Unit1 Decisions（知识清单） 英语沪教版2020选择修性必修第二册

Unit 1 Decisions 知识清单（答案版） 一、核心词汇 单词 释义 拓展 vocation n. 职业 vocational (adj.) 职业的 callings (n.) 天职 livelihood n. 生计 find one’s true vocation找到真正的职业 impress v. 使钦佩；留下印象 impressive (adj.) 令人印象深刻的 impression (n.) 印象 impress sb with sth以某事打动某人 segregation n. racial segregation 种族隔离 反义：integration（融合） boycott v./n. 抵制；拒绝参与 launch a boycott发起抵制 例句：They boycotted the bus company to protest discrimination. humiliate v. 羞辱 humiliation (n.) 屈辱 近义：disgrace使丢脸 mission n. 使命 on a mission执行任务 Her mission is to promote equality. 【熟词生义】 1. fire 常见义：火 (n.) 生义：解雇 (v.) 例句：He was fired for breaking the rules. 2. bare 常见义：裸露的 (adj.) 生义：空的；无内容的 (adj.) 例句：His notebook was bare after the interview. 3. rough 常见义：粗糙的 (adj.) 生义：不舒服的 (adj.) 例句：She felt rough after the long journey. 【随手练】词形转换 1.Her work in providing clean water to remote villages is truly___________ (impress) 2.The __________ of schools by race was once a common practice in some parts of the country. (segregate) 3.After years of unfulfilling jobs, she finally found her true ___________ as a teacher. (vocational) 4.The community organized a _______ of goods from companies with unfair labor practices. (boycott) 5.He felt a deep sense of ____________ after being criticized so harshly in front of his colleagues. (humiliate) 二、高频短语 短语 释义 拓展 gain a livelihood 谋生 [同]make a living He gained a livelihood by writing articles. show sb the ropes 教某人入门 The senior reporter showed me the ropes. rise to the challenge 迎接挑战 [近]face difficulties She rose to the challenge and won the competition. in a nutshell 简而言之 in short / to sum up In a nutshell, the project was a success. take a stand against Rosa Parks took a stand against racial discrimination. 【随手记】写作素材积累 ·He gained a humble livelihood through sheer hard work, which taught me the value of perseverance.他通过纯粹的辛勤工作谋得一份朴素的生计，这教会了我坚持不懈的价值。 ·A supportive community is vital, as experienced members can show newcomers the ropes, creating a cycle of kindness and cooperation.一个互助的社区至关重要，因为有经验的成员可以指导新人，从而形成一个善良与合作的循环。 ·In a nutshell, while technology brings convenience, we must be cautious of its overuse.简而言之，虽然科技带来了便利，但我们必须警惕对它的过度使用。 ·It is our responsibility to take a stand against social injustices, such as discrimination and bullying.反对社会不公，如歧视和霸凌，是我们的责任。 三、重点用法：不定式 不定式的根本形式是 to + 动词原形。在某些情况下，to 会省略，称为“裸不定式（Bare Infinitive）”。 （一）不定式的功能（句法作用） 不定式虽然不是谓语动词，但因为它由动词构成，所以保留了动词的某些特性（比如可以带宾语、可以被状语修饰），同时它在句子里可以充当除谓语以外的几乎所有成分。 1. 作主语 (Subject) To master a language requires patience and practice.掌握一门语言需要耐心和练习。 To err is human; to forgive is divine.犯错乃人之常情，宽恕乃神之行为。 在表达中常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语不定式放在句尾，使句子更平衡。 It requires patience and practice to master a language. It is important to be honest. 2. 作宾语 (Object) 常接在及物动词后面，如：want, hope, decide, agree, plan, learn, promise, refuse, manage 等。 She wants to become a doctor.她想成为一名医生。 He decided to study abroad next year.他决定明年出国留学。 They managed to finish the project on time.他们设法按时完成了项目。 3. 作宾语补足语 (Object Complement) 对宾语进行补充说明，表示宾语的动作或状态。 常见动词：ask, tell, want, encourage, advise, allow, force, invite, expect 等。 My parents encouraged me to try again.我的父母鼓励我再试一次。 The teacher asked the students to be quiet.老师要求学生们保持安静。 4. 作表语 (Predicative) 放在系动词（如 be, seem, appear）后面，说明主语的内容。 His dream is to travel around the world.他的梦想是环游世界。 The most important thing is to never give up.最重要的是永不放弃。 5. 作定语 (Attribute) 放在名词或代词后面，修饰这个名词，表示“要...的”。 I have a lot of homework to do tonight.我今晚有很多作业要做。 She is the best person to talk to about this issue.她是讨论这个问题的最佳人选。 There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。 6. 作状语 (Adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，表示目的、结果、原因等。 ·目的状语 (Purpose)：为了... He saved money to buy a new car. (他省钱是为了买新车。) In order to / So as to 语气更强，更正式。 ·结果状语 (Result)：常用到 too...to...（太...而不能...）或 enough to...（足够...能...） She was too tired to walk. (她太累了，走不动了。) He is old enough to make his own decisions. (他足够大了，可以自己做决定。) ·原因状语 (Reason)：常跟在表示情感的形容词后（glad, sad, happy, surprised, disappointed, etc.) I'm very glad to see you. (很高兴见到你。) We were surprised to hear the news. (听到这个消息我们很惊讶。) (二)不定式的时态和语态 不定式也有“时态”和“语态”的变化，用来表示它与主句谓语动作发生的时间先后关系以及主被动关系。 一般式 to do to be done 动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 动作在谓语动作之前已经完成 进行式 to be doing 动作在谓语动作发生时正在进行 完成进行式 to have been doing 动作在谓语动作之前开始并一直持续 一般式 (主动)：He seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。【同时】 一般式 (被动)：The house needs to be cleaned. 这房子需要被打扫。【之后】 完成式 (主动)：I'm sorry to have disturbed you.很抱歉打扰了您。【之前已完成】 完成式 (被动)：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这本书已经被翻译成多种语言。【之前已完成且被动】 进行式：He pretended to be reading when I came in. 我进来时，他假装正在看书。【正在进行】 三、何时省略 “to”？ 1.在大多数情态动词后：can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must。 You must finish your work. She can speak three languages. 2.在使役动词后：let, make, have。 Let me help you. The movie made me cry. (被动语态时要加回to: I was made to cry by the movie.) I'll have him call you back. 3.在感官动词后：see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe。 I saw him enter the building. (强调看到动作全过程) I heard her sing a beautiful song. (对比：I heard her singing... 强调听到时正在唱) 4.在固定搭配中：如 had better, would rather, cannot but, do nothing but 等。 You had better go now. I would rather stay at home. 【随手练】 1. The teacher encouraged us ______ harder for the final exam. A. working B. to work C. work D. worked 2. It's important ______ the environment for future generations. A. protecting B. to protect C. protect D. protected 3. I didn't mean ______ you. I was just joking. A. to hurt B. hurting C. hurt D. to hurting 4. The problem is too complicated ______ in such a short time. A. to solve B. solving C. to be solved D. solved 5. She seems ______ the news already. She didn't look surprised at all. A. to know B. to have known C. knowing D. know 6. My parents made me ______ my homework before I could go out to play. A. to finish B. finishing C. finish D. finished 7. I'm looking for a room ______. A. to live B. for living C. to live in D. living in 8. He is said ______ a novel about his experiences abroad next year. A. to publish B. to be publishing C. to have published D. to be published 9. We were all delighted ______ at the party last night. A. to see B. to have seen C. seeing D. see 10. Let me ______ you with those heavy boxes. A. to help B. helping C. help D. helped 四、主题写作：求职信 假定你是李华，你从某招聘网站（careers.com）上得知一家知名科技公司（TechGlobal Inc.）正在招聘暑期实习生（summer intern），职位是市场助理（Marketing Assistant）。请你用英文写一封求职信，内容应包括： 1. 说明你如何得知该招聘信息并申请该职位； 2. 简要介绍你的个人背景（如：所在大学、专业、年级）； 3. 阐述你为何能胜任该职位（如：相关课程、技能、经历或个人品质）； 4. 请求面试机会并告知你的联系方式。 注意： 1. 词数100左右； 2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3. 书信格式已给出（如下所示）。 Dear HR Manager, ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua --- 范文 (Model Answer) Dear HR Manager, I am writing to apply for the position of Marketing Assistant intern advertised on your company's page on careers.com. I am deeply impressed by TechGlobal's innovative products and believe this role would be a perfect opportunity to contribute and learn. I am Li Hua, a sophomore majoring in Marketing at Beijing University. My academic studies have provided me with a solid foundation in market research and consumer behavior. Furthermore, I am proficient in using social media platforms and have experience managing my university club's online presence, which significantly increased our follower engagement. I am a highly motivated, quick learner with strong communication skills, eager to apply my theoretical knowledge in a practical setting. I am confident that I can be a valuable asset to your marketing team. I have attached my resume for your review and would welcome the chance to discuss my application further in an interview. Thank you for your time and consideration. Yours sincerely, Li Hua 范文解析与亮点 1.结构清晰: 严格遵循了求职信的经典结构： 第一段： 开门见山，说明信息来源和申请意图。 第二段： 介绍背景，将所学课程（ theoretical knowledge）和实际技能/经历（practical skills）结合，紧扣职位要求。 第三段： 强调个人软实力（soft skills）和热情，展示自信。 第四段： 礼貌请求面试，提供联系方式，并表示感谢。 2.专业词汇: apply for the position of...：申请...职位 advertised on...：刊登在...上的广告 be deeply impressed by...：对...印象深刻 a sophomore majoring in...：主修...的大二学生 a solid foundation in...：在...方面有扎实的基础 proficient in...：精通... manage online presence：管理网络形象 follower engagement：粉丝互动 a valuable asset：有价值的资产 attach my resume：附上我的简历 3. 句式多样 (Varied Sentence Patterns): 使用了定语从句 (which significantly increased...) 使用了并列句 (I am..., quick learner..., and eager to...) 4. 语气得体 (Appropriate Tone): 语气自信、礼貌、真诚，符合商务书信的规范。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 1 Decisions 知识清单（答案版） 思维导图： 一、核心词汇 单词 释义 拓展 vocation n. 职业 vocational (adj.) 职业的 callings (n.) 天职 livelihood n. 生计 find one’s true vocation找到真正的职业 impress v. 使钦佩；留下印象 impressive (adj.) 令人印象深刻的 impression (n.) 印象 impress sb with sth以某事打动某人 segregation n. racial segregation 种族隔离 反义：integration（融合） boycott v./n. 抵制；拒绝参与 launch a boycott发起抵制 例句：They boycotted the bus company to protest discrimination. humiliate v. 羞辱 humiliation (n.) 屈辱 近义：disgrace使丢脸 mission n. 使命 on a mission执行任务 Her mission is to promote equality. 【熟词生义】 1. fire 常见义：火 (n.) 生义：解雇 (v.) 例句：He was fired for breaking the rules. 2. bare 常见义：裸露的 (adj.) 生义：空的；无内容的 (adj.) 例句：His notebook was bare after the interview. 3. rough 常见义：粗糙的 (adj.) 生义：不舒服的 (adj.) 例句：She felt rough after the long journey. 【随手练】词形转换 1.Her work in providing clean water to remote villages is truly impressive. (impress) 2.The segregation of schools by race was once a common practice in some parts of the country. (segregate) 3.After years of unfulfilling jobs, she finally found her true vocation as a teacher. (vocational) 4.The community organized a boycott of goods from companies with unfair labor practices. (boycott) 5.He felt a deep sense of humiliation after being criticized so harshly in front of his colleagues. (humiliate) 二、高频短语 短语 释义 拓展 gain a livelihood 谋生 [同]make a living He gained a livelihood by writing articles. show sb the ropes 教某人入门 The senior reporter showed me the ropes. rise to the challenge 迎接挑战 [近]face difficulties She rose to the challenge and won the competition. in a nutshell 简而言之 in short / to sum up In a nutshell, the project was a success. take a stand against Rosa Parks took a stand against racial discrimination. 【随手记】写作素材积累 ·He gained a humble livelihood through sheer hard work, which taught me the value of perseverance.他通过纯粹的辛勤工作谋得一份朴素的生计，这教会了我坚持不懈的价值。 ·A supportive community is vital, as experienced members can show newcomers the ropes, creating a cycle of kindness and cooperation.一个互助的社区至关重要，因为有经验的成员可以指导新人，从而形成一个善良与合作的循环。 ·In a nutshell, while technology brings convenience, we must be cautious of its overuse.简而言之，虽然科技带来了便利，但我们必须警惕对它的过度使用。 ·It is our responsibility to take a stand against social injustices, such as discrimination and bullying.反对社会不公，如歧视和霸凌，是我们的责任。 三、重点用法：不定式 不定式的根本形式是 to + 动词原形。在某些情况下，to 会省略，称为“裸不定式（Bare Infinitive）”。 （一）不定式的功能（句法作用） 不定式虽然不是谓语动词，但因为它由动词构成，所以保留了动词的某些特性（比如可以带宾语、可以被状语修饰），同时它在句子里可以充当除谓语以外的几乎所有成分。 1. 作主语 (Subject) To master a language requires patience and practice.掌握一门语言需要耐心和练习。 To err is human; to forgive is divine.犯错乃人之常情，宽恕乃神之行为。 在表达中常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语不定式放在句尾，使句子更平衡。 It requires patience and practice to master a language. It is important to be honest. 2. 作宾语 (Object) 常接在及物动词后面，如：want, hope, decide, agree, plan, learn, promise, refuse, manage 等。 She wants to become a doctor.她想成为一名医生。 He decided to study abroad next year.他决定明年出国留学。 They managed to finish the project on time.他们设法按时完成了项目。 3. 作宾语补足语 (Object Complement) 对宾语进行补充说明，表示宾语的动作或状态。 常见动词：ask, tell, want, encourage, advise, allow, force, invite, expect 等。 My parents encouraged me to try again.我的父母鼓励我再试一次。 The teacher asked the students to be quiet.老师要求学生们保持安静。 4. 作表语 (Predicative) 放在系动词（如 be, seem, appear）后面，说明主语的内容。 His dream is to travel around the world.他的梦想是环游世界。 The most important thing is to never give up.最重要的是永不放弃。 5. 作定语 (Attribute) 放在名词或代词后面，修饰这个名词，表示“要...的”。 I have a lot of homework to do tonight.我今晚有很多作业要做。 She is the best person to talk to about this issue.她是讨论这个问题的最佳人选。 There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。 6. 作状语 (Adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，表示目的、结果、原因等。 ·目的状语 (Purpose)：为了... He saved money to buy a new car. (他省钱是为了买新车。) In order to / So as to 语气更强，更正式。 ·结果状语 (Result)：常用到 too...to...（太...而不能...）或 enough to...（足够...能...） She was too tired to walk. (她太累了，走不动了。) He is old enough to make his own decisions. (他足够大了，可以自己做决定。) ·原因状语 (Reason)：常跟在表示情感的形容词后（glad, sad, happy, surprised, disappointed, etc.) I'm very glad to see you. (很高兴见到你。) We were surprised to hear the news. (听到这个消息我们很惊讶。) (二)不定式的时态和语态 不定式也有“时态”和“语态”的变化，用来表示它与主句谓语动作发生的时间先后关系以及主被动关系。 一般式 to do to be done 动作与谓语动作同时发生或在其后发生 完成式 to have done to have been done 动作在谓语动作之前已经完成 进行式 to be doing 动作在谓语动作发生时正在进行 完成进行式 to have been doing 动作在谓语动作之前开始并一直持续 一般式 (主动)：He seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。【同时】 一般式 (被动)：The house needs to be cleaned. 这房子需要被打扫。【之后】 完成式 (主动)：I'm sorry to have disturbed you.很抱歉打扰了您。【之前已完成】 完成式 (被动)：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这本书已经被翻译成多种语言。【之前已完成且被动】 进行式：He pretended to be reading when I came in. 我进来时，他假装正在看书。【正在进行】 三、何时省略 “to”？ 1.在大多数情态动词后：can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must。 You must finish your work. She can speak three languages. 2.在使役动词后：let, make, have。 Let me help you. The movie made me cry. (被动语态时要加回to: I was made to cry by the movie.) I'll have him call you back. 3.在感官动词后：see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe。 I saw him enter the building. (强调看到动作全过程) I heard her sing a beautiful song. (对比：I heard her singing... 强调听到时正在唱) 4.在固定搭配中：如 had better, would rather, cannot but, do nothing but 等。 You had better go now. I would rather stay at home. 【随手练】 1. The teacher encouraged us ______ harder for the final exam. A. working B. to work C. work D. worked 2. It's important ______ the environment for future generations. A. protecting B. to protect C. protect D. protected 3. I didn't mean ______ you. I was just joking. A. to hurt B. hurting C. hurt D. to hurting 4. The problem is too complicated ______ in such a short time. A. to solve B. solving C. to be solved D. solved 5. She seems ______ the news already. She didn't look surprised at all. A. to know B. to have known C. knowing D. know 6. My parents made me ______ my homework before I could go out to play. A. to finish B. finishing C. finish D. finished 7. I'm looking for a room ______. A. to live B. for living C. to live in D. living in 8. He is said ______ a novel about his experiences abroad next year. A. to publish B. to be publishing C. to have published D. to be published 9. We were all delighted ______ at the party last night. A. to see B. to have seen C. seeing D. see 10. Let me ______ you with those heavy boxes. A. to help B. helping C. help D. helped 1. B. to work 解析：动词 encourage 的固定用法是 encourage sb to do sth（鼓励某人做某事），后面需要接带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语。 2. B. to protect 解析：这是一个 It is + adj. + to do sth 的句型。It 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式 to protect the environment。 3. A. to hurt 解析：动词 mean 表示“打算”时，后面接不定式 mean to do sth。句意是“我并非有意伤害你”。 4. C. to be solved 解析：本题考查 too...to...（太...而不能...）结构。问题（problem）和解决（solve）之间是被动关系，意为“问题太复杂了以至于不能被解决”，所以要用不定式的被动式 to be solved。A选项 to solve 是主动，逻辑不通。 5. B. to have known 解析：本题考查不定式的时态。从句意“她看起来一点都不惊讶”可知，“知道（know）”这个动作发生在“看起来（seems）”之前，所以要用不定式的完成式 to have known 来表示动作已完成。 6. C. finish 解析：使役动词 make 在主动语态中，其用法是 make sb do sth（让某人做某事），后面接省略 to 的不定式（即动词原形）作宾语补足语。 7. C. to live in 解析：不定式 to live in 作后置定语修饰名词 room。Live 是不及物动词，不能直接接宾语，必须加上介词 in 才能与 a room 构成逻辑上的动宾关系，意为“一个可以居住的房间”。 8. A. to publish 解析：本题考查 sb is said to do（据说某人将/会...）结构。根据时间状语 next year（明年）可知，publish（出版）这个动作尚未发生，所以用不定式的一般式 to publish 即可。 9. B. to have seen 解析：本题考查不定式作原因状语。形容词 delighted（高兴的）后面常接不定式说明原因。因为“看见（see）”这个动作发生在“高兴（were delighted）”之前（昨晚的派对上），所以应该用完成式 to have seen，表示“因为昨晚见到了你而感到高兴”。 10. C. help 解析：使役动词 let 的用法是 let sb do sth（让某人做某事），后面必须接省略 to 的不定式（即动词原形）作宾语补足语。 四、主题写作： 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$