内容正文:
第十章 动词(中):时态与被动语态
第一节 动词精讲(时态与被动语态)
一、动词时态概述
时态是表示动作或状态发生时间的动词形式。英语时态通过动词的变化来体现,主要包括时间(现在、过去、将来)和状态(一般、进行、完成、完成进行)两个方面。
(一)中职英语课标要求掌握的基本时态:
一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在进行时
过去进行时 现在完成时 过去完成时 过去将来时
职业场景重要性:在工作中准确使用时态能清晰表达操作时间、工序顺序和设备状态变化,是职业沟通的基础技能。
(二)常用时态的构成与用法
1.一般现在时
构成:主语+动词原形(第三人称单数加s/es)
肯定句:He operates the machine.(他操作这台机器。)
否定句:They don't work on weekends.(他们周末不工作。)
疑问句:Do you check the equipment daily?(你每天检查设备吗?)
用法:
表示经常性或习惯性的动作:The assembly line starts at 8 a.m.(装配线上午8点启动。)
表示客观事实或普遍真理:Oil floats on water.(油浮在水上。)
表示当前的状态或特征:This machine works efficiently.(这台机器高效运转。)
表示按计划或时刻表将要发生的动作:The factory closes at 5 p.m.(工厂下午5点关门。)
职业场景实例:
Technicians inspect the equipment every Monday.(技术人员每周一检查设备。)
This tool cuts metal easily.(这个工具容易切割金属。)
2.一般过去时
构成:主语+动词过去式
肯定句:He repaired the machine yesterday.(他昨天修理了机器。)
否定句:They didn't finish the task on time.(他们没有按时完成任务。)
疑问句:Did you attend the safety training?(你参加安全培训了吗?)
用法:
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态:The power failed last night.(昨晚停电了。)
表示过去经常或反复发生的动作:We used this method last year.(我们去年使用这种方法。)
在时间状语从句中,代替过去将来时:He said he would call when he arrived.(他说他到达后会打电话。)
职业场景实例:
The production line stopped working at 3 p.m.(生产线下午3点停止工作。)
We replaced the old parts last week.(我们上周更换了旧零件。)
3.一般将来时
构成:
will/shall + 动词原形:We will install new software.(我们将安装新软件。)
be going to + 动词原形:They are going to upgrade the system.(他们打算升级系统。)
用法:
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态:The new equipment will arrive next month.(新设备将于下个月到达。)
表示计划或安排好的事情:We are going to start production next week.(我们计划下周开始生产。)
表示预测:The machine will probably need maintenance.(这台机器可能需要保养。)
职业场景实例:
The technician will repair the machine tomorrow.(技术员明天将修理这台机器。)
We are going to implement a new quality control system.(我们打算实施新的质量控制系统。)
4.现在进行时
构成:主语+am/is/are + 现在分词
肯定句:The workers are assembling components.(工人们正在组装零件。)
否定句:The machine isn't working properly.(这台机器运转不正常。)
疑问句:Are you monitoring the temperature?(你在监控温度吗?)
用法:
表示此时此刻正在进行的动作:The operator is adjusting the settings.(操作员正在调整设置。)
表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时不一定在进行):We are developing a new procedure.(我们正在开发新的流程。)
表示按计划即将发生的动作:The team is leaving for the factory tour tomorrow.(团队明天将去工厂参观。)
职业场景实例:
The engineer is inspecting the production line.(工程师正在检查生产线。)
We are testing the new equipment this week.(我们本周正在测试新设备。)
5.过去进行时
构成:主语+was/were + 现在分词
肯定句:They were working when the accident happened.(事故发生时他们正在工作。)
否定句:The machine wasn't operating correctly.(这台机器运转不正常。)
疑问句:Were you monitoring the system?(你当时在监控系统吗?)
用法:
表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作:He was repairing the machine at 3 p.m.(下午3点他正在修理机器。)
表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作:We were implementing new safety measures last month.(上个月我们正在实施新的安全措施。)
描述两个过去同时进行的动作:While workers were assembling products, engineers were checking quality.(当工人们组装产品时,工程师们在检查质量。)
职业场景实例:
The technician was calibrating the instrument when the power went out.(停电时,技术员正在校准仪器。)
They were testing the new software all last week.(他们上周一直在测试新软件。)
6.现在完成时
构成:主语+have/has + 过去分词
肯定句:We have completed the project.(我们已经完成了项目。)
否定句:They haven't finished the inspection yet.(他们还没完成检查。)
疑问句:Have you ever operated this machine?(你操作过这台机器吗?)
用法:
表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果:The technician has repaired the machine.(技术员已经修好了机器。)
表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态:We have used this method for three years.(我们使用这种方法已经三年了。)
表示到现在为止已经完成的动作:They have checked all the equipment.(他们已经检查了所有设备。)
职业场景实例:
The quality control team has inspected 500 units today.(质量控制团队今天已经检查了500个单位。)
We have improved the production process since last year.(自去年以来,我们已经改进了生产流程。)
二、被动语态的构成与用法
(一)被动语态的构成
被动语态由"be动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成,时态通过be动词的变化来体现。
时态
主动语态
被动语态
一般现在时
Workers operate the machines.
The machines are operated by workers.
一般过去时
Technicians repaired the equipment.
The equipment was repaired by technicians.
一般将来时
They will install new software.
New software will be installed.
现在进行时
Workers are assembling products.
Products are being assembled by workers.
现在完成时
They have tested the system.
The system has been tested.
(二)被动语态的用法
1.不知道或不必说明动作的执行者:The machine was repaired yesterday.(这台机器昨天修好了。)
2.强调动作的承受者:All products are inspected before shipment.(所有产品在发货前都经过检查。)
3.动作的执行者是泛指:The equipment should be maintained regularly.(设备应定期保养。)
4.在科技文献或说明书中:The temperature is controlled by a sensor.(温度由传感器控制。)
(三)被动语态的特殊形式
1.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+过去分词
The machine must be checked daily.(这台机器必须每天检查。)
Safety procedures should be followed.(应遵守安全程序。)
2.带双宾语的被动语态:
主动:The manager gave me a new task.(经理给了我一项新任务。)
被动1:I was given a new task by the manager.
被动2:A new task was given to me by the manager.
3.带复合宾语的被动语态:
主动:We asked him to operate the machine.(我们让他操作这台机器。)
被动:He was asked to operate the machine.
职业场景中的被动语态实例
Equipment is maintained regularly in our factory.(我们工厂的设备定期保养。)
All products are inspected before leaving the factory.(所有产品出厂前都经过检查。)
The production line will be upgraded next month.(生产线将于下个月升级。)
Safety training must be completed by all new employees.(所有新员工必须完成安全培训。)
三、时态与被动语态的常见错误
(一)时态错误:
错误:We are produce 500 units yesterday.(我们昨天生产了500个单位。)
正确:We produced 500 units yesterday.
(二)现在完成时与一般过去时混淆:
错误:I have finished the work last week.(我上周完成了工作。)
正确:I finished the work last week.
(三)被动语态结构错误:
错误:The machine is repair by technicians.(这台机器由技术员修理。)
正确:The machine is repaired by technicians.
(四)不及物动词误用被动语态:
错误:The accident was happened last night.(事故昨晚发生了。)
正确:The accident happened last night.
(五)时态与时间状语不匹配:
错误:They will finish the project yesterday.(他们昨天将完成项目。)
正确:They finished the project yesterday.
四、课标要求
掌握英语基本时态的构成和用法;能够根据不同的时间和语境正确使用各种时态;理解主动语态和被动语态的区别;掌握被动语态的构成和用法;能在职业场景中根据需要正确使用主动语态和被动语态;了解常见的时态和语态错误并能避免;能读懂和撰写包含不同时态和语态的职业相关英文材料。
第二节 动词(时态与被动语态)专项练习
一、基础巩固题
(一)单选题( )1.The workers ______ the machine when the power failed.
A. operate B. operated C. were operating D. are operating
( )2.All products ______ before they leave the factory.
A. inspect B. are inspected C. inspected D. were inspected
( )3.We ______ this production line for over five years.
A. use B. used C. have used D. are using
( )4.The new equipment ______ next Monday.
A. installs B. will be installed C. installed D. is installing
( )5.Technicians ______ the system right now.
A. check B. checked C. have checked D. are checking
( )6.He ______ in this factory since 2018.
A. works B. worked C. has worked D. will work
( )7.Safety procedures ______ by all employees.
A. must follow B. must be followed
C. must followed D. must be following
( )8.If the machine ______ , please call the technician.
A. breaks down B. will break down
C. broke down D. has broken down
(二)填空题(用括号内动词的适当形式填空)
1.The assembly line ______ (start) at 8 o'clock every morning.
2.We ______ (complete) the project by the end of last month.
3.The equipment ______ (check) by technicians yesterday.
4.They ______ (install) new software at the moment.
5.All safety rules ______ (must / follow) in the workshop.
6.By next year, we ______ (use) this production method for ten years.
7.When I arrived, the workers ______ (test) the new machine.
8.The problem ______ (solve) before the manager comes.
二、能力提升题(句型转换/句子翻译)
(一)句型转换(按要求改写句子)
1.Technicians repair the machines every month.(改为被动语态) _________________________________________________
2.The workers are assembling components now.(改为被动语态) _________________________________________________
3.We have completed the quality inspection.(改为被动语态) _________________________________________________
4.The manager will introduce a new procedure next week.(改为被动语态) _________________________________________________
5.The machine was invented in 2005.(改为主动语态,用people作主语) _________________________________________________
(二)句子翻译(将下列句子翻译成英语,注意时态和语态的用法)
1.这些零件是上周生产的。
2.我们已经改进了生产流程。
3.技术员正在检查这台机器。
4.所有员工必须参加安全培训。
5.到今年年底,我们将完成这个项目。
6.当我到达时,他们正在测试新系统。
7.这种材料能承受高温。
8.这个问题将在明天解决。
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第一编 词法
第十章 动词(中):时态与被动语态
第二节 动词(时态与被动语态)专项练习
答案与解析
一、基础巩固题答案
(一)单选题:1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A
【解析】
1.when引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时,主句用过去进行时,表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,故选C。
2.产品是被检查的对象,用被动语态;这是经常性动作,用一般现在时,故选B。
3.for over five years表示从过去持续到现在的时间段,用现在完成时,故选C。
4.next Monday表示将来时间,设备是被安装的对象,用一般将来时的被动语态,故选B。
5.right now表示此时此刻,用现在进行时,故选D。
6.since 2018表示从过去某一时间持续到现在,用现在完成时,故选C。
7.安全程序是被遵守的对象,用被动语态;must后接be+过去分词,故选B。
8.if引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来,故选A。
(二)填空题:1. starts 2. had completed 3. was checked 4. are installing 5. must be followed 6. will have used 7. were testing 8. will be solved
二、能力提升题答案
(一)句型转换
1.The machines are repaired by technicians every month.
2.Components are being assembled by the workers now.
3.The quality inspection has been completed by us.
4.A new procedure will be introduced by the manager next week.
5.People invented the machine in 2005.
【解析】
1. 主动句变被动句时,将宾语 the machines 变为主语,谓语动词 repair 变为被动形式 are repaired,by 引出动作执行者 technicians,时间状语 every month 保留,故答案为 The machines are repaired by technicians every month.
2. 现在进行时的主动句变被动句,将宾语 components 变为主语,谓语动词 are assembling 变为被动形式 are being assembled,by 引出动作执行者 the workers,时间状语 now 保留,故答案为 Components are being assembled by the workers now.
3. 现在完成时的主动句变被动句,将宾语 the quality inspection 变为主语,谓语动词 have completed 变为被动形式 has been completed,by 引出动作执行者 us,故答案为 The quality inspection has been completed by us.
4. 一般将来时的主动句变被动句,将宾语 a new procedure 变为主语,谓语动词 will introduce 变为被动形式 will be introduced,by 引出动作执行者 the manager,时间状语 next week 保留,故答案为 A new procedure will be introduced by the manager next week.
5. 被动句变主动句,用 people 作主语,将原句主语 the machine 变宾语,谓语动词 was invented 变为主动形式 invented,时间状语 in 2005 保留,故答案为 People invented the machine in 2005.
(二)句子翻译:
1.These parts were produced last week.
2.We have improved the production process.
3.The technician is inspecting this machine.
4.All employees must attend safety training.
5.We will have completed this project by the end of this year.
6.They were testing the new system when I arrived.
7.This material can withstand high temperatures.
8.This problem will be solved tomorrow.
【解析】
1.“这些零件” 译为 these parts,“生产” 与零件之间是被动关系,“上周” 表示过去时间,应用一般过去时的被动语态,故翻译为 These parts were produced last week.
2.“我们” 译为 we,“改进” 译为 improve,“生产流程” 译为 production process,“已经改进” 表示到现在已完成的动作,应用现在完成时,故翻译为 We have improved the production process.
3.“技术员” 译为 the technician,“检查” 译为 check,“正在检查” 表示现在进行的动作,应用现在进行时,故翻译为 The technician is checking this machine.
4.“所有员工” 译为 all employees,“必须参加” 译为 must attend,“安全培训” 译为 safety training,故翻译为 All employees must attend safety training.
5.“到今年年底” 译为 by the end of this year,“完成” 译为 complete,“将完成” 表示到将来某一时间已完成的动作,应用将来完成时,故翻译为 We will have completed this project by the end of this year.
6.“当我到达时” 译为 when I arrived,“他们” 译为 they,“测试” 译为 test,“正在测试” 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,应用过去进行时,故翻译为 When I arrived, they were testing the new system.
7.“这种材料” 译为 this material,“能承受” 译为 can withstand,“高温” 译为 high temperatures,故翻译为 This material can withstand high temperatures.
8.“这个问题” 译为 this problem,“解决” 与问题之间是被动关系,“明天” 表示将来时间,应用一般将来时的被动语态,故翻译为 This problem will be solved tomorrow.
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