第26讲 阅读理解说明文攻略 （专项训练）（北京专用）2026年高考英语一轮复习讲练测

第26讲 阅读理解说明文 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 考查细节理解题 考向02 考查推理判断题 考向03考查主旨大意题 考向04 考查词义猜测题 02 核心突破练 03 真题溯源练 考向01 考查细节理解题 Passage 1 （2025年·平谷·一模） A Space-based Farmhand for Hire EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content. EOS’s models and algorithms (算法) deliver insights on crops’ health weekly through an online platform that farmers can use to make informed decisions about issues such as when to plant, how much agricultural chemicals to use, and how to schedule fertilizer use, weeding, or watering. Last year the company launched EOS SAT-1, a satellite designed and operated only for agriculture. Fees to use the crop-monitoring platform now start at $1.90 per hectare per year for small areas and drop as the farm gets larger. In many developing countries, farming is blocked by lack of data. For centuries, farmers relied on native intelligence rooted in experience and hope, says Daramola John, a professor of agriculture and agricultural technology at Bells University of Technology in southwest Nigeria. “Africa is way behind in the race for modernizing farming,” he says. “And a lot of farmers suffer huge losses because of it.” In the spring of 2024, when the new planting season was to start, a company, Carmi Agro Foods, had used GPS enabled software to map the boundaries of its farm. Its setup on the EOS crop monitoring platform was also completed. The company used the platform to determine the appropriate spacing for the shoots and seeds. The risks of manual monitoring had disappeared. Field-monitoring officers needed only to peer at their phones to know where or when specific spots needed attention on various farms. They were able to pursue weed breakouts quickly and efficiently. This technology is gaining attraction among farmers in other parts of Nigeria and the rest of Africa. More than 242, 000 people in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, the United States, and Europe use the EOS crop-monitoring platform. In 2024 alone, 53, 000 more farmers subscribed to the service. One of them is Adewale Adegoke, the CEO of Agro Xchange Technology Services, a company dedicated to boosting crop production using technology and good agricultural practices. Adegoke used the platform on half a million hectares (around 1.25 million acres) owned by 63, 000 farmers. He says the yield of maize farmers using the platform, for instance, grew to two tons per acre, at least twice the national average. Adegoke adds that local farmers, who have been struggling with fluctuating conditions as a result of climate change, have been especially drawn to the platform’s early warning system for weather. “So far, the result has been convincing,” says Adegoke. “We are no longer subjecting the performance of our farms to chance. This time, we are in charge.” 32. What is the main purpose of the company’s technology as described in the passage? A. To develop new agricultural chemicals for enhanced crop growth. B. To provide historical data on crop production for research purposes. C. To enable farmers to make data-driven decisions in their farming practices. D. To offer a platform for farmers to share their experiences and knowledge easily. 33. How did the EOS crop monitoring platform help field-monitoring officers at Carmi Agro Foods? A. By providing them with physical maps of the farm. B. By training them to use new agricultural techniques. C. By allowing them to track weed breakouts efficiently. D. By supplying them with weather updates for planning. 34 What is the main theme of the passage? A. The history and development of satellite technology in agriculture. B. The global distraction of EOS Data Analytics’ services on farming practices. C. The challenges faced by farmers in developing countries due to lack of data. D. The benefits and application of EOS Data Analytics’ crop-monitoring platform. Passage 2 （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds’ beaks, turtles’ shells and language. “The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection,” he wrote in The Descent of Man. Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change but very little explores the forces of human cognitive (认知的) selection that fix certain words into the dictionary. For an extensive new study, published in a journal, scientists investigated just that. In an experiment much like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words — again seeing only certain types survive. The results showed three features that give words an“evolutionary (进化的)advantage” by helping them stick in the brain. First, words typically acquired at an early age, such as “hand,” “uncle” or “today”, are stabler. Next, concrete words exist better than abstract ones: “dog” stays longer than “animal”, which persists longer than “organism”. Lastly, emotionally exciting words — whether negative or positive — tend to be permanent. Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But a cognitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk.” Breithaupt explains, “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexity of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift. The proposed trend toward “simpler” language is debatable. A linguist John McWhorter questions implications regarding the overall efficiency of English — a language he says contains things like “unnecessarily complex” grammatical traces. Study lead author Ying Li notes that English had even more complicated grammar in the past. “John McWhorter would complain more if he traveled back800 years ago,” Li supposes. 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly discussed about the research? A．Conclusion and significance. B．Background and purpose. C．Method and limitations. D．Process and findings. 2．According to Breithaupt, the English language tends to be ______. A．more concrete with difficulty B．more practical with efficiency C．more complicated with abstraction D．more understandable with vividness 3．What would be the best title for this passage? A．Who promotes the study of language evolution? B．How does language gradually shift over time? C．What makes a word survive or go extinct? D．Why are certain words favored by people? 考向02 考查推理判断题 Passage 1 （2025年·顺义·一模）Imagine you’re driving down the highway and notice that you are running low on fuel. Your GPS shows 10 gas stations ahead on your route. Naturally, you want the cheapest option. Do you continue exploring and risk regret for rejecting the bird in hand? You won’t double back, so you face a now-or-never choice. What strategy maximizes your chances of picking the cheapest station? Researchers have studied this “best-choice problem”, which suggests that humans tend to fall short of the optimal (最优的) strategy. Amazingly, the optimal strategy results in the number-one pick being selected almost 37 percent of the time, and its success rate doesn’t depend on the number of candidates. Even with a billion options and a refusal to settle for second best, you could find your needle in a haystack (干草垛) more than a third of the time. The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first around 37 percent of the choices no matter what. Then pick the first option that is better than all the others you've encountered so far. (If you never find such an option, take the final one.) Adding to the fun, mathematicians’ favorite little constant, e=2.7182... , rears its head in the solution. Also known as Euler’s number, e holds fame for cropping up all across the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-choice problem. In fact, those references to 37 percent in the optimal strategy and corresponding probability of success are actually 1/e, or about 0.368.The magic number comes from the tension between wanting to see enough samples to feel information of options and not wanting to wait too long in case the best pass you by. The proof argues that 1/e balances these forces. The problem generates thousands of hits on the internet as mathematicians continue to study its many variants: What if you’re allowed to pick more than one option, and you win if any of your choices are the best? What if an opponent chose the ordering of the options to trick you? What if you don’t require the absolute best choice and would feel satisfied with second or third? Researchers study such when-to-stop scenarios (设想) in a branch of math called optimal stopping theory. Research finds that people tend to stop their search too early. So applying the 37 percent rule could improve your decision-making, but be sure to double-check that your situation meets all the conditions: a known number of rankable options is being presented one at a time in any order, you want the best, and you can’t double back. 32. Why does the author mention the constant e in Paragraph 3? A. Justify a comparison. B. Evaluate a statement. C Provide a theoretical basis. D. Propose a new solution. 33. Which situation most agrees with the strategy mentioned in the passage? A. Evaluate every candidate. B. Skip some lunch specials. C. Buy the latest reference book. D. Join the shortest checkout line. 34. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Why People Often Fail in Making the Best Decisions. B. The Best Decision Depends on Your Math Ability. C. How to Connect Optimal Strategy with the Magic e. D. Elegant Math Problem Finds the Best Choices. Passage 2 （24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）One day in the fall of 2023, a young Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross was lying listless in southeastern Brazil’s Santos Basin. Beach monitors found the young bird in the sand, weak and dying. The cause of the albatross’s disaster was evident: it was caught in a weather balloon, which, sadly, is just one instance of a bigger environmental headache. Globally, hundreds of thousands of weather balloons are launched into the sky every year, and the majority are never recovered. Instead, their waste—a mix of latex, cotton and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecosystems for years. And because only a small percentage of dead animals wash ashore, the impact is likely worse than the numbers suggest. The root of this mounting trouble lies in the very nature of how weather balloons operate. Weather balloons are used to get high-altitude (高空) data like air temperature and pressure. Once a balloon has travelled up about 21 miles and its volume has grown 100-fold, it explodes, shooting pieces in all directions. Australian researchers at the Tangaroa Blue Foundation first flagged the problem of weather-balloon garbage a decade ago. Over 21 months, they collected 2,460 pieces of weather-balloon litter around the Great Barrier Reef. The researchers estimated that up to 70 percent of Australia’ s weather balloons end up in the ocean. One study notes that while some of the materials used in weather balloons are considered biodegradable, much of it is not breaking down quickly. Some companies have produced special materials now made from plant-based fiber designed to weaken much faster than previous cotton versions. But the new models are 20 to 30 percent more expensive. Despite the higher cost, weather bureaus (局) have started to reduce the impact by trying out more sustainable balloons and switching from white to blue balloons, which marine animals may be less likely to mistake for food. Some agencies also announced they would be testing drones (无人机) to collect weather data, which are recoverable. Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices only because they’ re more sustainable; they also want better data. For now, though, balloons still fly much higher than drones, so they remain an important data-collecting tool. Lower-impact versions would at least be a small improvement for the ocean’s animals. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The functions of weather balloons. B．The problems of using weather balloons. C．The composition of weather balloon waste. D．The difficulty of weather balloon recycling. 2．What can we learn about weather balloons? A．Weather balloon waste can hardly break down. B．New versions of weather balloons are being tried. C．Weather balloons cause the death of most sea animals. D．Drones are better in collecting data than weather balloons. 3．What does the author think of the changes mentioned in the passage? A．Valuable but risky. B．Exciting and hopeful. C．Necessary and reliable. D．Promising but incomplete. Passage 3 （2025年·海淀·一模） Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences?Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything,conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 27. The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A. make a comparison B. illustrate a situation C. support an argument D. propose a suggestion 28. According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A. isolate individuals in false realities B. confirm the credibility of the content C. discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D. improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 29. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B. LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C. Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D. Technology development results in polarized society. 30. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. AI and the Future of Human Interaction B. AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C. The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D. Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations Passage 4 （2025年·东城·一模） Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. There are slight differences in the process. Depending on the types of receptors they have, some neurons are more sensitive to smaller amounts of norepinephrine, while others only respond to higher thresholds. This means that, as the locus coeruleus activity rises, it will start to affect some brain areas more than others, which can have dramatic effects on things like our focus, concentration and creativity. Given the blue dot’s role, it makes sense that it would be quietest at night during sleep. It is not entirely silent, however, but fires occasionally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University of Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality of our sleeps. Across the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye movement” (REM) sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming and is thought to be crucial for processing and consolidating memories. Much of our rest, however,is spent in non-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste. Measuring brain activity in dozing mice, Anita found NREM sleep was associated with temporary bursts of locus coeruleus activity every 50 seconds. As a result, the animal was more sensitive to outside stimuli, like noises-without fully waking. “It’s generating this state of enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives you this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.” The beginning of REM sleep was almost always associated with low locus coeruleus activity. “That transition to REM sleep has to be very well controlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atonia.” That’s the temporary paralysis (麻痹) of our body, which prevents us from physically acting out our dreams. Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep. If so, she suspects that altered locus coeruleus activity could be implicated in conditions — such as anxiety — that may contribute to disordered sleep. She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep. 27. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Neurons. B. Electric currents. C. Projections. D. Neurotransmitters. 28. According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A. Producing receptors. B. Preserving cell sensitivity. C. Monitoring brain activity. D. Improving neural connectivity. 29. Which of the following may Anita Lüthi agree with? A. The blue dot fires regularly at night. B. Stress has an impact on the LC activity. C. Low LC activity can help clean cellular waste. D. Atonia results from sudden bursts of brain activity. 30. What might be the next step of the research? A. Grading the wakefulness of human brains. B. Unlocking the mechanism of sleep disorder. C. Assessing the function of the blue dot on humans. D. Identifying approaches to altering the LC activity. 考向03考查主旨大意题 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京朝阳·期末）According to an idea called the “inflationary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been constantly expanding, which would have created a countless number of other universes. Collectively, these cosmic islands form what scientists call a “multiverse”. However, other universes may lie beyond our scientific reach, physically and philosophically. Consequently, the methodologies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validation is even possible remain unresolved inquiries. In science, hypotheses (假说) are used to propose explanations, but from hypotheses to theories, validation of predictions is essential to see whether initial assumptions are supported or disproved. Theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli says, “It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality. Few survive thanks to a basic idea: Do not trust your fancies. Keep only the ideas that can be tested.” Rovelli adds, “Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions. This approach has never worked previously, and it is not working now.” The multiverse might be one of those wild guesses. Now, physicists are debating whether that problem moves the multiverse from physics to metaphysics, from the world of science to that of philosophy. Philosopher Richard Dawid believes scientists could support the multiverse hypotheses without actually finding physical support. “If we have a theory that seems to work, and have come up with nothing that works better, chances are our idea is right,” he says. Not everyone is so cheerful, though. Sabine Hossenfelder, another theoretical physicist, thinks “Without making contact with observation, a theory isn’t part of the natural sciences, and not physics.” Some supporters of the multiverse claim they have found physical evidence. Andrei Linde insists “Our universe seems fine-tuned (精调的) to be favourable to life, with a four-dimensional space in which we can live. It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, one of the universes should turn out like ours. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe on which humans can be born will be born. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here. And our existence, therefore, helps explain why the multiverse is plausible.” Just as Einstein’s theory of general relativity could only be confirmed recently with a billion-dollar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence of the multiverse. So far, all of science has relied on testability, but those tests take time, and most theoreticians want to wait it out. They are not ready to shelve an idea like the multiverse — which could actually be the answer to life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prove to themselves it doesn’t exist. And that day may never come. 1．What can we learn from the passage? A．The multiverse is recognized as a theory. B．The multiverse starts debates on human existence. C．Rovelli criticizes physicists for their baseless fancies. D．Dawid emphasizes the necessity of physical evidence. 2．What does the underlined word “plausible” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Credible. B．Complex. C．Essential. D．Fascinating. 3．As for the existence of multiverse, the author is _________. A．negative B．neutral C．certain D．positive 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Mysteries of Multiverse: Fine-Tuned for Life B．Can Physicists Ever Prove the Multiverse Is Real? C．The Inflationary Multiverse: Proven Beyond Doubt D．Have Physicists Lost Their Minds in the Multiverse? Passage 2 （2025年·西城·一模） Genetic (基因) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species. Until 2022, governments focused primarily on preventing species from disappearing. That year, however, when updating the United Nations’s Convention on Biological Diversity treaty (条约), participating countries agreed to start to look at genetic diversity as well. The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat. Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report. That included species already known to be at risk, but it also included more common species. The implication is that those species may be less able to bounce back than expected during environmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a conservation geneticist. Some conservation efforts, such as ecological restoration or reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis found. But certain actions did seem to help, such as efforts to expand and protect habitat, introduce new individuals to declining populations, or connect two isolated populations. “It was pretty impressive that they were able to track what human disturbances and conservation actions had done,” says Moisés Alonso, an evolutionary geneticist who authored a preprint last year indicating that protecting existing habitat won’t be enough to prevent genetic diversity losses for many species. “We needed something like this,” he says. Conservation scientists emphasize the importance of continuing to monitor populations. But DNA methods aren’t always practical, some note. “It is relatively hard and expensive to measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says. To get around that, Mastertta-Yanes and others published a paper in Ecology Letters last year that used proxy (代替物) measures, such as population size, to evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.” 31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Challenges of collecting DNA data for diversity research. B. Findings on genetic diversity changes over the past 30 years. C. Research methods applied to track genetic diversity changes. D. Impacts of human disturbances on diversity of different species. 32. What can be learned from Grueber’s study? A. Habitat extension and population management preserve diversity. B. The diversity of common species tends to decline more severely. C. At-risk species better resist the impact of environmental changes. D. Ecosystem recovery and pest control drive population rise. 33. Mastertta-Yanes holds that DNA methods ________. A. will soon be replaced by proxy measures B. lack practicality due to their costs and complexity C. may get in the way of monitoring species populations D. require a large population size to achieve high accuracy 34. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To identify more effective methods applied in gene research. B. To advocate for using DNA methods exclusively in conservation efforts. C. To warn people of the threat posed by environmental changes on species. D. To draw people’s attention to effective measures against loss of diversity. Passage 3 （2025年·丰台·一模）Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument(DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated( 加速的) expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology (宇宙学), which assumes a steady acceleration. Dark energy is thought to make up nearly 70% of the cosmos, so if its behaviour really is changing as time passes, it could have significant implications for our understanding of the universe. Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate. Dark energy isn’t directly observable, so there are several options that could fit. One solution suggested by Michael Garda at the Federal University in Brazil and his colleagues involves letting dark energy interact with dark matter, an invisible and abundant form of matter that outweighs ordinary matter. This interaction is forbidden in the standard model, but if energy could flow from the universe’s dark matter to its dark energy — essentially changing the former to the latter — the researchers’ simulations (模拟) showed that this would match the DESI measurements. Yet, the mechanism for such an energy transfer isn’t clear. This solution might also help resolve the Hubble tension, a difference in the ways we measure the expansion rate of the cosmos. Measurements of this made by analysing nearby galaxies (known as “local” measurements) give an expansion rate, or Hubble constant, which is slightly higher than the one obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) — the remaining radiation from the early universe. CMB measurements rely on a theoretical model of cosmic evolution, which may need adjustment if Garda’s proposal is correct. By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension. Another proposed solution involves dark radiation, an invisible form of radiation similar to light but composed of dark photons (光子). Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages. “If you have more radiation, the expansion is faster in the early universe,” says Allali. Unlike adjustments to dark energy, dark radiation introduces a new component without changing existing physical laws, making it a more conservative approach. Allali notes that the DESI data does not rule out dark radiation and even shows a slight preference for it. Both models — interacting dark energy and dark radiation — fit the DESI data, but neither has been confirmed. Shawn Smith at the University of Edinburgh, UK, points out that while many unconventional models could explain the observations, none currently compete with the standard cosmological model from a fundamental physics perspective. Nevertheless, these models serve as catalysts for progress, ensuring that cosmology remains a dynamic and evolving field. 32. What does this passage mainly talk about? A. The development of scientific models to study the universe. B. The discovery of dark energy and its impact on the universe. C. The importance of DESI in studying the universe’s behavior. D. The attempts to explain the universe’s unexpected expansion. 33. Which of the following might the author agree with? A. Garda’s proposal outperforms Allali’s in its simplicity. B. Recent research has found ways for dark energy transfer. C. The DESI data has confirmed the existence of dark radiation. D. The two models share similarities in reducing Hubble tension. 34. The passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A. cause — effect — solution B. problem— solution — evaluation C. example —a nalysis — conclusion D. introduction — comparison — result Passage 4 （2025年·门头沟·一模） For millennia, we have expected dogs to guard our property and protect our family at night. Now they are also asked to be friendly around strangers, rest quietly through the night and keep their feet off sofas. “It’s an evolutionary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthropologist at Duke University. The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life. A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team to illustrate the heritability of behavioural traits in dogs by observing what service dogs’ behaviour looks like before intensive training begins. Service dogs were selected as the subject for they can always naturally adapt well to the mismatch compared to other kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, operate light switches and interact gently with children. By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control. 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile. “Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University. Besides, Hare’s work also illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee some highly desirable traits, such as a good memory. So they have devised techniques that owners can use to help train their pets and build better relationships with them. One habit that is especially important in training is making eye contact. “The dog’s gaze may be a causal factor in inducing good feelings in the owner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the longer a dog gazes at its owner, the stronger those good feelings become.” Hare also found that pups could solve some “impossible tasks” by appealing to human for help, and the appeal was made through eye contact. So he suggested puppy owners finish “impossible tasks” with their pets every two weeks to strengthen the emotional connection with them. “Doing so can help you learn where your dog’s cognitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten project has made clear, dog training as well as selective breeding is crucial to foster those behaviours we would like our pets to exhibit in our homes. 32. What can we learn from Hare’s research? A. Service dogs were observed while accepting training. B. Genetics may explain differences in dogs’ self-control C. Service dogs were chosen for they were trained earlier. D. Selective breeding develops dogs’ most desirable traits. 33. What’s the author’s aim of quoting Gitanjali’s words? A. To reveal that Hare’s research is suspicious. B. To prove the necessity of selective breeding. C. To confirm the value on reforming dogs’ genes. D. To suggest that other factors also need discussing. 34. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Service Dogs: Acquiring Desirable Traits through Breeding B. Smart Dogs: Adapting Well to Indoor Life through Training C. Modern Dogs: Training Desirable Dogs through Eye Contact D. Good Dogs: Evolving through Selective Breeding and Training 考向04考查词义猜测题 Passage 1 （2025年·朝阳·一模）When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 28. The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. evaluate a statement B. justify an assumption C. challenge an argument D. introduce a new concept 29. Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Rare. B. Wrong. C. Limited. D. Unexpected. 30. What can we infer from this passage? A. Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B. Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C. Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D. The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. Passage 2 （2025年·丰台·一模）During WW II, mathematician Alan Turing gathered a team of logic experts to decode enemy messages, a key step toward victory. If there was one branch of mathematics which could be said they were using systematically, it was symbolic logic. However, the curriculum designs that methodically develop students’ symbolic logic abilities are relatively rare. Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. Symbolic logic turns this kind of argument into algebra (代数学), readily shared, solved and generalized for solving mysteries. For careers such as electrical engineering and computer science, the value of symbolic logic is undeniable. The fundamental building blocks of modern digital computers are circuits representing “AND” and “OR”, which are common in symbolic logic. Almost every computer program contains similar “if-then-else” logical conditions. Professional programmers must routinely write and troubleshoot such statements. But symbolic logic is not solely limited to technical fields. Rutgers University mathematician Gray Wenger argues that teaching responsible citizenship requires providing students with mathematical reasoning skills. For example, consider a debate over a study finding that most adults without high-school certificates earn less. A responsible citizen must think through the implications along the lines of the book-theft case example above. No certificate likely means lower income, but low income doesn’t mean no certificate. Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. Consider, for instance, some global-warming doubters use one day of cold weather as proof that global warming is a hoax (骗局). But a logical thinker can quickly spot that weather is short-term, while climate is long-term change. Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. Symbolic logic is essential for intellectual development. By integrating symbolic logic into educational frameworks, we equip future generations with the intellectual tools to navigate complex challenges. Training for it must be included in the curriculum and cannot be left to chance. 28. According to the passage, symbolic logic can play a primary role when ________. A. a chef is creating a new recipe by combining different materials B. a student is deciding which club to join based on personal interests C. a doctor is identifying one’s illness by using signs and test findings D. a journalist is writing a feature article by interviewing local people 29. What does the phrase “second nature” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. A routine practice. B. An automatic ability. C. An essential tool. D. A necessary quality. 30. From the passage, we learn that symbolic logic ________. A. tells the difference between separate incidents B. is mainly applied in solving mathematical puzzles C. questions the basic principles of modern computers D. enables people to detect and challenge false arguments 31. The author may agree that current symbolic logic education is ________. A. unsatisfying for the lack of symbolic logic courses B. problematic and ignores logical reasoning practice C. acceptable if alternative courses are available D. manageable and will improve naturally Passage 3 （2025年·西城·一模） Recently, I attended a public talk by someone whose views I “knew” I would oppose. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questions, and gave my time. While my core values weren’t transformed in those two hours, I learned something and left with a deeper appreciation for the complexity of other perspectives. In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying to tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenomenon in which surrounding yourself with people who share your views leads to discrimination against those who disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens division and reinforces polarization — building walls instead of bridges. Indeed, beliefism is widespread in modern society. A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life. Social media algorithms stoke the fires of division, locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate. Ultimately, where many forces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we do to unpack division and restore connection? We can begin by trying to understand the psychology of beliefism, which at its core is a form of bias — a mental shortcut in which we categorise people according to single characteristics or generalising assumptions. Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world. The thing is, when we see others only through the perspective of their political or social beliefs, we reduce and flatten them to a single dimension. Further, when people feel they are dismissed or disregarded only for their beliefs, they are left feeling isolated and misunderstood. Secondly, we can understand the tendency for beliefism as part of our evolutionary (进化的) desire to establish a community or group. The problem is that while this instinct (本能) may have once served evolutionary purposes, today, it blocks meaningful dialogue and cooperation. Indeed, research shows that overcoming beliefism has benefits. When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons. Luckily, there are a number of relevant, research-backed psychological techniques that help build tolerance and break bias. We might exercise individuation, seeing people as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away from reductive ways of thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to see the world through their eyes. Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done. 27. What does the underlined word “stoke” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Fuel. B. Keep. C. Put. D. Contain. 28. What can we know about beliefism from the passage? A. Social media algorithms mainly contribute to its wide spread. B. Human evolution proves its harm in establishing group-think. C It reflects our simplified way of understanding the surrounding world. D. It leads us to make assumptions about others’ political or social beliefs. 29. Which of the following would be most effective in fighting beliefism? A. Facilitating interactions between people from different communities. B. Creating a list of acceptable beliefs for each community to follow. C. Asking people to write about their experiences of being isolated. D. Stressing conflict instead of cooperation between different beliefs. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Beyond Us and Them B. The Roots of Beliefism C. The Harm of Social Division D. At the Crossroad of Faith 题型一 完形填空 （2025·北京市丰台区·一模）I stepped out of the store, juggling a few shopping bags in my hands, looking forward to the drive home. As I reached my car, a wave of panic washed over me. I had 1 my keys and mobile phone inside the vehicle. In a moment of annoyance, I gave the tire a hard kick. A teenager on a bike happened to pass by at that very moment. He stopped, and his eyes filled with 2 . “What’s wrong?” he asked. I sighed deeply and explained my rather 3 situation. “But even if I could call my wife,” I added, my tone 4 , “she can’t bring me the spare car key, since she’s taking care of our children at home.” Without hesitation, he 5 me his mobile phone. “Call your wife and tell her I’m coming to get the spare key,” he said. I looked at him in 6 . “That’s an 11-kilometre round trip!” I protested. But he was determined and said, “Don’t worry about it.” An hour seemed to 7 as I waited anxiously. But true to his word, he 8 with the key in hand. I was overjoyed and immediately reached for my wallet to offer him some money as a gesture of my 9 . However, he firmly refused. “Let’s just say I needed the exercise,” he said with a smile. Then, with a casual wave, he got back on his bike and rode off. In a world that often seems focused on self-interest, his kindness was a shining example of the goodness that still exists. A simple act of 10 can have a profound impact on someone’s day. 1．A．placed B．hidden C．stored D．locked 2．A．hope B．sadness C．concern D．anxiety 3．A．unfortunate B．dangerous C．adventurous D．promising 4．A．relaxed B．exhausted C．excited D．defeated 5．A．left B．handed C．sent D．sold 6．A．disbelief B．anger C．regret D．fear 7．A．jump ahead B．fly by C．drag on D．come around 8．A．returned B．hesitated C．disappeared D．settled 9．A．kindness B．satisfaction C．admiration D．gratitude 10．A．devotion B．generosity C．courage D．sharing 题型二 语法填空 Writing 1 （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Yesterday, a 49-year-old woman lost control of her vehicle and slipped into a river with strong and moving water. The woman’s car began sinking into the river, 1 (leave) her trapped inside as water quickly filled the vehicle. A passerby, 2 had been working nearby, noticed the sinking car. Without hesitation, the man rushed into the river to help. He pulled the woman 3 the sinking vehicle and safely guided her to the shore. （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Over centuries, we have been seeking ways to cure diseases. One of the first to seek for a scientific foundation for medicine was Hippocrates, who is said to have used tree bark and leaves 1 (relieve) fevers and pain. For many centuries, medicine advanced rather 2 (slow), until the invention of the microscope, which 3 (lead) to the discovery of blood cells, of bacteria, and of the germ theory of disease. Since then, the advance of medicine 4 (speed) up. Writing 2 （24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 It was a reading class. While all her classmates were flying through the books, Skye Malik only on page four, got impossibly 1 (stick) on the word “doughnut". Her expected difficulty with reading is called “dyslexia”. Skye got a 2 (profession) diagnosis at the end of the 2nd grade. Writing 3 （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Xi’an is home to many important historical sites. The Xi’an City Wall, 1 (build) in the Ming Dynasty, is one of the best preserved walls in China. It once provided protection against enemies and its thickness is 2 (great) than its height. A good place to explore the rich history of Xi’an is surely the Shaanxi History Museum which contains about 1.7 million historical 3 (item). Writing 4 （24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Beijing’s Central Axis (中轴线), which lines the historic stretch, recently achieved UNESCO 1 (recognize), drawing widespread praise and fueling a flourishing food scene with nearly10,000 dining establishments. According to the online service platform Meituan, data reveals that 2 (search) for “Beijing Central Axis” increased by 58 percent from January to July. In the first half of this year, consumption from visitors to Beijing contributed 10.5 percent 3 the capital’s restaurant sector. Writing 5 （24-25高三上·北京东城·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Andrew Konde, a student at Kenya’s Strathmore University, was inspired to start learning kung fu as a child after 1 (watch) martial arts movies. What began as a hobby for a child has since become a way of life for Konde, 2 is now the chairman of the university’ s Martial Arts Club. Through hard work, he 3 (lead) his team to victories at national championships over the past two years. 2025年 Passage 1 【2025全国一卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. Passage 2 【2025全国二卷】When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 29．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 30．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home Passage 3 【2025全国二卷】Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 32．What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 33．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 34．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 35．What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. Passage 4 【2025浙江1月卷】A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from. C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of. 29．Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A．To control weeds in large gardens. B．To bring in foreign species of plants. C．To conserve soil and water resources. D．To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A．Traditional. B．Odd-looking. C．Tasteful. D．Well-protected. 31．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The future of gardening is WILD． B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS. Passage 5 【2025浙江1月卷】As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics. In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices. While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been assigned a gender. Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu was a “he” or “she.”   Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance. 32．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless? A．To reduce stereotypes. B．To meet public demand. C．To cut production costs. D．To encourage competition. 33．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study? A．Design a product. B．Respond to a survey. C．Work as assistants. D．Take a language test. 34．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects? A．They cannot be mass-produced. B．Naming them is a challenging task. C．People assume they are unreliable. D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind. 35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The quality of genderless products. B．The upside of gendering a product. C．The meaning of anthropomorphism. D．The stereotypes of men and women. Passage 6 【2025北京卷】The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds for better. For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives. Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life satisfaction, too. Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change our own story. Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud. If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our own destiny (命运). 31. What can be inferred about personal stories? A. They are unrelated to health. B. Consistent ones lead to stress. C. They are relevant to happiness. D. Thematic ones hold back change. 32. What can we learn from this passage? A. Talking about gains from failure is negative. B. New Year resolutions are well received. C. The West tends to overvalue optimism. D. Social roles fail to be highlighted. 33. What does the author mainly do in this passage? A. Clarify a goal. B. Analyse an event. C. Make a comparison. D. Illustrate an approach. 34. What is the passage mainly about? A. How self-identity works. B. How story-tellers are made. C. How personal stories raise doubts. D. How timing affects personal identity. 2024年 Passage 1 【2024全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed. Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells. Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future. That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't usually like. Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it! 4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph? A. It's a survival skill. B. It's taught by mother cats. C. It's hard to interpret. D. It's getting louder with age. 5. How does a pet cat assess different situations? A. By listening for sounds. B. By touching familiar objects. C. By checking on smells. D. By communicating with other cats. 6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3? A. Perform appropriately. B. Move faster. C. Act strangely. D. Do better. 7. What is a suitable title for the text? A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy Passage 2 【2024新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. Passage 3 【2024全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions. “People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia. Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits. Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ” 8. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains? A. It runs across countries. B. It reserves seats for the seniors. C. It functions as a hospital. D. It travels along a river. 9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk? A. It is heavily populated. B. It offers training for doctors. C. It is a modern city. D. It needs medical aid. 10. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply? A. About a year. B. About ten months. C. About two months. D. About two weeks. 11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services? A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious. Passage 4 【2024新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care. C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets. 9. What information does the convenient app offer? A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants. C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods. 10. What can be concluded about BMF employees? A. They have a great passion for sports. B. They are devoted to community service. C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D They have a strong environmental awareness. 11. What does the text mainly talk about? A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management. C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards. Passage5 【2024浙江1月卷】On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding. Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years “Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.” The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating wetter ground.” One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.” Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed in relative legal safety. 8. What does the project aim to do? A. Conserve moisture in the soil. B. Prevent the formation of hailstones. C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms. D. Investigate chemical use in farming. 9. Who are opposed to the project? A. Farmers in east-central Alberta. B. Managers of insurance companies. C. Provincial government officials. D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton 10. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999? A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods. B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms. C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding. D. To show the link between storms and moisture. 11. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right. B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada. C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared. D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist. Passage 6 【2024北京卷】Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. 32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code? A. Living conditions were the drive. B. Unwritten rules were the target. C. Social tradition was the basis. D. Honesty was the key. 33. What can we learn from this passage? A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies. B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms. C. Language capacity is limited by self-control. D. Written laws have great influence on virtues. 34. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality Passage 7 【2024浙江1月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A. Take an examination alone. B. Show respect for the researchers. C. Share their treats with others. D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________. A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 14. What does the author suggest readers do? A. Absorb new information readily. B. Be selective information consumers. C. Use diverse information sources. D. Protect the information environment. 15. Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Eat Less, Read More B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C. The Later, the Better D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups 2023年 Passage 1 【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. 8. What is the book aimed at? A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device. 9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over. 10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods. C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses. 11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends. C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them. Passage 2 【2023年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. Passage 3 【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’ representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time. In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures. Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line” activity. 8. Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An introduction to a book. B. An essay on the art of writing. C. A guidebook to a museum. D. A review of modern paintings. 9. What are the selected artworks about? A. Wealth and intellect. B. Home and school. C. Books and reading. D. Work and leisure. 10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand. B. Paint. C. Seize. D. Transform. 11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader? A. The printed book is not totally out of date. B. Technology has changed the way we read. C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked. D. People now rarely have the patience to read. Passage 4 【2023年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. Passage 5 【2023年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and w$$ 第26讲 阅读理解说明文 目录 01 课标达标练 考向01 考查细节理解题 考向02 考查推理判断题 考向03考查主旨大意题 考向04 考查词义猜测题 02 核心突破练 03 真题溯源练 考向01 考查细节理解题 Passage 1 （2025年·平谷·一模） A Space-based Farmhand for Hire EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content. EOS’s models and algorithms (算法) deliver insights on crops’ health weekly through an online platform that farmers can use to make informed decisions about issues such as when to plant, how much agricultural chemicals to use, and how to schedule fertilizer use, weeding, or watering. Last year the company launched EOS SAT-1, a satellite designed and operated only for agriculture. Fees to use the crop-monitoring platform now start at $1.90 per hectare per year for small areas and drop as the farm gets larger. In many developing countries, farming is blocked by lack of data. For centuries, farmers relied on native intelligence rooted in experience and hope, says Daramola John, a professor of agriculture and agricultural technology at Bells University of Technology in southwest Nigeria. “Africa is way behind in the race for modernizing farming,” he says. “And a lot of farmers suffer huge losses because of it.” In the spring of 2024, when the new planting season was to start, a company, Carmi Agro Foods, had used GPS enabled software to map the boundaries of its farm. Its setup on the EOS crop monitoring platform was also completed. The company used the platform to determine the appropriate spacing for the shoots and seeds. The risks of manual monitoring had disappeared. Field-monitoring officers needed only to peer at their phones to know where or when specific spots needed attention on various farms. They were able to pursue weed breakouts quickly and efficiently. This technology is gaining attraction among farmers in other parts of Nigeria and the rest of Africa. More than 242, 000 people in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, the United States, and Europe use the EOS crop-monitoring platform. In 2024 alone, 53, 000 more farmers subscribed to the service. One of them is Adewale Adegoke, the CEO of Agro Xchange Technology Services, a company dedicated to boosting crop production using technology and good agricultural practices. Adegoke used the platform on half a million hectares (around 1.25 million acres) owned by 63, 000 farmers. He says the yield of maize farmers using the platform, for instance, grew to two tons per acre, at least twice the national average. Adegoke adds that local farmers, who have been struggling with fluctuating conditions as a result of climate change, have been especially drawn to the platform’s early warning system for weather. “So far, the result has been convincing,” says Adegoke. “We are no longer subjecting the performance of our farms to chance. This time, we are in charge.” 32. What is the main purpose of the company’s technology as described in the passage? A. To develop new agricultural chemicals for enhanced crop growth. B. To provide historical data on crop production for research purposes. C. To enable farmers to make data-driven decisions in their farming practices. D. To offer a platform for farmers to share their experiences and knowledge easily. 33. How did the EOS crop monitoring platform help field-monitoring officers at Carmi Agro Foods? A. By providing them with physical maps of the farm. B. By training them to use new agricultural techniques. C. By allowing them to track weed breakouts efficiently. D. By supplying them with weather updates for planning. 34 What is the main theme of the passage? A. The history and development of satellite technology in agriculture. B. The global distraction of EOS Data Analytics’ services on farming practices. C. The challenges faced by farmers in developing countries due to lack of data. D. The benefits and application of EOS Data Analytics’ crop-monitoring platform. 【答案】32. C 33. C 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了EOS Data Analytics的卫星作物监测平台，该平台通过提供详细的农作物健康数据帮助农民做出精准决策，特别强调了其在提高发展中国家农业生产力方面的应用与成效。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content.(EOS Data Analytics是一家总部位于加利福尼亚州的精准农业卫星图像和数据提供商。该公司使用穿过植物冠的光的波长，可用于测量一系列变量，包括水分水平和元素含量)”以及第二段“EOS’s models and algorithms (算法) deliver insights on crops’ health weekly through an online platform that farmers can use to make informed decisions about issues such as when to plant, how much agricultural chemicals to use, and how to schedule fertilizer use, weeding, or watering.(EOS的模型和算法每周通过一个在线平台提供有关作物健康的见解，农民可以使用该平台就何时种植、使用多少农用化学品以及如何安排肥料使用、除草或浇水等问题做出明智的决定)”可知，EOS Data Analytics公司提供的技术主要是为了帮助农民通过卫星图像和数据做出关于种植、使用农业化学品、施肥、除草或浇水的明智决策。因此，该公司的主要目的是使农民能够在农业生产中利用数据驱动的方式做出决策。故选C。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Field-monitoring officers needed only to peer at their phones to know where or when specific spots needed attention on various farms. They were able to pursue weed breakouts quickly and efficiently.(现场监测人员只需查看他们的手机，就可以知道各个农场的特定地点在何时何地需要关注。他们能够快速有效地消灭杂草)”可知，通过使用EOS作物监测平台，田间监控人员只需要查看他们的手机就可以知道哪些特定地点需要关注，并且能够快速有效地应对杂草爆发。因此，EOS作物监测平台帮助田间监控监控的地方在于通过允许他们高效地追踪杂草爆发情况。故选C。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“EOS Data Analytics is a California-based provider of satellite imagery and data for precision farming. The company uses wavelengths of light, which passes through plant crowns and can be used to measure a range of variables, including moisture level and element content.(EOS Data Analytics是一家总部位于加利福尼亚州的精准农业卫星图像和数据提供商。该公司使用穿过植物冠的光的波长，可用于测量一系列变量，包括水分水平和元素含量)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了EOS Data Analytics的卫星作物监测平台，该平台通过提供详细的农作物健康数据帮助农民做出精准决策，特别强调了其在提高发展中国家农业生产力方面的应用与成效。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory of evolution in birds’ beaks, turtles’ shells and language. “The survival or preservation of certain favored words in the struggle for existence is natural selection,” he wrote in The Descent of Man. Language gradually shifts over time. Much research examines how social and environmental factors influence language change but very little explores the forces of human cognitive (认知的) selection that fix certain words into the dictionary. For an extensive new study, published in a journal, scientists investigated just that. In an experiment much like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words — again seeing only certain types survive. The results showed three features that give words an“evolutionary (进化的)advantage” by helping them stick in the brain. First, words typically acquired at an early age, such as “hand,” “uncle” or “today”, are stabler. Next, concrete words exist better than abstract ones: “dog” stays longer than “animal”, which persists longer than “organism”. Lastly, emotionally exciting words — whether negative or positive — tend to be permanent. Early language-evolution models assumed that language becomes increasingly complex over time. But a cognitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand. Still, as the study notes, “the English language is not baby talk.” Breithaupt explains, “Yes, we shift toward simple language, but then we also grab complex language that we need.” New words that address the complexity of modern life may somewhat balance out this shift. The proposed trend toward “simpler” language is debatable. A linguist John McWhorter questions implications regarding the overall efficiency of English — a language he says contains things like “unnecessarily complex” grammatical traces. Study lead author Ying Li notes that English had even more complicated grammar in the past. “John McWhorter would complain more if he traveled back800 years ago,” Li supposes. 1．What is Paragraph 3 mainly discussed about the research? A．Conclusion and significance. B．Background and purpose. C．Method and limitations. D．Process and findings. 2．According to Breithaupt, the English language tends to be ______. A．more concrete with difficulty B．more practical with efficiency C．more complicated with abstraction D．more understandable with vividness 3．What would be the best title for this passage? A．Who promotes the study of language evolution? B．How does language gradually shift over time? C．What makes a word survive or go extinct? D．Why are certain words favored by people? 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了语言进化的机制，尤其是某些词汇在大脑中的“进化优势”，同时也探讨了语言变化中简单化与复杂化的平衡问题。 1．主旨大意题。根据第三段中的“In an experiment much like a game of telephone, thousands of participants read English-language stories and rewrote them to be read by other participants who then rewrote them for others. Only certain words from the first stories survived in the final versions. Researchers analyzed the word types speakers consistently favored, theorizing that such preferences drive language change over time. The scientists also separately analyzed two large collections of English historical texts from the past two centuries, containing more than 40 billion words— again seeing only certain types survive.(在一个很像电话游戏的实验中，数千名参与者阅读英语故事，然后重写给其他参与者阅读，然后其他参与者再重写给其他人看。在最后的版本中，最初的故事中只有某些词留存了下来。研究人员分析了说话者一直喜欢的词汇类型，并提出了这样的偏好会导致语言随着时间的推移而变化的理论。科学家们还分别分析了过去两个世纪的两大英语历史文本集，其中包含400多亿个单词，再次发现只有某些类型的单词幸存下来)”可知，本段详细描述了研究的具体过程（实验设计）和发现（偏好“幸存”词的特性），即“实验过程与研究发现”，故选D。 2．推理判断题 。根据第五段“But a cognitive scientist Fritz Breithaupt says the new study supports a more recent theory that language ultimately gets more efficient and easier to understand.(但认知科学家Fritz Breithaupt表示，这项新研究支持一种较新的理论，即语言最终变得更加高效、更容易理解)”可知，Breithaupt认为英语语言倾向于变得更实际和高效。 故选B。 3．主旨大意题。整篇文章的中心围绕语言进化的驱动因素，重点分析了“哪些单词会保留下来，哪些会消失”，尤其在研究中得出的几个单词具有“进化优势”的特性：早期习得的词、具体词以及带有情绪激动性（正面或负面）的词。文章反复强调的是单词如何在变化中“生存”与“灭绝”。结合选项，C选项“What makes a word survive or go extinct?”（是什么让一个单词存活或消亡？）最能概括文章主题。 故选C。 考向02 考查推理判断题 Passage 1 （2025年·顺义·一模）Imagine you’re driving down the highway and notice that you are running low on fuel. Your GPS shows 10 gas stations ahead on your route. Naturally, you want the cheapest option. Do you continue exploring and risk regret for rejecting the bird in hand? You won’t double back, so you face a now-or-never choice. What strategy maximizes your chances of picking the cheapest station? Researchers have studied this “best-choice problem”, which suggests that humans tend to fall short of the optimal (最优的) strategy. Amazingly, the optimal strategy results in the number-one pick being selected almost 37 percent of the time, and its success rate doesn’t depend on the number of candidates. Even with a billion options and a refusal to settle for second best, you could find your needle in a haystack (干草垛) more than a third of the time. The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first around 37 percent of the choices no matter what. Then pick the first option that is better than all the others you've encountered so far. (If you never find such an option, take the final one.) Adding to the fun, mathematicians’ favorite little constant, e=2.7182... , rears its head in the solution. Also known as Euler’s number, e holds fame for cropping up all across the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-choice problem. In fact, those references to 37 percent in the optimal strategy and corresponding probability of success are actually 1/e, or about 0.368.The magic number comes from the tension between wanting to see enough samples to feel information of options and not wanting to wait too long in case the best pass you by. The proof argues that 1/e balances these forces. The problem generates thousands of hits on the internet as mathematicians continue to study its many variants: What if you’re allowed to pick more than one option, and you win if any of your choices are the best? What if an opponent chose the ordering of the options to trick you? What if you don’t require the absolute best choice and would feel satisfied with second or third? Researchers study such when-to-stop scenarios (设想) in a branch of math called optimal stopping theory. Research finds that people tend to stop their search too early. So applying the 37 percent rule could improve your decision-making, but be sure to double-check that your situation meets all the conditions: a known number of rankable options is being presented one at a time in any order, you want the best, and you can’t double back. 32. Why does the author mention the constant e in Paragraph 3? A. Justify a comparison. B. Evaluate a statement. C Provide a theoretical basis. D. Propose a new solution. 33. Which situation most agrees with the strategy mentioned in the passage? A. Evaluate every candidate. B. Skip some lunch specials. C. Buy the latest reference book. D. Join the shortest checkout line. 34. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Why People Often Fail in Making the Best Decisions. B. The Best Decision Depends on Your Math Ability. C. How to Connect Optimal Strategy with the Magic e. D. Elegant Math Problem Finds the Best Choices. 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“最佳选择问题”的最优策略，即37%法则，以及该策略背后的数学原理和应用条件。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Also known as Euler’s number, e holds fame for cropping up all across the mathematical landscape in seemingly unrelated settings — including in the best-choice problem. In fact, those references to 37 percent in the optimal strategy and corresponding probability of success are actually 1/e, or about 0.368. (e也被称为欧拉数，它在数学领域以出现在看似无关的环境中而闻名，包括在最佳选择问题中。事实上，最优策略中提到的37%和相应的成功概率实际上是1/e，即约0.368。)”可知，作者提到常数e是为了给“最佳选择问题”的最优策略提供一个理论基础，说明37%这个比例是如何得出的。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The winning strategy is simple: Reject the first around 37 percent of the choices no matter what. Then pick the first option that is better than all the others you've encountered so far. (获胜的策略很简单：无论如何，先拒绝前37%左右的选择。然后选择第一个比你到目前为止遇到的所有其他选择都更好的选项。)”可知，文章中提到的策略是先观察一部分选项，然后从中选择最好的，这与“跳过一些午餐特价菜，然后从中选择最满意的”这一情境最为相似，即都涉及到先跳过一部分选项再做选择。故选B。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了“最佳选择问题”的最优策略，即37%法则，以及该策略背后的数学原理和应用条件。文章的重点在于介绍这个数学问题和它的解决方案，因此选项D“优雅的数学问题找到了最佳选择”最能概括文章的主旨，作为标题最合适。故选D。 Passage 2 （24-25高三上·北京顺义·期末）One day in the fall of 2023, a young Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross was lying listless in southeastern Brazil’s Santos Basin. Beach monitors found the young bird in the sand, weak and dying. The cause of the albatross’s disaster was evident: it was caught in a weather balloon, which, sadly, is just one instance of a bigger environmental headache. Globally, hundreds of thousands of weather balloons are launched into the sky every year, and the majority are never recovered. Instead, their waste—a mix of latex, cotton and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecosystems for years. And because only a small percentage of dead animals wash ashore, the impact is likely worse than the numbers suggest. The root of this mounting trouble lies in the very nature of how weather balloons operate. Weather balloons are used to get high-altitude (高空) data like air temperature and pressure. Once a balloon has travelled up about 21 miles and its volume has grown 100-fold, it explodes, shooting pieces in all directions. Australian researchers at the Tangaroa Blue Foundation first flagged the problem of weather-balloon garbage a decade ago. Over 21 months, they collected 2,460 pieces of weather-balloon litter around the Great Barrier Reef. The researchers estimated that up to 70 percent of Australia’ s weather balloons end up in the ocean. One study notes that while some of the materials used in weather balloons are considered biodegradable, much of it is not breaking down quickly. Some companies have produced special materials now made from plant-based fiber designed to weaken much faster than previous cotton versions. But the new models are 20 to 30 percent more expensive. Despite the higher cost, weather bureaus (局) have started to reduce the impact by trying out more sustainable balloons and switching from white to blue balloons, which marine animals may be less likely to mistake for food. Some agencies also announced they would be testing drones (无人机) to collect weather data, which are recoverable. Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices only because they’ re more sustainable; they also want better data. For now, though, balloons still fly much higher than drones, so they remain an important data-collecting tool. Lower-impact versions would at least be a small improvement for the ocean’s animals. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The functions of weather balloons. B．The problems of using weather balloons. C．The composition of weather balloon waste. D．The difficulty of weather balloon recycling. 2．What can we learn about weather balloons? A．Weather balloon waste can hardly break down. B．New versions of weather balloons are being tried. C．Weather balloons cause the death of most sea animals. D．Drones are better in collecting data than weather balloons. 3．What does the author think of the changes mentioned in the passage? A．Valuable but risky. B．Exciting and hopeful. C．Necessary and reliable. D．Promising but incomplete. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了气象气球对海洋生态系统造成的影响，包括气象气球的使用、废弃物问题、现有解决方案以及未来可能的替代方案。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Globally, hundreds of thousands of weather balloons are launched into the sky every year, and the majority are never recovered. Instead, their waste — a mix of latex, cotton and plastics — remains in marine (海洋的) ecosystems for years. And because only a small percentage of dead animals wash ashore, the impact is likely worse than the numbers suggest.(在全球范围内，每年有数十万个气象气球被发射到天空中，其中大多数都没有被回收。相反，它们的废物——乳胶、棉花和塑料的混合物——会在海洋生态系统中留存多年。由于只有一小部分死亡动物被冲上岸，因此影响可能比数字所显示的更严重)”可知，本段主要讲述使用气象气球导致的问题。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Some companies have produced special materials now made from plant-based fiber designed to weaken much faster than previous cotton versions. But the new models are 20 to 30 percent more expensive. Despite the higher cost, weather bureaus (局) have started to reduce the impact by trying out more sustainable balloons and switching from white to blue balloons, which marine animals may be less likely to mistake for food.(一些公司已经生产出由植物纤维制成的特殊材料，这种材料比以前的棉质材料更容易变弱。但是新型号要贵20%到30%。尽管成本更高，但气象部门已经开始尝试使用更可持续的气球，并将白色气球换成蓝色气球，以减少海洋动物误以为食物的可能性)”可知，新版本的气象气球正在试验中。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Weather agencies aren’t trialing these new devices only because they’ re more sustainable; they also want better data. For now, though, balloons still fly much higher than drones, so they remain an important data-collecting tool. Lower-impact versions would at least be a small improvement for the ocean’s animals.(气象机构试用这些新设备并不仅仅是因为它们更可持续；他们也想要更好的数据。但就目前而言，气球仍然比无人机飞得高得多，因此它们仍然是重要的数据收集工具。对海洋动物来说，低影响的版本至少是一个小小的改善)”可推知，作者认为目前的改变是有希望的但还不完善。故选D项。 Passage 3 （2025年·海淀·一模） Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. One subset of AI, large language models (LLM), won’t turn our lives into reality TV shows. Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. Many companies are developing individualized LLM. The underlying principle is that AI will learn about the individual user and adapt accordingly. For example, if you’re a super fan of a football team, you’ll be fed updates, ads, and videos tailored to your interests 24 hours a day. Some algorithms may even learn your schedule, pushing information at you during precisely those times when you’re most likely to be looking. This may sound harmless. But the next step is to use LLM to create memes, or even fake articles,feeding you conspiracy theories about rival teams. This is a miserable reality for at least two reasons.For one, there are neither computational methods or ethical incentives (激励) in place to ensure that the information you receive is true. But just as frightening as the lack of regard for the truth is an even scarier element. You will no longer live with an accurate understanding of football team that is fully compatible with anyone else’s. You will run on information generated only for yourself. This vision is unsettling, even in sports and entertainment. But what of institutions that have more direct social consequences?Education? Politics? With the fall of the press and polarization of everything,conversations around holiday table have already become impossible for many extended families. Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. What’s the way out? Find your entertainment in spaces with actual people, exchanging thoughts and creations with each other. Even online, we must keep our understanding of the world grounded in human-authored documents and artifacts. Valuing what humans create is not merely a matter of authenticity; it also ensures we focus on arguments that an author cared enough to make, on conservations that speakers cared enough to have. Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. 27. The author mentions The Truman Show in Paragraph 1 to . A. make a comparison B. illustrate a situation C. support an argument D. propose a suggestion 28. According to the passage, personalized AI agents may . A. isolate individuals in false realities B. confirm the credibility of the content C. discourage the companies’ ethical incentives D. improve user behavior by feeding targeted ads 29. What can be inferred from the passage? A. Algorithms have raised concerns over privacy. B. LLMs are in great need of computational upgrade. C. Echo chambers weaken collective decision-making. D. Technology development results in polarized society. 30. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. AI and the Future of Human Interaction B. AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show C. The Truman Show Predicts AI’s Impact on Media D. Algorithmic Bubbles and the Value of Human Creations 【答案】27. B 28. A 29. C 30. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine a not-too-distant future, where we each inhabit our own AI-driven digital filter (过滤) bubble, crafted for us alone and designed to serve corporate interests. This future resembles 1998’s movie The Truman Show, where the main character unknowingly lived his entire life within a reality TV show designed by a production studio. (想象一下不太遥远的未来，我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中，这个泡沫是专门为我们打造的，旨在服务企业利益。这个未来类似于1998年的电影《楚门的世界》，在电影中，主角在不知情的情况下，在一档由制作工作室设计的真人秀节目中度过了他的一生。)”可知，作者在第一段提到《楚门的世界》是为了说明一种可能出现的情况，即我们每个人都生活在自己的人工智能驱动的数字过滤泡沫中。故选B。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, personalized AI agents threaten to cage each of us in an individualized and illusory (虚假的) unreality, profiting from our digital activities and walling us off from genuine connections. (相反，个性化的AI代理威胁着将我们每个人困在一个个性化和虚幻的不真实世界中，从我们的数字活动中获利，并将我们与真正的联系隔离开来。)”可知，个性化的AI代理可能会将个人隔离在虚假现实中。故选A。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Bad as the status quo might be, stranger times lie ahead that make us long for today’s echo chambers (信息茧房). Soon, our bubbles will shrink further and further,until our digital worlds involve only ourselves. In an Al-mediated future,everyone will live in a private Truman Show. As a society, we will be completely incapable of making fruitful collective decisions because we will have no shared understanding of the world. (在一个由AI介导的未来，每个人都将生活在一个私人的《楚门的世界》中。作为一个社会，我们将完全无法做出富有成效的集体决策，因为我们将对世界没有共同的理解。)”可知，信息茧房会削弱集体决策能力。故选C。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段“Otherwise,The Truman Show’s premise becomes our reality, unknowingly inhabiting a fake world where our every experience is designed for profit. Even more existentially alienating? Living in a Truman Show where the director, producer and the only one watching is an AI. (否则，《楚门的世界》的前提就会成为我们的现实，我们会在不知不觉中生活在一个虚假的世界里，我们的每一次经历都是为了盈利而设计的。更让人感到存在上的疏离呢？生活在一个《楚门的世界》里，导演、制片人和唯一的观众都是人工智能。)”可知，文章主要论述了个性化AI代理可能将人类生活变成虚假现实的问题，就像《楚门的世界》一样。B选项“AI Will Turn Our Lives into The Truman Show (人工智能将把我们的生活变成《楚门的世界》)”最符合文章主旨。故选B。 Passage 4 （2025年·东城·一模） Anyone with insomnia knows the impatience and frustration that accompanies sleeplessness. You long for a button that could instantly dampen all that mental activity.The idea of a mental switch is not far-fetched. Most neuroscientists now agree that our wakefulness is coordinated by a tiny bundle of neurons (一小束神经元) known as the “locus coeruleus” (LC), Latin for “blue dot”. It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will “fire” with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area. There are slight differences in the process. Depending on the types of receptors they have, some neurons are more sensitive to smaller amounts of norepinephrine, while others only respond to higher thresholds. This means that, as the locus coeruleus activity rises, it will start to affect some brain areas more than others, which can have dramatic effects on things like our focus, concentration and creativity. Given the blue dot’s role, it makes sense that it would be quietest at night during sleep. It is not entirely silent, however, but fires occasionally-and recent research by Anita Lüthi at the University of Lausanne suggests that this activity may determine the quality of our sleeps. Across the night, we alternate between different sleep stages. There is “rapid eye movement” (REM) sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming and is thought to be crucial for processing and consolidating memories. Much of our rest, however,is spent in non-REM (NREM) sleep, during which the brain may engage in a deep clean, clearing away cellular waste. Measuring brain activity in dozing mice, Anita found NREM sleep was associated with temporary bursts of locus coeruleus activity every 50 seconds. As a result, the animal was more sensitive to outside stimuli, like noises-without fully waking. “It’s generating this state of enhanced vigilance (警觉),” Anita says. “It really gives you this idea that wakefulness can be graded in the brain.” The beginning of REM sleep was almost always associated with low locus coeruleus activity. “That transition to REM sleep has to be very well controlled,” says Anita, “because in REM sleep, we have atonia.” That’s the temporary paralysis (麻痹) of our body, which prevents us from physically acting out our dreams. Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep. If so, she suspects that altered locus coeruleus activity could be implicated in conditions — such as anxiety — that may contribute to disordered sleep. She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep. 27. What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. Neurons. B. Electric currents. C. Projections. D. Neurotransmitters. 28. According to the passage, what is the role of the LC? A. Producing receptors. B. Preserving cell sensitivity. C. Monitoring brain activity. D. Improving neural connectivity. 29. Which of the following may Anita Lüthi agree with? A. The blue dot fires regularly at night. B. Stress has an impact on the LC activity. C. Low LC activity can help clean cellular waste. D. Atonia results from sudden bursts of brain activity. 30. What might be the next step of the research? A. Grading the wakefulness of human brains. B. Unlocking the mechanism of sleep disorder. C. Assessing the function of the blue dot on humans. D. Identifying approaches to altering the LC activity. 【答案】27. A 28. D 29. B 30. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蓝斑核在睡眠和觉醒中的作用及其相关研究。 【27题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“It is a literal description: the neurons in the locus coeruleus have the blue colour from the production of a particular neurotransmitter, called norepinephrine. Norepinephrine raises the chance that a neuron will ‘fire’ with an electric current. When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(这是一个直白的描述：蓝斑核中的神经元因产生一种名为去甲肾上腺素的特殊神经递质而呈现蓝色。去甲肾上腺素增加了神经元通过电流 “放电” 的可能性。当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的投射将这种神经递质束传递到大脑的其他区域，从而增强该区域神经元之间的交流)”可知，“they”指代的是前文中提到的“the neurons in the locus coeruleus”，即“Neurons(神经元)”。故选A。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“When they become active, cells in the locus coeruleus pass bundles of this neurotransmitter along their projections to other regions of the brain-enhancing the communication between the neurons in that area.(当它们变得活跃时，蓝斑核中的细胞会沿着它们的突起将一束束这种神经递质传递到大脑的其他区域，增强该区域神经元之间的通信)”可知，蓝斑核（LC）的作用是改善神经连接，增强神经元之间的通信。故选D。 【29题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She found that exposing her laboratory mice to mild sources of stress — such as knocking on their cage — raised the blue dot’s activity and increased their vigilance throughout the night, resulting in fragmented sleep.(她发现，让实验小鼠暴露于轻微的压力源下，比如敲它们的笼子，会提高蓝斑核的活动水平，并增加它们整晚的警觉性，导致睡眠碎片化)”可知，Anita Lüthi可能会同意B选项“压力对蓝斑核活动有影响”。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Anita emphasises that her experiments were conducted in mice, so we still need to confirm that the blue dot plays a similar role in human sleep.(Anita强调，她的实验是在小鼠身上进行的，所以我们仍然需要确认蓝斑核在人类睡眠中是否扮演类似的角色)”可知，下一步的研究可能是评估蓝斑核在人类身上的功能。故选C。 考向03考查主旨大意题 Passage 1 （24-25高三上·北京朝阳·期末）According to an idea called the “inflationary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been constantly expanding, which would have created a countless number of other universes. Collectively, these cosmic islands form what scientists call a “multiverse”. However, other universes may lie beyond our scientific reach, physically and philosophically. Consequently, the methodologies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validation is even possible remain unresolved inquiries. In science, hypotheses (假说) are used to propose explanations, but from hypotheses to theories, validation of predictions is essential to see whether initial assumptions are supported or disproved. Theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli says, “It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality. Few survive thanks to a basic idea: Do not trust your fancies. Keep only the ideas that can be tested.” Rovelli adds, “Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions. This approach has never worked previously, and it is not working now.” The multiverse might be one of those wild guesses. Now, physicists are debating whether that problem moves the multiverse from physics to metaphysics, from the world of science to that of philosophy. Philosopher Richard Dawid believes scientists could support the multiverse hypotheses without actually finding physical support. “If we have a theory that seems to work, and have come up with nothing that works better, chances are our idea is right,” he says. Not everyone is so cheerful, though. Sabine Hossenfelder, another theoretical physicist, thinks “Without making contact with observation, a theory isn’t part of the natural sciences, and not physics.” Some supporters of the multiverse claim they have found physical evidence. Andrei Linde insists “Our universe seems fine-tuned (精调的) to be favourable to life, with a four-dimensional space in which we can live. It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, one of the universes should turn out like ours. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe on which humans can be born will be born. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here. And our existence, therefore, helps explain why the multiverse is plausible.” Just as Einstein’s theory of general relativity could only be confirmed recently with a billion-dollar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence of the multiverse. So far, all of science has relied on testability, but those tests take time, and most theoreticians want to wait it out. They are not ready to shelve an idea like the multiverse — which could actually be the answer to life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prove to themselves it doesn’t exist. And that day may never come. 1．What can we learn from the passage? A．The multiverse is recognized as a theory. B．The multiverse starts debates on human existence. C．Rovelli criticizes physicists for their baseless fancies. D．Dawid emphasizes the necessity of physical evidence. 2．What does the underlined word “plausible” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Credible. B．Complex. C．Essential. D．Fascinating. 3．As for the existence of multiverse, the author is _________. A．negative B．neutral C．certain D．positive 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Mysteries of Multiverse: Fine-Tuned for Life B．Can Physicists Ever Prove the Multiverse Is Real? C．The Inflationary Multiverse: Proven Beyond Doubt D．Have Physicists Lost Their Minds in the Multiverse? 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是多元宇宙，以及物理学家对于这一概念的不同看法和论证。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli says, “It is hard to write theories that survive the proof of reality. Few survive thanks to a basic idea: Do not trust your fancies. Keep only the ideas that can be tested.” Rovelli adds, “Today many physicists are wasting time trying to guess and jumping to conclusions. This approach has never worked previously, and it is not working now.” The multiverse might be one of those wild guesses.(理论物理学家Carlo Rovelli说：“很难写出经得起现实证明的理论。很少有理论能幸存下来，这要归功于一个基本的理念：不要相信你的幻想。只保留那些可以被测试的想法。”Rovelli补充道：“今天，许多物理学家都在浪费时间去猜测和草率下结论。这种方法以前从未奏效，现在也行不通。”多元宇宙可能是这些大胆的猜测之一)”可知，罗维利批评物理学家毫无根据的幻想（包括多元宇宙），认为真正的理论需要现实上经得起被测试。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“It is certain that in an eternally inflating multiverse, one of the universes should turn out like ours. Each universe can have different physical laws and fundamentals. Given limitless changes, a universe on which humans can be born will be born. The multiverse actually explains why we’re here.(可以肯定的是，在一个永远膨胀的多元宇宙中，其中一个宇宙应该和我们的宇宙一样。每个宇宙都有不同的物理定律和基本原理。鉴于无限的变化，一个人类可以诞生的宇宙将会诞生。多元宇宙实际上解释了我们为什么在这里)”以及“And our existence, therefore, helps explain why the multiverse is(因此，我们的存在有助于解释为什么多元宇宙……)”可知，上文therefore表示因果关系，说明多元宇宙实际上解释了我们为什么在这里，而我们的存在有助于解释多元宇宙的概念是可信的。故划线词意思是“可信的”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Just as Einstein’s theory of general relativity could only be confirmed recently with a billion-dollar instrument called LIGO, scientists may eventually discover more direct evidence of the multiverse.(正如爱因斯坦的广义相对论直到最近才被价值数十亿美元的LIGO仪器证实一样，科学家们最终可能会发现多元宇宙的更直接证据)”和“They are not ready to shelve an idea like the multiverse — which could actually be the answer to life, the universe and everything — until and unless they can prove to themselves it doesn’t exist. And that day may never come.(他们还没有准备好搁置像多元宇宙这样的想法——它实际上可能是生命、宇宙和一切的答案——除非他们能证明它不存在。这一天可能永远不会到来)”可知，对于多元宇宙的存在，作者是肯定的态度。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“According to an idea called the “inflationary (暴胀的) multiverse”, the universe has been constantly expanding, which would have created a countless number of other universes. Collectively, these cosmic islands form what scientists call a “multiverse”. However, other universes may lie beyond our scientific reach, physically and philosophically. Consequently, the methodologies by which physicists might validate (验证) the multiverse and whether such validation is even possible remain unresolved inquiries.(根据一种被称为“暴胀多元宇宙”的观点，宇宙一直在不断膨胀，这将创造出无数的其他宇宙。总的来说，这些宇宙岛屿形成了科学家所谓的“多元宇宙”。然而，其他宇宙可能在物理和哲学上都超出了我们的科学范围。因此，物理学家可能用来验证多重宇宙的方法，以及这种验证是否可能，仍然是未解决的问题)”结合文章主要解释了什么是多元宇宙，以及物理学家对于这一概念的不同看法和论证。可知，B选项“物理学家能证明多元宇宙是真实的吗？”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 2 （2025年·西城·一模） Genetic (基因) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species. Until 2022, governments focused primarily on preventing species from disappearing. That year, however, when updating the United Nations’s Convention on Biological Diversity treaty (条约), participating countries agreed to start to look at genetic diversity as well. The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat. Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report. That included species already known to be at risk, but it also included more common species. The implication is that those species may be less able to bounce back than expected during environmental change, says Alicia Mastertta-Yanes, a conservation geneticist. Some conservation efforts, such as ecological restoration or reducing pests (害虫), didn’t help much, the analysis found. But certain actions did seem to help, such as efforts to expand and protect habitat, introduce new individuals to declining populations, or connect two isolated populations. “It was pretty impressive that they were able to track what human disturbances and conservation actions had done,” says Moisés Alonso, an evolutionary geneticist who authored a preprint last year indicating that protecting existing habitat won’t be enough to prevent genetic diversity losses for many species. “We needed something like this,” he says. Conservation scientists emphasize the importance of continuing to monitor populations. But DNA methods aren’t always practical, some note. “It is relatively hard and expensive to measure genetic diversity directly,” Mastertta-Yanes says. To get around that, Mastertta-Yanes and others published a paper in Ecology Letters last year that used proxy (代替物) measures, such as population size, to evaluate genetic diversity in 919 species. The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.” 31. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Challenges of collecting DNA data for diversity research. B. Findings on genetic diversity changes over the past 30 years. C. Research methods applied to track genetic diversity changes. D. Impacts of human disturbances on diversity of different species. 32. What can be learned from Grueber’s study? A. Habitat extension and population management preserve diversity. B. The diversity of common species tends to decline more severely. C. At-risk species better resist the impact of environmental changes. D. Ecosystem recovery and pest control drive population rise. 33. Mastertta-Yanes holds that DNA methods ________. A. will soon be replaced by proxy measures B. lack practicality due to their costs and complexity C. may get in the way of monitoring species populations D. require a large population size to achieve high accuracy 34. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To identify more effective methods applied in gene research. B. To advocate for using DNA methods exclusively in conservation efforts. C. To warn people of the threat posed by environmental changes on species. D. To draw people’s attention to effective measures against loss of diversity. 【答案】31. C 32. A 33. B 34. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。 【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“The first step toward slowing the trend is understanding it. Conservation biologist Catherine Gruéber from the University of Sydney and many colleagues gathered 882 papers written between 1985 and 2019 that tracked diversity changes within 628 individual species by analyzing their DNA at at least two time points. The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat.(减缓这一趋势的第一步是理解它。悉尼大学的保护生物学家凯瑟琳·格鲁姆萨伯和许多同事收集了1985年至2019年期间撰写的882篇论文，通过分析至少两个时间点的628个物种的DNA，追踪了它们的多样性变化。研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”可知，第三段的主要内容是用于追踪遗传多样性变化的研究方法。故选C。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The team used complex statistical analyses to make the data comparable, enabling them to identify trends and correlate loss of genetic diversity with floods, habitat destruction, or other disturbances. They also tracked what happened in the face of various conservation measures, such as legally protecting a species or setting aside and protecting habitat.(研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”以及第四段“Two-thirds of the populations analyzed exhibited a decline in diversity, Gruéber and her colleagues report.(格鲁曼和她的同事们报告说，三分之二的被分析数量表现出多样性的下降)”可知，研究告诉我们栖息地扩展和数量管理保护多样性。故选A。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The method, which only required about 3 hours of work per species, indicated that 58% of the species have populations that are too small to maintain their genetic diversity. The fact that these different approaches found declining diversity “makes both results more convincing,” Mastertta-Yanes says. “Finally, genetic diversity is getting the attention it deserves.”(该方法只需要每个物种3小时的工作，表明58%的物种种群太小，无法维持其遗传多样性。这两种不同的方法都发现了多样性的下降，这一事实“使两种结果都更有说服力，”马斯特塔-扬斯说。“最终，基因多样性得到了应有的关注。”)”可知，Mastertta-Yanes认为，由于成本和复杂性，DNA方法缺乏实用性。故选B。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“Genetic (基因的) variation is what allows a species to adapt as climate changes, new diseases arise, and novel enemies come on the scene. A slightly different genetic makeup can ensure at least some individuals will still do OK in times of crisis. But just as the number of species is declining worldwide, so, too, is the genetic diversity within many species.(基因变异使一个物种能够适应气候变化、新疾病的出现和新敌人的出现。一个稍有不同的基因构成可以确保至少一些个体在危机时刻仍能安然无恙。但是，正如世界范围内的物种数量正在减少一样，许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少)”结合文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。可知，这篇文章的目的是引起人们对防止多样性丧失的有效措施的注意。故选D。 Passage 3 （2025年·丰台·一模）Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument(DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated( 加速的) expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology (宇宙学), which assumes a steady acceleration. Dark energy is thought to make up nearly 70% of the cosmos, so if its behaviour really is changing as time passes, it could have significant implications for our understanding of the universe. Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate. Dark energy isn’t directly observable, so there are several options that could fit. One solution suggested by Michael Garda at the Federal University in Brazil and his colleagues involves letting dark energy interact with dark matter, an invisible and abundant form of matter that outweighs ordinary matter. This interaction is forbidden in the standard model, but if energy could flow from the universe’s dark matter to its dark energy — essentially changing the former to the latter — the researchers’ simulations (模拟) showed that this would match the DESI measurements. Yet, the mechanism for such an energy transfer isn’t clear. This solution might also help resolve the Hubble tension, a difference in the ways we measure the expansion rate of the cosmos. Measurements of this made by analysing nearby galaxies (known as “local” measurements) give an expansion rate, or Hubble constant, which is slightly higher than the one obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) — the remaining radiation from the early universe. CMB measurements rely on a theoretical model of cosmic evolution, which may need adjustment if Garda’s proposal is correct. By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension. Another proposed solution involves dark radiation, an invisible form of radiation similar to light but composed of dark photons (光子). Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages. “If you have more radiation, the expansion is faster in the early universe,” says Allali. Unlike adjustments to dark energy, dark radiation introduces a new component without changing existing physical laws, making it a more conservative approach. Allali notes that the DESI data does not rule out dark radiation and even shows a slight preference for it. Both models — interacting dark energy and dark radiation — fit the DESI data, but neither has been confirmed. Shawn Smith at the University of Edinburgh, UK, points out that while many unconventional models could explain the observations, none currently compete with the standard cosmological model from a fundamental physics perspective. Nevertheless, these models serve as catalysts for progress, ensuring that cosmology remains a dynamic and evolving field. 32. What does this passage mainly talk about? A. The development of scientific models to study the universe. B. The discovery of dark energy and its impact on the universe. C. The importance of DESI in studying the universe’s behavior. D. The attempts to explain the universe’s unexpected expansion. 33. Which of the following might the author agree with? A. Garda’s proposal outperforms Allali’s in its simplicity. B. Recent research has found ways for dark energy transfer. C. The DESI data has confirmed the existence of dark radiation. D. The two models share similarities in reducing Hubble tension. 34. The passage is organized in the pattern of ________. A. cause — effect — solution B. problem— solution — evaluation C. example —a nalysis — conclusion D. introduction — comparison — result 【答案】32. D 33. D 34. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。DESI 数据表明宇宙膨胀有异常，科研人员提出两种模型解释，虽未证实，但推动了宇宙学发展。 【32题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Recent findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in Arizona, which produced the largest 3D map of the universe, suggest that dark energy — the mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated expansion — might change over time. This challenges the standard model of cosmology, which assumes a steady acceleration.(亚利桑那州的暗能量光谱仪（DESI）最近的发现绘制出了宇宙最大的三维地图，表明暗能量 —— 驱动宇宙加速膨胀的神秘力量 —— 可能会随时间变化。这挑战了假设宇宙是稳定加速的标准宇宙学模型)”可知，宇宙的膨胀出现了与标准模型不符的情况。再结合第三段“Since the DESI data came out, researchers have been working on ways to explain the apparent changes in the universe’s expansion rate.(自从 DESI 数据公布以来，研究人员一直在努力寻找方法来解释宇宙膨胀率的明显变化)”可知，本文主要讲的是对解释宇宙意外膨胀的尝试。故选D。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“By allowing energy transfer between dark matter and dark energy, the adjusted model could bring CMB-based estimates more closely into line with local measurements, potentially resolving the tension.(通过允许暗物质和暗能量之间的能量转移，调整后的模型可以使基于宇宙微波背景（CMB）的估计值更接近局部测量值，有可能解决哈勃张力问题)”以及第五段“Tamar Allali at Brown University and his team suggest that dark radiation could explain the DESI data and lessened the Hubble tension by increasing the universe’s expansion rate in its early stages.(布朗大学的塔玛尔・阿拉利（Tamar Allali）和他的团队认为，暗辐射可以解释 DESI 数据，并通过提高宇宙早期的膨胀率来减轻哈勃张力)” 可知，这两种模型都在减少哈勃张力方面有相似之处，即都有可能解决哈勃张力问题。故选D。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段提出了问题，即暗能量可能随时间变化，挑战了标准宇宙学模型，宇宙膨胀出现意外情况；第三、四、五段介绍了两种解释宇宙膨胀率变化的解决方案，即让暗能量与暗物质相互作用和暗辐射的模型；第六段对这两种模型进行了评价，指出它们都符合 DESI 数据，但都未得到证实，且目前没有一个能从基础物理学角度与标准宇宙学模型竞争，不过它们推动了宇宙学的发展。由此推知，文章是按照“问题 — 解决方案 — 评价”的模式组织的。故选B。 Passage 4 （2025年·门头沟·一模） For millennia, we have expected dogs to guard our property and protect our family at night. Now they are also asked to be friendly around strangers, rest quietly through the night and keep their feet off sofas. “It’s an evolutionary mismatch”, says Hare, an anthropologist at Duke University. The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life. A “puppy kindergarten” research was set up by Hare’s team to illustrate the heritability of behavioural traits in dogs by observing what service dogs’ behaviour looks like before intensive training begins. Service dogs were selected as the subject for they can always naturally adapt well to the mismatch compared to other kinds. They can pull wheelchairs, operate light switches and interact gently with children. By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control. 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile. “Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University. Besides, Hare’s work also illustrates selective breeding can’t guarantee some highly desirable traits, such as a good memory. So they have devised techniques that owners can use to help train their pets and build better relationships with them. One habit that is especially important in training is making eye contact. “The dog’s gaze may be a causal factor in inducing good feelings in the owner”, says Kikusui at Azabu University in Japan, “and the longer a dog gazes at its owner, the stronger those good feelings become.” Hare also found that pups could solve some “impossible tasks” by appealing to human for help, and the appeal was made through eye contact. So he suggested puppy owners finish “impossible tasks” with their pets every two weeks to strengthen the emotional connection with them. “Doing so can help you learn where your dog’s cognitive strengths lie”, he says. And as the puppy kindergarten project has made clear, dog training as well as selective breeding is crucial to foster those behaviours we would like our pets to exhibit in our homes. 32. What can we learn from Hare’s research? A. Service dogs were observed while accepting training. B. Genetics may explain differences in dogs’ self-control C. Service dogs were chosen for they were trained earlier. D. Selective breeding develops dogs’ most desirable traits. 33. What’s the author’s aim of quoting Gitanjali’s words? A. To reveal that Hare’s research is suspicious. B. To prove the necessity of selective breeding. C. To confirm the value on reforming dogs’ genes. D. To suggest that other factors also need discussing. 34. What’s the best title for the passage? A. Service Dogs: Acquiring Desirable Traits through Breeding B. Smart Dogs: Adapting Well to Indoor Life through Training C. Modern Dogs: Training Desirable Dogs through Eye Contact D. Good Dogs: Evolving through Selective Breeding and Training 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“By collecting data from 1,500 dog owners on the behaviour of their pets, which belonged to 36 breeds, Hare’s team discovered that genetics (遗传特征) explained 45 percent of the variation in dogs’ self-control, 16 percent of the variation in reasoning about the physical world and a mere 0.01 percent of the variation in short-term memory, which manifests that some desirable behaviours are heritable to certain degree, and selective breeding for temperament is worthwhile.(通过收集1500名狗主人的36个品种的宠物行为数据，Hare的研究小组发现，基因可以解释45%的狗的自控能力差异，16%的物理世界推理变异和0.01%的短期记忆变异，这表明一些令人满意的行为在一定程度上是可遗传的，对气质的选择性培育是值得的)”可知，基因可以解释狗在自控能力上的差异。故选B。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Genetics is important, but its relative importance is different for different behavioural traits,” says Gitanjali from Emory University.( 来自埃默里大学的Gitanjali说：“基因很重要，但它的相对重要性对于不同的行为特征是不同的。”)”可推知，作者引用Gitanjali的话的目的是暗示其他因素也需要讨论。故选D。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“The good news is that this problem is solvable. Recent studies indicate that selective breeding (繁殖) and careful training can help dogs adapt to indoor life.(最近的研究表明，选择性繁育和精心训练可以帮助狗适应室内生活)”可知，文章主要说明了研究发现进化上的不匹配导致了狗能力的差异，指出导致这种差异的原因以及建议。由此可知，D选项“好狗：通过选择性繁殖和训练进化”最符合文章标题。故选D。 考向04考查词义猜测题 Passage 1 （2025年·朝阳·一模）When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 28. The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. evaluate a statement B. justify an assumption C. challenge an argument D. introduce a new concept 29. Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Rare. B. Wrong. C. Limited. D. Unexpected. 30. What can we infer from this passage? A. Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B. Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C. Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D. The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对“战斗或逃跑”这一大脑反应模式的质疑与新的理解。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)?(显而易见的结论是，中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）在威胁情况下控制着战斗或逃跑反应。但是，如果大脑并没有专门用于战斗或逃跑的回路呢？威胁探测真的只是大脑自身神经回路的一种主要模式吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了挑战一个论点，即“战斗或逃跑”反应是否由大脑中的特定回路控制。故选C。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic ‘system’ or the ‘neocortex’ for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively.(这个星球上唯一拥有“蜥蜴脑”的动物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分别负责情感或理性的统一“边缘系统”或“新皮层”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴脑，也没有分别用于情感或理性的统一的边缘 “系统” 或 “新皮质”。说明前面提到的 “三位一体脑” 模型是错误的，所以“spurious”意思是“错误的”。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur.(在日常生活中，人们可能会觉得他们对各种刺激的认知和反应，要么是将其视为威胁，要么是视为安全。实际上，大脑会利用过往的经验，在刺激发生之前，巧妙地预测并制定行动计划，以应对即将发生的事件)”可知，“战斗或逃跑”这一观念忽视了大脑的预测能力。大脑利用过去的经验，在刺激发生之前就能熟练地预测并制定行动计划。故选D。 Passage 2 （2025年·丰台·一模）During WW II, mathematician Alan Turing gathered a team of logic experts to decode enemy messages, a key step toward victory. If there was one branch of mathematics which could be said they were using systematically, it was symbolic logic. However, the curriculum designs that methodically develop students’ symbolic logic abilities are relatively rare. Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. Symbolic logic turns this kind of argument into algebra (代数学), readily shared, solved and generalized for solving mysteries. For careers such as electrical engineering and computer science, the value of symbolic logic is undeniable. The fundamental building blocks of modern digital computers are circuits representing “AND” and “OR”, which are common in symbolic logic. Almost every computer program contains similar “if-then-else” logical conditions. Professional programmers must routinely write and troubleshoot such statements. But symbolic logic is not solely limited to technical fields. Rutgers University mathematician Gray Wenger argues that teaching responsible citizenship requires providing students with mathematical reasoning skills. For example, consider a debate over a study finding that most adults without high-school certificates earn less. A responsible citizen must think through the implications along the lines of the book-theft case example above. No certificate likely means lower income, but low income doesn’t mean no certificate. Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. Consider, for instance, some global-warming doubters use one day of cold weather as proof that global warming is a hoax (骗局). But a logical thinker can quickly spot that weather is short-term, while climate is long-term change. Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. Symbolic logic is essential for intellectual development. By integrating symbolic logic into educational frameworks, we equip future generations with the intellectual tools to navigate complex challenges. Training for it must be included in the curriculum and cannot be left to chance. 28. According to the passage, symbolic logic can play a primary role when ________. A. a chef is creating a new recipe by combining different materials B. a student is deciding which club to join based on personal interests C. a doctor is identifying one’s illness by using signs and test findings D. a journalist is writing a feature article by interviewing local people 29. What does the phrase “second nature” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A. A routine practice. B. An automatic ability. C. An essential tool. D. A necessary quality. 30. From the passage, we learn that symbolic logic ________. A. tells the difference between separate incidents B. is mainly applied in solving mathematical puzzles C. questions the basic principles of modern computers D. enables people to detect and challenge false arguments 31. The author may agree that current symbolic logic education is ________. A. unsatisfying for the lack of symbolic logic courses B. problematic and ignores logical reasoning practice C. acceptable if alternative courses are available D. manageable and will improve naturally 【答案】28. C 29. B 30. D 31. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了符号逻辑的重要性及其在教育中的应用。 【28题详解】推理判断题。由文章第二段中“Symbolic logic is a form of mathematics that lets us check whether certain conclusions correctly follow from a set of facts. Consider a library book-theft case. If a suspect wasn’t in the library on the day the theft happened, they can’t be the thief. If present, they may or may not be. Being in the library doesn’t mean they stole the book. (符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地基于一系列事实得出。以图书馆失窃案为例。如果嫌疑人在失窃当天不在图书馆，那么他们就不可能是小偷。如果在场，他们则有可能是，也有可能不是。在图书馆并不意味着他们偷了书。)”可知，符号逻辑是一种数学形式，它让我们能够检查某些结论是否正确地遵循了一组事实。因此，当医生根据症状和检查结果来诊断病情时，符号逻辑可以发挥主要作用，帮助医生根据事实推断出正确的结论。故选C。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。由文章第四段中“Training in symbolic logic makes these sorts of reasonings sink into their cognitive processes and become second nature to citizens. (对符号逻辑的训练能够让这类推理融入公民的认知过程，并使其成为他们的second nature。)”可知，这里指的是通过训练，这些推理过程变得自然而然，成为公民的一种自动能力。因此，second nature在此处意为“天性，自动的能力”，与An automatic ability“一种自动的能力”意思相符。故选B。 【30题详解】 细节理解题。由文章第五段中“In addition, symbolic logic equips individuals to counter false claims by distinguishing between separate incidents and systematic evidence. The most effective strategy for this lies in preventive education — teaching people to recognize faulty reasoning at its source. (此外，符号逻辑使个人能够通过区分个别事件和系统性证据来反驳虚假声明。最有效的策略在于预防性教育——教导人们从源头上识别错误的推理。)”可知，符号逻辑使人们能够检测和挑战错误的论点。故选D。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。由文章第六段“Some doubt the need for a separate symbolic logic course, believing other classes can do the job. In writing courses, for example, students learn how to spot illogical arguments, and elementary proofs are covered in trigonometry (三角学). Much can be gained by teaching people logical thinking without using any symbols. But only symbolic logic ensures logical strictness. A piecemeal approach isn’t enough; a full-semester course is needed for comprehensive learning. (有些人怀疑是否需要单独开设符号逻辑课程，认为其他课程也能起到同样的作用。例如，在写作课程中，学生学习如何发现不合逻辑的论证，三角学中也涵盖基本的证明。通过不使用任何符号来教授人们逻辑思维，也可以获得很多收获。但只有符号逻辑能确保逻辑的严密性。零敲碎打的方法是不够的；需要一整学期的课程来进行全面的学习。)”可知，作者可能同意当前的符号逻辑教育由于缺乏符号逻辑课程而不令人满意。故选A。 Passage 3 （2025年·西城·一模） Recently, I attended a public talk by someone whose views I “knew” I would oppose. And yet, I went. I listened, asked questions, and gave my time. While my core values weren’t transformed in those two hours, I learned something and left with a deeper appreciation for the complexity of other perspectives. In this weeknight activity, I was actively trying to tackle “beliefism,” a divisive phenomenon in which surrounding yourself with people who share your views leads to discrimination against those who disagree. In this way, beliefism deepens division and reinforces polarization — building walls instead of bridges. Indeed, beliefism is widespread in modern society. A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life. Social media algorithms stoke the fires of division, locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate. Ultimately, where many forces are driving us apart, we must think — what can we do to unpack division and restore connection? We can begin by trying to understand the psychology of beliefism, which at its core is a form of bias — a mental shortcut in which we categorise people according to single characteristics or generalising assumptions. Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world. The thing is, when we see others only through the perspective of their political or social beliefs, we reduce and flatten them to a single dimension. Further, when people feel they are dismissed or disregarded only for their beliefs, they are left feeling isolated and misunderstood. Secondly, we can understand the tendency for beliefism as part of our evolutionary (进化的) desire to establish a community or group. The problem is that while this instinct (本能) may have once served evolutionary purposes, today, it blocks meaningful dialogue and cooperation. Indeed, research shows that overcoming beliefism has benefits. When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons. Luckily, there are a number of relevant, research-backed psychological techniques that help build tolerance and break bias. We might exercise individuation, seeing people as diverse-sided individuals and breaking away from reductive ways of thinking. We can practice perspective-taking, building empathy (同理心) by stepping into someone else’s shoes and trying to see the world through their eyes. Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done. 27. What does the underlined word “stoke” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Fuel. B. Keep. C. Put. D. Contain. 28. What can we know about beliefism from the passage? A. Social media algorithms mainly contribute to its wide spread. B. Human evolution proves its harm in establishing group-think. C It reflects our simplified way of understanding the surrounding world. D. It leads us to make assumptions about others’ political or social beliefs. 29. Which of the following would be most effective in fighting beliefism? A. Facilitating interactions between people from different communities. B. Creating a list of acceptable beliefs for each community to follow. C. Asking people to write about their experiences of being isolated. D. Stressing conflict instead of cooperation between different beliefs. 30. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Beyond Us and Them B. The Roots of Beliefism C. The Harm of Social Division D. At the Crossroad of Faith 【答案】27. A 28. C 29. A 30. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想。 【27题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A significant part of the problem originates from the fact that we live in a world that is both physically and virtually divided. We rarely interact with people from other walks of life.(这个问题的很大一部分源于我们生活在一个物理上和虚拟上都是分裂的世界。我们很少与各行各业的人打交道)”以及后文“locking us into echo chambers that reinforce our preexisting beliefs and shut down debate(把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论)”可知，社交媒体算法点燃了分裂之火，把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论。故划线词意思是“点燃”，故选A。 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段“Indeed, in a world that is infinitely complex, our minds use these biases to simplify and make sense of the world.(事实上，在一个无限复杂的世界里，我们的大脑利用这些偏见来简化和理解这个世界)”可知，信仰反映了我们理解周围世界的简化方式。故选C。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“When we welcome a variety of ideas and perspectives, we are able to overcome group-think and make better decisions and judgements. What’s more, less beliefist people are generally happier, having stronger, more fulfilling relationships and broader horizons.(当我们欢迎各种各样的想法和观点时，我们就能克服群体思维，做出更好的决定和判断。更重要的是，信仰主义者较少通常更快乐，拥有更牢固、更充实的人际关系和更广阔的视野)”可知，促进来自不同社区的人之间的互动对对抗信仰主义是最有效的。故选A。 【30题详解】 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ultimately, the way forward is not through divisions, but through a recognition of our shared humanity. Remind yourself that each person exists at the intersection of many identities, experiences, and beliefs. Challenge yourself to practice empathy, and remember that no one is wholly defined by the worst thing they have said or done.(最终，前进的道路不是通过分裂，而是通过认识到我们共同的人性。提醒自己，每个人都存在于许多身份、经历和信仰的交叉点上。挑战自己，练习同理心，记住，没有人完全被他们说过或做过的最糟糕的事情所定义)”以及文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想，可知，A选项“超越我们和他们”最符合文章标题。故选A。 题型一 完形填空 （2025·北京市丰台区·一模）I stepped out of the store, juggling a few shopping bags in my hands, looking forward to the drive home. As I reached my car, a wave of panic washed over me. I had 1 my keys and mobile phone inside the vehicle. In a moment of annoyance, I gave the tire a hard kick. A teenager on a bike happened to pass by at that very moment. He stopped, and his eyes filled with 2 . “What’s wrong?” he asked. I sighed deeply and explained my rather 3 situation. “But even if I could call my wife,” I added, my tone 4 , “she can’t bring me the spare car key, since she’s taking care of our children at home.” Without hesitation, he 5 me his mobile phone. “Call your wife and tell her I’m coming to get the spare key,” he said. I looked at him in 6 . “That’s an 11-kilometre round trip!” I protested. But he was determined and said, “Don’t worry about it.” An hour seemed to 7 as I waited anxiously. But true to his word, he 8 with the key in hand. I was overjoyed and immediately reached for my wallet to offer him some money as a gesture of my 9 . However, he firmly refused. “Let’s just say I needed the exercise,” he said with a smile. Then, with a casual wave, he got back on his bike and rode off. In a world that often seems focused on self-interest, his kindness was a shining example of the goodness that still exists. A simple act of 10 can have a profound impact on someone’s day. 1．A．placed B．hidden C．stored D．locked 2．A．hope B．sadness C．concern D．anxiety 3．A．unfortunate B．dangerous C．adventurous D．promising 4．A．relaxed B．exhausted C．excited D．defeated 5．A．left B．handed C．sent D．sold 6．A．disbelief B．anger C．regret D．fear 7．A．jump ahead B．fly by C．drag on D．come around 8．A．returned B．hesitated C．disappeared D．settled 9．A．kindness B．satisfaction C．admiration D．gratitude 10．A．devotion B．generosity C．courage D．sharing 【答案】 1．D 2．C 3．A 4．D 5．B 6．A 7．C 8．A 9．D 10．B 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。作者把钥匙和手机锁在车内陷入困境，青少年热心相助且拒收报酬，其慷慨善举令人动容 。 1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我走到我的车旁时，一阵恐慌涌上心头。我把钥匙和手机锁在车里了。A. placed放置；B. hidden隐藏；C. stored储存；D. locked锁。根据上文“As I reached my car, a wave of panic washed over me.” 以及常识可知，作者因为把钥匙和手机锁在车里拿不出来了所以感到恐慌，locked符合语境。且从后文作者不能打电话叫妻子送钥匙也能推断出是把钥匙锁在车里了。故选D项。 2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他停了下来，眼神中充满了关切。“怎么了？” 他问道。A. hope希望；B. sadness悲伤；C. concern关切；D. anxiety焦虑。根据下文“‘What’s wrong?’ he asked.”可知，这个青少年停下来询问作者怎么了，说明他对作者的情况表示关切，concern符合语境。故选C项。 3．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我深深地叹了口气，解释了我相当不幸的处境。A. unfortunate不幸的；B. dangerous危险的；C. adventurous冒险的；D. promising有前途的。根据上文作者把钥匙和手机锁在车里，以及下文“‘But even if I could call my wife,’ I added, ‘she can’t bring me the spare car key, since she’s taking care of our children at home’”可知，作者处于一种很不走运的情况，unfortunate符合语境。故选A项。 4．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：“但即使我能给我妻子打电话，”我补充道，语气充满挫败感，“她也不能给我送备用车钥匙，因为她正在家里照顾我们的孩子。”A. relaxed放松的；B. exhausted疲惫的；C. excited兴奋的；D. defeated挫败的。根据下文“she can’t bring me the spare car key, since she’s taking care of our children at home”可知，作者既无法拿到车里的钥匙和手机，妻子也不能送备用钥匙，所以此时作者的语气应该是充满挫败感的，defeated符合语境。故选D项。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他毫不犹豫地把他的手机递给了我。A. left离开；B. handed递给；C. sent发送；D. sold卖。根据下文“‘Call your wife and tell her I’m coming to get the spare key,’ he said. ”以及语境可知，这个青少年让作者用他的手机给妻子打电话，所以是把手机递给了作者，handed符合语境。故选B项。 6．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我难以置信地看着他。“那可是往返11公里的路程啊！” 我抗议道。A. disbelief不相信；B. anger生气；C. regret后悔；D. fear害怕。根据下文“‘That’s an 11-kilometre round trip!’ I protested. ”可知，作者对于这个青少年要去11公里远的地方取钥匙感到很惊讶，不敢相信，in disbelief 意为“难以置信地”，符合语境。故选A项。 7．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当我焦急地等待时，一个小时似乎过得很慢。A. jump ahead向前跳；B. fly by飞逝；C. drag on拖延，过得很慢；D. come around苏醒，顺便来访。根据下文“I waited anxiously”以及语境可知，作者在焦急地等待，所以会觉得时间过得很慢，drag on符合语境。故选C项。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他信守诺言，手里拿着钥匙回来了。A. returned返回；B. hesitated犹豫；C. disappeared消失；D. settled解决，定居。根据上文“he said, ‘Don’t worry about it.’” 以及“true to his word”可知，这个青少年说会去取钥匙，并且他信守了诺言，所以是拿着钥匙回来了，returned符合语境。故选A项。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我非常高兴，立刻伸手去拿钱包，想给他一些钱作为我感激的表示。A. kindness善良；B. satisfaction满意；C. admiration钦佩；D. gratitude感激。根据上文“he 　8　 with the key in hand”可知，这个青少年帮作者去取了钥匙，解决了作者的难题，所以作者想给他钱表达自己的感激之情，gratitude符合语境。故选D项。 10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个简单的慷慨之举可能会对某人的一天产生深远的影响。A. devotion奉献；B. generosity慷慨；C. courage勇气；D. sharing分享。根据上文“However, he firmly refused”以及语境可知，青少年毫不犹豫地帮助作者，还不要报酬，这是一种慷慨的行为，generosity符合语境。故选B项。 题型二 语法填空 Writing 1 （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Yesterday, a 49-year-old woman lost control of her vehicle and slipped into a river with strong and moving water. The woman’s car began sinking into the river, 1 (leave) her trapped inside as water quickly filled the vehicle. A passerby, 2 had been working nearby, noticed the sinking car. Without hesitation, the man rushed into the river to help. He pulled the woman 3 the sinking vehicle and safely guided her to the shore. 【答案】1．leaving 2．who 3．from 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。昨天，一名49岁的妇女失去了对车辆的控制，滑进了湍急的河水中。这名女子的车开始沉入河中，她被困在里面，水很快就充满了车。一位在附近工作的路人注意到了下沉的汽车。那个人毫不犹豫地冲进河里去帮忙。他把那个女人从下沉的车里拉出来，安全地把她带到岸边。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：这名女子的车开始沉入河中，她被困在里面，水很快就充满了车。此处leave与上文句子构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填leaving。 2．考查定语从句。句意：一位在附近工作的路人注意到了下沉的汽车。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词passerby，在从句作主语，指人。故填who。 3．考查介词。句意：他把那个女人从下沉的车里拉出来，安全地把她带到岸边。短语pull…from…表示“把……拉出来”。故填from。 （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Over centuries, we have been seeking ways to cure diseases. One of the first to seek for a scientific foundation for medicine was Hippocrates, who is said to have used tree bark and leaves 1 (relieve) fevers and pain. For many centuries, medicine advanced rather 2 (slow), until the invention of the microscope, which 3 (lead) to the discovery of blood cells, of bacteria, and of the germ theory of disease. Since then, the advance of medicine 4 (speed) up. 【答案】1．to relieve 2．slowly 3．led 4．has speeded/has sped 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了医学的发展历史情况。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：最早为医学寻找科学依据的人之一是希波克拉底，据说他曾用树皮和树叶来缓解发烧和疼痛。短语use sth. to do sth.表示“用某物做某事”。故填to relieve。 2．考查副词。句意：许多世纪以来，医学的发展相当缓慢，直到显微镜的发明，才导致血细胞、细菌和疾病的细菌理论的发现。修饰动词advance用副词slowly，故填slowly。 3．考查时态。句意：许多世纪以来，医学的发展相当缓慢，直到显微镜的发明，才导致血细胞、细菌和疾病的细菌理论的发现。根据上文 . For many centuries可知为一般过去时。故填led。 4．考查时态。句意：从那时起，医学的发展速度加快了。根据上文Since then可知为现在完成时，主语为the advance of medicine，助动词用has。故填has speeded / has sped。 Writing 2 （24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写一个适当的单词，给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 It was a reading class. While all her classmates were flying through the books, Skye Malik only on page four, got impossibly 1 (stick) on the word “doughnut". Her expected difficulty with reading is called “dyslexia”. Skye got a 2 (profession) diagnosis at the end of the 2nd grade. 【答案】1．stuck 2．professional 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了主人公斯凯·马利克患有“阅读障碍”的故事。 1．考查动词被动语态。句意：当她所有的同学都在飞快地翻着书的时候，斯凯·马利克只翻到第四页，就不可思议地被“甜甜圈”这个词卡住了。分析句子可知，此处为谓语动词的填入，结合句意以及空前got可知，主语Skye Malik和动词stick为被动关系，所以为一般过去时的被动语态结构。故填stuck。 2．考查形容词。句意：斯凯在二年级快结束时得到了专业诊断。由空后diagnosis为名词可知，此处为形容词professional“专业的”作定语修饰该名词，满足句意要求。故填professional。 Writing 3 （24-25高三上·北京昌平·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Xi’an is home to many important historical sites. The Xi’an City Wall, 1 (build) in the Ming Dynasty, is one of the best preserved walls in China. It once provided protection against enemies and its thickness is 2 (great) than its height. A good place to explore the rich history of Xi’an is surely the Shaanxi History Museum which contains about 1.7 million historical 3 (item). 【答案】1．built 2．greater 3．items 【导语】本文是说明文，主要介绍了西安的几个重要历史遗迹。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：西安城墙建于明朝，是中国保存最完好的城墙之一。分析句子可知，空处应用非谓语动词作定语，build与其逻辑主语the Xi’an City Wall之间是被动关系，表示动作已完成，应用过去分词。故填built。 2．考查比较级。句意：它曾为抵御敌人提供保护，其厚度大于高度。根据句子结构，空格处需要一个形容词，结合than判断需要使用greater的比较级。故填greater。 3．考查名词单复数。句意：探索西安丰富历史的好地方当然是陕西历史博物馆，那儿大约有170万件历史物品。item意为“物品”，是可数名词，被基数词1.7 million修饰，用名词复数形式作宾语。故填items。 Writing 4 （24-25高三上·北京·阶段练习）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Beijing’s Central Axis (中轴线), which lines the historic stretch, recently achieved UNESCO 1 (recognize), drawing widespread praise and fueling a flourishing food scene with nearly10,000 dining establishments. According to the online service platform Meituan, data reveals that 2 (search) for “Beijing Central Axis” increased by 58 percent from January to July. In the first half of this year, consumption from visitors to Beijing contributed 10.5 percent 3 the capital’s restaurant sector. 【答案】1．recognition 2．searches 3．to 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。文章指出，联合国教科文组织近日将北京中轴线列入《世界遗产名录》。 1．考查名词。句意：北京中轴线，也是历史的延伸线，最近获得了联合国教科文组织的认可，赢得了广泛的赞誉，并推动了近10000家餐饮场所的蓬勃发展。分析句子可知，空处作谓语动词achieved的宾语，结合句意和所给提示词推知，应用名词recognition表示“（联合国教科文组织的）认证”。故填recognition。 2．考查名词复数。句意：线上服务平台美团的数据显示，一月份到七月份“北京中轴线”的搜索量增加了58%。空处在that引导的宾语从句中作主语，应用名词search“搜索”，可数名词，由increased by 58 percent可知，数量大于一，应用复数形式。故填searches。 3．考查介词。句意：今年上半年，来北京的游客的消费对首都餐饮业的贡献率达到了10.5%。此处符合短语contribute…to，意为“对……贡献了……”。故填to。 Writing 5 （24-25高三上·北京东城·期末）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Andrew Konde, a student at Kenya’s Strathmore University, was inspired to start learning kung fu as a child after 1 (watch) martial arts movies. What began as a hobby for a child has since become a way of life for Konde, 2 is now the chairman of the university’ s Martial Arts Club. Through hard work, he 3 (lead) his team to victories at national championships over the past two years. 【答案】1．watching 2．who 3．has led 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了肯尼亚斯特拉斯莫尔大学的学生Andrew Konde受武术电影启发，从小开始学习功夫，后来成为大学武术俱乐部主席，并在过去两年里带领团队在全国锦标赛中取得胜利的故事。 1．考查非谓语动词。句意：肯尼亚斯特拉斯莫尔大学的学生Andrew Konde，小时候看了武术电影后，受到启发开始学习功夫。after为介词，后接动名词作宾语。故填watching。 2．考查定语从句。句意：对Konde来说，最初只是孩子的爱好，现在已经成为了他的一种生活方式，他现在是大学武术俱乐部的主席。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Konde，指人，且从句中作主语，用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。 3．考查时态语态和主谓一致。句意：通过努力，他在过去两年里带领他的团队在全国锦标赛中取得了胜利。lead(带领)是谓语动词，与主语he之间是主动关系，结合时间状语“over the past two years”可知，描述从过去持续到现在的情况，用现在完成时态，主语he是第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has led。 2025年 Passage 1 【2025全国一卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 【答案】32．C 33．A 34．B 35．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 Passage 2 【2025全国二卷】When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry. “Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body. “Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.” If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. 28．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started? A．It faced tough competition. B．It suffered a great loss. C．It got lots of financial support. D．It went surprisingly well. 29．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants? A．They appeal more to students. B．They purify the environment. C．They raise the cortisol level. D．They enhance productivity. 30．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers? A．The necessity of social skills. B．The meaning of sustainability. C．The importance of repeated efforts. D．The value of professional opinions. 31．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Time to Replace Houseplants B．Plants Boost Your Mood C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants D．Plants Brighten Your Home 【答案】28．D 29．D 30．C 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020年6月就寄出了1200份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad刚开始开网店卖室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。 29．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”(Knuth表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad说：“医生需要不断实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad通过类比医生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。 31．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过Knuth的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。 Passage 3 【2025全国二卷】Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away. For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion. It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything. 32．What can be inferred about the author’s early life? A．He witnessed food shortage. B．He enjoyed the local cuisine. C．He donated food to Africans. D．He helped to cook at home. 33．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment? A．To customize dishes for guests. B．To make the public aware of food waste. C．To test a food processing method. D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems. 34．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Why the ingredients were used. B．Which dishes were best liked. C．What the dishes were made of. D．Where the ingredients were bought. 35．What can we learn about wastED? A．It has ended as planned. B．It is creating new jobs. C．It has regained popularity. D．It is criticized by top chefs. 【答案】32．A 33．B 34．C 35．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。 34．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED菜单上的菜品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。故选C。 35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，wastED从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按计划结束了。故选A。 Passage 4 【2025浙江1月卷】A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds. Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads. It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth. The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly. 28．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A．Running out of. B．Keeping away from. C．Putting up with. D．Taking advantage of. 29．Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced? A．To control weeds in large gardens. B．To bring in foreign species of plants. C．To conserve soil and water resources. D．To develop low-maintenance parkland. 30．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens? A．Traditional. B．Odd-looking. C．Tasteful. D．Well-protected. 31．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．The future of gardening is WILD． B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS. C．Matrix gardens need more CARE. D．Old garden plots work WONDERS. 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。 28．词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(Eschewing化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B项。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地)”可知，引入矩阵种植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D项。 30．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudolf的花园有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C项。 31．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A项。 Passage 5 【2025浙江1月卷】As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,” says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those d$$