中外建筑艺术欣赏（课件+素材）-2025-2026学年广西版美术六年级上册

该小学美术课件以“中外建筑艺术欣赏”为主题，通过提问“你知道中国有什么最著名的建筑吗？”导入，系统介绍中国古代（故宫、天坛等）与现代（国家大剧院等）、外国古代（罗马大角斗场等）与现代（埃菲尔铁塔等）建筑的艺术特征，结合学习卡、小组讨论及视频拓展，构建从感知到实践的学习支架。 其亮点在于精选中外典型建筑案例，以审美感知引导学生发现建筑形式美与文化内涵，通过小组讨论“什么样的建筑才是美的建筑”培育文化理解，视频拓展增强直观体验。学生能提升审美情趣与创新意识，教师可高效开展欣赏教学。

中外建筑艺术欣赏 第一课 你知道中国有什么最著名的建筑吗？ 说一说 中国建筑 古代建筑：古代建筑一般是由木结构组成的，具有鲜明的民族特色，尤其是它的形式多样的屋顶和支撑屋檐的斗拱以及其装饰彩画，这在中国古代的主要建筑类型﹣﹣宫殿、坛庙、古塔等方面表现得尤其突出。 现代建筑：现代建筑在继承传统和吸收外国先进建筑经验等方面，有很大的发展。 中国建筑欣赏 故宫太和、中和、保和三大殿（明代） 中国最著名古代的建筑 斗拱和飞檐（明代） 天坛（明代） 布达拉宫（唐代） 嵩岳寺塔（北魏） 三江鼓楼（2002） 上 海 电 视 塔 中国最著名现代建筑 中国国家大剧院（2001-2007） 学习卡1 填一填，说一说： 你最喜欢中国的建筑是哪个？（ ） 请写出它的建筑艺术特点。 外国建筑欣赏 外国最著名古代的建筑 罗马大角斗场（70-82） 帕特农神庙（公元前5世纪） 君士坦丁凯旋门（312） 比莎斜塔（1174--1350） 埃 菲 尔 铁 塔 泰姬陵（1632--1654） （1887--1889） 学习卡2 小组讨论 人类为什么会发明建筑？ 建筑有什么使用功能？ 什么样的建筑才是美的建筑？ 人类发明建筑是为了遮风挡雨、抵御野兽与自然灾害，满足生存与安全需求，也为了储存物品、开展社会活动。 建筑有居住、生产、商业、文化教育、宗教等使用功能。 美的建筑要形式比例和谐、与环境融合、体现文化内涵，且有创新与独特性。 答案对照卡 课堂拓展：中外建筑视频欣赏 布达拉宫的设计师真是个天才，布达拉宫的基本建设格局。 比萨斜塔为何斜而不倒？ 古罗马竞技场 Lavf58.20.100 Packed by Bilibili XCoder v2.0.2 Lavf58.20.100 Packed by Bilibili XCoder v2.0.2 Lavf58.20.100 Packed by Bilibili XCoder v2.0.2 $$看好了，这是布达拉宫。上期视频有朋友说故宫的户型太大，预算成本会很高。那么我们这期看的小户型的，这次需要建房的朋友千万记得点赞收藏。布达拉宫是一座依托马布日山而建，整体高达百余米的藏式宫堡。注意，我们现在所看到的布达拉宫是由五世达赖与后续数代达赖自17世纪后陆续重修扩建的，并不是最初吐蕃王松赞干布修建的那座。毕竟我大清都完了，何况是吐蕃了。17世纪后的布达拉宫，与其说它是一座宫殿，不如说它是象征着曾经藏区权力的金字塔。它被划分为三个区域，分别是前山的平地工程区、山顶工事区以及后山湖区。工程区与公示区之间又有高大的宫墙链接，宫墙所包围的范围全部都属于布达拉宫，圈地总面积约36万平米，所以建房的朋友千万别忘记了打围墙宣示主权哈。后山的湖区也被称为鳞卡林卡，在藏语中是园林的意思，所以后山湖区也可以看作是布达拉宫的后花园。整个湖区围绕着中心的龙王潭修建，龙王潭就是五世达赖重建布达拉宫时的取土之地。前山的工程区又被称为雪城，也有下城的意思。雪城是可以算是布达拉宫的行政功能区，是以前法院、印经院、藏军司令部驻地所以及一些显赫贵族的住宅区的所在地。注意哈，虽然山上工程区的房间又大又多，但是贵族是不能住上面的，只有僧教人员才能住在上面。至于为什么，感兴趣的同学可以自行搜索。雪城后面是几条之字形向上攀岩的山灯，它们也被称为圆满，汇集到山灯台阶，共1080级，这是进入布达拉宫的必经之路，到这里，无论是高僧信众，又或是达官贵人，想要登顶都需要一步一阶而行，没有捷径可言。这样的设计正好契合了佛教众生平等的思想。但是今天你只要看了我的视频，一句话的功夫就能登顶，遥遥领先。汇集到后面连接的就是布达拉宫的主体建筑工程区，工程区又可以大致划分为四个区域，红宫、白宫四大宝以及砟下。四大宝，顾名思义，故为四方保卫，其中东大堡与西大堡分居两侧，与之对应的是僧官学院与僧房。僧房也就是扎下，是服务布达拉宫的喇嘛们日常起居的地方，这里最多的时候居住着25000名僧众。接下来是白宫，白宫也是历代达赖的东宫。白宫共分为七层，最顶层是达赖的寝宫日光殿，第四层是白宫最大的电与东大殿，措钦霎是白宫最大的殿堂，布达拉宫的重大活动都再次举行。殿内至今还悬挂着铜质地书写的镇西绥江的匾额。其实白宫的范围很大，不止这七层，在工程区所建的白色宫殿都属于白宫范围，包括扎下四大堡等。白宫之上是红宫，红宫位于布达拉宫正中央，是整个宫殿最高的建筑。红宫共有九层，主要用于供奉佛神和处理宗教事务，也是历代达赖的灵塔殿所在地。红光的建筑布局及功能用途正好符合藏传佛教的曼陀罗布局及一切圣贤、一切功德的聚集之处。红宫分布着数座灵塔殿，其中50达赖的灵塔殿最为宏大辉煌。据记载，锦香包灵塔所用的黄金就达11.9万2之多。红宫的建成是在50达赖之后，60达赖时期，这就让红宫的建成有了一种说法，在五世达赖掌权后，藏区正式进入政教合一的时代，而60时期红宫的建成代表着政教合一达到了巅峰。也有另一种说法是，红宫的建成是为了与白宫以及在下方的雪城构成纵向空间序列。这样的上中下排列顺序，与布达拉宫前、中、后的建设布局以及整体建筑红、黄白三种配色正好形成33对应，符合了藏传佛教的三界学说，契合了佛家三界的宇宙观以及前世今生来世的说法。镜头拉远，俯瞰整个拉萨河谷，你会发现选址布达拉宫的人真是个天才，布达拉宫修建在红山顶部，洪山背靠北面的老娘山，南面有托日山呈弯月式环抱，山下又有拉萨河顺着山势由东向西缓缓流去，山水相依，正好凑成了风水学中潮山点水的风水格局。镜头在拉升，拓日山、老娘山，又各有山脉向布达拉宫方向延伸，几座嘲讽之山犹如贵妇之人，再向布达拉宫朝拜，犹如天作之合，妙不可言，真是神奇。 看到这张图片，大家是不是有一种很熟悉的感觉？画面中一个人站在楼顶，一大一小两个小球正在往下落，楼下还有一堆贵族们纷纷围观。那是不是想起来了？对，这就是近代科学实验奠基人之一伽利略站在比萨斜塔上做了两个铁球同时落地的实验。从逻辑上来说，一个是伟大的科学家，一个是当地的网红建筑，还有一个是推翻前人理论的实验。这一切看上去都非常合理，但很多历史学家在论证之后发现，伽利略其实根本没有在比萨斜塔做过这个实验。而且相比较于比萨斜塔的远近闻名，当时的伽利略要逊色很多。那么这个比萨斜塔到底是什么来头呢？为什么很多人都称它为一个烂尾了200年的违建呢？意大利人为了保持这个烂尾的状态，又干了多少让人啼笑皆非的努力？大家好，我是你们的老朋友九。意大利共有20个大区，每个大区下辖数个省。做个对比的话，意大利的大区相当于咱们中国的省，而他们的省则对应我们的市。文艺复兴这个词大家应该不陌生，吧，它指的是欧洲在14到17世纪的思想文化运动，而文艺复兴的发源地正是托斯卡纳大区的首府佛罗伦萨，喜欢战神巴蒂的朋友对这座城市一定不陌生吧，而今天视频的主角比萨斜塔则位于托斯卡纳大区比萨省的首府比萨市，对，这塔要是斜的还在比萨比萨斜塔的名字就是这么简单粗暴。说到这儿你可能会想，难道意大利人一开始就憋是想建一个歪着的建筑吗？这个虽然浑身都是艺术细菌，但倾斜的建筑真的并非本意。来，咱们在地图上看一看，画面中白色的圆柱体自然是斜塔，旁边的建筑为比萨大教堂。而这个比咱们蒙古包稍高一点的建筑则是洗礼堂，旁边那个拉长的回字形的建筑是墓地。咱们的上海市有厨房三件套，那么这四个建筑就是比萨式的宗教四件套。当然四件套都各司其职。提礼堂主要用来做入教仪式，在一些教义中，新生儿在出生数周之后也要进行洗礼。教堂和墓地的功能自然不用多说。那比萨斜塔其实在建设之初，它只是一个钟楼。小说巴黎圣母院中天生畸形的卡西莫多就在巴黎圣母院负责敲钟的工作。通过以上这些介绍，大家似乎能感受到，即便是在今天，四件套都是一个不小的工程，更别提一千多年前的11世纪了。要知道当时可是没有意大利这个国家的。而比萨所在的托斯卡纳大区，大体上都归神圣罗马帝国所统治。当然说是统治，其实神罗更像是一个松散的国家联邦。法国著名的思想家伏尔泰就曾说过，神圣罗马帝国它既不神圣，也不罗马，更非帝国。在这种松散的状态下，意大利人凭借着自己出色的航海技术和贸易天赋，围绕着热那亚、比萨、威尼斯这样的沿海城市，逐渐发展出了几个名义上属于神圣罗马帝国，但却相对独立的共和国。咱们就单说比萨，由于地处西海岸，共和国的贸易船只覆盖了整个西部地中海，甚至连东海岸的黎凡特地区都有所染指。海上贸易的繁荣让比萨共和国的实力在12到13世纪时达到了巅峰。贸易的往来不只有货物，自然也有金钱和文化。再加上不久前比萨人在海战中战胜了强敌，还占领了今天的巴勒莫。所以比萨人势必要在共和国的内部折腾出点什么来彰显自己的实力。这思来想去，那咱们就整个大教堂。不过在1063年，大陆另一端的威尼斯率先将圣马克大教堂进行了翻新。这边的比赛一看，嚯老子要比你的更大更漂亮。于是1064年比萨大教堂动工了。在之前埃菲尔铁塔那期视频中，地球曾提到铁塔曾被骗子卖过，还险些被希特勒炸掉。可是毕竟它只是个建筑，当时并没有过多的附加价值，并且谁没事也不能成天爬塔玩，对吧？但是在欧洲由于宗教之间的矛盾，教堂这种建筑被烧或是被抢的风险还是比较大的。再加上与今天不同的是，最初比萨大教堂还是要承担着教堂的本职工作，比如教徒在里面进行宗教活动之类的。所以直到12世纪的七八十年代，即使在没有遭到战火洗礼的前提下，比萨大教堂也经历了多次的翻新。就在教堂不断翻新之时，1153年旁边的洗礼堂开工了。接着在1173年钟楼也准备破土动工。从时间线上来看，20年建一个洗礼堂应该是足够用了。然而事实却是钟楼的建筑师与西礼堂是同一个人。当然这一做法其实也不奇怪，毕竟两个建筑的主体都是圆柱体，所以在地基的类型上确实有很多共通之处。等建筑师把洗礼堂那边的活忙完了，这面的钟楼终于开始动工了。鉴于一个洗礼堂则要修个20年，那么这么高的一个钟楼修它个50年不过分。但后来的事实证明，50年这个想法还是太保守了。意大利人用了整整200年和三位工程师，他也将他封顶，就这样还不算90年代末20世纪初的加固。当然这是后话了。1178年是开工的第五个年头，此时钟楼已经修到3楼了，这个速度相对于修了20年的洗礼堂来说，可以说是非一般的干掉了。不过此时工程师发现情况不太对劲，只修了三层的楼，怎么好像已经开始往北歪了呢？测量之后发现还行，没歪多少，只有0.2度。至于这歪的原因，也很简单，因为整个比赛就位于两条河流之间，所以土质以沙子、粘土和贝壳为主。那么在这种不稳定的土壤之上，建高一点的建筑，底部的受力自然是不均的。更重要的是，当时的比萨城已经有几座塔楼开始倾斜了，所以对于当地的人来说，这种情况算是见怪不怪了。那这楼还要继续修吗？在反复的旋风之后，总工程师决定这会儿咱们先停一停，结果这一停就是一百多年。1272年工程再次开工，不过开工前面临的最大问题是在倾斜的建筑上。再修五层的工作，在建筑史上也算是前无古人后无来者了。那么这个烫手的山芋该怎么接呢？新任工程师觉得，既然之前是往北歪了，那我往南使使劲，这不就不歪了吗？抱着这个思路，钟楼在一二年之后终于完成了第七层。结果修完后工程师抬头一看，我的妈呀，这一下他用力过猛了，钟楼由原来的向北倾斜0.2度变成了现在的向南倾斜近一度。形状上楼身也不再是直线，而是变成了一个，虽然有点夸张，但你可以想象一下香蕉的形状。看来反复横跳是让这位工程师给玩明白了。经过这么一折腾，不但工程师麻了，比萨人都麻了。因为就像前面提到的，当地人表示倾斜的建筑我们见多了，但这么来回晃的，还是头一次见到。这算是小刀拉屁股开了眼了，怎么办呢？停工呗。就这样，钟楼在原地又尴尬的处了近70年以后，终于在1372年封顶了。片尾的角度自然也来到了1.6度。对了，他的本职工作是什么来着？钟楼是吧？最后七个大钟被搬到了他定，不过自打这一天开始，七个大中就没被撞响过。直到今天你可能会想，那为什么不用呢？怎么的你还嫌这塔倾斜的角度不够大吗？话说卡西莫多要是从巴黎圣母院跳槽比赛斜塔估计就得失业喽。毕竟这钟一天都没敲响过，咱们就可以正大光明的叫它为斜塔了。虽然1372年建成时，它的倾斜角度只有不到两度，但前面咱们提到当地的土质不太适合建造高一点的建筑，再加上地基再往下1米，就是地下水层，所以倾斜的角度是越来越大。1817年两位英国工程师在测量之后发现倾斜的角度已经达到了惊人的五度。好，咱们来做一道简单的数学题，已知斜塔长58.36米，倾斜角度为五度，那么塔尖偏离中线多少米呢？大家可以利用数学知识来算一算，然后把答案写在评论区。这明眼人已经看出来，爬要是再这么下去，那可就离他不远了。咱们中国有句老话说的好啊，不怕没好事儿，就怕没好人。1838年一位名叫格拉德斯考的工程师觉得自己行了，打算研究协塔的地基。说干就干，很快之前埋在地下的地基台阶和支撑柱子都露了出来。就在他打算好好研究一番之时，地下水源源不断地从南玄策涌了出来。这位老哥一看大事不好，赶紧命工人们把地基再给埋上。20年后人们经过测量发现这次闹腾，让斜塔又往南倒了半度，约20厘米。其实事情发展到这个地步，大家的办法都不多了。但秉承着死也要死明白的态度，意大利人在1911年决定每年都对斜塔进行精确的测量，1928年又加了四个水平站，以加强监测效率。对了，此时意大利的领导人是谁呢？奉行法西斯主义的墨索里尼。虽然一提到法西斯大家可能都深恶痛绝，但墨索里尼也不是一无是处。比如今天你在互联网上就能看到这样的评价，墨索里尼一生的梦想就是当一名建筑师。对于怀揣着这样梦想的人来说，比萨斜塔这么个烂尾工程是他绝对无法容忍的。于是，老莫决定把比萨斜塔拉直，变成最初的钟楼。1934年，工程师们在协塔的地基打了361个洞，然后沿着洞往里面交80吨的混凝土。这么做的目的也很明显，加固地基砖石的墙长度。但人算不如天算，经过这么一折腾，塔居然更斜了，塔尖又向南偏离了9毫米。但随着二战的开打，巴塔履职的工作只能作罢。等二战打完了，经济也恢复的差不多了。意大利人反思之后觉得如果要是再这么胡闹下去，斜塔没倒，反而让意大利人自己给推倒了，这丢人可就丢大了。于是1990年他们决定不让斜塔坍塌的工作是必须要做的，但这个工作一定要得到政府部门的批准。于是在9394这两年折腾斜塔的工作又开始了。前面咱们说到塔身呢，已经有点类似于香蕉的形状了。于是工程师们先是在第一和第二层加了一圈钢筋的束腰，接着又在底部铺设了大量的混凝土。而且你不是往南歪吗？那我就在北面加上600吨的铅块。别说经过这么一折腾，铁塔确实整体回调了52服秒。但问题是一二两层的钢筋束腰和那一大堆铅块也太丑了。于是负责维护的委员会表示，行行行，我这就整改。1995年配重的铅块换成了固定的电缆，但安装电缆之前，还有一步重要的工作，那就是用液态氮来冻结地面。但是粗心的意大利人忘记了一件很重要的事儿，液态氮不但能冻结地面，还能冻结一米之下的地下水。而水变成冰之后，体积是会增加的。就这样冻结完地面之后，塔身开始以每天四五秒的速度玩命的向南倾斜，没办法维修的工作只能再次停止。可以说经过1995年的这次折腾，让两年前的所有努力付之东流。那么你可能会想，为什么今天的比萨斜塔还没到呢？这个问题又是怎么解决的呢？其实大体思路也很明确，之前的工作都是在想办法加固，而这一次意大利人用了最传统的方式，由于是向南倾斜的，所以把北面的土挖走，那么塔身就会因为重力自然而然地回正了。但鉴于之前的错误，这次工程师们每天只挖不到0.01立方米的土壤，可以说是相当保守了。挖土的同时又给奇迹广场加了一个新的排水系统，来缓解地下水的问题。经过这次的维护之后，塔顶奇迹般的被拉回了超过50厘米。2001年比萨斜塔终于再次对外开放了。当时委员会还表示，比萨斜塔在未来200年左右的时间里是安全。而且就算是再有倾斜的迹象，这种方式依然可以使用。视频开始时，地球曾提到，很多史学家研究发现，伽利略大概率并没有在斜塔上做过实验。当然这个事是真是假，我们先放一边。但可以肯定的是，早在几百年前，比萨斜塔就已经是各种名人的打卡圣地了。地球在狭义点来猜测，有没有可能是伽利略制造了这个谎言呢？其实回顾比萨斜塔这段奇葩的故事，很多干土木工程的朋友都会说，这个塔呀，在修到第三层时拆掉就是最好的解决方式。因为以当时的技术水平和比萨当地的地质条件来说，就不合适修建这么高的一座钟楼。但也正是因为错进错出的历史，才让这个200年的烂尾工程摇身一变成了当地甚。这是整个意大利的知名地标性建筑。而更神奇的是，自打1372年建成之后的七百多年，意大利人都要努力让斜塔保持它最初烂尾的样子。 The color seen arena of blood and sand here, super star gladiators would fight to the death and the ultimate action adventure. The largest empathetic re in the classical work, he stands as a monument to roman engineering genius. But IT was much more a powerful tool for controlling in the masses and a showcase for claiming rooms, domination of the world. The brainchild . of an upstart emo, the story of the policy and creation was as bloody and violent as the event staged within IT. Rome, the beating heart of the roman empire, its rules stretched from britain, the west to syria in the east, making IT the most powerful empire in the ancient world. The capital was home to more than a million people, a restless, volatile mom. To pacify them, one emperor would build the greatest another world had ever seen. This is the color seen here, the impression ge, the blockbuster entertainment of the day. But the color seen was about more than just glad ATS. The activities, the festivities and the music, the chance. the handles of . food and money, all of this would have just literally known you away. IT was the largest free standing, empathetic re. In the world, and the engineering required to build IT was revolutionary. IT took the genius of the roman arch, and they used IT on a cos scale, the time with . building IT was seen as Better than the pyramids. IT was rome's answer to the most wonderful building in the entire world. IT pioneer the use of building materials still with us today and would prove the ultimate test of roman ingua. There was no telling whether this building, in fact, would work as a building, but this shows the supreme confidence the romans. The story of the policy in's construction dates back two thousand years. Eighty sixty eight, the infamous emperor narrow a cruel dictator rules rome and its empire again. To the advice of his senators, he let his huge tax increases on own citizens. The money goes to build a huge palace in the heart of room, complete with a thirty six and a half meter tall bronze stretching of narrow himself. But narrows harsh tax regime, angers people throughout the empire. And in judea, IT Sparks and revolved. He calls on a general who has long been out of favor, a man who made his name in the conquest of britain. The general name is the spacious neo. brings back the spin to put down the jewish revolt. For the simple reason that the spacing isn't arrival. doctor's ray Lawrence from the university of birmingham, the U. K, believes that this one was a calculated choice. He's a humble person who's out of favor. Therefore, he's not seen as attention dangerous. the spacious marches into judea and build a huge wall around the city of jerusalem. But one year later, neuro has lost his grip on power. The senate, knowing that room s population will back, declare neuro an enemy . of the state. Rather than face execution, he commit suicide. Room is in crisis. Three emperors ors come and go in a walter of blood. The empire desperately needs a strong and incredible reading. Powerful legions in italy decide that the besim is the man for the job. The call spreads through rome provinces from the danube to egypt, syria, and finally reaches the spatial in judea. He held no ambition to be emperor, but now he answers the call. A spion enters roman trimm and the senate declared him embro but he must also win the hearts and minds of rooms riotous mob. Most are unemployed and live on the handouts of a prosperous empire. He decides on a grand crowd, please and gesture. When narrows golden palace of one stood, he will build a great palace of the people, a massive sporting arena, a for all of rome. The symbolism wouldn't been lost on anyone. Coy brennan of rock's university is convinced that the spion choice is no accident. He knocked down the theme park that neural built from himself, the dome, the golden house, and built this magnificent empathetic re, which was meant to be visible from all across the room. Just like today, sports were hugely popular in . the roman world. none more so than glatt al games, but they played a much . more fundamental role. They kept the idle mall happy and occupied red and circuses was the roman recipe for keeping the peace. Room was one of the largest cities in the world. More than a million people filled its streets and tinamous. If only one in twenty of sports fans, that would still require a stadium that held fifty thousand people. So the spacious needed to build the grandest gravitate al arena ever conceived, or risk disappointing in the very mob. IT was designed to . a peace when he . set out to build this. Certainly, he told his builder, this has got to be the biggest, the most make nivison . dara's aria of the american institute for roman culture is certain that scale was foremost investors on's mind contemporary . with the construction of this apathetic re. There were other apathetic re, almost as large. So certainly the spiteful told his builders this had . to be the biggest but . the company, and wasn't just for the people. IT would also help the patient's family. The flavian launch a new dynasty . spin of convinced wanted a family dynastic monument that was going to really proclaim that his family, the flavin dynasty, was here to stay. The embers agenda is clear in the roman name of the collisions, the flavian empathetic re. The space on needed just under two and a half hecker irs of level ground for the foundations. The eastern wing of narrows golden palace was no good because I . was on a slope until . the south stood a great temples of the empire laudibus. The only suitable area was filled with an ornamental lake. IT looked as if . their patients plans were sorted before he had . even begun. His solution . was characteristically ambitious. He would simply remove the lake. You think of the . entire building project from designing IT to implement IT, then you have to the race a structure that was here previously. You've got to drain out the lake. That's a herculean effort. How could the romans manage such a monumental task? Before the spacious engineers could even start building the color seen, they had to reclaim a lake of the size of more than five football peaches. Archaeologists have discovered that the building's dug a vast trench nearly fifty meters wide around the lake, thinking IT to six metres below the lake bed. They lined the trench with stone walls three metres stick and fill the space between them with a waterproof cement. Finally, they drain the lake through an existing channel and funded water into the river tiber more than a kilometer away, yet even once the light was empty, the chAllenge wasn't over. They had to find a way to stop rainwater flooding the arena. The solution, a vast network of drains that would constantly channel water out of the structure. As IT was being built to ensure an efficient flow of water, the spacial s. Engineers had to slip the drains at a gradient of two and a half percent. If the angle of the incline is too shallow, the water doesn't drain away. If IT is too great, IT backs up on the water. simply pools. The answer was ingenious, but simple. The engineers poured water . into a group wouldn't bored to make a rudimentary spirit level called a crobble. Once they had a perfect . horizontal line above ground, he simply measured down to work out the course . of the drains below. Result drain pipes sloped at just . the right angle. In this way, the spaces engineers created a system of drainage channels over three kilometers long, which funnels water from all over the color into four massive storm, draining the flow out from the center. Conduits to collect water were arranged all around the color seen the . water fished out so quickly. IT was thirty eight gallons SA second, which is sixty battus s fall. And all this would eventually end up in the great sort of room, the clock moxa. With a foundation set, the spacing could start building the stadium. He needed two things on a scale never seen before, landau and money. But the extravagant narrow had bankrupted the empire. And for asians, bid for the throne had drained his finances. Where could he turn? The answer . would enslave our people and bring a temple crashing down. The space on is at a crossroads. He desperately needs money to build his color sim, but raising taxes can turn . ordinary romans against him. Luckily for him, his some titles is still be seeding. Jerusalem, famous for its temple treasures, in september eight seventy, titers assaults the city. After a bitter resistance jerusalem alls. Much of IT is burned to the ground, and the legends treasures of the temple on the ammo t are carted back to room. The amount of money which comes from the second issue that is enormous, we have we hear about in the spacemen triumph t there is kind of cars of boott. There are wonderful things like candlesticks, all the treasure of the taxes which the juice had paid. The temple are now in the space, in hands. Soldiers march. Tens of thousands of jews back to roman slaves. There is a popular myth that they were forced to work on the color seen, but the truth is more complex. It's not really likely that you just bring . over a huge workforce, thirty thousand jews, and then build to calls him that would taken too long with taking too long to train them. And this is not about on the job training. In the color see, that was all about being efficient . and fast and getting IT done. The real value of the slaves of the space on was money. Thirty thousand jewish prisoners ers entered row in chains. They were put on public parade . and auctioned. They were sold. and there was . a ready market. Slaves were an internal parts of roman life, a rich family, my own several hundred. But even the average citizen could afford a house. The rooms can't mention the world without slaves. Slaves are part of their lives and its part of their society. It's their expectation. If you sell thirty thousand slaves, you get a huge amount of money. You would buy the labor of the third of the population of rome for a whole year. IT is something which then he can cash he in or. And that patient would need every penny to pay for his color. Seen the romans were constantly well organize. Professor Michael Davis is an architectural historian from mount holyoke college in the united states. He is in no doubt about the manpower required. It's been estimated that perhaps as many as a quarter of the population of rome was involved in some way or other. Rome's engineers were accomplished builders, but this would be . the greatest chAllenge. They needed an empathy at a big and strong enough to hold over fifty thousand people without collapsing under its own weight. The solution lay in three key architectural innovations that formed the secret of roon's great monuments. The most important is the arch. The arch is an almost perfect design for bearing heavy loans, and that design is so simple. A series of wedge shape blocks is assembled together in a semi circular form and supported on top of two pillars at the side. The weight of the building is absorb by the keystone center of the arch and distributed evenly over the entire span of the arch and then down into the two side pillars. This allows the pillars to bear enormous loads. And because the space in between the pillars is mp, this reduces the weight of the building even further. The arch would become a recurring theme throughout the building of the color seen on the altering eighty gigantic arches seven meters high from a giant ring. Around the parameter on top of these is set another eighty arches on top of these as a third, and making two hundred and forty . arches in all the collision really is nothing but arches. It's a symphony of arches. The organization required to achieve this feet of engineering was phenomenal. But even here, rooms engineers had a trickle to up their tobes. For them, building was a business of mass production. Centralization is key for the efficient building of the coal. For example, the romans used the arch, and the arch repeated again and again and again by countless teams of builders. And that kind of standardization is very kid, what we have in an industrialized world today. So the breaking down of the building allows them to have lots of work gangs with not huge skills, they just have to simply build enough. In this way, the thousands of labor is working on the color seen could be left to build their section with minimal supervision, confident in the knowledge that their labor's were being repeated . all over the structure. You're going to have a lot of unskilled labor. You are going to have a lot of bricks, are you gonna have a lot of people that have some sort of skill, but they're not going to be required to know more than a whole one. Then you're going to have a lot of skilled labors people, they're going to be Carrying the columns, people that are gonna carbine, the status that are going to go in the nitties, in the upper floors. So you gona have a lot of skill craft man, you can have a lot of unskilled participating in this very massive, important . construction size. The concept of repetition was at the heart of the policy. ens. design. The architects . put two theatres backup back to create one giant theatre in the round. Or empathetic ross, as the . greeks called IT, his john . arena would require an altering, or the . eighty arches. And within this, the space's e's engineers planned to further six concentric ringings of arches rippling into the center of the color sia. The space between the central rings was bound together with rough blocks of volcanic tufa, a light adverse tile building stone, these home, the base of the . superstructure. but even building with arches would require an enormous . amount of stone. More than two hundred thousand tons of limestone would be used to build the color seen. Luckily, there was already source practically on rome's doorstep in the course activity. Thirty five kilometres away here lay a bed of natural limestone known as travertine, which could be cut institute and caught IT to rome. The material . has to be coming in to the city, constant day in and day out, rows and rows of ox carts for the cover team stone that are gone to be carved by the hundreds and hundreds of stone Carters. In fact, IT is estimated that two hundred cards making daily trips would take six whole years to transport the stones of the site. Stone arches made a building like the policy impossible, but IT was so huge that the builders still . face the unthinkable. If IT was made entirely out of stone, the space ion's grand arena could simply crumble . under its own weight. Eighty, seventy five. The color seen has been under . construction for five years, and now the scale of the project is becoming clear. But the building is only as good as the material . that finds IT . together injured. Malta was notoriously weak and vulnerable to the elements, but roman ingenuity solved the problem with a mix of volcanic sand and lime and beat . motor hands down. They called IT open signal, we call IT concrete. The use of concrete . really revolutionized a roman architect. So what you have is this material that can be shaped into an arch or volt. so it's very fluid and can take on a variety of shapes. And this is, I think, again, what learnt such a distinct of quality to roman architecture. Its main advantage with versatility, concrete was much stronger than traditional motor IT was fast setting and waterproof and much lighter than stone IT allowed the romans to create a lightweighted version of the arch, ideal for spanning largest . spaces like those between . the crucial structural rings. Concrete was also used to create the superstructure on which the city was laid. And IT allowed the seating to be wake to the optimum angle . for the spectator ors. So on the lower tears, they slow, but an angle of thirty degrees, rising to thirty five degrees at the third tier. That meant spectators at the back got a clear view of the people in front of them to the arena below. But the seating plan had another purpose. Seating in the cosine, like the seating of every entertainment building in the roman world, has a hierarchy of where you go. At the very front of the stadium was the podium where room senators had reserved seats. Behind them, on nine terraces of model seats, would sit the acquisitions, rome's business class. These area croats are chosen not to enter politics so they could concentrate on the business of making money. Most belonged to the families . of the senators in front of them . on two tears above that the ordinary citizens of room packed together along twenty or thirty. This is the probable limit of a spacious, original, empathetic re. But his sons added a fifth tier of wooden terrace to which the poorest members of roman society were relegated. So the color seen would be much more than just a sporting arena. IT would be a microcosm of roman society. Now. as you go up, you say, who are mine in all of this? Where do I fit in? Where you SAT spelled out your precise position in . the high rocky . everyone could see right around them. And to see the whole pipeline of room sitting . where there . is supposed to. But with the build still in its infancy, this.