2025年人教版中考英语复习课件 基础知识--词性，成分，句型

英语基础语法知识 词性、成分、句型 Parts of Speech (词性) 词性 名词 n. 表示人或事物的名称 代词 pron. 用来代替名词、形容词或数词等 数词 num. 表示数量或顺序 冠词 art. 用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 形容词 adj. 用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质 动词 v. 表示人或事物的动作或状态 副词 adv. 用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词, 表示动作或形状的特性 介词 prep. 用在名词、代词等前面, 说明句子中词与词之间的关系 连词 conj. 用来连接词、短语或句子 Parts of Speech (词性) 名词 n. 代词 pron. 数词 num. 冠词 art. 形容词 adj. 动词 v. 副词 adv.程度 介词 prep. 连词 conj. 名词 n. 形容词 adj. 代词 pron. 形容词 adj. 副词 adv. 名词 n. 代词 pron. 介词 prep. A B + + + + + + + + + + 定义 :构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分; 主要成分:主语和谓语 次要成分:表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 句子成分 句子成分口诀 主语谓语是主干 宾表定状同补辅 主宾来自名代数 动词做谓不可无 I met my best friend at the station yesterday. 主语 谓 语 定语 宾 语 状 语 地点 时间 (名词) (代词) (数词) (动词不定式) (动名词) (名词化的形容词) (句子) (动词) (名词) (代词) (数词) (动词不定式) (动名词) (名词化的形容词) (句子) (形容词) (名词) (数词) (名词所有格) (动名词) (现在分词) (过去分词) (介词短语) (动词不定式) (句子) (名词) (副词) (介词短语) (动词不定式) (句子) 主 谓 宾 (状) ㈠主语(subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体,说明动作是“谁,什么”发出的,一般位于句首。 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. (名词) (代词) (数词) (动词不定式) (动名词) (名词化的形容词) (句子) ㈡谓语(verb) 是对主语加以陈述,说明主语的动作、状态和特征,一般由V.充当, 放在主语之后(英语句子的灵魂) 由动词V.做谓语,表动作 I see a cat. 及物动词(vt.) 不及物动词 (vi.) I jump. 主 谓 宾 主 谓 I jump into the river. 主 谓 + (介 + 宾) ㈡谓语(verb) 是对主语加以陈述,说明主语的动作、状态和特征,一般由V.充当, 放在主语之后(英语句子的灵魂) 复合谓语,表动作 (1) 情态V + V原 He can speak English well. (2) 助V +V She is talking with her sister. I have seen this man before. 复合谓语,表状态,特征 (1) 系动词 + 表语 We are Chinese. Lily feels happy. 主 系 表 (三)宾语(object) 动作的对象或承受者,v. + 宾 介 + 宾 Show your passport, please. She didn't say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They want to play basketball. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? (名词 ) ( 代词) (数词) (名词化的形容词) (不定式) (动名词) (句子) 主 谓 宾 主 谓 + (介 + 宾) 主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾 主 谓 + (介 + 宾) 宾语分为直接宾语(direct object) 指物 和间接宾语(indirect object). 指人 He gave me some books. 间接 宾语 (承受者) 直接 宾语 (对象) Please pass me the book. He bought his girlfriend some flowers. 主 +谓+间宾+直宾 (五)定语(adjective) 修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 定语(单词)+名词/代词 单个的定语一般放在所修饰词前– 前置定语 He is a clever boy. His father works in a clothes shop. There are 54 students in our class. Do you know Betty’s sister? He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good. (形容词+n.) (名词+n.) (数词+n.) (名词的所有格+n.) (动名词+n.) (现在分词+n.) (过去分词n.) 主 谓 + 状 there be 主 主 谓 宾 主 系 表 主 谓 宾 there be 主 主 系 表 定语后置:名词/代词 + 定语(词组,句子) 如果定语是由一个词组或一个句子表示时,通常则后置 The girl in red is his sister. We have a lot of work to do. The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. Do you know the man who spoke just now? 主 谓 宾 主 系 表 主 系 表 主 谓 宾 (介词短语) (动词不定式) (动名词) (句子) (六)状语(adverbial) 用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。 说明动作于“何时,何地,如何”发生, 或者说明“adj./adv.”的程度。 修饰adj./adv.时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;adv. + adj. / adv. 表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首, 频度副词(always,usually...)/程度副词(really, also)+ v. be动词、助动词、情态动词 + 频度副词/程度副词。 状语分为:程度、地点、时间、方式、比较、伴随状语、 原因、目的、结果、让步和条件。 行前系后 (频度adv. + v. to do 尾,目的) (从句,条件) (副词,时间) (程度adv. + v.) This book is very interesting. I run fast/quickly. They are playing on the playground at eight. John often came to chat with me. Please call me if it is necessary. Suddenly, I heard the bird sing a song. You probably know more than you think. (介短作地时状) (v. + adv.) (程度adv. + adj.) 主 谓 宾 状 主 系 表 主 谓 + 状 主 谓 + 状 主 谓 + 状 状,主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾 I saw a cute cat running in the park. 主语 谓 语 定语 宾 语 状 语 地点 宾补 (名词) (形容词) (介词短语) (动词不定式) (现在分词) 主 谓 宾 宾补 I found the book interesting. She asked me to lend her a hand. We made him monitor in our class. We found him in trouble now. I heard the bird singing. (六)宾语补足语 有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足,使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有 : make, ask, see, find, call, get, have, let, tell, help, keep ( adj.) ( to do) ( n.) ( 介短.) ( 现在分词) I am a teacher . 主语 系动词 表语 (形容词) (名词) (数词) (介词短语) (句子) ㈡谓语(verb) 系动词是谓语动词中的一种,说明主语的状态和特征, 系动词口诀:一是两像三保持,五感五变永不忘 常见系动词有: 一是 (am,is,are) 两像(seem/appear) 三保持(keep/stay/remain) 五感:look,seem,feel, smell,taste,sound 五变:turn,become,go,get, grow The speech is exciting. They seem to know the truth. Time is precious. 4. I’m tired today. 5. That remains a puzzle. 6. I don’t feel at ease. 7. That’ s why he came here. 主 系 表 I am a teacher . 主语 系动词 表语 (形容词) (名词) (数词) (介词短语) (句子) 系动词 + 表语 复合谓语,表状态,特征 It sounds interesting. He is a teacher. The picture is on the wall. The question is whether they will come. Five and five is ten. ( adj.) ( n.) ( 介词短语) ( 句子) (数词) (四)表语(predicative) 在系动词后的部分就是表语,用以说明主语的身份,特征和状态。 主 系 表 七、同位语 对n.或pron.进行补充说明或进一步解释说明 We young people should respect the old. He himself will do the experiment. He told me the news that our team won the game. 名词 代词 从句 英语五种基本句型 基本句型一: S + link.V+P (主+系+表) 基本句型二: S + Vi (主+谓) 基本句型三: S + Vt + O (主+谓+宾) 基本句型四: S + Vt + IO +DO (主+谓+间宾+直宾) 基本句型五: S + Vt +O +C (主+谓+宾+宾补) 陈述句 句子 简单句 并列句 一般疑问句 复合句 特殊疑问句 肯定句 否定句 句子 + 连词 + 句子 感叹句 宾语从句 祈使句 定语从句 状语从句 主句+从句 一般现在时 时态 am,is, are + done v. / vs 一般过去时 一般将来时 主动 被动 be done 现在完成时 现在进行时 过去进行时 语态 am,is,are v.-ed was, were will v. am,is,are going to v. am,is,are doing was,were doing have (has) done was,were + done will be done am,is,are going to be done have been done 句子 I saw a cat. 主语 谓语 宾语 I saw a cute cat. 定语 主语 谓语 宾语 I saw a cute cat running . 定语 宾补 主语 谓语 宾语 主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾 主 谓 宾 宾补 I saw a cute cat running in the park yesterday. 定语 地点,时间状语 宾补 主语 谓语 宾语 I saw a cute cat running in the park yesterday and it was very happy. 定语 地点,时间状语 宾补 主语 谓语 宾语 主语 谓语 状语 表语 连词 系动词 主 谓 宾 宾补 主 谓 宾 宾补 主 系 表 The mother gave her lovely daughter a present on her birthday. 定语 时间状语 直宾 主语 谓语 间宾 主 谓 宾宾 基本句型一 S +linkV +P(主+系+表) 此句型句子谓语动词不能独立表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分四类: (1)表示感觉感官类:look, smell, taste, sound, feel, seem, appear, etc. (2)表示状态类:be, keep, remain, continue, stay, etc. (3)表示变化或结果:become, get, grow, turn, go, come, fall, prove, etc. (4)表示存在类:(be), live, lie, stand, sit, etc. 基本句型二 S +V(主+谓) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 S V (不及物动词) 1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man 4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He 10.They flies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink. laughed. woke. talked for half an hour. walked yesterday . is playing. have gone. S Link-V(系动词) P(表语) 1. This 2. The dinner 3. He 4. Everything 5. He 6. The book 7. The weather 8. His face is smells felt looks is is became turned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall and strong. interesting. warmer. red. 基本句型 三 S +V +O(主+谓+宾) 此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 S V(实义动词) O(宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 4. He 5. They 6. Danny 7. I 8. He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts. to have a cup of tea. "Good morning." 基本句型 四 S +V +IO +O(主+谓+间宾+直宾) 此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。 S V(物) o(人) O(多指物) 1. She 2. She 3. He 4. He 5. I 6. I 7. I 8. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed him her husband you her him him me a new dress. a delicious meal. a dictionary. nothing. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. that the bus was late. 基本句型 五 S +V +O +C(主+谓+宾+宾补) 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。 S V(及物) O(宾语) C(宾补) 1. We 2. They 3. They 4. They 5. What 6. We 7. He 8. I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. getting on the bus. Thanks! $$