎样变化？ 思考：（1）在加热过程中水蒸气内能的变化情况是怎样的？ 。 （2）当加热一段时间后，看到什么现象？ 。 （3）木塞被顶开，是 对它做了功。 （4）水蒸气能够对木塞做功，说明水蒸气具有能， 它具有的是 能。 （5）做功能改变物体的___________。 （6）水蒸气膨胀对外做功时，__________减少、温度__________， 从而使水蒸气遇冷__________成小水滴。 （7）从能量转化角度看：活塞能被弹起，是因为气体的_______能转化为 活塞的_______能。 内能 内 内能 降低 内能 液化 机械 内 机械能 内 机械 内 增加 木塞被顶开 水蒸气 课堂练习 A．自行车 B．柴油车 C．脚踏船 D．皮筏艇 1．下列所示的工具工作过程中使用热机的是（  ） 2．四冲程柴油机在工作过程中，将内能转化为机械能的冲程是（  ） A．吸气冲程B．压缩冲程C．做功冲程D．排气冲程 B C 课堂练习 1．下面是汽油机工作时的各个冲程示意图，其中将机械能转化为内能的是（  ） 8．关于四冲程柴油机工作过程的说法中正确的是（  ） A．在压缩冲程中，活塞对气体做功，气体的温度升高 B．在做功冲程中，气体对活塞做功，气体的温度升高 C．只有做功冲程是机械能转化为内能 D．在压缩冲程中，是内能转化为机械能 A B C D D A 2.1 热机 一、利用内能做功 三、汽油机的工作过程 板书设计 二、内燃机 1 定义： 2 工作原理： 3 能量转化： 4 分类： （一）热机： 1.定义： 2.活塞式内燃机： （二）蒸汽机 ①定义： ②分类： ③汽油机的构造： 1.冲程： 2.四冲程： 吸气、压缩、做功、排气 Resources/a86cef36ed988c7cdfab692190a85c22.png Resources/109ca0790fc2db858d0a6954ac2da248.png Resources/cd52cb85e4e915e236a5871311776250.swf Resources/323ae974c1725e325804993e51c29070.png Resources/f6bec2d184817834a83a979714309b6b.png Resources/96d86315e8ddd044224ba3d6b8c61d65.png Resources/df16ab8d53b15b951aa7ca1326e1223f.png Resources/faa25f5b701eb162b31157665a5d09e6.png Resources/2e0f54a64b90b0661b8e49b866dfdb5e.jpeg Resources/bf83b2a8dca969dc55f23d4ddfbdad13.jpg Resources/d5de8979180b4e4ee5b2980c43d8c8a1.jpeg Resources/311355c903ceb5fce12204c80cac7de0.jpg Resources/0eb89adff6ebdd2b1319a96a2f7faa29.png Resources/83dec553483d133f263ed966083038ba.jpg Resources/dc29db4ade17aca5940a616da36376fd.jpeg Resources/b4273b096911757814f06e30e7900477.png 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