内容正文:
编写说明:2026版湖北省(技能高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》,依据最新版《中等职业学校英语课程标准》、《中职升学考试复习指导》及历年高考真题进行编写。本资料将高考必备知识进行科学划分,系统总结归纳知识点,全面梳理高考题型。本专辑共三大部分:第一部分是按照基础语法知识点编写的语法知识清单,第二部分是针对课程标准和高考真题中高频词汇的语言知识清单,第三部分是依据各个高考题型编写的题型技巧清单。每份资料均配备配套讲义、课件和练习题。
本专题是2026版湖北省(技能高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》中语法知识清单的第17个专题,内容为定语从句。
2026版湖北省(技能高考)一轮复习
英语语法知识清单
专题17 定语从句(讲+练)
【考点解读】
湖北省技能高考是面向中等职业学校毕业生的选拔性考试,包括文化综合考试和技能考试。其中,文化综合考试中的英语科目涉及定语从句的考点。以下是对湖北省技能高考定语从句考点的解读:
考点内容:根据 2025 年湖北省普通高等学校招收中等职业学校毕业生技能高考文化综合考试大纲,英语科目中定语从句的考点包括:考查考生定语从句的判断,定语从句关系词的选择,非限制性定语从句的判断和使用。
考查形式:在单选题中进行选择,要求学生能够选择正确的关系词,其本质上要求学生能够判断出定语从句,再进一步判断从句中是否缺成分,再而进行正确的关系词选择。
备考要点:考生在备考时,对定语从句的掌握需要熟悉其考查方式和解题思路,提高答题的准确率,在具体做题过程中注意细节点差异,注意关系代词和关系副词的区分,根据考点要求进行思考,有目的,有针对性地进行备考。
【知识点清单一】核心概念和构成
【要点精讲】
定义:定语从句依附于主句存在,通过关系词连接,对先行词(被修饰的名词 / 代词)进行限定、描述或补充说明。
1.构成三要素:
先行词:指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词(可以是人、物、时间、地点等)。它是定语从句存在的前提,决定了从句的修饰对象。
例:The book (先行词,指物) that you lent me is interesting.
The girl (先行词,指人) who is smiling is my classmate.
关系词
连接主句和定语从句的词,有两个核心作用:
连接作用:把主句和定语从句连在一起,保证句子结构完整。
替代作用:在从句中替代先行词,同时充当从句的某个成分(如主语、宾语、状语等)。
例:This is the park where (关系词) we played last week.(where 替代先行词 the park,在从句中作地点状语)
The teacher whom (关系词) you met yesterday is very kind.(whom 替代先行词 the teacher,在从句中作宾语)
定语从句
由关系词引导的从句,本身是一个完整的句子结构(包含主语、谓语等),但必须依附于主句,通过修饰先行词来丰富句子意思。
2.本质作用:限定或补充说明先行词
定语从句的核心功能是对先行词进行 “描述、限定或补充信息”,让读者更清楚先行词的具体内容。
比如 “a girl” 只是一个模糊的概念,加上定语从句后:“a girl who is reading a book”(一个正在看书的女孩),就明确了 “女孩” 的状态。
再如 “the city”,通过定语从句 “the city where I was born”(我出生的城市),就具体指出了是哪个城市。
3.基本结构:嵌入主句中的修饰成分
定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后,形成 “主句(包含先行词)+ 关系词 + 定语从句” 的结构。
例:主句:I know the man.
定语从句:He is a doctor.
合并(用关系词 who 连接):I know the man who is a doctor.
这里,“who is a doctor” 就是定语从句,紧跟先行词 “the man”,通过关系词 “who” 连接,明确了 “the man” 的身份。
简单来说,定语从句就像给名词 “加注解”—— 通过一个句子详细说明这个名词 “是什么样的、是谁的、在哪里、在什么时候” 等信息,让表达更具体、准确。理解了 “先行词被从句修饰,关系词连接并替代先行词在从句中作成分” 这一点,就能掌握定语从句的基本逻辑啦。
【即时训练】
1.The school ______ he once studied is very famous.
A. where B. which C. that D. who
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “他曾经学习过的那所学校非常有名”。先行词是 “the school”,表示地点,在从句 “he once studied” 中作地点状语,即 “he once studied in the school” ,所以要用关系副词 where 引导定语从句。所以选 A
2.This is the book ______ I bought last week.
A. what B. who C. which D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “这就是我上周买的那本书”。先行词是 “the book”,指物,在从句 “I bought last week” 中作 bought 的宾语,关系代词 which 可以指代物且在从句中作宾语,所以选 C;what 不能引导定语从句;who 和 whom 指代人,不符合语境。所以选C
3.The man ______ is standing over there is my teacher.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “站在那边的那个人是我的老师”。先行词是 “the man”,指人,在从句 “is standing over there” 中作主语,关系代词 who 指代人且在从句中作主语,所以选 C;whom 指代人,但在从句中作宾语;which 指代物;whose 表示 “谁的”,不符合句子结构。所以选C
4.I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time.
A. when B. which C. that D. what
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那一天”。先行词是 “the day”,表示时间,在从句 “we met for the first time” 中作时间状语,即 “we met for the first time on the day”,所以要用关系副词 when 引导定语从句。所以选 A
5. The house ______ roof was damaged has now been repaired.
A. which B. whose C. who D. that
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “屋顶受损的那座房子现在已经修好了”。先行词是 “the house”,在从句 “roof was damaged” 中,“house” 和 “roof” 是所属关系,即 “the house's roof”,所以要用关系代词 whose,whose 在定语从句中可表示所属关系,修饰名词。所以选B
【知识点清单二】关系词的分类和用法
【要点精讲】
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,它们在从句中扮演不同角色,决定着从句的语法结构和语义。1.关系代词
关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语或定语,指代先行词(人或物)。常见关系代词包括who, whom, whose, which, that 。
who:指代人,在从句中作主语。
例:The girl who is singing on the stage is my sister.
(“who” 指代 “the girl”,在从句中作主语,句子意为 “在舞台上唱歌的女孩是我妹妹”)
whom:指代人,在从句中作宾语,可省略。
例:The man whom you met yesterday is a famous doctor.
(“whom” 指代 “the man”,作 “met” 的宾语,也可写成 “The man you met yesterday is a famous doctor.”,句子意为 “你昨天遇见的男人是一位著名医生”)
whose:指代人或物,在从句中作定语,表示 “…… 的”。
例:I know the boy whose father is a teacher.
(指人,“whose” 修饰 “father”,表示 “这个男孩的父亲”)
例:This is the house whose windows face south.
(指物,“whose” 修饰 “windows”,表示 “房子的窗户”)
which:指代物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。
例:The book which lies on the desk is mine.
(作主语,句子意为 “桌上的书是我的”)
例:The pen which he bought yesterday is very expensive.
(作宾语,可省略 “which”,写成 “The pen he bought yesterday is very expensive.”,句子意为 “他昨天买的钢笔很贵”)
that:指代人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略),但在某些特殊情况只能用 that:先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等不定代词修饰时。
例:All that glitters is not gold.(句子意为 “发光的并非都是金子”)
先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
例:This is the best film that I have ever seen.(句子意为 “这是我看过的最好的电影”)
先行词既有人又有物时。
例:They talked about the people and things that they remembered in school.(句子意为 “他们谈论了在学校里记得的人和事”)
2.关系副词
关系副词在定语从句中作状语,用于表示时间、地点或原因,常见关系副词包括when, where, why 。
when:指代时间,在从句中作时间状语,相当于 “介词 + which” 。
例:I still remember the day when we first met.(= I still remember the day on which we first met.,句子意为 “我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那天”)
where:指代地点,在从句中作地点状语,相当于 “介词 + which” 。
例:This is the city where I was born.(= This is the city in which I was born.,句子意为 “这就是我出生的城市”)
why:指代原因,在从句中作原因状语,相当于 “for + which” ,只用于先行词为 “reason” 的情况。
例:The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.(= The reason for which he was late was that he missed the bus.,句子意为 “他迟到的原因是错过了公交车”)
【即时训练】
1. The boy ______ is playing basketball is my brother.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “正在打篮球的男孩是我的弟弟”。先行词是 “the boy”,指人,关系词在从句 “is playing basketball” 中作主语,指代人且作主语时用关系代词 who,所以选 A。
2.This is the girl ______ I met at the party last night.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “这就是我昨晚在派对上遇见的女孩”。先行词是 “the girl”,指人,关系词在从句 “I met at the party last night” 中作 “met” 的宾语,指代人且作宾语时用 whom(也可省略,但选项中只有 whom 符合),因此选 B。
3.The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm has been repaired.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
【答案】C
【解析】意为 “屋顶在暴风雨中受损的那座房子已经修好了”。先行词是 “the house”,指物,从句 “roof was damaged in the storm” 需要表达 “房子的屋顶”,缺少定语,关系代词 whose 可表示 “…… 的”,修饰 “roof”,指代 “房子的”,所以选 C。
4.Do you like the book ______ I bought yesterday?
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
【答案】D
【解析】句意为 “你喜欢我昨天买的那本书吗?”。先行词是 “the book”,指物,关系词在从句 “I bought yesterday” 中作 “bought” 的宾语,指代物且作宾语时用 which(也可省略),所以选 D。
5.This is the most beautiful city ______ I have ever visited.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “这是我参观过的最美丽的城市”。先行词是 “the most beautiful city”,被形容词最高级修饰,此时关系代词只能用 that,不能用 which,所以选 B。
6. I still remember the day ______ we went to the beach together.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “我仍然记得我们一起去海滩的那天”。先行词是 “the day”,指时间,关系词在从句 “we went to the beach together” 中作时间状语,指代时间且作状语时用关系副词 when,相当于 “on which”,表示 “在那天”,所以选 A。
7.This is the school ______ my father works.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “这就是我父亲工作的学校”。先行词是 “the school”,指地点,关系词在从句 “my father works” 中作地点状语,指代地点且作状语时用关系副词 where,相当于 “in which”,表示 “在学校里”,所以选 B。
8.The reason ______ he didn't come to school is that he was ill.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “他没来上学的原因是他生病了”。先行词是 “the reason”,指原因,关系词在从句 “he didn't come to school” 中作原因状语,指代原因且作状语时用关系副词 why,相当于 “for which”,所以选 C。
9.The woman ______ I talked on the phone last night is my aunt.
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. which
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “昨晚和我通电话的女士是我的姑姑”。先行词是 “the woman”,指人,从句中 “talk” 与 “the woman” 存在 “talk with sb.” 的搭配关系,构成 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构,指代人且介词提前时用 whom,所以是 with whom,选 C。
10. The pen ______ he wrote the letter was lost.
A. which B. that C. with which D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “他用来写信的那支笔丢了”。先行词是 “the pen”,指物,从句中 “write” 与 “the pen” 存在 “write with a pen” 的搭配关系,构成 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构,指代物且介词提前时用 which,所以是 with which,选 C。
【知识点清单三】定语从句的分类
【要点精讲】
根据与先行词的关系紧密程度,分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:
类型
特点
例句
限制性定语从句
1. 无逗号分隔,与先行词关系紧密,不可省略;
2. 去掉后主句意思不完整。
The students who study hard will pass the exam.(“努力学习的” 是限定 “学生” 的关键信息,不可少)
非限制性定语从句
1. 有逗号分隔,对先行词进行补充说明,去掉后主句意思仍完整;
2. 关系词不能用 that,且不能省略。
My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Beijing.(补充说明 “姐姐是老师”,去掉后主句 “My sister lives in Beijing” 仍完整)
非限制性定语从句中,关系代词 which 可指代整个主句内容(此时先行词是主句,而非单个名词):
He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.(which 指代 “他通过考试” 这件事)
【即时训练】
1.My mother, ______ is a kind woman, always helps others.
A. that B. who C. which D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “我的妈妈,她是一个善良的女人,总是帮助别人”。此句是非限制性定语从句,用逗号将从句与主句隔开,对 “妈妈” 进行补充说明,去掉从句后 “ My mother always helps others” 意思仍完整。非限制性定语从句中关系词不能用 that,先行词 “my mother” 指人且在从句中作主语,所以用 who,选 B。
2. They visited the museum, ______ was built in the 19th century.
A. that B. who C. which D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “他们参观了这座博物馆,它建于 19 世纪”。该句是非限制性定语从句,先行词 “the museum” 指物,在从句中作主语,非限制性定语从句不能用 that,所以用关系代词 which,选 C。
3.The book ______ I bought yesterday is very interesting.
A. , that B. which C. that D. , whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “我昨天买的那本书非常有趣”。此句是限制性定语从句,“我昨天买的” 是限定 “书” 的关键信息,去掉后句子表意不清,且限制性定语从句无逗号,先行词 “the book” 指物,在从句中作宾语,关系代词可用 that 或 which(作宾语时可省略),选项中只有 that 符合,选 C。
4.He won the game, ______ made his friends excited.
A. that B. which C. who D. whom
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “他赢得了比赛,这让他的朋友们很兴奋”。在该句中,非限制性定语从句的关系代词 which 指代整个主句 “He won the game”,表示 “他赢得比赛” 这件事让朋友们兴奋,非限制性定语从句不能用 that,所以选 B。
5. My house, ______ I bought last year, has a big garden.
A. that B. who C. which D. whom
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “我的房子,我去年买的,有一个大花园”。该句是非限制性定语从句,用逗号分隔,对 “房子” 进行补充说明,先行词 “my house” 指物,在从句中作宾语,非限制性定语从句不能用 that,所以用关系代词 which,选 C。
【知识点清单四】“介词 + 关系代词” 结构
【要点精讲】
在定语从句中,“介词 + 关系代词” 结构用于当从句中的动词、形容词或名词与先行词存在固定的介词搭配关系,或需要通过介词表达特定逻辑时。该结构既能明确从句与先行词的语义联系,也能保证从句语法结构的完整。
1.结构构成
“介词 + 关系代词” 结构中,关系代词只能用whom(指代人)或which(指代物),不能用that;且关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语 。基本结构为:主句 + 先行词 + 介词 + which/whom + 定语从句
例:The woman with whom I talked yesterday is my teacher.(“with whom” 在从句中作 “talked” 的搭配介词宾语,先行词是 “the woman”)
2.介词的选择依据
根据从句中动词的固定搭配
若从句中的动词与某介词构成固定短语(如 look at, listen to, depend on 等),介词需提前至关系代词前。
例:This is the book which/that I am looking for.(正常语序)
→ This is the book for which I am looking.(“look for” 是固定搭配,将 for 提前)
例:The man whom/who she is waiting for is her boyfriend.
→ The man for whom she is waiting is her boyfriend.(“wait for” 是固定搭配,将 for 提前)
根据先行词与从句的逻辑关系
介词由先行词与从句中动词的语义关系决定。
例:The company which/that he works in is very famous.(正常语序)
→ The company in which he works is very famous.(先行词 “the company” 是 “work in” 的地点,in 表示 “在…… 里面”)
例:I'll never forget the day which/that we met on.(正常语序)
→ I'll never forget the day on which we met.(先行词 “the day” 是 “met on” 的时间,on 表示 “在…… 那天”)
根据从句中形容词的固定搭配
当从句中有与介词固定搭配的形容词时,介词同样提前。
例:He is the person whom/that I am familiar with.(正常语序)
→ He is the person with whom I am familiar.(“be familiar with” 是固定搭配,将 with 提前)
3.关系代词的使用规则
指人时:用 whom 作介词宾语 。
例:The man to whom you gave the book is my father.(“to whom” 作 “gave the book to” 的宾语,指代 “the man”)
指物时:用 which 作介词宾语 。
例:The pen with which he wrote the letter was broken.(“with which” 作 “wrote the letter with” 的宾语,指代 “the pen”)
4.特殊情况与注意事项
介词不能提前的情况:固定短语动词(如 look after, take care of, look forward to)中的介词不能拆开提前。
例:This is the baby (whom/that) she is looking after.(✓,“look after” 不能拆分,不能写成 “after whom she is looking”)
“名词 / 代词 + of + which/whom” 结构:用于表示整体与部分的关系。
例:I have many books, some of which are interesting.(“some of which” 表示 “其中一些书”,先行词是 “books”)
例:There are 50 students in our class, most of whom are girls.(“most of whom” 表示 “其中大多数学生”,先行词是 “students”)
whose 与 “of which” 的转换:当 whose 指物时,可与 “of which + 名词” 互换。
例:The house whose windows face south is mine.
→ The house the windows of which face south is mine.(都表示 “窗户朝南的房子”)
【即时训练】
1. This is the library ______ I often borrow books.
A. which B. from which C. that D. in that
【答案】B
【解析】句意为 “这就是我经常借书的图书馆”。先行词是 “the library”,从句 “ I often borrow books” 与先行词的逻辑关系为 “从图书馆借书”,存在 “borrow...from...” 的搭配,因此需将介词 from 提前,与关系代词 which 构成 “from which” 结构,选 B。
2.The man ______ you spoke just now is my manager.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. which
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “你刚才和他说话的那个人是我的经理”。先行词是 “the man”,指人,从句中 “speak” 与先行词搭配为 “speak to sb.”,表示 “和某人说话” ,所以将介词 to 提前,关系代词用 whom,构成 “to whom”,选 C。
3.She showed me the photo ______ she was proud.
A. of which B. which C. that D. in which
【答案】A
【解析】句意为 “她给我看了那张她引以为傲的照片”。先行词是 “the photo”,从句中 “proud” 与介词构成固定搭配 “be proud of”,表示 “为…… 感到骄傲”,因此需将 of 提前,与关系代词 which 构成 “of which”,选 A。
4.There are 30 students in our class, ______ are from the countryside.
A. most of who B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of which
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “我们班有 30 名学生,其中大多数来自农村”。先行词是 “30 students”,指人,此处需用 “名词 / 代词 + of + which/whom” 结构表示整体与部分的关系,指代人时用 whom,所以是 “most of whom” ,选 C。
5.The house ______ roof is red belongs to my uncle.
A. which B. whose C. of which the D. of which
【答案】C
【解析】句意为 “屋顶是红色的那座房子属于我叔叔”。先行词是 “the house”,指物,原句可用 whose 表达为 “The house whose roof is red...”,而 whose 指物时可与 “of which + 名词” 互换,即 “of which the roof”,所以选 C。
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编写说明:2026版湖北省(技能高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》,依据最新版《中等职业学校英语课程标准》、《中职升学考试复习指导》及历年高考真题进行编写。本资料将高考必备知识进行科学划分,系统总结归纳知识点,全面梳理高考题型。本专辑共三大部分:第一部分是按照基础语法知识点编写的语法知识清单,第二部分是针对课程标准和高考真题中高频词汇的语言知识清单,第三部分是依据各个高考题型编写的题型技巧清单。每份资料均配备配套讲义、课件和练习题。
本专题是2026版湖北省(技能高考)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》中语法知识清单的第17个专题,内容为定语从句。
2026版湖北省(技能高考)一轮复习
英语语法知识清单
专题17 定语从句(讲+练)
【考点解读】
湖北省技能高考是面向中等职业学校毕业生的选拔性考试,包括文化综合考试和技能考试。其中,文化综合考试中的英语科目涉及定语从句的考点。以下是对湖北省技能高考定语从句考点的解读:
考点内容:根据 2025 年湖北省普通高等学校招收中等职业学校毕业生技能高考文化综合考试大纲,英语科目中定语从句的考点包括:考查考生定语从句的判断,定语从句关系词的选择,非限制性定语从句的判断和使用。
考查形式:在单选题中进行选择,要求学生能够选择正确的关系词,其本质上要求学生能够判断出定语从句,再进一步判断从句中是否缺成分,再而进行正确的关系词选择。
备考要点:考生在备考时,对定语从句的掌握需要熟悉其考查方式和解题思路,提高答题的准确率,在具体做题过程中注意细节点差异,注意关系代词和关系副词的区分,根据考点要求进行思考,有目的,有针对性地进行备考。
【知识点清单一】核心概念和构成
【要点精讲】
定义:定语从句依附于主句存在,通过关系词连接,对先行词(被修饰的名词 / 代词)进行限定、描述或补充说明。
1.构成三要素:
先行词:指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词(可以是人、物、时间、地点等)。它是定语从句存在的前提,决定了从句的修饰对象。
例:The book (先行词,指物) that you lent me is interesting.
The girl (先行词,指人) who is smiling is my classmate.
关系词
连接主句和定语从句的词,有两个核心作用:
连接作用:把主句和定语从句连在一起,保证句子结构完整。
替代作用:在从句中替代先行词,同时充当从句的某个成分(如主语、宾语、状语等)。
例:This is the park where (关系词) we played last week.(where 替代先行词 the park,在从句中作地点状语)
The teacher whom (关系词) you met yesterday is very kind.(whom 替代先行词 the teacher,在从句中作宾语)
定语从句
由关系词引导的从句,本身是一个完整的句子结构(包含主语、谓语等),但必须依附于主句,通过修饰先行词来丰富句子意思。
2.本质作用:限定或补充说明先行词
定语从句的核心功能是对先行词进行 “描述、限定或补充信息”,让读者更清楚先行词的具体内容。
比如 “a girl” 只是一个模糊的概念,加上定语从句后:“a girl who is reading a book”(一个正在看书的女孩),就明确了 “女孩” 的状态。
再如 “the city”,通过定语从句 “the city where I was born”(我出生的城市),就具体指出了是哪个城市。
3.基本结构:嵌入主句中的修饰成分
定语从句通常紧跟在先行词之后,形成 “主句(包含先行词)+ 关系词 + 定语从句” 的结构。
例:主句:I know the man.
定语从句:He is a doctor.
合并(用关系词 who 连接):I know the man who is a doctor.
这里,“who is a doctor” 就是定语从句,紧跟先行词 “the man”,通过关系词 “who” 连接,明确了 “the man” 的身份。
简单来说,定语从句就像给名词 “加注解”—— 通过一个句子详细说明这个名词 “是什么样的、是谁的、在哪里、在什么时候” 等信息,让表达更具体、准确。理解了 “先行词被从句修饰,关系词连接并替代先行词在从句中作成分” 这一点,就能掌握定语从句的基本逻辑啦。
【即时训练】
1.The school ______ he once studied is very famous.
A. where B. which C. that D. who
2.This is the book ______ I bought last week.
A. what B. who C. which D. whom
3.The man ______ is standing over there is my teacher.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
4.I still remember the day ______ we met for the first time.
A. when B. which C. that D. what
5. The house ______ roof was damaged has now been repaired.
A. which B. whose C. who D. that
【知识点清单二】关系词的分类和用法
【要点精讲】
定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,它们在从句中扮演不同角色,决定着从句的语法结构和语义。1.关系代词
关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语或定语,指代先行词(人或物)。常见关系代词包括who, whom, whose, which, that 。
who:指代人,在从句中作主语。
例:The girl who is singing on the stage is my sister.
(“who” 指代 “the girl”,在从句中作主语,句子意为 “在舞台上唱歌的女孩是我妹妹”)
whom:指代人,在从句中作宾语,可省略。
例:The man whom you met yesterday is a famous doctor.
(“whom” 指代 “the man”,作 “met” 的宾语,也可写成 “The man you met yesterday is a famous doctor.”,句子意为 “你昨天遇见的男人是一位著名医生”)
whose:指代人或物,在从句中作定语,表示 “…… 的”。
例:I know the boy whose father is a teacher.
(指人,“whose” 修饰 “father”,表示 “这个男孩的父亲”)
例:This is the house whose windows face south.
(指物,“whose” 修饰 “windows”,表示 “房子的窗户”)
which:指代物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略)。
例:The book which lies on the desk is mine.
(作主语,句子意为 “桌上的书是我的”)
例:The pen which he bought yesterday is very expensive.
(作宾语,可省略 “which”,写成 “The pen he bought yesterday is very expensive.”,句子意为 “他昨天买的钢笔很贵”)
that:指代人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略),但在某些特殊情况只能用 that:先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等不定代词修饰时。
例:All that glitters is not gold.(句子意为 “发光的并非都是金子”)
先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
例:This is the best film that I have ever seen.(句子意为 “这是我看过的最好的电影”)
先行词既有人又有物时。
例:They talked about the people and things that they remembered in school.(句子意为 “他们谈论了在学校里记得的人和事”)
2.关系副词
关系副词在定语从句中作状语,用于表示时间、地点或原因,常见关系副词包括when, where, why 。
when:指代时间,在从句中作时间状语,相当于 “介词 + which” 。
例:I still remember the day when we first met.(= I still remember the day on which we first met.,句子意为 “我仍然记得我们第一次见面的那天”)
where:指代地点,在从句中作地点状语,相当于 “介词 + which” 。
例:This is the city where I was born.(= This is the city in which I was born.,句子意为 “这就是我出生的城市”)
why:指代原因,在从句中作原因状语,相当于 “for + which” ,只用于先行词为 “reason” 的情况。
例:The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.(= The reason for which he was late was that he missed the bus.,句子意为 “他迟到的原因是错过了公交车”)
【即时训练】
1. The boy ______ is playing basketball is my brother.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
2.This is the girl ______ I met at the party last night.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
3.The house ______ roof was damaged in the storm has been repaired.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
4.Do you like the book ______ I bought yesterday?
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
5.This is the most beautiful city ______ I have ever visited.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
6. I still remember the day ______ we went to the beach together.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
7.This is the school ______ my father works.
A. when B. where C. which D. that
8.The reason ______ he didn't come to school is that he was ill.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
9.The woman ______ I talked on the phone last night is my aunt.
A. who B. whom C. with whom D. which
10. The pen ______ he wrote the letter was lost.
A. which B. that C. with which D. whom
【知识点清单三】定语从句的分类
【要点精讲】
根据与先行词的关系紧密程度,分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:
类型
特点
例句
限制性定语从句
1. 无逗号分隔,与先行词关系紧密,不可省略;
2. 去掉后主句意思不完整。
The students who study hard will pass the exam.(“努力学习的” 是限定 “学生” 的关键信息,不可少)
非限制性定语从句
1. 有逗号分隔,对先行词进行补充说明,去掉后主句意思仍完整;
2. 关系词不能用 that,且不能省略。
My sister, who is a teacher, lives in Beijing.(补充说明 “姐姐是老师”,去掉后主句 “My sister lives in Beijing” 仍完整)
非限制性定语从句中,关系代词 which 可指代整个主句内容(此时先行词是主句,而非单个名词):
He passed the exam, which made his parents very happy.(which 指代 “他通过考试” 这件事)
【即时训练】
1.My mother, ______ is a kind woman, always helps others.
A. that B. who C. which D. whom
2. They visited the museum, ______ was built in the 19th century.
A. that B. who C. which D. whom
3.The book ______ I bought yesterday is very interesting.
A. , that B. which C. that D. , whom
4.He won the game, ______ made his friends excited.
A. that B. which C. who D. whom
5. My house, ______ I bought last year, has a big garden.
A. that B. who C. which D. whom
【知识点清单四】“介词 + 关系代词” 结构
【要点精讲】
在定语从句中,“介词 + 关系代词” 结构用于当从句中的动词、形容词或名词与先行词存在固定的介词搭配关系,或需要通过介词表达特定逻辑时。该结构既能明确从句与先行词的语义联系,也能保证从句语法结构的完整。
1.结构构成
“介词 + 关系代词” 结构中,关系代词只能用whom(指代人)或which(指代物),不能用that;且关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语 。基本结构为:主句 + 先行词 + 介词 + which/whom + 定语从句
例:The woman with whom I talked yesterday is my teacher.(“with whom” 在从句中作 “talked” 的搭配介词宾语,先行词是 “the woman”)
2.介词的选择依据
根据从句中动词的固定搭配
若从句中的动词与某介词构成固定短语(如 look at, listen to, depend on 等),介词需提前至关系代词前。
例:This is the book which/that I am looking for.(正常语序)
→ This is the book for which I am looking.(“look for” 是固定搭配,将 for 提前)
例:The man whom/who she is waiting for is her boyfriend.
→ The man for whom she is waiting is her boyfriend.(“wait for” 是固定搭配,将 for 提前)
根据先行词与从句的逻辑关系
介词由先行词与从句中动词的语义关系决定。
例:The company which/that he works in is very famous.(正常语序)
→ The company in which he works is very famous.(先行词 “the company” 是 “work in” 的地点,in 表示 “在…… 里面”)
例:I'll never forget the day which/that we met on.(正常语序)
→ I'll never forget the day on which we met.(先行词 “the day” 是 “met on” 的时间,on 表示 “在…… 那天”)
根据从句中形容词的固定搭配
当从句中有与介词固定搭配的形容词时,介词同样提前。
例:He is the person whom/that I am familiar with.(正常语序)
→ He is the person with whom I am familiar.(“be familiar with” 是固定搭配,将 with 提前)
3.关系代词的使用规则
指人时:用 whom 作介词宾语 。
例:The man to whom you gave the book is my father.(“to whom” 作 “gave the book to” 的宾语,指代 “the man”)
指物时:用 which 作介词宾语 。
例:The pen with which he wrote the letter was broken.(“with which” 作 “wrote the letter with” 的宾语,指代 “the pen”)
4.特殊情况与注意事项
介词不能提前的情况:固定短语动词(如 look after, take care of, look forward to)中的介词不能拆开提前。
例:This is the baby (whom/that) she is looking after.(✓,“look after” 不能拆分,不能写成 “after whom she is looking”)
“名词 / 代词 + of + which/whom” 结构:用于表示整体与部分的关系。
例:I have many books, some of which are interesting.(“some of which” 表示 “其中一些书”,先行词是 “books”)
例:There are 50 students in our class, most of whom are girls.(“most of whom” 表示 “其中大多数学生”,先行词是 “students”)
whose 与 “of which” 的转换:当 whose 指物时,可与 “of which + 名词” 互换。
例:The house whose windows face south is mine.
→ The house the windows of which face south is mine.(都表示 “窗户朝南的房子”)
【即时训练】
1. This is the library ______ I often borrow books.
A. which B. from which C. that D. in that
2.The man ______ you spoke just now is my manager.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. which
3.She showed me the photo ______ she was proud.
A. of which B. which C. that D. in which
4.There are 30 students in our class, ______ are from the countryside.
A. most of who B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of which
5.The house ______ roof is red belongs to my uncle.
A. which B. whose C. of which the D. of which
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