内容正文:
第一编 词法
第八章 副词
第一节 副词精讲
一、副词的定义与特征
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子的词,表示时间、地点、方式、程度、频率等。
副词的主要特征:主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子;在句中主要作状语;大多数副词由形容词加后缀ly构成(如quickquickly);部分副词有比较级和最高级形式。
职业场景实例:
The machine runs smoothly.(这台机器运转平稳。)
He operates the equipment skillfully.(他熟练地操作设备。)
We check the instruments regularly.(我们定期检查仪器。)
二、副词的分类
(一)按意义分类
1.方式副词:表示动作的方式。
slowly(慢慢地)、quickly(快速地)、carefully(仔细地)、skillfully(熟练地)
职业场景:He adjusted the machine carefully.(他仔细地调整机器。)
时间副词:表示动作发生的时间。
now(现在)、then(那时)、yesterday(昨天)、today(今天)、tomorrow(明天)、soon(很快)、already(已经)、yet(还)
职业场景:We will start the production tomorrow.(我们明天开始生产。)
2.地点副词:表示动作发生的地点。
here(这里)、there(那里)、inside(在里面)、outside(在外面)、up(向上)、down(向下)
职业场景:Put the tools here.(把工具放在这里。)
3.程度副词:表示动作或状态的程度。
very(非常)、much(很)、too(太)、enough(足够地)、quite(相当)、almost(几乎)、hardly(几乎不)
职业场景:The temperature is too high.(温度太高了。)
4.频率副词:表示动作发生的频率。
always(总是)、usually(通常)、often(经常)、sometimes(有时)、seldom(很少)、never(从不)、occasionally(偶尔)
职业场景:We usually check the equipment before starting.(我们通常在启动前检查设备。)
5.疑问副词:用于引导特殊疑问句。
when(何时)、where(何地)、how(如何)、why(为什么)
职业场景:How do you operate this machine?(你如何操作这台机器?)
6.连接副词:用于连接句子或从句。
when(当……时)、where(在……地方)、how(如何)、why(为什么)、therefore(因此)、however(然而)
职业场景:This is where we store the raw materials.(这是我们存放原材料的地方。)
7.关系副词:用于引导定语从句。
when(在那时)、where(在那里)、why(为什么)
职业场景:This is the workshop where we produce electronic components.(这是我们生产电子元件的车间。)
(二)按形式分类
1.简单副词:由一个词构成。
fast(快地)、hard(努力地)、well(好地)、long(长久地)
2.复合副词:由两个或两个以上的词构成。
anywhere(任何地方)、nowhere(无处)、sometimes(有时)、however(然而)
3.派生副词:由形容词加后缀构成。
quickly(快速地)、carefully(仔细地)、really(真正地)、probably(可能地)
注意:有些以ly结尾的词是形容词,不是副词,如friendly(友好的)、lovely(可爱的)
三、副词在句中的作用
(一)修饰动词:说明动作的方式、时间、地点、频率等。
The workers efficiently completed the task.(工人们高效地完成了任务。)
We often test the products.(我们经常测试产品。)
Please put the tools there.(请把工具放在那里。)
(二)修饰形容词:说明形容词的程度。
This is a very complex process.(这是一个非常复杂的过程。)
The machine is quite old.(这台机器相当旧了。)
The material is extremely durable.(这种材料极其耐用。)
(三)修饰副词:说明副词的程度。
He works very hard.(他工作非常努力。)
The machine runs quite smoothly.(这台机器运转相当平稳。)
She adjusted the parameters rather carefully.(她相当仔细地调整参数。)
(四)修饰整个句子:表示说话人的态度或看法。
Unfortunately, the equipment broke down.(不幸的是,设备出故障了。)
Actually, this method is more effective.(实际上,这种方法更有效。)
Hopefully, we will finish the project on time.(希望我们能按时完成项目。)
四、副词的位置
(一)方式副词、程度副词:通常放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词之后;修饰不及物动词时,放在动词之后;修饰及物动词时,放在宾语之后。
He works hard.(他努力工作。)
She operates the machine skillfully.(她熟练地操作机器。)
This material is highly resistant to heat.(这种材料非常耐高温。)
(二)频率副词:通常放在实义动词之前,be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。
We often check the safety measures.(我们经常检查安全措施。)
He usually arrives early.(他通常到得很早。)
The equipment is always maintained regularly.(设备总是定期保养。)
You should never operate the machine without training.(未经培训你绝不能操作这台机器。)
(三)时间副词和地点副词:通常放在句末;同时出现时,地点副词在前,时间副词在后。
We will have a meeting in the workshop tomorrow.(我们明天将在车间开会。)
He worked here yesterday.(他昨天在这里工作。)
(四)修饰整个句子的副词:通常放在句首。
Frankly, this plan needs improvement.(坦率地说,这个计划需要改进。)
Hopefully, the production will increase next month.(希望下个月产量会增加。)
五、副词的比较级和最高级
(一)构成规则
1.单音节副词和部分双音节副词:加er构成比较级,加est构成最高级。
fast → faster → fastest hard → harder → hardest
early → earlier → earliest
职业场景:This machine runs faster than that one.(这台机器比那台运行得快。)
2.多音节副词和部分双音节副词:在词前加more构成比较级,加most构成最高级。
carefully → more carefully → most carefully
efficiently → more efficiently → most efficiently
职业场景:He operates the machine more skillfully than I do.(他操作机器比我熟练。)
3.不规则变化(需特殊记忆):
well → better → best badly → worse → worst
much → more → most little → less → least
far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
职业场景:This method works better than the old one.(这种方法比旧方法效果好。)
(二)用法
1.比较级:用于两者之间的比较,常用than连接比较对象。
He works harder than his colleagues.(他比同事工作更努力。)
This equipment runs more efficiently than the old model.(这台设备比旧型号运行更高效。)
"比较级+and+比较级"表示"越来越……":
The machine runs faster and faster.(机器运行得越来越快。)
"the+比较级..., the+比较级..."表示"越……,越……":
The more carefully you operate it, the safer it is.(你操作越仔细,就越安全。)
2.最高级:用于三者或三者以上的比较,前面可加定冠词the,后面常跟表示范围的of/in短语。
He works the hardest in our team.(他在我们队工作最努力。)
This machine runs the most efficiently among all equipment.(在所有设备中,这台机器运行效率最高。)
六、易混淆的副词与形容词
hard(副词:努力地)与hardly(副词:几乎不)
He works hard every day.(他每天努力工作。)
He hardly makes mistakes.(他几乎不犯错误。)
late(副词:晚,迟)与lately(副词:最近)
He arrived late for the meeting.(他开会迟到了。)
We have improved our production lately.(最近我们提高了产量。)
near(副词:在附近)与nearly(副词:几乎)
The warehouse is near.(仓库就在附近。)
We have nearly finished the task.(我们几乎完成了任务。)
high(副词:高地)与highly(副词:高度地)
The temperature rose high.(温度升得很高。)
He is highly skilled.(他技术高超。)
deep(副词:深深地)与deeply(副词:深刻地)
The drill went deep into the metal.(钻头深深钻入金属。)
We are deeply concerned about safety.(我们深切关注安全问题。)
七、使用副词的常见错误
副词误用为形容词:
错误:He works careful.(他工作仔细。)
正确:He works carefully.(他工作仔细。)
形容词误用为副词:
错误:She is a beautifully singer.(她是一位美丽的歌手。)
正确:She is a beautiful singer.(她是一位美丽的歌手。)
频率副词位置错误:
错误:We are often late.(我们经常迟到。)
正确:We often are late.(这种表达错误)→ We are often late.(正确,be动词后)
错误:He plays often football.(他经常踢足球。)
正确:He often plays football.(他经常踢足球。)
比较级使用错误:
错误:He runs more fast than me.(他比我跑得快。)
正确:He runs faster than me.(他比我跑得快。)
误用very修饰动词:
错误:He very likes this job.(他非常喜欢这份工作。)
正确:He likes this job very much.(他非常喜欢这份工作。)
八、课标要求
掌握副词的基本用法;了解副词的分类;能正确区分副词与形容词;掌握副词在句中的位置;掌握副词比较级和最高级的构成及用法;了解易混淆的副词;能在职业场景中正确使用副词描述动作的方式、时间、地点、程度等。
第二节 副词专项练习
一、基础巩固题
(一)单选题( )1.He operates the machine ______.
A. skill B. skilled C. skillfully D. skills
( )2.We ______ check the equipment before starting work.
A. often B. near C. hard D. fast
( )3.This new model works ______ than the old one.
A. good B. better C. best D. well
( )4.She speaks English ______ clearly than her classmates.
A. more B. much C. most D. very
( )5.The temperature is ______ high for this kind of material.
A. quick B. quickly C. too D. very much
( )6.______, we have solved the problem successfully.
A. Luck B. Lucky C. Luckily D. Unlucky
( )7.The ______ you work, the ______ results you will get.
A. hard; good B. harder; better C. hardest; best D. harder; good
( )8.He ______ makes mistakes in his work
A. hard B. hardly C. hardily D. hardness
(二)填空题(用括号内词的适当形式填空)
1.He works ______ (hard) than anyone else in the workshop.
2.The machine runs ______ (smooth) after being repaired.
3.We ______ (usual) have a meeting on Monday mornings.
4.She adjusted the parameters ______ (careful) to get accurate results.
5.This method is ______ (effective) than the one we used before.
6.______ (fortunate), no one was injured in the accident.
7.Among all the workers, he operates the equipment ______ (skillfully).
8.The new system works ______ (efficient) than the old one.
二、能力提升题
(一)改错题(找出句中副词使用错误并改正)
1.He works very hardly every day.
2.She speaks English very good.
3.We are often late for work.
4.The machine runs more fast than before.
5.He very likes working in the workshop.
6.She is a carefully worker.
7.We nearly have finished all the tasks.
8.He arrived lately for the meeting.
(二)句子翻译(将下列句子翻译成英语,注意副词的用法)
1.他熟练地操作这台机器。
2.我们通常在早上检查设备。
3.这个新方法比旧方法更有效。
4.不幸的是,设备出了故障。
5.你工作越仔细,犯的错误就越少。
6.他几乎不迟到。
7.在所有工人中,他工作最努力。
8.温度上升得很快。
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第一编 词法
第八章 副词
第二节 副词专项练习
答案与解析
一、基础巩固题答案
(一)单选题:1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.B
【解析】
1.需要副词修饰动词operates,skillfully是副词"熟练地",故选C。
2.often是频率副词"经常",符合句意"我们经常在开始工作前检查设备",故选A。
3.由than可知用比较级,well的比较级是better,故选B。
4.clearly是多音节副词,比较级加more,故选A。
5.too表示"太",符合句意"对于这种材料来说温度太高了",故选C。
6.修饰整个句子用副词luckily"幸运地",故选C。
7."the+比较级..., the+比较级..."表示"越……,越……",故选B。
8.hardly表示"几乎不",符合句意"他在工作中几乎不犯错误",故选B。
(二)填空题: 1. harder 2. smoothly 3. usually 4. carefully 5. more effective 6. Fortunately 7. most skillfully 8. more efficiently
【解析】
1.由than可知用比较级harder。
2.需要副词修饰动词runs,smooth的副词形式是smoothly。
3.需要频率副词usually"通常"修饰动词have。
4.需要副词修饰动词adjusted,careful的副词形式是carefully。
5.由than可知用比较级more effective。
6.修饰整个句子用副词fortunately"幸运地"。
7.由范围among all the workers可知用最高级most skillfully。
8.由than可知用比较级more efficiently。
二、能力提升题答案
(一)改错题
1.He works very hard every day.(hardly表示"几乎不",此处应用hard"努力地")
2.She speaks English very well.(修饰动词speaks用副词well,不用形容词good)
3.We often are late for work. → We are often late for work.(正确,频率副词在be动词后)
4.The machine runs faster than before.(fast的比较级是faster,不用加more)
5.He likes working in the workshop very much.(very不能直接修饰动词,应放在句末)
6.She is a careful worker.(修饰名词worker用形容词careful,不用副词carefully)
7.We have nearly finished all the tasks.(nearly应放在助动词后,实义动词前)
8.He arrived late for the meeting.(lately表示"最近",此处应用late"迟到")
【解析】
1.hardly表示"几乎不",不符合句意,此处应用hard表示"努力地"。
2.修饰动词speaks应用副词well,good是形容词,不能修饰动词。
3.频率副词在be动词后,此句正确。
4.fast是单音节词,比较级是faster,不用加more。
5.very不能直接修饰动词,应放在句末用very much。
6.修饰名词worker应用形容词careful,carefully是副词,不能修饰名词。
7.nearly应放在助动词have之后,实义动词finished之前。
8.lately表示"最近",此处表示"迟到"应用late。
(二)句子翻译:
1.He operates this machine skillfully.
2.We usually check the equipment in the morning.
3.This new method is more effective than the old one.
4.Unfortunately, the equipment broke down.
5.The more carefully you work, the fewer mistakes you will make.
6.He is hardly ever late.
7.Among all the workers, he works the hardest.
8.The temperature rises very quickly.
【解析】
1."熟练地"用副词skillfully修饰动词operates。
2."通常"用频率副词usually,放在实义动词check之前。
3."更有效"用比较级more effective,用than连接比较对象。
4."不幸的是"用副词unfortunately修饰整个句子,放在句首。
5.用"the+比较级..., the+比较级..."结构。
6."几乎不"用副词hardly。
7."最努力"用最高级the hardest,注意加定冠词the。
8."很快"用副词quickly修饰动词rises。
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