必修第1册 课时达标(6) Unit 4(Word练习)-【状元桥】2026高考英语一轮总复习（人教版 新教材）

课时达标(六)|UNIT 4　NATURAL DISASTERS Ⅰ.阅读理解 Wildfires have captured headlines around the globe in recent years.These intense and widespread fires worry scientists.Besides causing billions of dollars in property damage, wildfires can erase the habitat of valued wildlife.They also fill the air with choking pollution.And when they burn near cities, they put the lives of whole communities in danger. But scientists are interested in these fires for another reason.The black carbon-rich smoke from their flames is made of the ash from burned trees, grass and shrubs.The intense heat of some wildfires can cast this ash to high altitudes and it can travel around the globe.And the warming sunlight absorbed by dark particles(微粒) at high altitudes won't reach Earth's surface. Scientists refer to those tiny particles of ash, dust and more as aerosols(气溶胶)．One important trait is how well they reflect light.Snow and white ice reflect the most light.Dark things absorb the sun's light, mostly as heat.So the color of aerosols is important.Those aerosols can either warm or cool the air.Overall, researches showed that smoke aerosols cool the atmosphere.As intense fires cause dark ash aerosols high into the air, they mix with clouds and mostly prevent the sun's energy entering the earth. The warming climate that can lead to wildfires may experience a temporary cooling when serious wildfires do erupt.Meanwhile, fire aerosols also can have bad effects when they fall back to Earth.And that fallout can sometimes be up to half a world away from where a fire took place. Many studies show that intense wildfires are becoming more common, partly because of global warming.As the planet warms and new fires occur, scientists will continue to explore the big impact of tiny fire aerosols that temporarily occupy our atmosphere. 语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与自然——自然生态 语篇导读：本文介绍了野火如何影响气候。 (　　)1.What does paragraph 1 focus on? A．Wildfire-related air pollution.　　　　　 B．Cities suffering from wildfires. C．Harmful effects of wildfires. D．Scientists' concern over wildlife. 答案　C 解析　段落大意题。第一段讲到：野火除了会造成几十亿的财产损失，还会毁灭珍稀野生动物的栖息地，同时还会污染空气。而且如果在城市附近烧起来，整个城市小区都会置于危险之中。由此可知，第一段主要介绍野火的有害影响，故选C项。 (　　)2.How do fire aerosols cool the earth? A．By absorbing the sun's heat. B．By reflecting most sunlight. C．By blocking out dark clouds. D．By clearing away clouds. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段第四句可知，黑色的东西吸收太阳的光，大都是热量；该段后两句讲到，研究表明烟里的气溶胶能让大气凉爽。因为剧烈的火焰让黑色的气溶胶上升到高空，与云混合，阻止了大部分的太阳热量进入地球。由此推断，气溶胶通过吸收太阳的热量冷却地球，故选A项。 (　　)3.What is the author's attitude towards fire aerosols? A．Uncaring.　　　 B．Cautious.　　　 C．Disapproving.　　　 D．Supportive. 答案　B 解析　观点态度题。第一段讲的是野火的坏处， 二至四段讲的是野火产生的气溶胶可以让地球凉爽，对于全球变暖的气候有所缓解，结合第四段第二句可知，气溶胶在掉落地球的同时也会有坏的影响。因此推断作者对由于大火形成的气溶胶的态度是“谨慎的”，故选B项。 (　　)4.What is the text mainly about? A．How wildfires affect the climate. B．Why warming causes wildfires. C．Common occurrence of wildfires. D．Serious damage from wildfires. 答案　A 解析　主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了野火如何影响气候，故选A项。 In general, the riches of the natural world aren't spread evenly across the globe.Places like the Tropical Andes in South America are simply packed with unique species, many of which can't be found in any other places.Until recently, the main explanation for the biological riches concentrated in places like the Amazon Basin was that such places must be engines of biodiversity, with new species evolving at a faster rate than other parts of the world.But now, new research on bird evolution may turn that assumption on its head, instead supporting the idea that areas with fewer species actually tend to produce new species faster. The researchers say these biodiversity “cold spots” are generally found in environments featuring freezing, dry and unstable conditions.Though the researchers found these locations with few bird species tend to produce new ones at high rates, they fail to accumulate many species because the unstable conditions frequently make the new life forms die out. The more well-known “hot spots”， by contrast, have accumulated their large numbers of species by being warm, hospitable and relatively stable.Indeed, the researchers found that the countless bird species that call the Amazon home tend to be older in evolutionary terms.“New species do form in places like the Amazon, just not as frequently as in the dry grasslands in the Andes.” says Elizabeth, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Tennessee. The researchers managed to collect 1,940 samples representing 1,287 of the 1,306 bird species from South America.Their analysis showed that the best predictor of whether an area would produce new species at a high rate was how many species lived there, rather than climate or geographic features like mountains.Species-rich areas tended to produce new species more slowly. “Maybe bad environments generate new species more frequently because there's less competition and more available opportunities for new species.” says Gustavo Bravo, a lead researcher. The study's findings add new urgency to protect ecosystems that may look barren, but may actually be nature's hothouses for the evolution of new species. 语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与自然——自然科学研究成果 语篇导读：研究发现恶劣的环境可以更频繁地产生新物种，因为竞争更少，而新物种的机会更多。本文介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及重要意义。 (　　)5.Why is South America mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To make a comparison. B．To introduce the topic. C．To explain a fact. D．To draw a conclusion. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。第一段讲到南美洲物种丰富，人们认为是物种进化快的结果。但是新研究却认为物种少的地方产生新物种的速度更快。由此可知，提到南美洲是为了引出话题，提出新研究的观点，故选B项。 (　　)6.What determines the rising rate of new species in a place? A．The number of its species of the time. B．The environment they lived in. C．The survival skills of species. D．The different biological factors. 答案　A 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句并结合第四段最后两句可知，新物种出现的速度是由该地当时物种的多少决定的，故选A项。 (　　)7.Which of the following can best explain the underlined word “barren” in the last paragraph? A．Dry and bare. B．Lively and active. C．Nice and green. D．Complex and unpredictable. 答案　A 解析　词句猜测题。根据画线词后内容“但实际上可能是新物种进化的自然温室”可知，画线词在逻辑上应与此相反，故选A项。barren贫瘠的；不毛的。 (　　)8.What might be the best title for the text? A．Tropical areas are home to large numbers of species B．New species prefer to live in the extreme climate C．Harsh environments pose a greater threat to species D．The worse ecosystem may give birth to new species faster 答案　D 解析　标题归纳题。第一段尾句提出了新研究的观点：物种较少的地区实际上往往会更快地产生新物种。结合第五段可知，本文主要讲述物种稀少、环境恶劣的地区产生新物种的速度往往更快，故选D项。 The cumulative rainfall in Henan province during the four days was the highest since the province has records, the provincial meteorological service said.The rain was the heaviest in the provincial capital, Zhengzhou, for a short period on Monday and Tuesday.Northern, western and central parts of Henan also experienced downpours, the service said.Zhengzhou's biggest one-hour precipitation(降水量)—201.9mm between 4 and 5 pm on Tuesday—was also the highest on the Chinese mainland.The previous record was 198.5mm in the village of Linzhuang in Zhumadian in August 1975, the National Meteorological Center said.The city's precipitation during the four days exceeded that of its average annual precipitation, the center said. Chen Tao, chief forecaster at the National Meteorological Center, said abundant water vapor (水蒸气) brought by Typhoon In-Fa and the province's special geographical features led to Henan's rain.“Partly affected by the typhoon, large amounts of water vapor have been transported to China's inland areas, including Henan.” he said. From Thursday to Monday, rain was forecast to continue in Henan.However, rainfall will gradually subside in Zhengzhou and the province's northern and central regions, though the storms will increase the risk of mountain torrents and other geological disasters.By Monday, lighter rain is forecast for parts of Henan, the provincial weather service said.However, local authorities are still urged to be vigilant and prepare to prevent or cope with flooding and other possible disasters. Predicting such weather events remains a challenge worldwide because it involves many meteorological phenomena, the center said.“The formation of this kind of extreme weather, including rainstorms and high temperatures, is complex，” Chen said.“We still lack effective solutions and methods for such forecasting，” he said.“We are now putting a lot of effort into tackling the difficulty.We believe that as the technology improves, we can better forecast the events.” 语篇类型：新闻报道　主题语境：人与自然——灾害防范 语篇导读：2021年河南省遭受到有史以来最强暴雨袭击。河南省气象中心表示，预测这类天气事件在全球范围内仍然是一项挑战，但是相信，随着技术的进步，可以更好地预测此类事件。 (　　)9.What message does the author mainly want to convey in the first paragraph? A．Heavy rain fell in Zhengzhou. B．The rain in Henan lasted four days. C．Zhumadian also suffered the similar heavy rain. D．Henan experienced the biggest rainfall of all time. 答案　D 解析　段落大意题。第一段第一句讲到：河南省气象部门表示，河南省四天的累计降雨量是该省有记录以来最高的。根据末句可知，该市四天的降水量超过了其年平均降水量。由此推断作者主要想在第一段表达河南经历了有史以来最大的一次降雨，故选D项。 (　　)10.What can be indicated from Chen Tao's words? A．It is not easy to forecast the extreme weather. B．The rain of Henan is mainly caused by Typhoon In-Fa. C．The center hasn't put a lot of effort into solving the problem. D．Rainstorms and high temperatures can account for the heavy rain. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第二、三句可知，这种极端天气的形成，包括暴雨和高温，是复杂的。我们仍然缺乏这种预测的有效解决方案和方法。从陈涛的话中可以看出预测极端天气是不容易的，故选A项。 (　　)11.What does the underlined word “vigilant” probably mean? A．Relaxed.　　 　 B．Alert.　　 　 C．Reluctant.　　 　 D．Communicative. 答案　B 解析　词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段画线词所在句可知，虽然雨量减少，当地政府仍需警惕有洪水和其他灾害发生。alert警觉的，故选B项。 (　　)12.Where might the text be most probably taken from? A．History book. B．A novel. C．A news report. D．A science magazine. 答案　C 解析　文章出处题。根据第一段第一句的语言可知，这是一则新闻报道，故选C项。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五 In the spring and summer months, thunderstorms are common.1. . However, in thunderstorms, lightning can strike people and buildings and is very dangerous. It was reported that a man was struck by lightning when he was making a phone call under a tree.He died at once.You may not know it, but nearly 1,800 thunderstorms are happening at any moment around the world.2. . So what should you do during a lightning storm? Scientists say that a person's chances of being struck by lightning are 1 in 600,000. 3. . If you are indoors during a thunderstorm： ●Stay away from anything that is metal because lightning can come into the house through it. ●Don't stand near the windows. ●Don't take a shower or bath.Lightning can travel through water. ●Never use the phone. 4. . If you are caught in a thunderstorm outdoors： ●5. . If there's no building around, try to find a low place to stay in. ●Do not go under a tree because the lightning could hit the tree and travel through the tree to hit you. ●Never use a cell phone. A．Actually, many people are killed by lightning every year B．Try to get home as soon as possible C．Since they happen often, some people don't take them seriously D．Go into a nearby building or car right away E．Lightning could travel through the phone line and hit you F．But it is very important for us to learn about lightning G．Fortunately, you can reduce those chances by following these safety rules 语篇类型：说明文　主题语境：人与自然——灾害防范 语篇导读：本文介绍了如何避免遭受雷击的一些安全措施。 1．答案　C 解析　因果关系。根据上一句可知，空处与上文形成因果关系，因为经常会发生雷雨，一些人就不把它当回事儿，故选C项。 2．答案　A 解析　顺承关系。根据上文可知，雷暴时常发生。每年都有很多人死于雷击，故选A项。 3．答案　G 解析　顺承关系。根据上文可知，此处表示有应对的方法，故选G项(幸运的是，你可以通过遵循这些安全规则来减少这样的机会)。 4．答案　E 解析　解释关系。根据上文可知，空处和phone有关，故选E项(闪电可以通过电话线打到你)。 5．答案　D 解析　条件关系。下文提到了没有建筑的情况，由此推知空处应提到周围有建筑的情况。building是关键词，故选D项。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$