Unit4 Inspiration（知识清单） 英语沪教版选择修性必修第二册

Unit 4 Inspiration 知识清单（答案版） 一、核心词汇 单词 释义 拓展 accompany (v.) 陪同；陪伴 company (n.) 公司；陪伴 companion (n.) 同伴；伙伴 blank (adj.) 空的；无标记的 blankly (adv.) 茫然地 blankness (n.) 空白；茫然 nonsense (n.) 胡扯；荒谬 nonsensical (adj.) 荒谬的；无意义的 shade (n.) 阴凉处；窗帘 shady (adj.) 遮阴的；可疑的 firm (adj.) 牢固的；坚定的 firmly (adv.) 坚定地 firmness (n.) 坚固；坚定 amateur (n./adj.) 业余爱好者；业余的 amateurish (adj.) 业余的；不熟练的 humble (adj.) 谦逊的；卑微的 humbleness (n.) 谦逊 humbly (adv.) 谦逊地 pessimistic (adj.) 悲观的 pessimism (n.) 悲观主义 pessimist (n.) 悲观主义者 ambitious (adj.) 有雄心的；有野心的 ambition (n.) 雄心；抱负 ambitiously (adv.) 雄心勃勃地 classify (v.) 分类；划分 classification (n.) 分类 classifiable (adj.) 可分类的 acknowledge (v.) 承认；确认 acknowledgment (n.) 承认；感谢 fascinating (adj.) 迷人的；极有吸引力的 fascinate (v.) 使着迷 fascination (n.) 迷恋；魅力 【随手练】词形转换 1.His explanation was complete ________ (nonsense); it was totally ________ (logic). 2.She dreams of becoming a professional painter instead of remaining an ________ (amateur). Her early works were a bit ________ (amateur). 3.Despite his ________ (humble) background, he achieved great success and always remained ________ (humble). 4.The teacher asked us to ________ (classification) these plants into different categories based on their ________ (character). 5.Her ________ (ambitious) is to start her own company. She is very ________ (ambitious) and hardworking. 二、高频短语 短语 释义 拓展 cling to 抓紧；紧握；紧抱 The child clung to his mother's leg, afraid of the loud noise. fond of 喜爱 She has always been fond of classical music since she was a child. accompany sb. to 陪同某人去某地 My father will accompany me to the airport tomorrow morning. pessimistic about 对……悲观 Many investors are pessimistic about the economic outlook this year. classify into 分类为 Books in the library are classified into different categories for easy access. 【随手记】写作素材积累 ① In the midst of great challenges and uncertainties, it is our firm belief in ourselves and our goals that empowers us to cling to our dreams and never give up. 在巨大的挑战和不确定性中，正是我们对自己和目标的坚定信念，赋予我们力量紧握梦想，永不放弃。 ②We should not be afraid to acknowledge our mistakes and learn from them, for it is through this process that we gain valuable experience and gradually become more mature and wise. 我们不应害怕承认错误并从中学习，因为正是通过这个过程，我们获得了宝贵的经验，并逐渐变得更加成熟和睿智。 ③While it is acceptable to be pessimistic about the current situation at times, we must not let negativity prevent us from pursuing solutions and striving for a better future. 虽然偶尔对现状感到悲观是可以接受的，但我们绝不能让消极情绪阻止我们寻求解决方案、为更美好的未来而奋斗。 三、重点语法：现在完成进行时 一、什么是现在完成进行时？ 现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间点开始，一直持续进行到现在，这个动作可能刚刚停止，也可能仍在进行。它强调动作的持续性和未完成性。 其基本结构为： have/has + been + 动词的现在分词（V-ing） I have been waiting for you for two hours. （我已经等了你两个小时。） She has been working in the company since 2020. （她从2020年起就一直在该公司工作。） 二、现在完成进行时的核心用法 现在完成进行时主要有以下三种核心用法： 1. 表示从过去持续到现在并仍在进行的动作 这是该时态最典型的用法，常与 for + 一段时间、since + 时间点 以及 all day/morning 等时间状语连用。 We have been living here for ten years. （我们在这里已经住了十年了。）（现在仍住在这里） He has been learning English since he was a child. （他从孩提时代就一直在学英语。）（现在仍在学） It has been raining all afternoon. （雨下了一整个下午。）（现在可能还在下） 2. 表示刚结束的动作，但其结果或影响现在仍可见 动作在说话前刚刚停止，但我们能清楚地看到该动作造成的影响或结果。 You look tired. Have you been running? （你看起来很累。你刚才是不是跑步了？） Her eyes are red. She has been crying. （她眼睛红红的。她刚才哭过了。） The ground is wet. It has been raining. （地面是湿的。刚才下雨了。） 3. 表示重复性的动作 有时，该时态也可表示在一段时期内重复发生的动作（有时带有些许感情色彩，如不耐烦、抱怨、惊讶等）。 I have been calling him all morning, but he never answers. （我一早上都在给他打电话，但他从来不接。）（抱怨） She has been asking me the same question again and again. （她一直反复问我同一个问题。）（不耐烦） 三、现在完成进行时 vs. 现在完成时 这是学习者最容易混淆的地方。两者的根本区别在于： 方面 现在完成时 (Present Perfect) 现在完成进行时 (Present Perfect Continuous) 侧重点 动作的完成与否 和 结果 动作的持续过程 和 未完成性 功能 1. 表示已完成的动作对现在造成的影响。 2. 表示从过去持续到现在的状态或经历。 1. 表示从过去持续到现在并可能继续的动作。 2. 表示刚结束的动作及其可见影响。 例句1 I have read that book. （我读过那本书。） → 强调“读完了”这个结果和经历。 I have been reading that book. （我一直在读那本书。） → 强调“一直在读”这个过程，书可能还没读完。 例句2 He has repaired the car. （他把车修好了。） → 强调维修工作已完成，车现在能开了。 He has been repairing the car. （他一直在修车。） → 强调他花时间修车这个过程，车可能还没修好。 简单总结： 如果你关心的是做了什么（What?）和结果如何，用现在完成时。 如果你关心的是一直在做什么（What activity?）和花了多久时间，用现在完成进行时。 四、常用时间状语 现在完成进行时常与以下时间状语连用： for + 一段时间: for two hours, for a week, for ages since + 时间点: since last week, since 9 o'clock, since I arrived all + 时间: all day, all morning, all my life lately / recently （最近） How long...? （多久？） 总结：现在完成进行时的核心要点 形式: have/has + been + V-ing 功能: 强调动作的持续性和未完成性。 关键: 与 for, since, all day 等表示一段时间的状语连用。 区别: 与现在完成时相比，更侧重过程而非结果。 【随手练】 用所给词的适当形式填空 She is very tired because she ________ (work) all night. How long ________ you ________ (learn) to play the piano? I ________ (clean) the kitchen, so what would you like me to do next? He ________ (write) emails all morning, but he hasn't finished yet. My hands are dirty because I ________ (work) in the garden. 四、主题写作：青年榜样 假设你是李华，你校英文报正在举办“Youth as Role Models”征文比赛。请你写一篇短文投稿，介绍一位你敬佩的青年运动员榜样，并说明她为何值得青少年学习。 内容要点包括： 1.她（他）是谁； 2.她（他）取得了哪些成就； 3.她（他）身上有哪些值得学习的品质； 4.她（他）对你的影响。 注意： 1.词数100左右； 2.文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 【例文】 Sun Yingsha: A Shining Example for the Youth I am Li Hua. Among many outstanding young athletes, Sun Yingsha, the Chinese table tennis prodigy, is the one I admire the most and regard as a true role model for our generation. Despite her young age, Sun has achieved phenomenal success. She is an Olympic gold medalist and a multiple-time world champion. Her swift moves and fierce attacks on the table are mesmerizing. However, what impresses me more is her character off the court. She demonstrates immense mental strength, remaining calm under extreme pressure. Her perseverance in training and constant pursuit of excellence show her dedication and passion. More importantly, she is always humble in victory and gracious in defeat, which truly embodies the spirit of sportsmanship. She has taught me that success comes from tireless effort and a strong will. Her story inspires me to face challenges in my own life with courage and determination. She is not just a champion in table tennis, but also a champion in life. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Inspiration 知识清单（答案版） 一、核心词汇 单词 释义 拓展 genius (n.) 天才；天赋 genial (adj. 亲切的) ingenuity (n. 独创性) maturity (n.) 成熟 mature (adj./v. 成熟的/成熟) immature (adj. 不成熟的) compose (v.) 作曲；创作；组成 composer (n. 作曲家) composition (n. 作品；作文) symphony (n.) 交响乐 symphonic (adj. 交响乐的) philharmonic (adj. 爱乐的) brilliant (adj.) 杰出的；明亮的 brilliance (n. 才华；光辉) brilliantly (adv. 出色地) devotion (n.) 奉献；忠诚 devote (v. 奉献) devoted (adj. 忠诚的) finance (n.) 财政；资金 financial (adj. 财政的) financier (n. 金融家) vision (n.) 视野；想象力；愿景 visual (adj. 视觉的) visionary (adj./n. 有远见的/远见者) criticism (n.) 批评；评论 critic (n. 批评家) critical (adj. 关键的；批评的) 【随手练】词形转换 1.His early ________ (compose) for the piano showed great promise. He later became a famous ________. (compositions; composer) 2.The artist's ________ (devote) to his work was truly admirable. He ________ all his time to perfecting his technique. (devotion; devoted) 3.We need to analyze the ________ (finance) report before making an investment decision. The company's ________ are in good shape. (financial; finances) 4.Her ________ (critic) of the novel was very harsh. She is known for being a strict ________. (criticism; critic) 5.The ancient temple lies in ________ (ruin). The earthquake ________ the entire city. (ruins; ruined) 二、高频短语 短语 释义 拓展 sketch pad 速写簿；画板 The artist always carries a sketch pad to capture ideas whenever inspiration strikes. trial and error 反复试验；不断摸索 He learned to play the guitar through trial and error, not by taking lessons. compose music 作曲 It took Beethoven years to compose his magnificent music. financial criticism 财务批评 The company faced severe financial criticism after its annual report was published. show devotion to 对...表现出奉献精神 She showed great devotion to her scientific research. 【随手记】写作素材积累 ① The path to true expertise is rarely straight; it often involves a process of trial and error, where valuable lessons are learned from each failure on the way to eventual success. 通往真正专业的道路很少是笔直的；它通常包含一个反复试验的过程，在此过程中，每一次失败都为最终的成功积累了宝贵的经验。 ②Every great invention and social reform begins with a brilliant vision, but it is the persistent devotion to that vision that transforms it from a mere fantasy into reality. 每一项伟大的发明和社会改革都始于一个卓越的愿景，但正是对那个愿景坚持不懈的奉献，才将其从纯粹的幻想变为现实。 ③The picture depicts a ruin of a building, standing silently as a solemn reminder of the past, yet also sparking our fantastic fantasy about the stories and lives it once witnessed. 这幅画描绘了一座建筑的废墟，它静静地矗立着，庄严地提醒着过去，同时也激发了我们对它曾见证的故事和生活所产生的奇妙幻想。 三、重点语法：动名词 一、什么是动名词？ 动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成的一种非谓语动词形式。它同时具有动词和名词的双重特性。 作为名词：它可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语等名词能充当的成分。 作为动词：它可以有自己的宾语和状语。 例如： Swimming is good for your health. （Swimming 在这里是名词性，作主语） I enjoy reading books. （reading 在这里具有动词性，因为它有自己的宾语 books） 二、动名词的句法功能（重中之重） 动名词可以在句子中充当多种成分，这是学习动名词的关键。 1. 作主语 (As Subject) 动名词短语放在句首，充当句子的主语。 Getting up early makes you healthy. （早起使你健康。） Finding a good job is not easy nowadays. （如今找到一份好工作不容易。） Seeing is believing. （眼见为实。）（同时作主语和表语） Tip: 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 2. 作宾语 (As Object) 这是动名词最常见的使用场景。 a) 作动词的宾语 (Verbal Object) 许多动词后面必须接动名词作宾语，而不能接不定式。常见的这类动词有： enjoy（喜欢）, avoid（避免）, consider（考虑）, suggest（建议）, finish（完成）, practice（练习）, mind（介意）, delay（推迟）, miss（错过）等。 She enjoys watching movies. （她喜欢看电影。） Would you mind opening the window? （你介意开下窗吗？） He practices playing the piano every day. （他每天练习弹钢琴。） b) 作介词的宾语 (Prepositional Object) 介词后面必须接名词性成分，所以如果后面要跟动作，就必须用动名词。 I'm good at swimming. （我擅长游泳。） She left without saying goodbye. （她没有说再见就离开了。） Thank you for helping me. （谢谢你帮助我。） I'm thinking about changing my job. （我在考虑换工作。） 3. 作表语 (As Predicative) 放在系动词（如 be, seem, feel 等）之后，说明主语的内容。 Her job is taking care of children. （她的工作是照顾孩子。） My favorite hobby is collecting stamps. （我最大的爱好是集邮。） What I hate most is being laughed at. （我最痛恨的是被人嘲笑。） 4. 作定语 (As Attributive) 动名词可以放在名词前，修饰该名词，通常表示该名词的用途或功能。 a swimming pool （一个游泳池 用于游泳的池子） a reading room （一间阅览室 用于阅读的房间） a washing machine （一台洗衣机 用于洗衣的机器） sleeping pills （安眠药 用于睡眠的药片） 注意与现在分词区别：动名词作定语表示“用途”，而现在分词作定语表示“正在进行的状态”。 a sleeping child （一个正在睡觉的孩子） 现在分词 a sleeping car （一节卧铺车厢） 动名词 三、动名词的时态和语态 一般式 doing | being done 完成式 having done | having been done 1. 一般式： 表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。 I am afraid of making mistakes. （我害怕犯错。） 2. 完成式： 强调动作在谓语动词的动作之前已经完成。 He apologized for having been so rude. （他为自己的粗鲁道了歉。） 3. 被动语态： 当动名词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时使用。 I don't like being interrupted when I'm speaking. （我不喜欢说话时被打断。） He was proud of having been chosen for the team. （他为被选入队伍而自豪。） 四、动名词的复合结构 由 物主代词（my, his...） 或 名词所有格（‘s） + 动名词 构成。在这个结构里，物主代词或名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。 Tom's coming home made us very happy. （汤姆回家让我们很高兴。） Would you mind my opening the window? （你介意我开窗吗？） I am sure of him/his passing the exam. （我确信他能通过考试。） 注意：在非正式英语中，人们常用代词宾格（如 me, him, us）或普通名词（如 Tom）来代替所有格，尤其是在动词后作宾语时。 Do you mind me opening the window? （非正式） Do you mind my opening the window? （正式） 五、只能用动名词作宾语的常见动词 admit（承认） avoid（避免） consider（考虑） delay（推迟） deny（否认） enjoy（享受） finish（完成） imagine（想象） mind（介意） miss（错过） practice（练习） suggest（建议） risk（冒险） 【随手练】用所给词的适当形式填空： 1. She suggested ________ (go) to the museum. 2. He is interested in ________ (study) abroad. 3. ________ (Cook) is her daily routine. 4. I remember ________ (tell) you about it already. 5. The child avoided ________ (punish) by lying. 答案: 1. going （suggest 后接动名词） 2. studying （介词 in 后接动名词） 3. Cooking （动名词作主语） 4. having told 或 telling （记得已经告诉过，可用完成式强调已完成） 5. being punished （避免被惩罚，用被动语态） 四、主题写作：科技主题议论文 假如你是李华，你校上周举办了一年一度的“校园文化节（Campus Culture Festival）”。请你写一篇短文，分享你在文化节中最难忘的一次经历或一个瞬间。 内容要点包括： 1.简要描述该经历或瞬间； 2.说明它为何让你难忘； 3.你的感受和收获。 注意： 1.词数100左右； 2.文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 【范文】 A Memorable Moment at the Campus Culture Festival I am Li Hua. The annual Campus Culture Festival held last week was a great success, but one moment is particularly etched in my memory. Our class ran a traditional Chinese painting booth. My task was to demonstrate how to paint bamboo. A crowd gathered, including some exchange students who looked curious but hesitant. I invited one of them, named Tom, to try. I guided his hand, showing him how to hold the brush and make strokes. Slowly, a shaky but lovely bamboo painting emerged on the paper. Tom's face lit up with a proud smile, and everyone applauded. That moment was unforgettable not because of the painting itself, but because of the connection it created. I felt the joy of sharing our culture and breaking down barriers. It was more than just a festival activity; it was a lesson in friendship and cultural exchange that I will always cherish. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$