精品解析：上海市交通大学附属中学2024-2025学年高二上学期期末考试英语试题

2024-2025学年度第一学期 高二英语期末考试卷 （满分160分，130分钟完成，答案一律写在答题纸上） 考试说明：试卷最后的挑战题为非必答题，分值10分 Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (25’) Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. She has no appetite at all. B. She wants to dine out. C. She is too tired to go out. D. She prefers to cook at home. 2. A. 6 pounds B. 7 pounds. C. 8 pounds. D. 9 pounds. 3. A. At the professor's office. B. In the bookstore. C. In the library. D. In the laboratory. 4. A. Because something went wrong with his car. B. Because his car was broken in an accident. C. Because he wanted to take a walk for a rest. D. Because he was stuck in a traffic jam. 5. A. The morning flight. B. The afternoon flight. C. The evening flight. D. The midnight flight. 6. A. She is not interested in going camping with him. B. She wants the man to stay at home with her. C. She thinks the man needs to have a good rest. D. She thinks the man should prepare for the exams. 7. A. Some major revisions are needed. B. It should be revised by a tutor. C. Only a few changes should be made. D. The draft needs no revision at all. 8. A. He is going away for a while. B. He worked hard to earn money. C. He did very well in the exam. D. He can't wait to have rest. 9. A. He forgot to bring his own camera. B. He is not good at taking pictures. C. He cannot take a photo with the camera. D. He doesn't know how to use the camera. 10. A. She was interrupted by a visiting friend. B. She didn't come back until midnight. C. She stayed up late for the final exam. D. She visited her friend instead of studying. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one conversation. You will be asked three questions on each of the passages and four questions for the conversation. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. They can maintain their body temperature stable. B. They consume enough energy before the long sleep. C. They can keep their heart beat at a regular rate. D. They have their weight increased to the maximum. 12. A. By staying in hiding places and eating little. B. By seeking extra food and warm shelter. C. By growing thicker hair to stay warm. D. By storing enough food in advance. 13. A. To stay safe. B. To save energy. C. To get more food. D. To protect the young. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. Four to six hours. B. Six to nine hours. C. Around eight hours. D. More than eight hours. 15. A. They may not be able to concentrate well. B. They may get the feeling of being drunk. C. They may suffer from high blood pressure. D. They may lose weight easily in a short period of time. 16. A. Military people are used to being deprived of sleep. B. Training can make people sleep less and suffer less. C. People can bank sleep by sleeping more beforehand. D. Sleeping earlier than usual makes people sleep less. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Double Eleven sales in 2021. B. Unreliable factors of online shopping. C. Key points of Taobao's success in sales. D. Advantages and disadvantages of online shopping. 18. A. People who are good at doing business. B. People who work seven days a week. C. People who have very busy schedules. D. People who dislike telephone shopping. 19. A. Consumers can save a lot of time. B. It provides round-the-clock service. C. People can buy things without leaving their homes or offices. D. The quality of the product is the same as what is described online. 20. A. Inferior quality. B. Various retailers. C. Efficient sales return. D. Convenient delivery. Ⅱ. Vocabulary Section A (15’) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. * An extra three hours of work every day is ________ with Lee's family life in that he treasures most the time with his wife and children A. incomplete B. inconsistent C. incompatible D. inconclusive 2. *After seeing an electrical outlet sparking, Deysi tried to ________ devices from nearby outlets, but then saw that a fire had already begun and spread to the furniture close by. A. unplug B. undo C. uncover D. unwind 3. They do not agree with us that human rights issues are minor and ________ from “more pressing” matters. A. sociable B. separable C. sustainable D. scalable 4. * In recent years, enrollment in ________ programs has declined compared with the other two categories: college preparatory, general. A. vocational B. regional C. circumstantial D. mortal 5. * In the most famous of these letters, the lengthy seventh one, he gives us something of an ________ and tells us a little bit about why he came to write this book. A. biodiversity B. feasibility C. photosynthesis D. autobiography 6. This ________ weight loss was not just a number on the scale; it was a testament to his dedication and hard work. A. substantial B. prospective C. organic D. literal 7. She chose to resign rather than compromise her ________ by engaging in dishonest activities. A. instrument B. integrity C. individualism D. insight 8. Discrimination based on race is not only morally wrong but also ________ to the company’s reputation. A. instrumental B. consequential C. prejudicial D. functional 9. Due to health issues, he requested an ________ on his thesis submission deadline. A. intention B. detention C. division D. extension 10. The ________ life of a tech gadget is constantly shrinking due to the rapid pace at which new models are being released into the market. A. shift B. shelf C. sorrow D. season 11. Even though he was a powerful figure in the community, he was not ________ the law and had to answer for his crimes. A. against B. by C. above D. under 12. As the days grow shorter and the crisp morning air signals the transition from summer to fall, the leaves on the trees will undergo a gradual transformation, changing color ________. A. by all means B. by chance C. by and by D. by heart 13. The child had a hard time ________ the divorce of his parents, but with time and understanding, he started to adapt to the new family dynamic. A. coming to terms with B. coming alive with C. coming around D. coming through 14. He had always been cautious with his investments, but even the most vigilant can ________ the unpredictable nature of the stock market. A. end up with B. fall victim to C. drop out of D. cut down on 15. I’ve tried every possible solution, but for the life of me, I can’t figure out what ________ is wrong with the computer. A. in chaos B. in case C. in error D. in heaven Section B (20’) *(A) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A appliance B. assign C. consciousness D. dominance E. excluded F. friendliness G. performance H. personify I. qualities J. stood K. yelled The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying — first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen ___16___ what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain circumstances, people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects. Sometimes we see things as human because we are lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attach ___17___ to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can alleviate loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been ___18___ in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends — unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human ___19___. The phone apparently ___20___ in for real friends. At other times, we ___21___ products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents ___22___ at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own “beliefs and desires”. So how do people ___23___ traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with ___24___. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them — especially in competitive situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles that were up turned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this feature as increasing a car’s ____25____. (B) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. back B. degree C. demonstrate D. doubly E. enough F. finally G. loyalty H. promoted I. relevant J. turnover K. unconditional Although many companies offer tuition repayment, most companies only repay employees for classes that are ___26___ to their position. This is a very limiting policy. A company that repays employees for all college credit courses — whether job related or not — offers a service not only to the employees, but to the entire company. One good reason for giving employees ___27___ tuition repayment is that it shows the company’s commitment to its employees. In today’s economy, where job security is a thing of the past and employees feel more and more expendable (可牺牲的), it is important for a company to ___28___ to its employees that it cares. The best way to do this is with concrete investments in them. In turn, this commitment to the betterment of company employees will create greater employee ___29___. A company that puts out funds to pay for the education of its employees will get its money ___30___ by having employees stay with the company longer. It will reduce employee ___31___, because even employees who don’t take advantage of the tuition repayment program will be more loyal to their company just knowing that their company cares ___32___ to pay for their education. Most importantly, the company that has an unrestricted tuition repayment program will have higher quality employees. Although these companies do indeed run the risk of losing money on employees who go on to another job in a different company as soon as they get their ___33___, more often than not, the employee will stay with the company. And even if employees do leave after graduation, it generally takes several years to complete any degree program. Thus, even if the employee leaves upon graduating, throughout those years, the employer will have a more sophisticated, more intelligent, and therefore more valuable and productive employee. And, if the employee stays, that education will ___34___ benefit the company: Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be ____35____ so the company doesn’t have to fill a high-level vacancy from the outside. Open positions can be filled by people who already know the company well. Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension Section A Cloze (15’) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies? Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: it is the language of international business and, ____36____, the key to prosperity. David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is ____37____ to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia — but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more complex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not ____38____. An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now ____39____ native English speakers by three to one. The majority of ____40____ in English today take place between non-native speakers. According to David Graddol, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are present. This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer Latin-based words, but in fact ____41____ problems are more often caused by their use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc. Professor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor of English and Applied Linguistic at the University of Vienna, records and transcribes spoken English interactions between speakers of the language around the world. She says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are ____42____ standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular. Many omit definite and indefinite articles where they are ____43____ in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them. Nouns that are not plural in native-speaker English are used as plurals by non-native speakers (e. g., “informations,” “knowledges,” “advices”). Other variations include “make a discussion,” “discuss about something,” or “phone to somebody.” Many native English speakers will insist that these are just ____44____. “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would ____45____. But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical ____46____. Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) ____47____ position. Academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites. But spoken English is another matter: Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, ____48____, is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present. Professor Seidlhofer says, “I think that what we are looking at is the ____49____ of a new international attitude, the recognition, and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them, and thus always feel ‘____50____.’” 36. A. however B. therefore C. otherwise D. nevertheless 37. A. relieving B. fascinating C. tempting D. disappointing 38. A. like B. oppose C. mind D. doubt 39. A. outnumber B. outperform C. outlast D. outshine 40. A. studies B. adjustments C. changes D. encounters 41. A. absorption B. comprehension C. disturbance D. cognition 42. A. disgracing B. improving C. varying D. perfecting 43. A. edited B. neglected C. avoided D. required 44. A. mistakes B. coincidences C. exceptions D. excuses 45. A. fear B. object C. agree D. fight 46. A. ignorance B. evolution C. correctness D. guidance 47. A. honored B. shaky C. falling D. powerful 48. A. in a word B. after all C. by all means D. on the contrary 49. A. disappearance B. emergence C. criticism D. evaluation 50. A. less good B. less educated C. more aggressive D. more impolite Section B (22’) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) I used to believe courtesy was a thing of the past. Very seldom have I met a courteous human being in this modern era of the so-called Generation X. Recently, I had to change my thinking, when I came face to face with just such a human being. I had gone to a fashionable coffee place, with two of my grown-up daughters. The place was crowded with the usual loud crowd and we had to climb a steep flight of stairs in order to find an empty table. After enjoying coffee and snacks, we were walking down the steep stairs, where the narrow space made climbing down only possible in a single file, with hardly any space for another person to either climb up or come down. Just as I was in the middle of the staircase, a gentleman entered the main entrance of the restaurant which was right in front of the staircase. I was sure I would be pushed roughly by this man who would want to go up in a hurry. I kept coming down as fast as I could, holding on to the banister (扶手), in spite of my advanced years. My daughters were already down, looking up at me worriedly, hoping I would reach them before the stranger started up the stairs, knowing I was a nervous sort. Nearly reaching them, I noticed the man still standing near the door, I reached my daughters and passed the stranger at the entrance door which he kept holding open. I looked back thinking he was still at the door, deciding whether to go in or find another less crowded place. I saw him going up the stairs, two at a time. I told my daughters about it and all three of us felt bad that we did not even thank the courteous gentleman who was actually holding the door open for us ladies to pass through. We admired his kindness for both, waiting for us to come down before going up himself and also holding the main entrance door open for us to go out. To date, I still remember this gentleman and pray to God to make more human beings like him. 51. Before she met the man in the restaurant, the author had thought ________. A. she didn’t belong to the Generation X B. there were few polite people in the modern society C. having coffee in a fancy café was not her cup of tea D. human beings were born courteous 52. In paragraph 2, the underlined phrase “in a single file” means that ________. A. climbing down the staircase was easy as long as we held the file in hand B. walking down the stairs was like walking on a document C. we needed permission from the restaurant owner before we walked down D. the staircase was so narrow that only one person was allowed at a time 53. What can we infer from the passage about the author? A. She tended to feel nervous in some stressful situations. B. She was short-tempered and often walked very fast. C. She was a lady in her early thirties and was quite fit. D She was grateful to the man and directly expressed thanks to him. 54. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage? A. Strange Encounter at a Fancy Coffeeshop B. The Decline of the Generation X C. A Man of Mystery and Manners D. Rediscovering Courtesy in a Crowded World (B) Four Hotels That Will Make Your Life Easier For the business traveler who’s all about efficiency: check out these hotels that will get you in and out with minimum trouble. When you’re pressed for time on a business trip, nothing can infuriate you more than a slow hotel check-in process. On your next trip, try these hotels that offer a speedier check-in process. 1. Yotel New York The self-service kiosks at this high-tech New York hotel are open 24/7 and work just like the ones you’d see at an airport. There are just five-steps to register and obtain your card key. There’s even a robotic luggage bellboy. You tap in the number of bags you’re carrying and sizes, then wait for a robot arm to swing down and store your luggage in a locker (say, for a day trip). This also speeds up the check-in process if the first thing you need to do, like me, is head to a series of meetings. 2. Marriott Detroit Airport Another option for business travelers in a hurry: Marriott is rolling out its mobile check-in app to 325 hotels this year, including the Marriott Detroit Airport hotel. (I’ve tested the app itself but not for a real visit quite yet.) Here is the basic idea: you download the iPhone or Android app. The night before, you can “check-in” virtually. When you arrive, you get an alert that the room is ready and your key, which is already tied to your reservation, is waiting for you at the desk. 3. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis I happened to stay at this hotel recently and liked how fast the kiosk check-in works. Like the Yotel, the kiosk asks you to insert your credit card, similar to an airport terminal. The whole process took about three minutes. When I left, I was equally impressed with the fast check-out. An agent meets you in the lobby with an iPad and asks for an email to use for a receipt. The big advantage: you never have to wait in line. 4. Radisson LaCrosse The Radisson is trying to make the kiosk process even faster. At a few select hotels like the Radisson Lacrosse in Wisconsin, you use a mobile app to register and then receive a barcode by email or text. When you get to the kiosk, you can scan the barcode to get your key without any other steps required. It’s super fast. You can find this new check-in system at the Radisson hotels in Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Phoenix as well. 55 What does the word “infuriate” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. To annoy. B. To remind. C. To amuse. D. To impress. 56. In which two hotels can customers check in before they physically arrive at the front desk? A. Yotel New York and Marriott Detroit Airport. B. Marriott Detroit Airport and Radisson LaCrosse. C. Marriott Detroit Airport and Hyatt Regency Minneapolis. D. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis and Radisson LaCrosse. 57. Travis is a traveler, who is very particular about efficiency but is concerned about privacy leakage when checking-in online. He plans to stay at a hotel for one night and leave first thing in the morning for a tour of the city. He would come back to the hotel and pick up his belongings at dusk. Which of following hotel best meets his needs? A. Yotel New York. B. Marriott Detroit Airport. C. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis. D. Radisson LaCrosse. (C) Daydreaming It seems like every day there’s another study pointing to how this or that modern technology is destroying our ability to focus. But what if the problem is that we are expected to focus too much? By not giving our brains enough downtime, maybe we are actually making the problems worse. Ever since I was a little kid, I have felt guilty about daydreaming. I related to the character Bastian from the movie “The Neverending Story”, when his father demanded, “Get your head down out of the clouds, and keep both feet on the ground!” It is a memorable line that’s repeated throughout the film, as Bastian struggles with the fantastical nature of the story he is involved in. And while I was never directly discouraged from dreaming as a kid, as I’ve gotten older, the notes I’ve gotten from our culture certainly have told me I was wasting my time whenever my head was in the clouds. And yet, it never felt right to shut down that daydreaming. For one, it was too fun. How amazing is it that as humans, we get to go anywhere, do anything, be a different version of ourselves — all safely within our heads? But don’t just take my word for it: In the July, 2012 issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science, psychological scientist Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and her colleagues gathered a number of studies and explored them for details about the brain at rest, with some of the results summarized in ScienceDaily. “Findings suggest that individual differences in brain activity during rest are correlated with components of socio-emotional functioning, such as self-awareness and moral judgment, as well as different aspects of learning and memory.” So just like sleeping allows our brains to reorganize and finally work more efficiently, daydreaming may help our mental health, day-to-day. And brain “time-outs” may also help kids learn better (possibly proving wrong those adults who blame kids for daydreaming). “We focus on the outside world in education and don’t look much at inside focused skills and attentions but inside focus impacts the way we build memories, make meaning and move that learning into new contexts,” says Immordino-Yang. For kids who have been taught some version of inner focus, the studies that Immordino-Yang looked at indicated that they are less likely to suffer from high levels of anxiety, perform better on tests, and do a better job of planning for the future. Next time you see a kid (or adult!) staring off into space, remember that they might actually be getting important work done. 58. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, “the problems” refer to ________. A. the problems with the brain health B. the problems with focus C. the problems with modern technology D. the problems with daydreaming 59. Which of the following does NOT belong to the benefits of daydreaming? A. Daydreaming makes life more fascinating. B. Daydreaming helps children improve academic performance. C. Day dreaming is good for kids’ mental health. D. Daydreaming enables adults to have more job opportunities. 60. From the passage, we can infer that ________. A. Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and her colleagues draw their conclusion based on other researchers’ studies B. the Movie “The Neverending Story” mainly describes the relationship between Bastian and his father C. the author was warned by her parents that having her head in the clouds was a waste of time D. we should encourage kids to stare off into space as often as possible 61. As an adult the author now holds a ________ attitude towards daydreaming. A. negative B. supportive C. neutral D. doubtful Section C (8’) Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Rational Online Shopping It’s a tradition for Chinese to make special purchases such as snacks and festive food during the Spring Festival season. So many sellers try to attract consumers by various discounts and special offers, including online sellers. Recently, during the Spring Festival season, group buying websites have seen their businesses booming due to New Year packages. Now many local snacks from different places and regions across the country are being packed as New Year gifts by the sellers. ___62___ The lower prices have attracted many consumers. One of these websites says they attract more than 100,000 consumers in just a day. ___63___ Otherwise, you may start the New Year with an empty wallet. So just think carefully before buying online. Recently, some people have shared their annual online shopping bill on social media and many have been shocked by the total sum they spent during the past year. The total bill exceeded 10,000 yuan for many netizens. Looking through the bill, many people admitted that many items they had bought online weren’t necessary. ___64___ It was simply because the prices were lower. Some had free delivery, and others might have been discounted. In addition, there were also some discounted seasons such as the Single Day Discount on November 11. Even people would normally not buy things they had never thought about having, they just found themselves doing it when seeing the discount. Liu Guili is a professor at the School of Public Administration at Nanchang University. She says buying online is convenient and is preferred by many consumers, but good judgment is needed before loading up the online shopping basket. ___65___ Never spend more than you can afford. She urges shoppers to bear in mind that every shop owner wants to motivate buyers to spend. THINK TWICE before you buy. A. Moreover, she suggests that consumers should set a monthly shopping budget limit. B. Why did people choose to buy things they didn’t really need so blindly? C. Traditionally, people tend to consider expensive items to be of high-quality. D. So it can save consumers time and trouble of selecting gifts. E. However, experts remind consumers to control the urge to over-shop online. F. What can we do to prevent ourselves from buying things without rational thoughts? 第Ⅱ卷 *Ⅳ. Grammar (20’) (A) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that ____66____ (nice) men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered driver is the exception ____67____ the rule. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed drivers great patience ____68____ (resist) the temptation to take revenge when ____69____ (subject) to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way to ____70____ (relieve) the tightness of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in response to ____71____ act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and calm so necessary in modern traffic conditions. However, misplaced politeness ____72____ also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street to following traffic, ____73____ a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles ____74____ may be unable to stop in time. A veteran driver told me it would help if drivers learnt to filter correctly into traffic stream one at a time without causing total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Years ago, experts warned us that explosion in car ownership ____75____ (demand) more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart. (B) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Some persons look on laws with fear, hatred, or annoyance. Laws seem to limit people’s freedom to do many things they would like to do. ____76____ laws may prevent us from doing things we wish to do at the moment, laws make everyone's life safer and more pleasant. ____77____ laws we could not hold on to our property; we could not go to bed at night expecting to wake up in the morning and find that we had not been robbed; no stores ____78____we buy food, clothes, and other necessities could stay open and sell to us. Our banks would not be safe places ____79____ (keep) our money. Social life would be impossible without laws to control the way people treat one another. It is not the laws ____80____ should be feared but the trouble that comes to everyone when laws are broken. Once this is understood, a citizen will not fear or hate the law. ____81____ (understand) the need for good laws and the evil results of breaking laws is the first requirement of good citizenship and government. Philosophers once ____82____ (believe) that in prehistoric time people lived without laws in a “state of nature”. People were free to do ____83____ they pleased unless someone stronger stopped them by force. As a result, life became so dangerous and unsafe that leaders ____84____create laws to protect life and property. This is no longer believed to be true. Scholars now think that as soon as people began living in small groups, they worked out rules for getting along with one other. In time everyone accepted and supported the rules. Such rules and habits of life are called folkways. Folkways are probably the real beginning of human laws, ____85____ of religion, morals, and education. As life became more complex, folkways became more complete guides to living. After thousands of years, some of the important folkways were put into writing as the earlier laws. Ⅴ. Summary Writing (10’) 86. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. What Is Emotional Eating? Emotional eating is when people use food as a way to deal with feelings instead of to satisfy hunger. We’ve all been there, finishing a whole bag of chips out of boredom or downing cookie after cookie while preparing for a big test. But when done a lot — especially without realizing it — emotional eating can affect weight, health, and overall well-being. Not many of us make the connection between eating and our feelings. But understanding what drives emotional eating can help people take steps to change it. One of the biggest myths about emotional eating is that it’s caused by negative feelings. Yes, people often turn to food when they’re stressed out, lonely, sad, anxious, or bored. But emotional eating can be linked to positive feelings too, like the romance of sharing dessert on Valentine’s Day or the celebration of a holiday feast. Sometimes emotional eating is tied to major life events, like a death or a divorce. More often, though, it’s the countless little daily stresses that cause someone to seek comfort or distraction in food. Emotional eating patterns can be learned: A child who is given candy after a big achievement may grow up using candy as a reward for a job well done. A kid who is given cookies as a way to stop crying may learn to link cookies with comfort. It’s not easy to “unlearn” patterns of emotional eating. But it is possible. And it starts with an awareness of what’s going on. We’re all emotional eaters to some extent (who hasn’t suddenly found room for dessert after a filling dinner?). But for some people, emotional eating can be a real problem, causing serious weight gain. The trouble with emotional eating (aside from the health issues) is that once the pleasure of eating is gone, the feelings that cause it remain. And you often may feel worse about eating the amount or type of food you did. That’s why it helps to know the differences between physical hunger and emotional hunger. Next time you reach for a snack, check in and see which type of hunger is driving it. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅵ. Translation (3'+3'+4'+5'=15') Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 87. 一想到考试她就心神不宁，很难集中精力做其他事情。(disturb) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 88. 扎实的数学基础对于攻读工程学的学生来说是必不可少的。(foundation) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 89. 随着中国北方气温跌破冰点，冰雪旅游和冰雪体育活动的热度不断攀升。(with) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 90. 一旦重金属污染进入食物链，将对全球生态环境造成影响，危及全人类的健康和福祉。(pose) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【挑战题】(10') Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, D and E. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. In this excerpt from an essay on the symbolic language of dreams, the writer Erich Fromm explores the nature of symbols. One of the current definitions of a symbol is that it is “something that stands for something else.” We can differentiate between three kinds of symbols: the conventional, the accidental, and the universal symbol. The conventional symbol is the best known of the three, since we employ it in everyday language. If we see the word “table” or hear the sound “table,” the letters t-a-b-l-e stand for something else. They stand for the thing “table” that we see, touch, and use. What is the connection between the word “table” and the thing “table”? Is there any inherent relationship between them? Obviously not. The thing table has nothing to do with the sound table, and the only reason the word symbolizes the thing is the convention of calling this particular thing by a name. We learn this connection as children by the repeated experience of hearing the word in reference to the thing until a lasting association is formed so that we don’t have to think to find the right word. There are some words, however, in which the association is not only conventional. When we say “phooey,” for instance, we make with our lips a movement of dispelling the air quickly. It is an expression of disgust in which our mouths participate. By this quick expulsion of air we imitate and thus express our intention to expel something, to get it out of our system. In this case, as in some others, the symbol has an inherent connection with the feeling it symbolizes. But even if we assume that originally many or even all words had their origins in some such inherent connection between symbol and the symbolized, most words no longer have this meaning for us when we learn a language. Words are not the only illustration for conventional symbols, although they are the most frequent and best-known ones. Pictures also can be conventional symbols. A flag, for instance, may stand for a specific country, and yet there is no intrinsic connection between the specific colors and the country for which they stand. They have been accepted as denoting that particular country, and we translate the visual impression of the flag into the concept of that country, again on conventional grounds. The opposite to the conventional symbol is the accidental symbol, although they have one thing in common: there is no intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it symbolizes. Let us assume that someone has had a saddening experience in a certain city; when he hears the name of that city, he will easily connect the name with a mood of sadness, just as he would connect it with a mood of joy had his experience been a happy one. Quite obviously, there is nothing in the nature of the city that is either sad or joyful. It is the individual experience connected with the city that makes it a symbol of a mood. The same reaction could occur in connection with a house, a street, a certain dress, certain scenery, or anything once connected with a specific mood. We might find ourselves dreaming that we are in a certain city. We ask ourselves why we happened to think of that city in our sleep and may discover that we had fallen asleep in a mood similar to the one symbolized by the city. The picture in the dream represents this mood, the city “stands for” the mood once experienced in it. The connection between the symbol and the experience symbolized is entirely accidental. The universal symbol is one in which there is an intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it represents. Take, for instance, the symbol of fire. We are fascinated by certain qualities of fire in a fireplace. First of all, by its aliveness. It changes continuously, it moves all the time, and yet there is constancy in it. It remains the same without being the same. It gives the impression of power, of energy, of grace and lightness. It is as if it were dancing, and had an inexhaustible source of energy. When we use fire as a symbol, we describe the inner experience characterized by the same elements which we notice in the sensory experience of fire the mood of energy, lightness, movement, grace, gaiety, sometimes one, sometimes another of these elements being predominant in the feeling. The universal symbol is the only one in which the relationship between the symbol and that which is symbolized is not coincidental, but intrinsic. It is rooted in the experience of the affinity between an emotion or thought, on the one hand, and a sensory experience, on the other. It can be called universal because it is shared by all men, in contrast not only to the accidental symbol, which is by its very nature entirely personal, but also to the conventional symbol, which is restricted to a group of people sharing the same convention. The universal symbol is rooted in the properties of our body, our senses, and our mind, which are common to all men and, therefore, not restricted to individuals or to specific groups. Indeed, the language of the universal symbol is the one common tongue developed by the human race, a language which it forgot before it succeeded in developing a universal conventional language. 91. The passage is primarily concerned with ________. A. refuting an argument B. illustrating an axiom C. describing a process D. proving a thesis E. refining a definition 92. According to paragraph 2 and 3, “table” and “phooey” differ in that ________. A. only one is a conventional symbol B. “table” is a better-known symbol than “phooey” C. “phooey” has an intrinsic natural link with its meaning D. children learn “phooey” more readily than they learn “table” E. only one is used exclusively by children 93. It can be inferred from the passage that another example of a word with both inherent and conventional associations to its meaning is ________. A. hiss B. hike C. hold D. candle E. telephone 94. The author contends that conventional symbols ________. A. are less meaningful than accidental ones B. necessarily have an innate connection with an emotion C. can be pictorial as well as linguistic D. are less familiar than universal symbols E. appeal chiefly to conventionally minded people 95. Which of the following would the author be most likely to categorize as a conventional symbol? A. a country road B. a patchwork quilt C. a bonfire D. the city of London E. the Statue of Liberty 96. According to the author’s argument, a relationship between the city of Paris and the mood of joy can best be described as ________. A. innate B. dreamlike C. elemental D. coincidental E. immutable 97. A major factor distinguishing a universal symbol from conventional and accidental symbols is ________ A. its origins in sensory experience B. its dependence on a specific occasion C the intensity of the mood experienced D. its unmemorable nature E. its appeal to the individual 98. Which of the following would the author most likely categorize as a universal symbol? A. the letters f-i-r-e B. the letters p-h-o-o-e-y C. a red dress D. an American flag E. water in a stream 99. The word “properties” in the last paragraph means ________. A. possessions B. attributes C. investments D. titles E. grounds 100. The author contends in the last paragraph that the language of the universal symbol ________. A. antedates the development of everyday conventional language B. restricts itself to those capable of comprehending symbolism C. should be adopted as the common tongue for the human race D. grew out of human efforts to create a universal conventional language E. developed accidentally from the human desire to communicate 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2024-2025学年度第一学期 高二英语期末考试卷 （满分160分，130分钟完成，答案一律写在答题纸上） 考试说明：试卷最后的挑战题为非必答题，分值10分 Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (25’) Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. She has no appetite at all. B. She wants to dine out. C. She is too tired to go out. D. She prefers to cook at home. 2. A. 6 pounds B. 7 pounds. C. 8 pounds. D. 9 pounds. 3. A. At the professor's office. B. In the bookstore. C. In the library. D. In the laboratory. 4. A. Because something went wrong with his car. B. Because his car was broken in an accident. C. Because he wanted to take a walk for a rest. D. Because he was stuck in a traffic jam. 5. A. The morning flight. B. The afternoon flight. C. The evening flight. D. The midnight flight. 6. A. She is not interested in going camping with him. B. She wants the man to stay at home with her. C. She thinks the man needs to have a good rest. D. She thinks the man should prepare for the exams. 7. A. Some major revisions are needed. B. It should be revised by a tutor. C. Only a few changes should be made. D. The draft needs no revision at all. 8. A. He is going away for a while. B. He worked hard to earn money. C. He did very well in the exam. D. He can't wait to have rest. 9. A. He forgot to bring his own camera. B. He is not good at taking pictures. C. He cannot take a photo with the camera. D. He doesn't know how to use the camera. 10. A. She was interrupted by a visiting friend. B. She didn't come back until midnight. C. She stayed up late for the final exam. D. She visited her friend instead of studying. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one conversation. You will be asked three questions on each of the passages and four questions for the conversation. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. They can maintain their body temperature stable. B. They consume enough energy before the long sleep. C. They can keep their heart beat at a regular rate. D. They have their weight increased to the maximum. 12. A. By staying in hiding places and eating little. B. By seeking extra food and warm shelter. C. By growing thicker hair to stay warm. D. By storing enough food in advance. 13. A. To stay safe. B. To save energy. C. To get more food. D. To protect the young. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage. 14. A. Four to six hours. B. Six to nine hours. C. Around eight hours. D. More than eight hours. 15. A. They may not be able to concentrate well. B. They may get the feeling of being drunk. C. They may suffer from high blood pressure. D. They may lose weight easily in a short period of time. 16. A. Military people are used to being deprived of sleep. B. Training can make people sleep less and suffer less. C. People can bank sleep by sleeping more beforehand. D. Sleeping earlier than usual makes people sleep less. Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation. 17. A. Double Eleven sales in 2021. B. Unreliable factors of online shopping. C. Key points of Taobao's success in sales. D. Advantages and disadvantages of online shopping. 18. A. People who are good at doing business. B. People who work seven days a week. C. People who have very busy schedules. D. People who dislike telephone shopping. 19. A. Consumers can save a lot of time. B. It provides round-the-clock service. C. People can buy things without leaving their homes or offices. D. The quality of the product is the same as what is described online. 20. A. Inferior quality. B. Various retailers. C. Efficient sales return. D. Convenient delivery. Ⅱ. Vocabulary Section A (15’) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. 1. * An extra three hours of work every day is ________ with Lee's family life in that he treasures most the time with his wife and children A. incomplete B. inconsistent C. incompatible D. inconclusive 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每天额外工作三小时与李的家庭生活是不相容的，因为他最珍视和妻子儿女在一起的时间。A. incomplete不完整的；B. inconsistent不一致的；C. incompatible不相容的；D. inconclusive非决定性的。根据下文的“in that he treasures most the time with his wife and children”可知，李重视家庭时间，因此额外工作时间与他的家庭生活存在冲突，“incompatible”意为“不相容的、无法共存的”，符合这种冲突关系；故选C项。 2. *After seeing an electrical outlet sparking, Deysi tried to ________ devices from nearby outlets, but then saw that a fire had already begun and spread to the furniture close by. A. unplug B. undo C. uncover D. unwind 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：德伊西看到电源插座冒火花后，试图拔掉附近插座上的电器，但随即发现火势已经蔓延到了旁边的家具。A. unplug拔掉插头；B. undo解开，取消；C. uncover揭开覆盖物；D. unwind解开缠绕。根据“After seeing an electrical outlet sparking”可知，unplug“拔掉插头”符合题意，符合看到电源插座冒火花后的应急反应，表示“试图拔掉附近插座上的电器”。故选A。 3. They do not agree with us that human rights issues are minor and ________ from “more pressing” matters. A. sociable B. separable C. sustainable D. scalable 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们不同意我们的观点，即人权问题是次要的，并且可以从“更紧迫”的事项中分离出来。A. sociable好交际的，友善的；B. separable可分开的，可分离的；C. sustainable可持续的；D. scalable可扩展的。空处与minor并列，共同描述主语human rights issues的性质，且需与from搭配，表示“人权问题”与“更紧迫事项”的关系，因此separable“可分开的，可分离的”符合题意，短语be separable from意为“可与……分开/分离”，表示人权问题“既次要又可分离”的双重属性。故选B。 4. * In recent years, enrollment in ________ programs has declined compared with the other two categories: college preparatory, general. A. vocational B. regional C. circumstantial D. mortal 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：近年来，与大学预科、普通这两类课程相比，职业类课程的入学人数有所下降。A. vocational职业的；B. regional地区的；C. circumstantial详细的；D. mortal致命的。句中提到“college preparatory（大学预科）”和“general（普通）”，均为课程类别的描述，“vocational（职业的）”与这两类构成并列的课程类别，符合语境，其他选项与课程类别无关，故选A项。 5. * In the most famous of these letters, the lengthy seventh one, he gives us something of an ________ and tells us a little bit about why he came to write this book. A. biodiversity B. feasibility C. photosynthesis D. autobiography 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这些信件中最著名的那封——冗长的第七封信里，他给我们讲了一些他的自传内容，并告诉我们他写这本书的一些原因。A. biodiversity生物多样性；B. feasibility可行性；C. photosynthesis光合作用；D. autobiography自传。根据“and tells us a little bit about why he came to write this book.(告诉我们他写这本书的一些原因)”可知，他在信中分享了与自己相关的内容，“autobiography”意为“自传”，符合“讲述自身经历和写作缘由”的语境。故选D项。 6. This ________ weight loss was not just a number on the scale; it was a testament to his dedication and hard work. A. substantial B. prospective C. organic D. literal 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这显著的体重下降不仅仅是体重秤上的一个数字，更是他奉献精神和辛勤工作的证明。A. substantial显著的，大量的；B. prospective预期的；C. organic有机的；D. literal字面上的。根据句中“weight loss”及“not just a number on the scale; it was a testament to his dedication and hard work”可知，他的奉献和辛勤工作让他体重显著的下降。所以此处用substantial“显著的”，符合语境。故选A。 7. She chose to resign rather than compromise her ________ by engaging in dishonest activities. A. instrument B. integrity C. individualism D. insight 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她选择辞职，而不是通过参与不诚实的活动来损害自己的正直品格。A. instrument工具，仪器；B. integrity正直，诚实；C. individualism个人主义；D. insight洞察力，见解。根据“rather than compromise（而不是损害）”和“engaging in dishonest activities（参与不诚实的活动）”可知，她不愿因不诚实的行为而影响自身的某种良好品质，“integrity”意为“正直、诚实”，符合“不愿为不诚实行为牺牲品格”的语境。故选B项。 8. Discrimination based on race is not only morally wrong but also ________ to the company’s reputation. A. instrumental B. consequential C. prejudicial D. functional 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：基于种族的歧视不仅在道德上是错误的，而且对公司的声誉有害。A. instrumental有帮助的，起作用的；B. consequential随之而来的，重要的；C. prejudicial有害的，不利的；D. functional实用的，功能的。句中“not only...but also...”连接并列成分，前半句强调歧视在道德上的错误，后半句应体现其对公司声誉的负面影响，“prejudicial”意为“对……有害的”，符合语境，其他选项均不符合“歧视对声誉造成损害”的语义。故选C项。 9. Due to health issues, he requested an ________ on his thesis submission deadline. A. intention B. detention C. division D. extension 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于健康问题，他请求延长论文提交的截止日期。A. intention意图，目的；B. detention拘留，扣押；C. division分开，部门；D. extension延长，延期。句中“due to health issues（由于健康问题）”提示，他需要对“thesis submission deadline（论文提交截止日期）”进行调整，“extension”意为“延长”，符合“请求推迟截止日期”的语境。故选D项。 10. The ________ life of a tech gadget is constantly shrinking due to the rapid pace at which new models are being released into the market. A. shift B. shelf C. sorrow D. season 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：由于新机型以极快的速度投放市场，科技产品的市场存活周期正在不断缩短。A. shift轮班，转变，移动；B. shelf货架；C. sorrow悲伤；D. season季节。根据“is constantly shrinking”可知，句子讨论科技产品由于新机型快速上市导致的某种“寿命”缩短现象，shelf“货架”符合题意，构成固定短语shelf life，意为“产品保质期，市场存活周期”。故选B。 11. Even though he was a powerful figure in the community, he was not ________ the law and had to answer for his crimes. A. against B. by C. above D. under 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查介词辨析。句意：尽管他是社区里的一个有权势的人物，但他并不凌驾于法律之上，必须为他的罪行负责。A. against反对；B. by通过；C. above在……之上；D. under在……之下。根据“had to answer for his crimes”可推知，即使他有权势，也不能超越法律，所以用“above”表示“凌驾于……之上”。故选C项。 12. As the days grow shorter and the crisp morning air signals the transition from summer to fall, the leaves on the trees will undergo a gradual transformation, changing color ________. A. by all means B. by chance C. by and by D. by heart 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：随着白昼渐短，清爽的晨空气预示着夏去秋来，树上的叶子将逐渐发生变化，渐渐换上新颜。A. by all means 务必，一定，尽一切办法；B. by chance 偶然，碰巧；C. by and by 过了一会儿，不久，逐渐；D. by heart 凭记忆。根据“the transition from summer to fall, the leaves on the trees will undergo a gradual transformation”可知，叶子变色是逐渐的过程。故选C。 13. The child had a hard time ________ the divorce of his parents, but with time and understanding, he started to adapt to the new family dynamic. A. coming to terms with B. coming alive with C. coming around D. coming through 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：这个孩子起初很难接受父母的离婚，但随着时间的推移和理解，他开始适应新的家庭动态。A. coming to terms with接受（不愉快的事实），与……达成妥协；B. coming alive with因……而活跃/生动起来；C. coming around苏醒；D. coming through传来，到达。根据表示转折的“but”和“he started to adapt to the new family dynamic”可知，coming to terms with“接受（不愉快的事实），与……达成妥协”符合题意，表示孩子起初很难接受父母的离婚，但后来发生了转变。故选A。 14. He had always been cautious with his investments, but even the most vigilant can ________ the unpredictable nature of the stock market. A. end up with B. fall victim to C. drop out of D. cut down on 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：他在投资方面一向谨慎，但即便是最警惕的人也可能成为股市不可预测性的受害者。A. end up with以……结束；B. fall victim to成为……的受害者，受……的侵害；C. drop out of退出，脱离；D. cut down on减少，削减。前半句强调“他投资谨慎”，后半句通过“but”转折，说明即使警惕也难以应对股市的不可预测性，“fall victim to”能体现“受股市不可预测性影响而受损”的含义，符合语境。故选B项。 15. I’ve tried every possible solution, but for the life of me, I can’t figure out what ________ is wrong with the computer. A. in chaos B. in case C. in error D. in heaven 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查介词短语辨析。句意：我已经尝试了所有可能的解决办法，但我无论如何也弄不清楚这台电脑到底出了什么毛病。A. in chaos混乱；B. in case万一；C. in error错误地；D. in heaven究竟，到底（用于加强语气）。句中“for the life of me”表示“无论如何”，强调尝试无果的状态，“in heaven”在此处用于加强疑问语气，置于疑问词或连词之后，表达“到底出了什么问题”，符合语境。故选D项。 Section B (20’) *(A) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. appliance B. assign C. consciousness D. dominance E. excluded F. friendliness G. performance H. personify I. qualities J. stood K. yelled The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying — first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen ___16___ what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain circumstances, people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects. Sometimes we see things as human because we are lonely. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attach ___17___ to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can alleviate loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been ___18___ in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends — unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human ___19___. The phone apparently ___20___ in for real friends. At other times, we ___21___ products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents ___22___ at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own “beliefs and desires”. So how do people ___23___ traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are associated with ___24___. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them — especially in competitive situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles that were up turned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this feature as increasing a car’s ____25____. 【答案】16. A 17. C 18. E 19. I 20. J 21. H 22. K 23. B 24. D 25. F 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了人们在特定情况下会将人类特质赋予日常物品的现象，及背后的原因和相关表现。 【16题详解】 考查名词。句意：现在你可以告诉你的厨房用具该做什么。空格处需填入名词，被kitchen修饰，appliance意为“用具，器具”，kitchen appliance表示“厨房用具”，符合前文提到的可对话设备的语境。故选A项。 【17题详解】 考查名词。句意：在一项实验中，报告感到孤独的人比其他人更有可能将意识赋予各种小物件。空格处需填入名词作attach的宾语，consciousness意为“意识”，attach consciousness to...表示“将意识赋予……”，符合人们因孤独而赋予物品人类特质的情况。故选C项。 【18题详解】 考查动词。句意：当大学生们想起自己在社交场合被排斥的经历时，他们会通过夸大自己的朋友数量来弥补——除非他们先被安排做一些让他们像对待有人类品质的手机一样与手机互动的任务。空格处需填入动词的过去分词，与been构成被动语态，excluded意为“排斥”，be excluded in a social setting表示“在社交场合被排斥”，符合语境。故选E项。 【19题详解】 考查名词。句意：当大学生们想起自己在社交场合被排斥的经历时，他们会通过夸大自己的朋友数量来弥补——除非他们先被安排做一些让他们像对待有人类品质的手机一样与手机互动的任务。空格处需填入名词作宾语，human qualities表示“人类品质”，符合将手机当作有人类特质的事物互动的描述。故选I项。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：显然，手机代替了真正的朋友。空格处需填入动词作谓语，stood in for是固定短语，意为“代替”，体现手机在缓解孤独时起到的替代朋友的作用，符合文意。故选J项。 【21题详解】 考查动词。句意：在其他时候，我们将产品拟人化是为了理解它们。空格处需填入动词作谓语，personify意为“拟人化”，与后文人们认为电脑有“信念和欲望”相呼应，说明人们通过拟人化理解产品。故选H项。 【22题详解】 考查动词。句意：一项研究发现，四分之三的受访者会对着电脑大喊大叫。空格处需填入动词作谓语，yelled意为“大喊”，yell at...表示“对……大喊”，符合人们在电脑出问题时的反应。故选K项。 【23题详解】 考查动词。句意：那么人们是如何将特质赋予一个物体的呢？空格处需填入动词，assign意为“分配，赋予”，assign traits to...表示“将特质赋予……”，符合上下文探讨人们赋予物品特质的方式的语境。故选B项。 【24题详解】 考查名词。句意：在人类身上，宽脸与支配有关。空格处需填入名词作宾语，dominance意为“支配地位，优势”，与后文“Similarly, people rated cars, clocks and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones,”相呼应，说明宽脸与支配感的关联。故选D项。 【25题详解】 考查名词。句意：购买者认为这一特征增加了汽车的友好感。空格处需填入名词作宾语，根据上文的“An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles that were up turned like smiles sold best.”可知，格栅像微笑一样上扬的汽车销量最好，微笑体现友好，friendliness意为“友好”，故friendliness符合语境。故选F项。 (B) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. back B. degree C. demonstrate D. doubly E. enough F. finally G. loyalty H. promoted I. relevant J. turnover K. unconditional Although many companies offer tuition repayment, most companies only repay employees for classes that are ___26___ to their position. This is a very limiting policy. A company that repays employees for all college credit courses — whether job related or not — offers a service not only to the employees, but to the entire company. One good reason for giving employees ___27___ tuition repayment is that it shows the company’s commitment to its employees. In today’s economy, where job security is a thing of the past and employees feel more and more expendable (可牺牲的), it is important for a company to ___28___ to its employees that it cares. The best way to do this is with concrete investments in them. In turn, this commitment to the betterment of company employees will create greater employee ___29___. A company that puts out funds to pay for the education of its employees will get its money ___30___ by having employees stay with the company longer. It will reduce employee ___31___, because even employees who don’t take advantage of the tuition repayment program will be more loyal to their company just knowing that their company cares ___32___ to pay for their education. Most importantly, the company that has an unrestricted tuition repayment program will have higher quality employees. Although these companies do indeed run the risk of losing money on employees who go on to another job in a different company as soon as they get their ___33___, more often than not, the employee will stay with the company. And even if employees do leave after graduation, it generally takes several years to complete any degree program. Thus, even if the employee leaves upon graduating, throughout those years, the employer will have a more sophisticated, more intelligent, and therefore more valuable and productive employee. And, if the employee stays, that education will ___34___ benefit the company: Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be ____35____ so the company doesn’t have to fill a high-level vacancy from the outside. Open positions can be filled by people who already know the company well. 【答案】26. I 27. K 28. C 29. G 30. A 31. J 32. E 33. B 34. D 35. H 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论证了无限制学费报销计划对公司的价值：通过提升员工忠诚度、降低流动率、培养高素质人才，最终转化为企业的人才竞争优势和成本节约。 【26题详解】 考查形容词。句意：虽然许多公司提供学费报销，但大多数公司只报销与员工职位相关的课程。空处作定语从句的表语，结合“to their position”可推知，I项relevant“相关的”符合题意，构成短语be relevant to“与……相关”，表示“与员工职位相关的课程”，下文的“whether job related or not”也是提示。故选I。 【27题详解】 考查形容词。句意：为员工提供无条件学费报销的一个充分理由是，这能展示公司对员工的承诺。空处作修饰tuition的定语，结合上文的“whether job related or not”可推知，K项unconditional“无条件”符合题意，表示“为员工提供无条件学费报销”，下文“an unrestricted tuition repayment program”也是提示。故选K。 【28题详解】 考查动词。句意：在当今经济环境下，工作保障已成为过去，员工越来越觉得可被替代，公司向员工证明其关怀非常重要。空处和空前的to构成不定式，作真正的主语，结合“to its employees that it cares”可推知，C项demonstrate“展示，证明”符合题意，构成固定表达demonstrate to sb. that…“向某人展示/证明……”，表示“向员工证明其关怀”。故选C。 【29题详解】 考查名词。句意：反过来，这种对提升员工的承诺将创造更大的员工忠诚度。空处作create的宾语，结合下文的“by having employees stay with the company longer”可推知，G项loyalty“忠诚”符合题意，表示“创造更大的员工忠诚度”，下文的“be more loyal to their company”也是提示。故选G。 【30题详解】 考查副词。句意：公司投入资金支付员工教育费用，将通过员工更长的留任时间获得回报。结合“get its money”可推知，A项back“回报”符合题意，构成短语get back“重新获得，收回”，表示“把钱拿回来”。故选A。 【31题详解】 考查名词。句意：这将降低员工流动率，因为即使是不利用学费报销计划的员工，仅仅知道公司足够关心，愿意支付他们的教育费用，也会对公司更加忠诚。空处作reduce的宾语，结合“because even employees who don’t take advantage of the tuition repayment program will be more loyal to their company”可推知，J项turnover“人事变动率，人员流动率”符合题意，表示“降低员工流动率”。故选J。 【32题详解】 考查副词。句意：这将降低员工流动率，因为即使是不利用学费报销计划的员工，仅仅知道公司足够关心，愿意支付他们的教育费用，也会对公司更加忠诚。空处修饰动词cares，结合“to pay for their education”可推知，E项enough“足够”符合题意，构成短语enough to do“足够……去做某事”，表示“足够关心，愿意支付他们的教育费用”。故选E。 【33题详解】 考查名词。句意：尽管这些公司确实面临员工在获得学位后立即跳槽的风险，但多数情况下员工会留在公司。空处作get的宾语，结合“who go on to another job in a different company”可推知，B项degree“学位”符合题意，表示“获得学位”。故选B。 【34题详解】 考查副词。句意：如果员工留下，教育将为公司带来双重收益：不仅员工素质更高，现在该员工还可获得晋升，公司无需从外部填补高层职位空缺。空处修饰动词benefit，结合“Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be ___10___ so the company doesn’t have to fill a high-level vacancy from the outside”可推知，D项doubly“双重地”符合题意，表示“为公司带来双重收益”。故选D。 【35题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果员工留下，教育将为公司带来双重收益：不仅员工素质更高，现在该员工还可获得晋升，公司无需从外部填补高层职位空缺。空处和can be构成谓语，结合“the company doesn’t have to fill a high-level vacancy from the outside”可推知，H项promoted“晋升”符合题意，表示“可获得晋升”。故选H。 Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension Section A Cloze (15’) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Are Screens Bad for Our Bodies? Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: it is the language of international business and, ____36____, the key to prosperity. David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it is ____37____ to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia — but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more complex stage, changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control and might not ____38____. An important question one might ask is: whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now ____39____ native English speakers by three to one. The majority of ____40____ in English today take place between non-native speakers. According to David Graddol, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are present. This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer Latin-based words, but in fact ____41____ problems are more often caused by their use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc. Professor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor of English and Applied Linguistic at the University of Vienna, records and transcribes spoken English interactions between speakers of the language around the world. She says her team has noticed that non-native speakers are ____42____ standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular. Many omit definite and indefinite articles where they are ____43____ in standard English, or put them in where standard English does not use them. Nouns that are not plural in native-speaker English are used as plurals by non-native speakers (e. g., “informations,” “knowledges,” “advices”). Other variations include “make a discussion,” “discuss about something,” or “phone to somebody.” Many native English speakers will insist that these are just ____44____. “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would ____45____. But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical ____46____. Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) ____47____ position. Academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites. But spoken English is another matter: Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, ____48____, is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present. Professor Seidlhofer says, “I think that what we are looking at is the ____49____ of a new international attitude, the recognition, and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them, and thus always feel ‘____50____.’” 36. A. however B. therefore C. otherwise D. nevertheless 37. A. relieving B. fascinating C. tempting D. disappointing 38. A. like B. oppose C. mind D. doubt 39. A. outnumber B. outperform C. outlast D. outshine 40. A. studies B. adjustments C. changes D. encounters 41. A. absorption B. comprehension C. disturbance D. cognition 42. A. disgracing B. improving C. varying D. perfecting 43. A. edited B. neglected C. avoided D. required 44. A. mistakes B. coincidences C. exceptions D. excuses 45. A. fear B. object C. agree D. fight 46. A. ignorance B. evolution C. correctness D. guidance 47. A. honored B. shaky C. falling D. powerful 48. A. in a word B. after all C. by all means D. on the contrary 49. A. disappearance B. emergence C. criticism D. evaluation 50. A. less good B. less educated C. more aggressive D. more impolite 【答案】36. B 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. D 41. B 42. C 43. D 44. A 45. C 46. C 47. D 48. B 49. B 50. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了全球英语的发展变化，包括其使用群体、语法变异等情况。 【36题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：数百万人学习它的原因很简单：它是国际商务的语言，因此，是通往繁荣的钥匙。A. however然而；B. therefore因此；C. otherwise否则；D. nevertheless不过。根据上文“it is the language of international business”可知，英语是国际商务语言，因此是繁荣的关键，前后为因果关系。故选B项。 【37题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：《英语的未来》一书的作者大卫·格拉多尔说，把英语的故事简单地看作是北美、英国、爱尔兰和澳大拉西亚的母语使用者的成功，这很有诱惑力——但那将是一个错误。A. relieving令人宽慰的；B. fascinating迷人的；C. tempting诱人的；D. disappointing令人失望的。根据下文“to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia — but that would be a mistake.”可知，此处指把英语的成功简单归为母语使用者，这种想法是有诱惑力的，但却是错误的。故选C项。 【38题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：全球英语已经进入了一个更复杂的阶段，其变化方式是英语国家无法控制且可能不喜欢的。A. like喜欢；B. oppose反对；C. mind介意；D. doubt怀疑。根据上文“changing in ways that the English-speaking countries cannot control”可知，英语的变化是英语国家无法控制的，且可能是他们不喜欢的。故选A项。 【39题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：非母语人士现在的数量是母语人士的三倍。A. outnumber在数量上超过；B. outperform表现优于；C. outlast比……持久；D. outshine比……更出色。根据下文“by three to one”可知，此处指非母语人士数量超过母语人士。故选A项。 【40题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：如今，大多数英语交流发生在非母语人士之间。A. studies研究；B. adjustments调整；C. changes变化；D. encounters相遇、交流。根据下文“between non-native speakers”可知，此处指非母语人士之间的英语交流。故选D项。 【41题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们往往认为自己需要避免使用较长的拉丁语源词汇，但事实上，理解问题更多是由他们使用的习语、隐喻、短语动词等引起的。A. absorption吸收；B. comprehension理解；C. disturbance干扰；D. cognition认知。根据上文“This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions.”以及下文的“caused by their use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, etc.”可知，此处指母语人士的表达导致理解问题。故选B项。 【42题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说，她的团队注意到非母语人士在几个方面改变了标准英语语法。A. disgracing使蒙羞；B. improving改善；C. varying改变；D. perfecting使完美。根据下文列举的“Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the “s” in the third person singular.”等例子可知，非母语人士改变了标准英语语法。故选C项。 【43题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：许多人在标准英语要求使用定冠词和不定冠词的地方省略了它们，或者在标准英语不使用的地方使用了它们。A. edited编辑；B. neglected忽视；C. avoided避免；D. required要求。根据上文“Many omit definite and indefinite articles”可知，此处指在标准英语要求使用冠词的地方省略了。故选D项。 【44题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：许多以英语为母语的人会坚持认为这些只是错误。A. mistakes错误；B. coincidences巧合；C. exceptions例外；D. excuses借口。根据下文““Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong.”可知，母语人士认为这些是错误。故选A项。 【45题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：世界上许多教英语的非母语人士也会同意这一点。A. fear害怕；B. object反对；C. agree同意；D. fight斗争。根据上文““Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply wrong.”以及转折词“But”可知，此处指非母语教师也同意这是错误。故选C项。 【46题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但语言是变化的，语法正确性的概念也是如此。A. ignorance无知；B. evolution进化；C. correctness正确性；D. guidance指导。根据上文“But language changes”可知，语法正确性的概念也会变，由此可知，此处指语法正确性的概念也会变化。故选C项。 【47题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那些坚持标准英语语法的人仍然处于强势地位。A. honored受尊敬的；B. shaky摇晃的；C. falling下降的；D. powerful强大的。根据下文“Academics who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules”可知，坚持标准语法的人处于强势地位。故选D项。 【48题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：毕竟，他们的主要目的是让彼此理解，而且在大多数情况下，并没有母语人士在场。A. in a word总之；B. after all毕竟；C. by all means务必；D. on the contrary相反。根据上文“Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct?”以及下文的“is to be understood by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present.”可知，此处解释非母语人士不纠结于标准语法的原因，“毕竟”符合语境。故选B项。 【49题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：塞德尔霍费尔教授说：“我认为我们看到的是一种新的国际态度的出现，即认识到并意识到，在许多国际场合，非母语人士不需要像母语人士那样说话，不需要拿自己和他们比较，从而总是感觉‘不够好’。”A. disappearance消失；B. emergence出现；C. criticism批评；D. evaluation评价。根据下文“a new international attitude”可知，此处指新态度的出现。故选B项。 【50题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：塞德尔霍费尔教授说：“我认为我们看到的是一种新的国际态度的出现，即认识到并意识到，在许多国际场合，非母语人士不需要像母语人士那样说话，不需要拿自己和他们比较，从而总是感觉‘不够好’。”A. less good不够好；B. less educated受教育较少；C. more aggressive更具攻击性；D. more impolite更不礼貌。根据上文“compare themselves to them”可知，和母语人士比较会让非母语人士觉得自己不够好。故选A项。 Section B (22’) Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) I used to believe courtesy was a thing of the past. Very seldom have I met a courteous human being in this modern era of the so-called Generation X. Recently, I had to change my thinking, when I came face to face with just such a human being. I had gone to a fashionable coffee place, with two of my grown-up daughters. The place was crowded with the usual loud crowd and we had to climb a steep flight of stairs in order to find an empty table. After enjoying coffee and snacks, we were walking down the steep stairs, where the narrow space made climbing down only possible in a single file, with hardly any space for another person to either climb up or come down. Just as I was in the middle of the staircase, a gentleman entered the main entrance of the restaurant which was right in front of the staircase. I was sure I would be pushed roughly by this man who would want to go up in a hurry. I kept coming down as fast as I could, holding on to the banister (扶手), in spite of my advanced years. My daughters were already down, looking up at me worriedly, hoping I would reach them before the stranger started up the stairs, knowing I was a nervous sort. Nearly reaching them, I noticed the man still standing near the door, I reached my daughters and passed the stranger at the entrance door which he kept holding open. I looked back thinking he was still at the door, deciding whether to go in or find another less crowded place. I saw him going up the stairs, two at a time. I told my daughters about it and all three of us felt bad that we did not even thank the courteous gentleman who was actually holding the door open for us ladies to pass through. We admired his kindness for both waiting for us to come down before going up himself and also holding the main entrance door open for us to go out. To date, I still remember this gentleman and pray to God to make more human beings like him. 51. Before she met the man in the restaurant, the author had thought ________. A. she didn’t belong to the Generation X B. there were few polite people in the modern society C. having coffee in a fancy café was not her cup of tea D. human beings were born courteous 52. In paragraph 2, the underlined phrase “in a single file” means that ________. A. climbing down the staircase was easy as long as we held the file in hand B. walking down the stairs was like walking on a document C. we needed permission from the restaurant owner before we walked down D. the staircase was so narrow that only one person was allowed at a time 53. What can we infer from the passage about the author? A. She tended to feel nervous in some stressful situations. B. She was short-tempered and often walked very fast. C. She was a lady in her early thirties and was quite fit. D. She was grateful to the man and directly expressed thanks to him. 54. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage? A. Strange Encounter at a Fancy Coffeeshop B. The Decline of the Generation X C. A Man of Mystery and Manners D. Rediscovering Courtesy in a Crowded World 【答案】51. B 52. D 53. A 54. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者原本认为现代社会缺乏礼貌，但一次在拥挤咖啡店的经历中，一位绅士的体贴行为让她改变了看法，并希望更多人能像这位绅士一样彬彬有礼。 【51题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“I used to believe courtesy was a thing of the past. Very seldom have I met a courteous human being in this modern era of the so-called Generation X. (我曾经认为礼貌是过去的事。在这个所谓的X时代的现代，我很少遇到有礼貌的人。)”可知，在这次相遇之前，作者认为在现代社会中很少有礼貌的人。故选B项。 【52题详解】 词句猜测题。根据画线部分的上文“After enjoying coffee and snacks, we were walking down the steep stairs, where the narrow space (享用完咖啡和点心后，我们走下陡峭的楼梯，那里狭窄的空间)”和下文“with hardly any space for another person to either climb up or come down (几乎没有空间让另一个人爬上去或下来)”可知，楼梯陡峭，且空间狭窄，因此一次只能走一个人，画线部分指“楼梯太窄，一次只能容纳一个人”。故选D项。 【53题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“My daughters were already down, looking up at me worriedly, hoping I would reach them before the stranger started up the stairs, knowing I was a nervous sort. (我的女儿们已经下楼了，担心地抬头看着我，希望我能在那个陌生人开始上楼前到达她们那里，因为她们知道我是个容易紧张的人。)”可知，面对陌生人可能即将走上狭窄楼梯的情况，女儿们很担忧容易紧张的作者。由此推知，作者容易在压力情境下感到紧张。故选A项。 【54题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“I used to believe courtesy was a thing of the past. Very seldom have I met a courteous human being in this modern era of the so-called Generation X. (我曾经认为礼貌是过去的事。在这个所谓的X时代的现代，我很少遇到有礼貌的人。)”、第二段中“Recently, I had to change my thinking, when I came face to face with just such a human being. (最近，当我面对这样一个人的时候，我不得不改变我的想法。)”和最后一段中“We admired his kindness for both, waiting for us to come down before going up himself and also holding the main entrance door open for us to go out. (我们都很佩服他的善良，他先等我们下来再上去，还为我们开着大门让我们出去。)”可知，作者原本认为现代社会缺乏礼貌，但在一家拥挤的咖啡店遇到一位绅士，他默默地等待她走下狭窄的楼梯，并为他们一家开门，这让作者重新意识到礼貌的存在。因此，D项“在拥挤的世界中重新发现礼貌。”紧扣主题，最适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 (B) Four Hotels That Will Make Your Life Easier For the business traveler who’s all about efficiency: check out these hotels that will get you in and out with minimum trouble. When you’re pressed for time on a business trip, nothing can infuriate you more than a slow hotel check-in process. On your next trip, try these hotels that offer a speedier check-in process. 1. Yotel New York The self-service kiosks at this high-tech New York hotel are open 24/7 and work just like the ones you’d see at an airport. There are just five-steps to register and obtain your card key. There’s even a robotic luggage bellboy. You tap in the number of bags you’re carrying and sizes, then wait for a robot arm to swing down and store your luggage in a locker (say, for a day trip). This also speeds up the check-in process if the first thing you need to do, like me, is head to a series of meetings. 2. Marriott Detroit Airport Another option for business travelers in a hurry: Marriott is rolling out its mobile check-in app to 325 hotels this year, including the Marriott Detroit Airport hotel. (I’ve tested the app itself but not for a real visit quite yet.) Here is the basic idea: you download the iPhone or Android app. The night before, you can “check-in” virtually. When you arrive, you get an alert that the room is ready and your key, which is already tied to your reservation, is waiting for you at the desk. 3. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis I happened to stay at this hotel recently and liked how fast the kiosk check-in works. Like the Yotel, the kiosk asks you to insert your credit card, similar to an airport terminal. The whole process took about three minutes. When I left, I was equally impressed with the fast check-out. An agent meets you in the lobby with an iPad and asks for an email to use for a receipt. The big advantage: you never have to wait in line. 4. Radisson LaCrosse The Radisson is trying to make the kiosk process even faster. At a few select hotels like the Radisson Lacrosse in Wisconsin, you use a mobile app to register and then receive a barcode by email or text. When you get to the kiosk, you can scan the barcode to get your key without any other steps required. It’s super fast. You can find this new check-in system at the Radisson hotels in Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Phoenix as well. 55. What does the word “infuriate” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A. To annoy. B. To remind. C. To amuse. D. To impress. 56. In which two hotels can customers check in before they physically arrive at the front desk? A. Yotel New York and Marriott Detroit Airport. B. Marriott Detroit Airport and Radisson LaCrosse. C. Marriott Detroit Airport and Hyatt Regency Minneapolis. D. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis and Radisson LaCrosse. 57. Travis is a traveler, who is very particular about efficiency but is concerned about privacy leakage when checking-in online. He plans to stay at a hotel for one night and leave first thing in the morning for a tour of the city. He would come back to the hotel and pick up his belongings at dusk. Which of following hotel best meets his needs? A. Yotel New York. B. Marriott Detroit Airport. C. Hyatt Regency Minneapolis. D. Radisson LaCrosse. 【答案】55. A 56. B 57. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍四家能为商务旅行者提供高效入住服务的酒店，及其各自快速办理入住的方式。 【55题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“When you’re pressed for time on a business trip, nothing can infuriate you more than a slow hotel check-in process.(当你在商务旅行中时间紧迫时，没有什么比缓慢的酒店入住流程更能infuriate你了。)”可知，时间紧迫时，缓慢的入住流程会让人恼火，所以划线单词与“让人恼火”意义相近。故选A项。 【56题详解】 细节理解题。根据Marriott Detroit Airport部分中的“The night before, you can “check-in” virtually. (前一天晚上，你可以“虚拟入住”。)”以及Radisson LaCross部分中的“At a few select hotels like the Radisson Lacrosse in Wisconsin, you use a mobile app to register and then receive a barcode by email or text. When you get to the kiosk, you can scan the barcode to get your key without any other steps required.(在威斯康星州的Radisson Lacrosse等少数精选酒店，你可以使用移动应用程序注册，然后通过电子邮件或短信收到一个条形码。当你到达自助服务机时，只需扫描条形码就能拿到钥匙，无需其他步骤。)”可知，Marriott Detroit Airport和Radisson LaCrosse这两家酒店的顾客可以在实际到达前台前办理入住。故选B项。 【57题详解】 推理判断题。根据题意，Travis注重效率，担心在线入住泄露隐私，计划住一晚，早上先离开去游览城市，傍晚回来取行李。根据Yotel New York部分中的“The self-service kiosks at this high-tech New York hotel are open 24/7 and work just like the ones you’d see at an airport. There are just five-steps to register and obtain your card key. There’s even a robotic luggage bellboy. You tap in the number of bags you’re carrying and sizes, then wait for a robot arm to swing down and store your luggage in a locker (say, for a day trip).(这家高科技纽约酒店的自助服务机全天候开放，功能就像你在机场看到的那些一样。注册并获取房卡只需五步。甚至还有一个机器人行李服务生。你输入携带的行李数量和尺寸，然后等待机械臂摆动下来，将你的行李存放在储物柜中（比如一日游时）。)”可知，Yotel New York通过自助服务机办理入住，无需在线操作，能保护隐私，且有行李储存服务，符合Travis的需求。故选A项。 (C) Daydreaming It seems like every day there’s another study pointing to how this or that modern technology is destroying our ability to focus. But what if the problem is that we are expected to focus too much? By not giving our brains enough downtime, maybe we are actually making the problems worse. Ever since I was a little kid, I have felt guilty about daydreaming. I related to the character Bastian from the movie “The Neverending Story”, when his father demanded, “Get your head down out of the clouds, and keep both feet on the ground!” It is a memorable line that’s repeated throughout the film, as Bastian struggles with the fantastical nature of the story he is involved in. And while I was never directly discouraged from dreaming as a kid, as I’ve gotten older, the notes I’ve gotten from our culture certainly have told me I was wasting my time whenever my head was in the clouds. And yet, it never felt right to shut down that daydreaming. For one, it was too fun. How amazing is it that as humans, we get to go anywhere, do anything, be a different version of ourselves — all safely within our heads? But don’t just take my word for it: In the July, 2012 issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science, psychological scientist Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and her colleagues gathered a number of studies and explored them for details about the brain at rest, with some of the results summarized in ScienceDaily. “Findings suggest that individual differences in brain activity during rest are correlated with components of socio-emotional functioning, such as self-awareness and moral judgment, as well as different aspects of learning and memory.” So just like sleeping allows our brains to reorganize and finally work more efficiently, daydreaming may help our mental health, day-to-day. And brain “time-outs” may also help kids learn better (possibly proving wrong those adults who blame kids for daydreaming). “We focus on the outside world in education and don’t look much at inside focused skills and attentions but inside focus impacts the way we build memories, make meaning and move that learning into new contexts,” says Immordino-Yang. For kids who have been taught some version of inner focus, the studies that Immordino-Yang looked at indicated that they are less likely to suffer from high levels of anxiety, perform better on tests, and do a better job of planning for the future. Next time you see a kid (or adult!) staring off into space, remember that they might actually be getting important work done. 58. In the last sentence of the first paragraph, “the problems” refer to ________. A. the problems with the brain health B. the problems with focus C. the problems with modern technology D. the problems with daydreaming 59. Which of the following does NOT belong to the benefits of daydreaming? A. Daydreaming makes life more fascinating. B. Daydreaming helps children improve academic performance. C. Day dreaming is good for kids’ mental health. D. Daydreaming enables adults to have more job opportunities. 60. From the passage, we can infer that ________. A. Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and her colleagues draw their conclusion based on other researchers’ studies B. the Movie “The Neverending Story” mainly describes the relationship between Bastian and his father C. the author was warned by her parents that having her head in the clouds was a waste of time D. we should encourage kids to stare off into space as often as possible 61. As an adult, the author now holds a ________ attitude towards daydreaming. A. negative B. supportive C. neutral D. doubtful 【答案】58. B 59. D 60. A 61. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章反驳了白日梦是浪费时间或有害的观点，指出白日梦有助于心理健康和学习，并呼吁重新认识其价值。 【58题详解】 词句猜测题。画线部分的上文“It seems like every day there’s another study pointing to how this or that modern technology is destroying our ability to focus. But what if the problem is that we are expected to focus too much? (似乎每天都有新的研究指出，某种现代科技正在破坏我们的专注力。但问题是否恰恰在于——我们被要求过度专注了呢)”提到现代科技正在破坏我们的专注力，随后提出另一种观点：问题可能在于我们被要求过度专注，再结合画线部分所在句“By not giving our brains enough downtime, maybe we are actually making the problems worse. (如果不给大脑足够的休息时间，我们可能实际上让问题变得更糟)”可知，the problems指的是与专注力相关的问题。故选B项。 【59题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“For one, it was too fun. How amazing is it that as humans, we get to go anywhere, do anything, be a different version of ourselves — all safely within our heads? (首先，它实在太有趣了。我们人类竟能随心所欲地去任何地方、做任何事情、体验不同版本的自己——而这一切都安全地存在于脑海中，这是多么神奇的能力啊)”和第四段中“For kids who have been taught some version of inner focus, the studies that Immordino-Yang looked at indicated that they are less likely to suffer from high levels of anxiety, perform better on tests, and do a better job of planning for the future. (对于那些接受过某种内在专注力训练的儿童，Immordino-Yang所分析的研究表明：这些孩子出现严重焦虑的几率更低，考试成绩更优异，且更擅长为未来制定计划)”可知，白日梦让生活更有意思，可能帮助孩子学得更好，还有助于心理健康，未提到与成年人工作机会的直接关系。故选D项。 【60题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“psychological scientist Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and her colleagues gathered a number of studies and explored them for details about the brain at rest (心理学家Mary Helen Immordino-Yang和她的同事收集了许多研究并进行分析)”可推知，Mary Helen Immordino-Yang和她的同事基于其他研究者的研究得出了结论。故选A项。 61题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中“And yet, it never felt right to shut down that daydreaming. (然而，停止做白日梦并不对)”和最后一段“Next time you see a kid (or adult!) staring off into space, remember that they might actually getting important work done. (下次当你看到孩子，甚至是大人，正望着远处发呆时，请记住——他们可能正在进行某种重要的大脑活动)”可知，作者认为不应该停止做白日梦，应肯定这件事的重要意义，因此态度是支持的。故选B项。 Section C (8’) Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Rational Online Shopping It’s a tradition for Chinese to make special purchases such as snacks and festive food during the Spring Festival season. So many sellers try to attract consumers by various discounts and special offers, including online sellers. Recently, during the Spring Festival season, group buying websites have seen their businesses booming due to New Year packages. Now many local snacks from different places and regions across the country are being packed as New Year gifts by the sellers. ___62___ The lower prices have attracted many consumers. One of these websites says they attract more than 100,000 consumers in just a day. ___63___ Otherwise, you may start the New Year with an empty wallet. So just think carefully before buying online. Recently, some people have shared their annual online shopping bill on social media and many have been shocked by the total sum they spent during the past year. The total bill exceeded 10,000 yuan for many netizens. Looking through the bill, many people admitted that many items they had bought online weren’t necessary. ___64___ It was simply because the prices were lower. Some had free delivery, and others might have been discounted. In addition, there were also some discounted seasons such as the Single Day Discount on November 11. Even people would normally not buy things they had never thought about having, they just found themselves doing it when seeing the discount. Liu Guili is a professor at the School of Public Administration at Nanchang University. She says buying online is convenient and is preferred by many consumers, but good judgment is needed before loading up the online shopping basket. ___65___ Never spend more than you can afford. She urges shoppers to bear in mind that every shop owner wants to motivate buyers to spend. THINK TWICE before you buy. A. Moreover, she suggests that consumers should set a monthly shopping budget limit. B. Why did people choose to buy things they didn’t really need so blindly? C. Traditionally, people tend to consider expensive items to be of high-quality. D. So it can save consumers time and trouble of selecting gifts. E. However, experts remind consumers to control the urge to over-shop online. F. What can we do to prevent ourselves from buying things without rational thoughts? 【答案】62. D 63. E 64. B 65. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕春节期间网络团购年货这一现象展开，讨论了网购的便利性，同时也提醒消费者要理性购物，避免过度消费。 【62题详解】 根据空前的“Now many local snacks from different places and regions across the country are being packed as New Year gifts by the sellers. (现在，许多来自全国各地的地方小吃被卖家包装成新年礼物。)”可知，卖家将地方小吃包装成新年礼物，这对消费者来说在挑选礼物时会更方便，D选项“So it can save consumers time and trouble of selecting gifts. (所以这可以节省消费者挑选礼物的时间和麻烦。)”中的“it”指代前文卖家将小吃包装成新年礼物这件事，且说明了这样做给消费者带来的好处，符合语境。故选D项。 【63题详解】 根据空前的“The lower prices have attracted many consumers. One of these websites says they attract more than 100,000 consumers in just a day. (较低的价格吸引了许多消费者。其中一个网站表示，他们一天就能吸引超过10万名消费者。)”以及空后的“Otherwise, you may start the New Year with an empty wallet. (否则，你可能会以一个空钱包开始新的一年。)”可知，此处应是从消费者被低价吸引这一情况转折到提醒消费者不要过度购物，E选项“However, experts remind consumers to control the urge to over-shop online. (然而，专家提醒消费者要控制网上过度购物的冲动。)”起到了转折和提醒的作用，符合语境。故选E项。 【64题详解】 根据空前的“Looking through the bill, many people admitted that many items they had bought online weren’t necessary. (翻看账单，许多人承认他们在网上买的很多东西都是不必要的。)”以及空后的“It was simply because the prices were lower. (只是因为价格更低。)”可知，空处应是提出一个关于人们买不必要的东西的问题，从而引出下文对该问题的回答，B选项“Why did people choose to buy things they didn’t really need so blindly? (为什么人们会如此盲目地购买他们并不真正需要的东西？)”为一个问题，且空后的内容是对该问题的回答，符合语境。故选B项。 【65题详解】 根据空前的“Liu Guili is a professor at the School of Public Administration at Nanchang University. She says buying online is convenient and is preferred by many consumers, but good judgment is needed before loading up the online shopping basket. (刘桂莉是南昌大学公共管理学院的教授。她说，网上购物很便捷，受到许多消费者的青睐，但在把商品装满网购购物车之前，需要做出正确的判断。)”以及空后的“Never spend more than you can afford. (永远不要花超出你承受能力的钱。)”可知，此处应是刘桂莉给出的具体建议，A选项“Moreover, she suggests that consumers should set a monthly shopping budget limit. (此外，她建议消费者应该设定每月的购物预算上限。)”是她提出的具体建议，且与空后内容相呼应，符合语境。故选A项。 第Ⅱ卷 *Ⅳ. Grammar (20’) (A) Directions: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. It is quite reasonable to blame traffic jams, the cost of gas and the great speed of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that ____66____ (nice) men would become fierce tigers behind the wheel. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered driver is the exception ____67____ the rule. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed drivers great patience ____68____ (resist) the temptation to take revenge when ____69____ (subject) to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way to ____70____ (relieve) the tightness of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of thanks in response to ____71____ act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and calm so necessary in modern traffic conditions. However, misplaced politeness ____72____ also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street to following traffic, ____73____ a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles ____74____ may be unable to stop in time. A veteran driver told me it would help if drivers learnt to filter correctly into traffic stream one at a time without causing total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Years ago, experts warned us that explosion in car ownership ____75____ (demand) more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart. 【答案】66. the nicest 67. to 68. to resist 69. subjected 70. relieving 71. an 72. can 73. when 74. which##that 75. would demand 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了道路礼仪的重要性，强调所有道路使用者都需要相互礼让。 【66题详解】 考查形容词最高级。句意：每个人都知道，最友善的人在方向盘后（开车的时候）也会变成凶猛的老虎。根据“manners on the road are becoming horrible (道路礼仪变得越来越糟糕)”和“would become fierce tigers (会变成凶猛的老虎)”可知，此处通过对比强调即便是最友善的人遇到糟糕的道路礼仪也会变得暴躁凶猛，应用形容词nice的最高级形式the nicest。故填the nicest。 【67题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：你可能会容忍那些古怪的占道者、粗鲁且不顾及他人的司机，但如今有礼貌的司机反而是例外而非常态。the exception to the rule是固定短语，意为“规则的例外，例外情况”。故填to。 【68题详解】 考查动词不定式。句意：当遇到不文明行为时，即便是最冷静的司机也需要极大的耐心才能抵制住报复的诱惑。“It takes sb. + 名词 + to do sth.”是固定句型，意为“做某事需要……”，此处应用resist的动词不定式形式to resist。故填to resist。 【69题详解】 考查状语从句中的省略。句意：当遇到不文明行为时，即便是最冷静的司机也需要极大的耐心才能抵制住报复的诱惑。subject sb to sth意为“使经受；使遭受”，the most cool-headed drivers与动词subject之间为被动关系，用被动语态sb be subjected to，此状语从句的完整表述是when they are subjected to uncivilized behavior。they指代主句中动作发出者the most cool-headed drivers，因此从句里可省略主语和be动词are，即when subjected to uncivilized behavior。故填subjected。 【70题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：另一方面，一点点礼貌就能大大缓解驾驶时的紧张情绪。go a long way to doing sth.是固定短语，意为“对做某事大有帮助”。此处to是介词，后接动名词作宾语。故填relieving。 【71题详解】 考查冠词。句意：对一个礼貌行为报以友好的点头或感谢的挥手，有助于营造一种善意和平静的氛围，这在现代交通状况下是非常必要的。act是可数名词，此处表示泛指“一个礼貌行为”，且act以元音音素开头，应用不定冠词an。故填an。 【72题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：然而，不当的礼貌也可能是危险的。根据语境可知，此处表示客观的可能性。情态动词can意为“可能；会”，强调客观上的可能性。故填can。 【73题详解】 考查连词。句意：典型的例子是，司机急刹车让一辆车从侧街驶出汇入车流，而实际上几秒钟后道路本就会畅通。根据前后句的逻辑关系可知，此处表示转折，意为“然而”，应用连词when “而”，引入引出事实或评论。故填when。 【74题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：或者有人挥手让孩子穿过斑马线，但迎面而来的车辆驾驶员可能无法及时停车。分析句子结构，空处引导定语从句，先行词是oncoming vehicles，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which/that。故填which/that。 【75题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：几年前，专家们就警告我们，汽车拥有量的激增将要求所有道路使用者更多地相互礼让。根据“Years ago, experts warned us that (几年前，专家就警告我们)”可知，宾语从句中汽车拥有量的增加对道路使用者的要求是在过去看“将要发生的事”，应用过去将来时would demand。故填would demand。 (B) Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Some persons look on laws with fear, hatred, or annoyance. Laws seem to limit people’s freedom to do many things they would like to do. ____76____ laws may prevent us from doing things we wish to do at the moment, laws make everyone's life safer and more pleasant. ____77____ laws we could not hold on to our property; we could not go to bed at night expecting to wake up in the morning and find that we had not been robbed; no stores ____78____we buy food, clothes, and other necessities could stay open and sell to us. Our banks would not be safe places ____79____ (keep) our money. Social life would be impossible without laws to control the way people treat one another. It is not the laws ____80____ should be feared but the trouble that comes to everyone when laws are broken. Once this is understood, a citizen will not fear or hate the law. ____81____ (understand) the need for good laws and the evil results of breaking laws is the first requirement of good citizenship and government. Philosophers once ____82____ (believe) that in prehistoric time people lived without laws in a “state of nature”. People were free to do ____83____ they pleased unless someone stronger stopped them by force. As a result, life became so dangerous and unsafe that leaders ____84____create laws to protect life and property. This is no longer believed to be true. Scholars now think that as soon as people began living in small groups, they worked out rules for getting along with one other. In time everyone accepted and supported the rules. Such rules and habits of life are called folkways. Folkways are probably the real beginning of human laws, ____85____ of religion, morals, and education. As life became more complex, folkways became more complete guides to living. After thousands of years, some of the important folkways were put into writing as the earlier laws. 【答案】76. Though##While##Although 77. Without 78. in which##where 79. to keep 80. that 81. Understanding 82 believed 83. as 84. had to 85. as well as 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要阐述了法律的作用、人们对法律的态度及法律的起源。 【76题详解】 考查连词。句意：尽管法律可能会阻止我们做一些我们此刻想做的事情，但法律让每个人的生活更安全、更愉快。结合句意，上下文之间表让步关系，意为“尽管、虽然”，用though/while/although，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Though/While/Although。 【77题详解】 考查介词。句意：没有法律，我们就无法保住自己财产；我们不能晚上上床睡觉，期望早上醒来时发现自己没有被抢劫；我们购买食品、衣服和其他必需品的商店也不能开门营业卖给我们东西。空后为名词，且此处无提示词，所以应为介词，结合句意以及下文的谓语动词“could not hold on to”以及“could not go”可知，此处应为含蓄条件，表示“没有”为介词without，位于句首，首字母大写。故填Without。 【78题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：没有法律，我们就无法保住自己的财产；我们不能晚上上床睡觉，期望早上醒来时发现自己没有被抢劫；我们购买食品、衣服和其他必需品的商店也不能开门营业卖给我们东西。此处为定语从句，先行词为stores，关系词在从句中作地点状语，用in which或where。故填in which/where。 【79题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：我们的银行也不会是存放钱的安全地方。此处为非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰places，意为“……的地方”，此处表示将要发生的动作或发生在谓语动词之后，所以用动词不定式形式to keep。故填to keep。 【80题详解】 考查强调句。句意：令人害怕的不应该是法律，而是当法律被违反时降临到每个人身上的麻烦。此处为强调句，其结构为“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分”，被强调部分是“the laws”，所以用that。故填that。 【81题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：理解对良好法律的需求以及违法的恶果，是良好公民意识和政府的首要要求。此处作主语，用动名词形式understanding，位于句首，首字母大写。故填Understanding。 【82题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：哲学家们曾经认为，在史前时代，人们生活在没有法律的“自然状态”中。此处为谓语动词，根据时间状语“once”可知，动作发生在过去，用一般过去时believed。故填believed。 【83题详解】 考查连词。句意：人们可以随心所欲，除非有更强壮的人用武力阻止他们。此处为连接词引导的状语从句，结合句意“正如、像……一样”，用as引导方式状语从句。故填as。 【84题详解】 考查情态动词。句意：结果，生活变得如此危险和不安全，以至于领导人不得不制定法律来保护生命和财产。空后为动词原形，且无提示词，所以此处应为情态动词，结合句意，此处表示“不得不、必须”，符合语境，所以用have to，结合主句谓语动词“became”可知，此处描述的是过去的事情，所以使用had to。故填had to。 【85题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：民俗可能是人类法律以及宗教、道德和教育的真正开端。此处与“of human laws”为并列结构，结合句意，此处应为固定短语as well as，意为“以及、也”符合句意，所以用as well as。故填as well as。 Ⅴ. Summary Writing (10’) 86. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. What Is Emotional Eating? Emotional eating is when people use food as a way to deal with feelings instead of to satisfy hunger. We’ve all been there, finishing a whole bag of chips out of boredom or downing cookie after cookie while preparing for a big test. But when done a lot — especially without realizing it — emotional eating can affect weight, health, and overall well-being. Not many of us make the connection between eating and our feelings. But understanding what drives emotional eating can help people take steps to change it. One of the biggest myths about emotional eating is that it’s caused by negative feelings. Yes, people often turn to food when they’re stressed out, lonely, sad, anxious, or bored. But emotional eating can be linked to positive feelings too, like the romance of sharing dessert on Valentine’s Day or the celebration of a holiday feast. Sometimes emotional eating is tied to major life events, like a death or a divorce. More often, though, it’s the countless little daily stresses that cause someone to seek comfort or distraction in food. Emotional eating patterns can be learned: A child who is given candy after a big achievement may grow up using candy as a reward for a job well done. A kid who is given cookies as a way to stop crying may learn to link cookies with comfort. It’s not easy to “unlearn” patterns of emotional eating. But it is possible. And it starts with an awareness of what’s going on. We’re all emotional eaters to some extent (who hasn’t suddenly found room for dessert after a filling dinner?). But for some people, emotional eating can be a real problem, causing serious weight gain. The trouble with emotional eating (aside from the health issues) is that once the pleasure of eating is gone, the feelings that cause it remain. And you often may feel worse about eating the amount or type of food you did. That’s why it helps to know the differences between physical hunger and emotional hunger. Next time you reach for a snack, check in and see which type of hunger is driving it. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】One possible version: Emotional eating can be harmful to people’s fitness. Generally, it’s produced by both negative and positive emotions, or even devastating blows, which, however, is mainly caused by numerous pressures in everyday life. We easily slide into emotional eating patterns, but we can avoid it if we have an insight into the real cause. To get rid of the troublesome results of emotional eating, we should learn to distinguish physical hunger from emotional hunger. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情绪性进食是人们用食物应对情绪而非满足饥饿的行为，频繁为之会影响健康，还说明了其与正负情绪、日常压力的关联及形成的习得性模式，指出认识这种行为并区分生理与情绪饥饿有助于改变。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Emotional eating, which is using food to deal with feelings instead of hunger, can be harmful to health when done frequently unconsciously. ②It is caused by not only negative feelings but also positive ones, and more often by daily stresses, sometimes major life events. ③Emotional eating patterns are learned and hard to unlearn, but possible with awareness. ④Distinguishing physical hunger from emotional hunger helps address its troublesome results. 2. 缜密构思 将第①点作为总起句，点明情绪性进食的定义及危害；将第②点作为其产生的原因（正负情绪及日常压力等）；将第③、④点整合为改变这种行为的可能性及方法（了解原因、区分两种饥饿）。 3. 遣词造句 Emotional eating can be harmful to people’s fitness. Generally, it’s produced by both negative and positive emotions, or even devastating blows, which, however, is mainly caused by numerous pressures in everyday life. We easily slide into emotional eating patterns, but we can avoid it if we have an insight into the real cause. To get rid of the troublesome results of emotional eating, we should learn to distinguish physical hunger from emotional hunger. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Generally, it’s produced by both negative and positive emotions, or even devastating blows, which, however, is mainly caused by numerous pressures in everyday life.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句） [高分句型2] We easily slide into emotional eating patterns, but we can avoid it if we have an insight into the real cause.（运用了if引导的条件状语从句） Ⅵ. Translation (3'+3'+4'+5'=15') Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 87. 一想到考试她就心神不宁，很难集中精力做其他事情。(disturb) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】The thought of the exam disturbed her and she found it extremely hard to focus on anything else. 【解析】 【详解】考查名词（短语）、动词（短语）和形容词。句子可看作是描述过去发生的事情，时态可用一般过去时；“一想到考试她就心神不宁”可理解为“想到考试让她心神不宁”，“想到……”可用名词短语the thought of，作主语，“考试”可用名词the exam，作of的宾语，谓语“让……心神不宁”可用动词disturb，宾语“她”用代词her；“很难集中精力做其他事情”顺承前面行为的结果，可用并列连词and连接并列句，隐含的主语“她”用代词she，“很难做某事”可用动词短语find it extremely hard to do，其中it作形式宾语，后面的不定式作真正的宾语，“集中精力于”可用动词短语focus on，“其他事情”可用不定代词anything和else搭配。故可译为：The thought of the exam disturbed her and she found it extremely hard to focus on anything else. 88. 扎实的数学基础对于攻读工程学的学生来说是必不可少的。(foundation) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It is essential for engineering students to have a solid math foundation. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型。句子是描述一个事实，使用一般现在时，此处使用固定句型“It is+形容词+for sb+动词不定式”，It是形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，“必不可少的”使用形容词essential，“攻读工程学的学生”译为engineering students，结合提示词可知“扎实的数学基础”使用动词短语have a solid math foundation，故翻译为：It is essential for engineering students to have a solid math foundation. 89. 随着中国北方气温跌破冰点，冰雪旅游和冰雪体育活动的热度不断攀升。(with) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】With temperatures in northern China plunging below freezing, ice-snow tourism and winter sports activities are gaining surging popularity. 【解析】 【详解】考查with复合结构、名词（短语）、动词和形容词。句子可看作描述当前正在发生的情况，时态宜用现在进行时；“随着中国北方气温跌破冰点”可用with复合结构，作状语，其中宾语“中国北方气温”可用名词短语temperatures in northern China，宾语补足语“跌破冰点”可用动词短语plunge below freezing，temperatures与plunge逻辑上是主动关系，因此用plunge的现在分词形式；“冰雪旅游和冰雪体育活动的热度不断攀升”可理解为“冰雪旅游和冰雪体育活动受到越来越多的欢迎”，主语“冰雪旅游和冰雪体育活动”可用名词短语ice-snow tourism和winter sports activities，中间用并列连词and连接，谓语“受到”可用动词gain，宾语“越来越多的欢迎”可用名词短语surging popularity。故可译为：With temperatures in northern China plunging below freezing, ice-snow tourism and winter sports activities are gaining surging popularity. 90. 一旦重金属污染进入食物链，将对全球生态环境造成影响，危及全人类的健康和福祉。(pose) (汉译英) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Once heavy metal contamination enters the food chain, it will pose a threat to the global ecological system, endangering the health and well-being of all humanity. 【解析】 【详解】考查状语从句、非谓语动词、名词（短语）、动词（短语）和形容词。整个句子可处理为主从复合句，“一旦重金属污染进入食物链”可用once“一旦”引导条件状语从句，用一般现在时表将来，“将对全球生态环境造成影响，危及全人类的健康和福祉”为主句，用一般将来时描述将来的情况；从句的主语“重金属污染”可用名词短语heavy metal contamination，不可数，谓语“进入”可用动词enter，enter需用三单形式，宾语“食物链”可用名词短语the food chain；主句的主语可用it，指代前面提到的情况，“对……造成影响”可用动词短语pose a threat to，其宾语“全球生态环境”可用名词短语the global ecological system；“危及全人类的健康和福祉”可看作是伴随主句同时发生的行为，用分词作伴随状语，“危及”可用动词endanger，其宾语“全人类的健康和福祉”可用名词短语the health and well-being of all humanity，endanger和前面的it是主动关系，因此用endanger的现在分词形式。故可译为：Once heavy metal contamination enters the food chain, it will pose a threat to the global ecological system, endangering the health and well-being of all humanity. 【挑战题】(10') Directions: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, D and E. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. In this excerpt from an essay on the symbolic language of dreams, the writer Erich Fromm explores the nature of symbols. One of the current definitions of a symbol is that it is “something that stands for something else.” We can differentiate between three kinds of symbols: the conventional, the accidental, and the universal symbol. The conventional symbol is the best known of the three, since we employ it in everyday language. If we see the word “table” or hear the sound “table,” the letters t-a-b-l-e stand for something else. They stand for the thing “table” that we see, touch, and use. What is the connection between the word “table” and the thing “table”? Is there any inherent relationship between them? Obviously not. The thing table has nothing to do with the sound table, and the only reason the word symbolizes the thing is the convention of calling this particular thing by a name. We learn this connection as children by the repeated experience of hearing the word in reference to the thing until a lasting association is formed so that we don’t have to think to find the right word. There are some words, however, in which the association is not only conventional. When we say “phooey,” for instance, we make with our lips a movement of dispelling the air quickly. It is an expression of disgust in which our mouths participate. By this quick expulsion of air we imitate and thus express our intention to expel something, to get it out of our system. In this case, as in some others, the symbol has an inherent connection with the feeling it symbolizes. But even if we assume that originally many or even all words had their origins in some such inherent connection between symbol and the symbolized, most words no longer have this meaning for us when we learn a language. Words are not the only illustration for conventional symbols, although they are the most frequent and best-known ones. Pictures also can be conventional symbols. A flag, for instance, may stand for a specific country, and yet there is no intrinsic connection between the specific colors and the country for which they stand. They have been accepted as denoting that particular country, and we translate the visual impression of the flag into the concept of that country, again on conventional grounds. The opposite to the conventional symbol is the accidental symbol, although they have one thing in common: there is no intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it symbolizes. Let us assume that someone has had a saddening experience in a certain city; when he hears the name of that city, he will easily connect the name with a mood of sadness, just as he would connect it with a mood of joy had his experience been a happy one. Quite obviously, there is nothing in the nature of the city that is either sad or joyful. It is the individual experience connected with the city that makes it a symbol of a mood. The same reaction could occur in connection with a house, a street, a certain dress, certain scenery, or anything once connected with a specific mood. We might find ourselves dreaming that we are in a certain city. We ask ourselves why we happened to think of that city in our sleep and may discover that we had fallen asleep in a mood similar to the one symbolized by the city. The picture in the dream represents this mood, the city “stands for” the mood once experienced in it. The connection between the symbol and the experience symbolized is entirely accidental. The universal symbol is one in which there is an intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it represents. Take, for instance, the symbol of fire. We are fascinated by certain qualities of fire in a fireplace. First of all, by its aliveness. It changes continuously, it moves all the time, and yet there is constancy in it. It remains the same without being the same. It gives the impression of power, of energy, of grace and lightness. It is as if it were dancing, and had an inexhaustible source of energy. When we use fire as a symbol, we describe the inner experience characterized by the same elements which we notice in the sensory experience of fire the mood of energy, lightness, movement, grace, gaiety, sometimes one, sometimes another of these elements being predominant in the feeling. The universal symbol is the only one in which the relationship between the symbol and that which is symbolized is not coincidental, but intrinsic. It is rooted in the experience of the affinity between an emotion or thought, on the one hand, and a sensory experience, on the other. It can be called universal because it is shared by all men, in contrast not only to the accidental symbol, which is by its very nature entirely personal, but also to the conventional symbol, which is restricted to a group of people sharing the same convention. The universal symbol is rooted in the properties of our body, our senses, and our mind, which are common to all men and, therefore, not restricted to individuals or to specific groups. Indeed, the language of the universal symbol is the one common tongue developed by the human race, a language which it forgot before it succeeded in developing a universal conventional language. 91. The passage is primarily concerned with ________. A. refuting an argument B. illustrating an axiom C. describing a process D. proving a thesis E. refining a definition 92. According to paragraph 2 and 3, “table” and “phooey” differ in that ________. A. only one is a conventional symbol B. “table” is a better-known symbol than “phooey” C. “phooey” has an intrinsic natural link with its meaning D. children learn “phooey” more readily than they learn “table” E. only one is used exclusively by children 93. It can be inferred from the passage that another example of a word with both inherent and conventional associations to its meaning is ________. A. hiss B. hike C. hold D. candle E. telephone 94. The author contends that conventional symbols ________. A. are less meaningful than accidental ones B. necessarily have an innate connection with an emotion C. can be pictorial as well as linguistic D. are less familiar than universal symbols E. appeal chiefly to conventionally minded people 95. Which of the following would the author be most likely to categorize as a conventional symbol? A. a country road B. a patchwork quilt C. a bonfire D. the city of London E. the Statue of Liberty 96. According to the author’s argument, a relationship between the city of Paris and the mood of joy can best be described as ________. A. innate B. dreamlike C. elemental D. coincidental E. immutable 97. A major factor distinguishing a universal symbol from conventional and accidental symbols is ________ A. its origins in sensory experience B. its dependence on a specific occasion C. the intensity of the mood experienced D. its unmemorable nature E. its appeal to the individual 98. Which of the following would the author most likely categorize as a universal symbol? A. the letters f-i-r-e B. the letters p-h-o-o-e-y C. a red dress D. an American flag E. water in a stream 99. The word “properties” in the last paragraph means ________. A. possessions B. attributes C. investments D. titles E. grounds 100. The author contends in the last paragraph that the language of the universal symbol ________. A. antedates the development of everyday conventional language B. restricts itself to those capable of comprehending symbolism C. should be adopted as the common tongue for the human race D. grew out of human efforts to create a universal conventional language E. developed accidentally from the human desire to communicate 【答案】91. E 92. C 93. A 94. C 95. E 96. D 97. A 98. E 99. B 100. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了埃里希·弗洛姆对符号的分类，阐述了传统符号、偶然符号和通用符号的特点及区别。 【91题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“One of the current definitions of a symbol is that it is “something that stands for something else.” We can differentiate between three kinds of symbols: the conventional, the accidental, and the universal symbol. (目前对符号的定义之一是“代表其他事物的东西”。我们可以区分三种符号：传统符号、偶然符号和通用符号。)”可知，文章先给出符号的定义，再细化分类并分别阐述，核心是完善符号的定义。故选E项。 【92题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“What is the connection between the word “table” and the thing “table”? Is there any inherent relationship between them? Obviously not. (“桌子”这个词和“桌子”这个东西之间有什么联系呢？它们之间有什么内在的关系吗？显然没有。)”以及第三段中的“When we say “phooey,” for instance, we make with our lips a movement of dispelling the air quickly. It is an expression of disgust in which our mouths participate. By this quick expulsion of air we imitate and thus express our intention to expel something, to get it out of our system. In this case, as in some others, the symbol has an inherent connection with the feeling it symbolizes. (例如，当我们说“呸”的时候，嘴唇会做出快速呼气的动作。这是一种包含口腔动作的厌恶表达。通过这种快速呼气，我们模仿并以此表达想要排出某物、将其从自己体内清除的意图。在这种情况下，和其他一些例子一样，这个符号与其所象征的情感之间存在着内在的联系。)”可知，“table”与所指事物无内在联系，而“phooey”与其象征的情感有内在自然联系，这是二者的区别。故选C项。 【93题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“When we say “phooey,” for instance, we make with our lips a movement of dispelling the air quickly. It is an expression of disgust in which our mouths participate. By this quick expulsion of air we imitate and thus express our intention to expel something, to get it out of our system. In this case, as in some others, the symbol has an inherent connection with the feeling it symbolizes. (例如，当我们说“呸”的时候，嘴唇会做出快速呼气的动作。这是一种包含口腔动作的厌恶表达。通过这种快速呼气，我们模仿并以此表达想要排出某物、将其从自己体内清除的意图。在这种情况下，和其他一些例子一样，这个符号与其所象征的情感之间存在着内在的联系。)”可知，既有内在联系又有传统联系的词，其发音或动作与所表达的意思有天然关联，同时也被约定俗成地使用，“hiss”（嘶嘶声）模拟了蛇等发出的声音，与所表达的意思有内在联系，同时也是约定俗成的词汇，符合这一特点。故选A项。 【94题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Words are not the only illustration for conventional symbols, although they are the most frequent and best-known ones. Pictures also can be conventional symbols. (词语并不是传统符号的唯一例证，尽管它们是最常见和最知名的。图片也可以是传统符号。)”可知，传统符号既可以是语言上的（词语），也可以是图像上的（图片）。故选C项。 【95题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“A flag, for instance, may stand for a specific country, and yet there is no intrinsic connection between the specific colors and the country for which they stand. They have been accepted as denoting that particular country, and we translate the visual impression of the flag into the concept of that country, again on conventional grounds. (例如，一面旗帜可能代表一个特定的国家，但特定的颜色和它所代表的国家之间没有内在的联系。它们被公认为是那个特定国家的标志，我们又一次根据惯例把旗帜的视觉印象转化为那个国家的概念。)”可知，传统符号与所代表事物无内在联系，是约定俗成的。自由女神像是美国的象征，这种关联是约定俗成的，无内在联系，属于传统符号。故选E项。 【96题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The opposite to the conventional symbol is the accidental symbol, although they have one thing in common: there is no intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it symbolizes. Let us assume that someone has had a saddening experience in a certain city; when he hears the name of that city, he will easily connect the name with a mood of sadness, just as he would connect it with a mood of joy had his experience been a happy one. (与传统符号相对的是偶然符号，尽管它们有一个共同点：符号和它所象征的东西之间没有内在的关系。让我们假设有人在某个城市有过悲伤的经历；当他听到那个城市的名字时，他会很容易地把这个名字和悲伤的情绪联系起来，就像如果他的经历是快乐的，他会把它和快乐的情绪联系起来一样。)”可知，城市与某种情绪的联系是偶然的，无内在关系。巴黎与快乐情绪的关系同理，是偶然的。故选D项。 【97题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The universal symbol is the only one in which the relationship between the symbol and that which is symbolized is not coincidental, but intrinsic. It is rooted in the experience of the affinity between an emotion or thought, on the one hand, and a sensory experience, on the other. (通用符号是唯一一种符号和它所象征的东西之间的关系不是偶然的，而是内在的。它一方面植根于情感或思想之间的亲和力体验，另一方面植根于感官体验。)”可知，通用符号与传统符号和偶然符号的主要区别在于它源于感官体验，与所象征事物有内在联系。故选A项。 【98题详解】 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The universal symbol is one in which there is an intrinsic relationship between the symbol and that which it represents. (通用符号是指符号与其所代表的事物之间存在内在联系的一种符号。)”以及下文中以“火”这一象征为例的介绍可知，通用符号与感官体验有内在联系。通用符号与其所代表事物有内在联系。溪流中的水具有流动、变化等特性，常与生命、时间等形成内在关联，属于通用符号。故选E项。 【99题详解】 词句猜测题。根据最后一段中的“The universal symbol is rooted in the properties of our body, our senses, and our mind, which are common to all men and, therefore, not restricted to individuals or to specific groups. (通用符号植根于我们的身体、感官和思想的properties，这些是所有人共有的，因此不限于个人或特定群体。)”可知，这些是所有人共有的，因此不限于个人或特定群体，由此可知，划线单词“properties”指的是身体、感官和思想所共有的特性，即“attributes（属性，特征）”。故选B项。 【100题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Indeed, the language of the universal symbol is the one common tongue developed by the human race, a language which it forgot before it succeeded in developing a universal conventional language. (事实上，通用符号的语言是人类发展起来的一种共同语言，在成功发展出一种通用的传统语言之前，人类就忘记了这种语言。)”可知，通用符号的语言早于日常传统语言的发展。故选A项。 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $