2025年上海新高三英语上学期概要写作&长难句 导学案-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

2025年上海新高三英语上学期概要写作&长难句S 【学习目标】 1.长难句分析 2.概要写作技巧点拨 【课前热身】 Exercise board border badly band bear bare blocked bills blow branches bargain 1.Food and medicine were needed in those earthquake-stricken villages. 2.The newly married couple planned to invite a live to their party in the new house. 3.It is dangerous that the stairs and the emergency exits of this high-rise have been by dozens of boxes. 4.If he could not win the approval of the , his design could not be put into practice. 5.The boxer fell down in the sixth round under the heavy of the opponent. 6.Frequent conflicts have been reported at the of the two neighboring nations. 7.To expand their business worldwide, more and more have been set up in Asia over the last two decades. 8.If we do not plant trees, the soil of the hills will be washed away by the rain. 9.It's a good to buy a rare edition at such a reasonable price! 10.The local authority cannot take effective measures to solve the problem unless the new are passed. 【知识梳理 1】 A.每日长难句理解 As the internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. ※句子分析※ 基本句型:SVP(主系表) 句子主干: it is in the interest of business to universalize access 句子脑图: 时间状语从句 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized ┇ it is in the interest of business to universalize access ┇ 比较状语从句 the more people online, the more potential customers there are. 【注释】 本句的主于是破折号连接的一个并列结构，在前半部分中，主包是it is in the interest of business to universalize access。其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是 to universalize access;as 引导的是时间状语从句,破折号后面的部分是对前面的进一步解释和说明，其中有包含了个 the more…the more (越…越)的句型 【参考翻译】随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网的普及对商家是有利的--毕竟，上网的人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。 B.每日核心词 序号 核心词 词义 1 记在心里 2 表现好的 3 收益于... 4 处于困境 5 赞赏 6 帮助某人做某事 7 在船(火车、飞机)上 8 临近 9 揭露 10 被阻碍 11 爆发 12 与..讨价还价 C.选词填空 Exercise bear behaved benefit bitterly battery barrier bind approve architecture assist automatic 1.Lack of money is the to educational progress in those underdeveloped areas. 2.This washing machine is fully , so it is convenient for anyone to operate it. 3.It seems that Ms superior will never of his design, no wonder he always feels annoyed. 4.I bet you can a lot from reading literature masterpieces as well as contemporary works. 5.He was injured in his right hand, so the clerk in the bank had to him fill in the forms. 6.In the first-aid courses, the students are taught how to the wounds properly. 7.In that humorous story, that selfish man was punished by his colleagues. 8.As we all know, all the vehicles of the hospitals an emblem of a red cross. 9.The naughty boy was scolded as he badly towards the teacher and the principal. 10.All the visitors to Shanghai were deeply impressed with the beautiful on the Bund. 【知识梳理2】 概要写作专题 定义:什么是summary? 摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向,这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要. 在写作时要特别注意下面几点: (1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details) (2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接,要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子 (3)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句. (4)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文 第一步:阅读 A. 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点--主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步:动手写作 A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 第三步:修改成文 草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。 一.记叙文写作步骤 1.写作方法:要素串联法 记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有;故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即 where, when, what, who,how,给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意. 2.记叙文的概要模板: The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher. The author tells us a story about a . The passage is a story about . According to the passage, the hero in the story . 记叙文概要分类模板 a.点明写作目的类: who/which...(故事情节)The writer tells us...(主题)by showing us an example of..., b.作者经历类: In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which...... c.他人经历类: This passage is mainly about sb's experience of doing sth...... 解题技巧 记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。在写概要前，除明确文章主题外，还应抓住六个要素:when, where, who,what, why,how。在这六个要素中，所占内容比重最大的是 what。一般来说记叙文的故事概要可以用这样的模板来表示: 记叙文:what/who/when/where/why/how Who did what by...because... 当然，不是说每个故事概要都包含 how 或 why，有时两者选其一即可。 例题精讲 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as,far as possible. The Price of Winning Fourteen-year-old Angus sits on the bench, watching his baseball team play. He's out of the game because he made a mistake. For his coach, that's unacceptable -- mistakes don't win games. But for most teens, the focus on winning isn't as important. In a recent study, 90%% of teenagers said they would rather play and lose than sit on the sidelines and not play at all. For them, sports are about fum, learning, and being part of a team. However, for many coaches and parents, winning is everything, and they expect perfection from young players. Unfortunately, this pressure to win drives many kids away from organized sports early on. In competitive events,nearly every action a player makes is examined, Parents and coaches constantly shout instructions,sometimes yelling at kids for errors or missed shots. This intense environment doesn't let kids make their own choices or learn from their mistakes. Instead of enjoying the game, young players feel watched and judged every second. They lose the freedom to explore their abilities and develop naturally as athletes and individuals. The emphasis on winning creates deeper issues, too. Many kids feel anxious because they're only praised for scoring goals or winning races, not for trying hard or improving. Over time, this focus on results can harm their self-confidence, especially if they're often benched. They start to believe they're only valuable if they perform perfectly, which can make sports feel like a burden instead of a joy. Two months later, Angus is back playing baseball - but not on a team. He's at the park with friends, playing just for fun, and he's much happier. This raises an important question: How many potential champions will quit sports unless adults change their attitude? For young athletes to thrive, they need support and encouragement, not the pressure to always win. 二.议论文写作步骤 议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论,因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。概要模板:论点+论据(+结论) 第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。 第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写:或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等)，千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句. 第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯; 第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。 议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。 尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括:The writer of this article thinks that… 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说 Some people think… 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说 The article gives the view that… 1.常用模板 ☛观点对比类: The article discusses the pros and cons of 「主题], arguing that 「观点 1],while 「观点 2]。 ☛问题解决类: The article addresses the issue of [问题], analyzing its causes and proposing solutions such as[解决方法 1] and [解决方法 2]。 ☛道理/观点论证类: The article argues that [观点],supporting this claim with evidence from [论据 1] and [论据 2] ☛说明利弊类: The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of [主题],highlighting 「优势]and[劣势] ☛描述现象: The article highlights the issue of 「现象], which has 「影响] ☛分析原因: The main reasons for 「现象] include 「原因 1l and「原因 2] ☛提出建议: To address「问题],the author suggests「建议] 2.常用句型 ☛提出论点: The author holds the view that...(作者认为......) It is argued in the article that...(文章中主张......) ☛列举论据: For example/instance....(例如......) According to the statistics....(根据统计数据...) As is stated by...(正如...... 所说) ☛体现逻辑关系: On one hand... On the other hand...(一方面......另一方面..) Not only... but also...(不但...... 而且.....) By contrast....(相比之下.....) ☛总结强调: All i all....(总而言之..) To sum up....(总之 In short,...(简言之..) 解题技巧 议论文(Argumentation):找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。 议论文概要写作模板 opinion /idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons) 例题精讲 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Silent Corridor Debate At a secondary school in London, a new rule requires students to remain silent in the corridors between classes, aiming to create a quieter, more disciplined environment, The school believes that minimizing noise during transition times helps students maintain focus and encourages a sense of order, ultimately leading to better academic performance.However, this rule has received mixed reactions. Supporters of the rule argue that silence in the corridors can significantly reduce distractions. Noise from talking students can carry into classrooms, particularly in open-plan layouts, disturbing those who are already focused on their work. By enforcing quiet corridors, the school hopes to promote an environment where students can stay calm and focused throughout the day. Moreover, proponents argue that this policy teaches students valuable skills such as self-discipline and respect for rules, which are beneficial not only in school but also in their future professional and personal lives. On the other hand, critics believe that banning students from talking in the corridors is overly restrictive and can have negative effects on their social development. They argue that school is not just a place for academic learning but also an environment where students develop social skills. Brief conversations in the corridors offer students a chance to connect with their peers, share ideas, and even seek help with subjects they find challenging Critics worry that rigid silence policies make schools feel too controlled, potentially dampening students' enthusiasm and turning the learning environment into something that feels more like a prison than a place of growth and discovery. This debate raises a larger question about discipline in schools: should they enforce strict rules for silence to improve focus, or allow some social interaction, even if it means more noise? Finding the right balance is challenging. In the end, each school may decide based on its goals and values, weighing the benefits of quiet focus against the importance of social connections and student well- being. 三.说明文概述的步骤: 1)确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 2)寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3)重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。 4)重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。 口诀:简括为:缩长见短，省却细腻。(括:概括性。见:间接引语。短:短的连词。细腻:细节和例子) 写说明文概述要注意的事项: 1)不能摘抄原文句子，要用自己的语言“重组” 主要内容; 2)只保留主要观点，不要细节; 3)不要发表自己的观点; 4)不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言; 5)一般用第三人称转述; 6)概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄;7)注意段中句子的衔接，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子; 8)保证无语法错误; 常用模板 ☛现象揭示类: The article points out the common phenomenon of「主题]，which 「补充解释]。 ☛利弊对比类: The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A [具体描述],while B[具体描述] ☛研究显示类: The study reveals that... The purpose of the report is to show that... 常用句型 ☛描述现象: The article highlights the issue of 「现象], which has 「影响] ☛分析原因: The main reasons for [现象] include [原因 1] and [原因 2] ☛提出建议: To address [问题],the author suggests [建议] 解题技巧 说明文(Exposition)写作抓住关键句:文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类: 现象揭示类:The article points out the common phenomenon-(主题)，which...(补充解释) 利弊对比类: The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A... while B... The passage discusses the impact of sth./On the positive side..... but it may also... 研究显示类: The study reveals that...; The purpose of the report is to show that. 说明文概要写作模板 说明文: phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 例题精讲 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Mindfulness Mindfulness typically refers to a state of in-the-moment awareness in which one avoids judging the thoughts and emotions of himself and others. It is often practiced in meditation(冥想)and some forms of therapy. Numerous findings from psychological research suggest practicing mindfulness can lead to many benefits, including stress reduction and increased psychological well-being. For example, in a study of cancer patients ,cultivating mindfulness through meditation or other mindfulness-based training enabled people to be more selective about their emotional experiences, enabling them to reduce their stress and anxiety while increasing positive emotions, Similarly, studies show that mindfulness can also enhance information processing speed while reducing effort and negative thoughts and the meditators significantly outperformed the non-meditators on all measures of attention, suggestion that mindfulness improves one's ability to focus. It is apparent that mindfulness has many noteworthy benefits, which include everything, from psychological to physical improvements. However, research has also shown that in some cases mindfulness can also lead to negative outcomes. For example, one study found that following mindfulness meditation, participants were more likely to form take memories, demonstrating a potential unintended downside to mindfulness. In addition, another study suggested mindfulness researchers needed to be careful that they didn't learn participants by bringing about unpleasant mental, physical. or spiritual reactions through mindfulness, For example, mindfulness meditation may result in severe anxiety for those diagnosed with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (创伤后应激障碍).Those with PTSD tend to avoid thoughts and feelings related to their trauma. However, mindfulness meditation encourages emotional openness, which could lead individuals with PTSD to experience the stressors that they previously avoided, potentially leading to re-traumatization. It can't be denied that mindfulness is an important tool in the managerial toolbox, but it is not a cure-all, and it must be applied thoughtfully to be effective. 备注 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1)删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2)选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4)避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5)压缩长的句子。如下列两例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:"He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.” 6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子: “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为: "Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如: “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为:"She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8)使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用 but,then, thus, yet, though，不能使用 at the same time, in the first place,because of these,on the other hand 等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如: Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul--it's not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:"Why on earth not! If you didn't have salt on your food it would taste awful.. like eating cardboard or sand... just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn't want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:"But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为: Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul's health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 【巩固练习】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Is an “expedition’ better than a holiday? Expeditions used to be the preserve of professionals: scientists, academics and explorers setting off for part.unknown with the goal of furthering the field of human knowledge. An emerging industry of expedition tourism,however, is laying open the thrill of discovery to the general public. Tours are increasingly being accompanied by experts in their respective fields, who lead visits to conservation areas, historical sites, or scientific institutions,offering in-depth explanations of what guests are experiencing. There's one key factor that's driving people's desire to travel: the spirit of scientific research. Kevin Currie,director of New Scientist Discovery Tours (NSDT), added that people no longer just want to sit on a beach and that there is now a greater desire for self-fulfillment. He explained his company had launched in June 2019, during a time when experiential tours were growing at twice the rate of normal tourism, and that this trend had resumed after the pandemic. Many of the new breed of expedition tours extend the scope of the trip beyond mere tourism. Yet all of them raise the question: how valuable can a tourist truly be to scientific research? Currie is doubtful about the usefulness of citizen science activities being offered as part of an expedition tour,stating scientific research is a serious endeavor and should not be treated causally. Other experts have expressed concerns that some expedition tours may be causing, more damage to the environment than they are able to help resolve, Some experts, however, are optimistic about the citizen science tourism. When done right, this tourism can not only gather useful data, but can empower participants to take further action, which positively impacts conservation going forward. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Ways of parenting It is evident that in bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill --the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is common to see parents hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though ,when a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parenting practices often stem from the personal needs and priorities of parents, as they aim to align their children's upbringing with their own goals and expectations. At the same time, external influences subtly shape these approaches, with community values and societal norms playing an underlying role in guiding decisions about child-rearing. These interconnected factors together influence how parents manage their children's growth and behavior. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also parents should realize that “example is better than precept (戒律，规则）”.If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves,and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment. 【课后作业】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated, Use your own words as far as possible. Easy Ways to Get More Nutrients A can of soft drink and two large eggs may have a similar number of calories, but the eggs will provide us with protein, vitamins and other nutrients, and satisfy our hunger, while a fizzy drink provides little more than tooth decay and calories. 'The important concept here is nutrient density. This is the number of nutrients we take in for each calorie consumed. No one would suggest replacing sweet drinks with eggs, but what can we do to increase nutrient density in our diet? “Have you had your five a day?" that's the message on British supermarket shelves, and it's asking about fruit and vegetables. Many countries have launched similar campaigns to encourage people to eat more healthily. Fresh natural produce is usually very dense in nutrients. Eating a wide range of fruits and vegetables is important, so some advice focuses on including different colours of food in our diets. "Eating a rainbow could be one way to get more nutrients. Other advice recommends that we are more adventurous in what we eat. Cooking food that we haven't eaten before can lead us to use ingredients that we don't usually consume. This can give us a wider range of nutrients. It's not just about fruit and vegetables. Even using different seasoning can offer health benefits. Nutrition academic Hazel Flight highlights that flavourings such as garlic, ginger or turmeric can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while also leading people to use less salt. If you're not feeling that adventurous, then swapping individual food items can be beneficial. Choosing wholegrain bread or rice instead of white bread or rice can increase fibre intake. Unsalted nuts provide more nutrients than snacks such as crisps. So, fresh fruit and vegetables, swapping the worst things, and just a little, bit more adventure could be the secret to a more nutritious diet. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible. How the smartphone affected teens Some parents might worry about their teens spending so much time on their phones because it represents a complete departure from how they spent their own adolescence. But spending this much time on screens is not just different-in many ways, it's actually worse. Spending less time with friends means less time to develop social skills. A 2014 study found that sixth graders who spent just five days at a camp without using screens ended the time better at reading emotions on others faces,suggesting that teens’ screen-filled lives might cause their social skills to decline. In addition.teens using smartphones read books, magazines and newspapers much less than previous generations did as teens: In the annual Monitoring the Future survey, the percentage of high school seniors who read a non-required book or magazine nearly every day dropped from 60 percent in 1980 to only 16 percent in 2015.College teachers tell me that students have more trouble reading longer text passages, and rarely read the required textbooks. This isn't to say that teens who use smartphones don't have a lot going for them. They are physically safer and more tolerant than previous generations were. They also seem to have more realistic expectations than their parents did at the same age. But the smartphone threatens to disturb them before they even get started. To be clear, moderate smartphone use up to an hour a day--is not linked to mental health issues. However most teens are on their phones much more than that. Somewhat to my surprise, the teens I interviewed said they would rather see their friends in person than communicate with them using their phones. Parents used to worry about their teens spending too much time with their friends-they were a distraction, a bad influence ,a waste of time. But it might be just what teens need. 翻译 1.这道菜食材寻常，做法简单，却异常美味。(Despite)(汉译英) 2.移动支付软件的适老化改造效果显著，不少老人已经开始习惯在日常购物时用这些软件支付。(be used to)(汉译英) Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In front of you are four decks of cards (副牌)- two red and two blue. Each card in these decks either adds or 1 points from your score. Your task is to draw cards one at a time to maximize your score. What you don't know is that the red decks are problematic. While the rewards are high, the risks are too, and drawing from the red decks can lead to substantial losses. The blue decks, on the other hand, provide 2 ,modest rewards with fewer penalties(惩罚).The question is:how long will it take you to 3 the difference? Scientists at the University of lowa conducted this experiment to explore how humans process risk and make decisions.They found that after about fifty cards,most participants developed a feeling about the red decks being 4 .After around eighty cards ,the players could 5 clearly why the red decks were a poor choice.This process is straightforward:we gather experience,think about it,and develop a theory based on evidence.This is how our mind works--it 6 through a problem and arrives at a conclusion. 7 ,the lowa researched observed something else.They measured the activity of participants’ sweat glands(腺)as they played and noticed that the players’ hands began to sweat around the tenth card -- long before they 8 the red decks as problematic.Their behavior began to change around this point as well,with players subconsciously 9 the blue decks.This suggests that our brain operates on two levels:the conscious and the unconscious.The conscious mind is purposeful,thing 10 and reasoning to reach conclusion,while the unconscious mind works faster,picking up on patterns and problems with little information. The researchers imply that the unconscious mind is good at recognizing dangers 11 .While the conscious mind takes around eighty cards to come to a conclusion,the unconscious mind starts working after just ten cards.This fast,natural thinking process is referred to as the “adaptive unconscious.”It allows us to make quick decisions based on 12 date--a skill that has been essential for human survival. This idea of the adaptive unconscious 13 the idea that slow,purposeful through is always superior.We often believe that taking more time leads to better decisions,but there are moments--especially in stressful situations--when quick judgments can be just as 14 ,if not more so.The adaptive unconscious processes information rapidly,enabling us to respond quickly to threats or opportunities,even before we are fully 15 them. 1. A.makes for B.turns on C.looks into D.takes away 2. A.consistent B.considerable C.financial D.indirect 3. A.make up B.pay back C.ask about D.figure out 4. A.bad B.valuable C.random D.few 5. A.wonder B.explain C.forget D.predict 6. A.gathers B.flows C.matters D.reasons 7. A.Unfortunately B.Instead C.However D.Accordingly 8. A.ignored B.guessed C.identified D.started 9. A.investigating B.favoring C.verifying D.resetting 10. A.logic B.technology C.force D.assistance 11. A.actively B.blindly C.quickly D.dutifully 12. A.enough B.latest C.limited D.missing 13. A.challenges B.supports C.develops D.examines 14. A.controversial B.effective C.specific D.general 15. A.independent of B.capable of C.worthy of D.aware of 第 1 页 共 20 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$2025年上海新高三英语上学期概要写作&长难句T 【学习目标】 1.长难句分析 2.概要写作技巧点拨 【课前热身】 Exercise board border badly band bear bare blocked bills blow branches bargain 1.Food and medicine were needed in those earthquake-stricken villages. 2.The newly married couple planned to invite a live to their party in the new house. 3.It is dangerous that the stairs and the emergency exits of this high-rise have been by dozens of boxes. 4.If he could not win the approval of the , his design could not be put into practice. 5.The boxer fell down in the sixth round under the heavy of the opponent. 6.Frequent conflicts have been reported at the of the two neighboring nations. 7.To expand their business worldwide, more and more have been set up in Asia over the last two decades. 8.If we do not plant trees, the soil of the hills will be washed away by the rain. 9.It's a good to buy a rare edition at such a reasonable price! 10.The local authority cannot take effective measures to solve the problem unless the new are passed. 【答案&解析】 1 .badly Food and medicine were badly needed in those earthquake-stricken villages 解析:副词"badly"修饰"needed"，表示"极度需要"。句意:地震受灾村庄急需食物和药品 2.band The newly married couple planned to invite a live band to their party in the new house. 解析:"live band"指现场演奏的乐队。句意:新婚夫妇计划在新家派对上邀请现场乐队。 3 .blocked It is dangerous that the stairs and the emergency exits of this high-rise have been blocked by dozens of boxes解析:被动语态"have been blocked"表示被堵塞的状态。句意:高楼楼梯和紧急出口被箱子堵塞很危险。 4.board If he could not win the approval of the board, his design could not be put into practice. 解析:"board"特指董事会/委员会。句意:若无法获得董事会批准，他的设计将无法实施 5.blow The boxer fell down in the sixth round under the heavy blow of the opponent 解析:"blow"指拳击中的击打。句意:拳击手在第六回合被对手重拳击倒。 6 .border Frequent conflicts have been reported at the border of the two neighboring nations 解析:"border"指国家边境。句意:两国边境频繁发生冲突的报道。 7.branches To expand their business worldwide, more and more branches have been set up in Asia over the last two decades解析:"branches"指企业分支机构。句意:为拓展全球业务，过去20年亚洲设立了越来越多分支机构。 8 .bare If we do not plant trees, the soil of the bare hills will be washed away by the rain 解析:"bare"形容光秃的山丘。句意:若不植树，雨水会冲刷光秃山丘的土壤。 9 .bargain It's a good bargain to buy a rare edition at such a reasonable price! 解析:"bargain"指划算的交易。句意:以合理价格购得珍藏版真是笔好买卖! 10.bills The local authority cannot take effective measures to solve the problem unless the new bills are passed 解析:"bills"指待通过的法案。句意:除非新法案通过，否则地方政府无法有效解决问题。 【知识梳理 1】 A.每日长难句理解 As the internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. ※句子分析※ 基本句型:SVP(主系表) 句子主干: it is in the interest of business to universalize access 句子脑图: 时间状语从句 As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized ┇ it is in the interest of business to universalize access ┇ 比较状语从句 the more people online, the more potential customers there are. 【注释】 本句的主于是破折号连接的一个并列结构，在前半部分中，主包是it is in the interest of business to universalize access。其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是 to universalize access;as 引导的是时间状语从句,破折号后面的部分是对前面的进一步解释和说明，其中有包含了个 the more…the more (越…越)的句型 【参考翻译】随着互联网的日趋商业化，上网的普及对商家是有利的--毕竟，上网的人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。 B.每日核心词 序号 核心词 词义 1 bear sth in mind 记在心里 2 well -behaved 表现好的 3 benefit from 收益于... 4 in a bind 处于困境 5 approve of 赞赏 6 assist sb in doing sth 帮助某人做某事 7 on board 在船(火车、飞机)上 8 on the border of 临近 9 lay bare 揭露 10 be blocked up 被阻碍 11 blow up 爆发 12 bargain with 与..讨价还价 C.选词填空 Exercise bear behaved benefit bitterly battery barrier bind approve architecture assist automatic 1.Lack of money is the to educational progress in those underdeveloped areas. 2.This washing machine is fully , so it is convenient for anyone to operate it. 3.It seems that Ms superior will never of his design, no wonder he always feels annoyed. 4.I bet you can a lot from reading literature masterpieces as well as contemporary works. 5.He was injured in his right hand, so the clerk in the bank had to him fill in the forms. 6.In the first-aid courses, the students are taught how to the wounds properly. 7.In that humorous story, that selfish man was punished by his colleagues. 8.As we all know, all the vehicles of the hospitals an emblem of a red cross. 9.The naughty boy was scolded as he badly towards the teacher and the principal. 10.All the visitors to Shanghai were deeply impressed with the beautiful on the Bund. 【答案&解析】 1.barrier Lack of money is the barrier to educational progress in those underdeveloped areas中文解析:在经济欠发达地区，资金短缺是教育发展的障碍。"barrier"指阻碍前进的事物，这里准确描述经济困难对教育的限制作用。 2.automatic This washing machine is fully automatic, so it is convenient for anyone to operate it中文解析:这台洗衣机是全自动的，因此任何人操作都很方便。"automatic"强调设备无需人工干预的自动化特性。 3.approve It seems that Ms superior will never approve of his design, no wonder he always feels annoyed中文解析:他的上司似乎永远不会认可他的设计，难怪他总是感到烦恼。"approve"表示正式同意或认可，与'of"构成固定搭配。 4.benefit ,句意：我敢打赌，你可以从阅读文学名著和当代作品中受益匪浅。 5.assist ,句意：他的右手受伤了，所以银行的职员不得不帮助他填写表格 6. dress ,句意：在急救课程中，学生们被教导如何正确地包扎伤口 7.justly ,句意：在那个幽默故事中，那个自私的人被他的同事们公正地惩罚了 8.bear ,句意：众所周知，所有医院的车辆都带有红十字的徽章 9.behaved,句意：那个顽皮的男孩因为对老师和校长行为不端而被责备 10.scenery ,句意：所有待上海的游客都被外滩的美丽风景深深吸引。 【知识梳理2】 概要写作专题 定义:什么是summary? 摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向,这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要. 在写作时要特别注意下面几点: (1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details) (2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接,要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子 (3)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句. (4)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文 第一步:阅读 A. 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点--主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步:动手写作 A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 第三步:修改成文 草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。 一.记叙文写作步骤 1.写作方法:要素串联法 记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有;故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即 where, when, what, who,how,给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意. 2.记叙文的概要模板: The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher. The author tells us a story about a . The passage is a story about . According to the passage, the hero in the story . 记叙文概要分类模板 a.点明写作目的类: who/which...(故事情节)The writer tells us...(主题)by showing us an example of..., b.作者经历类: In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his experience of doing sth, which...... c.他人经历类: This passage is mainly about sb's experience of doing sth...... 解题技巧 记叙文体的阅读材料，相比其他文体而言，写概要相对容易。在写概要前，除明确文章主题外，还应抓住六个要素:when, where, who,what, why,how。在这六个要素中，所占内容比重最大的是 what。一般来说记叙文的故事概要可以用这样的模板来表示: 记叙文:what/who/when/where/why/how Who did what by...because... 当然，不是说每个故事概要都包含 how 或 why，有时两者选其一即可。 例题精讲 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as,far as possible. The Price of Winning Fourteen-year-old Angus sits on the bench, watching his baseball team play. He's out of the game because he made a mistake. For his coach, that's unacceptable -- mistakes don't win games. But for most teens, the focus on winning isn't as important. In a recent study, 90%% of teenagers said they would rather play and lose than sit on the sidelines and not play at all. For them, sports are about fum, learning, and being part of a team. However, for many coaches and parents, winning is everything, and they expect perfection from young players. Unfortunately, this pressure to win drives many kids away from organized sports early on. In competitive events,nearly every action a player makes is examined, Parents and coaches constantly shout instructions,sometimes yelling at kids for errors or missed shots. This intense environment doesn't let kids make their own choices or learn from their mistakes. Instead of enjoying the game, young players feel watched and judged every second. They lose the freedom to explore their abilities and develop naturally as athletes and individuals. The emphasis on winning creates deeper issues, too. Many kids feel anxious because they're only praised for scoring goals or winning races, not for trying hard or improving. Over time, this focus on results can harm their self-confidence, especially if they're often benched. They start to believe they're only valuable if they perform perfectly, which can make sports feel like a burden instead of a joy. Two months later, Angus is back playing baseball - but not on a team. He's at the park with friends, playing just for fun, and he's much happier. This raises an important question: How many potential champions will quit sports unless adults change their attitude? For young athletes to thrive, they need support and encouragement, not the pressure to always win. 概要写作答案(60 词左右) Angus sits on the bench because of a mistake. Teens focusing on fun,coaches and parents focus on winning.Pressure to win drives kids away. Coaches and parents shout instructions and criticize errors.Kids feel anxious and frustrated because they're only praised for results. Sports become a burden. Many kids quit sports. Young athletes need support and encouragement, not just pressure. 成文: In competitive events, young players are always expected by their coaches and parents, which has a negative impact.It makes teenagers prefer to sit on the sidelines instead of taking a positive in the events.Focusing on results can also make them feel frustrated. If adults change their attitude, young athletes will build up confidence and inspire potential. 二.议论文写作步骤 议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论,因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。概要模板:论点+论据(+结论) 第一、找出关键词和全文或段落的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。一般地说，主题词通常是名词、动词或形容词。 第二、根据原文的词句(一般指关键词和全文或段落的主题句),进行改写:或用相应的同义词，或进行句型转换(如主动句改为被动句等等)，千万不要原封不动地抄写原文的词句. 第三、用连词连接各部分，使它连贯; 第四、整合中心要点，使用形容词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语合并、简化句子，使之符合概括短文内容要点的词数。 议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。 尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。可以采用如下方法概括:The writer of this article thinks that… 或者你认为本材料的观点代表了一些人的思想，就可以说 Some people think… 还可以从中立的角度或用“无人称”的方式来说 The article gives the view that… 1.常用模板 ☛观点对比类: The article discusses the pros and cons of 「主题], arguing that 「观点 1],while 「观点 2]。 ☛问题解决类: The article addresses the issue of [问题], analyzing its causes and proposing solutions such as[解决方法 1] and [解决方法 2]。 ☛道理/观点论证类: The article argues that [观点],supporting this claim with evidence from [论据 1] and [论据 2] ☛说明利弊类: The article examines the advantages and disadvantages of [主题],highlighting 「优势]and[劣势] ☛描述现象: The article highlights the issue of 「现象], which has 「影响] ☛分析原因: The main reasons for 「现象] include 「原因 1l and「原因 2] ☛提出建议: To address「问题],the author suggests「建议] 2.常用句型 ☛提出论点: The author holds the view that...(作者认为......) It is argued in the article that...(文章中主张......) ☛列举论据: For example/instance....(例如......) According to the statistics....(根据统计数据...) As is stated by...(正如...... 所说) ☛体现逻辑关系: On one hand... On the other hand...(一方面......另一方面..) Not only... but also...(不但...... 而且.....) By contrast....(相比之下.....) ☛总结强调: All i all....(总而言之..) To sum up....(总之 In short,...(简言之..) 解题技巧 议论文(Argumentation):找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。 议论文概要写作模板 opinion /idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons) 例题精讲 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage. Use your own words as far as possible. The Silent Corridor Debate At a secondary school in London, a new rule requires students to remain silent in the corridors between classes, aiming to create a quieter, more disciplined environment, The school believes that minimizing noise during transition times helps students maintain focus and encourages a sense of order, ultimately leading to better academic performance.However, this rule has received mixed reactions. Supporters of the rule argue that silence in the corridors can significantly reduce distractions. Noise from talking students can carry into classrooms, particularly in open-plan layouts, disturbing those who are already focused on their work. By enforcing quiet corridors, the school hopes to promote an environment where students can stay calm and focused throughout the day. Moreover, proponents argue that this policy teaches students valuable skills such as self-discipline and respect for rules, which are beneficial not only in school but also in their future professional and personal lives. On the other hand, critics believe that banning students from talking in the corridors is overly restrictive and can have negative effects on their social development. They argue that school is not just a place for academic learning but also an environment where students develop social skills. Brief conversations in the corridors offer students a chance to connect with their peers, share ideas, and even seek help with subjects they find challenging Critics worry that rigid silence policies make schools feel too controlled, potentially dampening students' enthusiasm and turning the learning environment into something that feels more like a prison than a place of growth and discovery. This debate raises a larger question about discipline in schools: should they enforce strict rules for silence to improve focus, or allow some social interaction, even if it means more noise? Finding the right balance is challenging. In the end, each school may decide based on its goals and values, weighing the benefits of quiet focus against the importance of social connections and student well- being. A secondary school in London has implemented a rule of silence in corridors between classes. Supporters assert that it reduces distractions and promotes discipline and skills. However, critics contend that it overly restricts social interaction, which is crucial for students’ development. The task of finding the appropriate balance is indeed difficult. 三.说明文概述的步骤: 1)确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 2)寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3)重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。 4)重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。 口诀:简括为:缩长见短，省却细腻。(括:概括性。见:间接引语。短:短的连词。细腻:细节和例子) 写说明文概述要注意的事项: 1)不能摘抄原文句子，要用自己的语言“重组” 主要内容; 2)只保留主要观点，不要细节; 3)不要发表自己的观点; 4)不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言; 5)一般用第三人称转述; 6)概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄;7)注意段中句子的衔接，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子; 8)保证无语法错误; 常用模板 ☛现象揭示类: The article points out the common phenomenon of「主题]，which 「补充解释]。 ☛利弊对比类: The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A [具体描述],while B[具体描述] ☛研究显示类: The study reveals that... The purpose of the report is to show that... 常用句型 ☛描述现象: The article highlights the issue of 「现象], which has 「影响] ☛分析原因: The main reasons for [现象] include [原因 1] and [原因 2] ☛提出建议: To address [问题],the author suggests [建议] 解题技巧 说明文(Exposition)写作抓住关键句:文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类: 现象揭示类:The article points out the common phenomenon-(主题)，which...(补充解释) 利弊对比类: The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A... while B... The passage discusses the impact of sth./On the positive side..... but it may also... 研究显示类: The study reveals that...; The purpose of the report is to show that. 说明文概要写作模板 说明文: phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 例题精讲 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Mindfulness Mindfulness typically refers to a state of in-the-moment awareness in which one avoids judging the thoughts and emotions of himself and others. It is often practiced in meditation(冥想)and some forms of therapy. Numerous findings from psychological research suggest practicing mindfulness can lead to many benefits, including stress reduction and increased psychological well-being. For example, in a study of cancer patients ,cultivating mindfulness through meditation or other mindfulness-based training enabled people to be more selective about their emotional experiences, enabling them to reduce their stress and anxiety while increasing positive emotions, Similarly, studies show that mindfulness can also enhance information processing speed while reducing effort and negative thoughts and the meditators significantly outperformed the non-meditators on all measures of attention, suggestion that mindfulness improves one's ability to focus. It is apparent that mindfulness has many noteworthy benefits, which include everything, from psychological to physical improvements. However, research has also shown that in some cases mindfulness can also lead to negative outcomes. For example, one study found that following mindfulness meditation, participants were more likely to form take memories, demonstrating a potential unintended downside to mindfulness. In addition, another study suggested mindfulness researchers needed to be careful that they didn't learn participants by bringing about unpleasant mental, physical. or spiritual reactions through mindfulness, For example, mindfulness meditation may result in severe anxiety for those diagnosed with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (创伤后应激障碍).Those with PTSD tend to avoid thoughts and feelings related to their trauma. However, mindfulness meditation encourages emotional openness, which could lead individuals with PTSD to experience the stressors that they previously avoided, potentially leading to re-traumatization. It can't be denied that mindfulness is an important tool in the managerial toolbox, but it is not a cure-all, and it must be applied thoughtfully to be effective. 概要写作答案(60词左右) Mindfulness is a state of in-the-moment awareness practiced in meditation and therapy. It can reduce stress,enhance well-being, and improve focus and attention. However, mindfulness can also lead to false memories and worsen PTSD symptoms. While mindfulness is a useful tool, it is not a cure-all and needs careful application to be effective. 备注 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1)删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2)选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3)把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4)避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5)压缩长的句子。如下列两例: “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为:"He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.” 6)你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子: “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为: "Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如: “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为:"She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8)使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用 but,then, thus, yet, though，不能使用 at the same time, in the first place,because of these,on the other hand 等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。 9)文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如: Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul--it's not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:"Why on earth not! If you didn't have salt on your food it would taste awful.. like eating cardboard or sand... just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn't want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:"But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为: Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul's health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 【巩固练习】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Is an “expedition’ better than a holiday? Expeditions used to be the preserve of professionals: scientists, academics and explorers setting off for part.unknown with the goal of furthering the field of human knowledge. An emerging industry of expedition tourism,however, is laying open the thrill of discovery to the general public. Tours are increasingly being accompanied by experts in their respective fields, who lead visits to conservation areas, historical sites, or scientific institutions,offering in-depth explanations of what guests are experiencing. There's one key factor that's driving people's desire to travel: the spirit of scientific research. Kevin Currie,director of New Scientist Discovery Tours (NSDT), added that people no longer just want to sit on a beach and that there is now a greater desire for self-fulfillment. He explained his company had launched in June 2019, during a time when experiential tours were growing at twice the rate of normal tourism, and that this trend had resumed after the pandemic. Many of the new breed of expedition tours extend the scope of the trip beyond mere tourism. Yet all of them raise the question: how valuable can a tourist truly be to scientific research? Currie is doubtful about the usefulness of citizen science activities being offered as part of an expedition tour,stating scientific research is a serious endeavor and should not be treated causally. Other experts have expressed concerns that some expedition tours may be causing, more damage to the environment than they are able to help resolve, Some experts, however, are optimistic about the citizen science tourism. When done right, this tourism can not only gather useful data, but can empower participants to take further action, which positively impacts conservation going forward. Expedition tourism, which is led by experts, offers the public an engaging alternative to traditional holidays. Some have expressed concerns about the potential contribution of tourist-led research and worry about environmental impacts. Some says that scientific research is a serious issue that should not be treated lightly. Others see value in inspiring participants to support conservation efforts and data collection. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Ways of parenting It is evident that in bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill --the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is common to see parents hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though ,when a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parenting practices often stem from the personal needs and priorities of parents, as they aim to align their children's upbringing with their own goals and expectations. At the same time, external influences subtly shape these approaches, with community values and societal norms playing an underlying role in guiding decisions about child-rearing. These interconnected factors together influence how parents manage their children's growth and behavior. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also parents should realize that “example is better than precept (戒律，规则）”.If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves,and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment. Ways of parenting vary. Hastening children's progress triggers negative feelings while neglecting their needs to lean diminishes innate curiosity, The differences result from parents’ individual requirements, along, with social values and rules. Meanwhile, to cultivate morality in children, parents should stick to the same standards and match their words with deeds, or children may be afterwards emotionally vulnerable and disappointed. 【课后作业】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated, Use your own words as far as possible. Easy Ways to Get More Nutrients A can of soft drink and two large eggs may have a similar number of calories, but the eggs will provide us with protein, vitamins and other nutrients, and satisfy our hunger, while a fizzy drink provides little more than tooth decay and calories. 'The important concept here is nutrient density. This is the number of nutrients we take in for each calorie consumed. No one would suggest replacing sweet drinks with eggs, but what can we do to increase nutrient density in our diet? “Have you had your five a day?" that's the message on British supermarket shelves, and it's asking about fruit and vegetables. Many countries have launched similar campaigns to encourage people to eat more healthily. Fresh natural produce is usually very dense in nutrients. Eating a wide range of fruits and vegetables is important, so some advice focuses on including different colours of food in our diets. "Eating a rainbow could be one way to get more nutrients. Other advice recommends that we are more adventurous in what we eat. Cooking food that we haven't eaten before can lead us to use ingredients that we don't usually consume. This can give us a wider range of nutrients. It's not just about fruit and vegetables. Even using different seasoning can offer health benefits. Nutrition academic Hazel Flight highlights that flavourings such as garlic, ginger or turmeric can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while also leading people to use less salt. If you're not feeling that adventurous, then swapping individual food items can be beneficial. Choosing wholegrain bread or rice instead of white bread or rice can increase fibre intake. Unsalted nuts provide more nutrients than snacks such as crisps. So, fresh fruit and vegetables, swapping the worst things, and just a little, bit more adventure could be the secret to a more nutritious diet. 【答案】Nutrient density refers to the amount of nutrients we consume per calorie consumed. Increasing nutrient density is the secret to a nutritious diet that requires people to eat healthier. Fresh, natural produce is often packed with nutrients. Cooking foods we haven't eaten before can also give us a wider range of nutrients. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible. How the smartphone affected teens Some parents might worry about their teens spending so much time on their phones because it represents a complete departure from how they spent their own adolescence. But spending this much time on screens is not just different-in many ways, it's actually worse. Spending less time with friends means less time to develop social skills. A 2014 study found that sixth graders who spent just five days at a camp without using screens ended the time better at reading emotions on others faces,suggesting that teens’ screen-filled lives might cause their social skills to decline. In addition.teens using smartphones read books, magazines and newspapers much less than previous generations did as teens: In the annual Monitoring the Future survey, the percentage of high school seniors who read a non-required book or magazine nearly every day dropped from 60 percent in 1980 to only 16 percent in 2015.College teachers tell me that students have more trouble reading longer text passages, and rarely read the required textbooks. This isn't to say that teens who use smartphones don't have a lot going for them. They are physically safer and more tolerant than previous generations were. They also seem to have more realistic expectations than their parents did at the same age. But the smartphone threatens to disturb them before they even get started. To be clear, moderate smartphone use up to an hour a day--is not linked to mental health issues. However most teens are on their phones much more than that. Somewhat to my surprise, the teens I interviewed said they would rather see their friends in person than communicate with them using their phones. Parents used to worry about their teens spending too much time with their friends-they were a distraction, a bad influence ,a waste of time. But it might be just what teens need. 【答案】Teens’ spending too much time on smartphones affected their development and caused parents' worry.Studies found using smartphones might prevent teens developing social skills and reading abilities. But teens using smartphones properly are physically safer, more tolerant and realistic, and moderate smartphone use has no connection with mental health problems. Actually, teens prefer face-to-face communication with their friends. (58 words) 翻译 1.这道菜食材寻常，做法简单，却异常美味。(Despite)(汉译英) 【答案】Despite its common ingredients and simple preparation, the dish is exceptionally delicious. 2.移动支付软件的适老化改造效果显著，不少老人已经开始习惯在日常购物时用这些软件支付。(be used to)(汉译英) 【答案】The adaptation of mobile payment software for the elderly has achieved remarkable results. Quite a few elderly people have begun to be used to paying with these software in their daily shopping. Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. In front of you are four decks of cards (副牌)- two red and two blue. Each card in these decks either adds or 1 points from your score. Your task is to draw cards one at a time to maximize your score. What you don't know is that the red decks are problematic. While the rewards are high, the risks are too, and drawing from the red decks can lead to substantial losses. The blue decks, on the other hand, provide 2 ,modest rewards with fewer penalties(惩罚).The question is:how long will it take you to 3 the difference? Scientists at the University of lowa conducted this experiment to explore how humans process risk and make decisions.They found that after about fifty cards,most participants developed a feeling about the red decks being 4 .After around eighty cards ,the players could 5 clearly why the red decks were a poor choice.This process is straightforward:we gather experience,think about it,and develop a theory based on evidence.This is how our mind works--it 6 through a problem and arrives at a conclusion. 7 ,the lowa researched observed something else.They measured the activity of participants’ sweat glands(腺)as they played and noticed that the players’ hands began to sweat around the tenth card -- long before they 8 the red decks as problematic.Their behavior began to change around this point as well,with players subconsciously 9 the blue decks.This suggests that our brain operates on two levels:the conscious and the unconscious.The conscious mind is purposeful,thing 10 and reasoning to reach conclusion,while the unconscious mind works faster,picking up on patterns and problems with little information. The researchers imply that the unconscious mind is good at recognizing dangers 11 .While the conscious mind takes around eighty cards to come to a conclusion,the unconscious mind starts working after just ten cards.This fast,natural thinking process is referred to as the “adaptive unconscious.”It allows us to make quick decisions based on 12 date--a skill that has been essential for human survival. This idea of the adaptive unconscious 13 the idea that slow,purposeful through is always superior.We often believe that taking more time leads to better decisions,but there are moments--especially in stressful situations--when quick judgments can be just as 14 ,if not more so.The adaptive unconscious processes information rapidly,enabling us to respond quickly to threats or opportunities,even before we are fully 15 them. 1. A.makes for B.turns on C.looks into D.takes away 2. A.consistent B.considerable C.financial D.indirect 3. A.make up B.pay back C.ask about D.figure out 4. A.bad B.valuable C.random D.few 5. A.wonder B.explain C.forget D.predict 6. A.gathers B.flows C.matters D.reasons 7. A.Unfortunately B.Instead C.However D.Accordingly 8. A.ignored B.guessed C.identified D.started 9. A.investigating B.favoring C.verifying D.resetting 10. A.logic B.technology C.force D.assistance 11. A.actively B.blindly C.quickly D.dutifully 12. A.enough B.latest C.limited D.missing 13. A.challenges B.supports C.develops D.examines 14. A.controversial B.effective C.specific D.general 15. A.independent of B.capable of C.worthy of D.aware of 【答案】1. D 2.A 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.D 【解析】 本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是一项研究发现有意识思维是有目的性的，它使用逻辑和推理来得出结论，而无意识思维反应更快，能够在信息量很少的情况下识别问题并迅速做出反应。 【小题1】考查动词短语辨析。句意:这些牌组中的每张牌要么增加分数，要么减少分数。A.makes for 前往;B.turns on打开;C.looks into深入调查;D.takes away减少。根据上文的“Each card in these decks either adds or”可知，either...or...意为“要么...要么…”，所以此处与adds相对应，所以表示“减少”分数，符合语境。故选D项。 【小题2】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:另一方面蓝色套牌提供了稳定的、适度的奖励和更少的惩罚。A.consistent持续的，稳定的;B.considerable相当大的;C.financial金融的;D.indirect间接的。根据上文的“modest rewards with fewer penalties(惩罚).”可知，此处应与modest意义相近，所以此处表示“稳定且适度的”奖励，符合语境。故选A项。 【小题3】考查动词短语辨析。句意:问题是:你要花多长时间才能弄清楚两者的区别?A.make up构成;B.pay back偿还;C.ask about问询;D.figure out明白，弄清楚。根据下文的“They found that after about fifty cards, most participants developed a feeling about the red decks being 4 .After around eighty cards, the players could 5 clearly why the red decks were a poor choice.”可知，研究者发现50张牌后，大部分参与者就发现红牌不好，80张后他们能明白红牌不是好的选择，由此可推断，此处指的是要花多久才能明白两者的差距。故选D项。 【小题4】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:他们发现在拿到大约50张牌后，大多数参与者都觉得红色的牌很糟糕。A.bad糟糕的，坏的;B.valuable有价值的;C.random随机的;D.few不多，很少。根据下文的“After around eighty cards, the players could 5 clearly why the red decks were a pool choice.”可知，在80张牌后，玩家清楚了为什么红牌是一个糟糕的选择，由此可知，此处指的是红牌很糟糕。故选A项。 【小题5】考查动词词义辨析。句意:在大约80张牌后，玩家可以清楚地解释为什么红色的牌组是一个糟糕的选择。A.wonder想知道;B.explain解释;C.forget忘记;D.predict预测。根据上文的“They found that after about fifty cards, most participants developed a feeling about the red decks being 4 .”可知,在50张牌后大部分参与者有一种红牌不好的感觉 结合下文的“'why the red decks were a poor choice.”曰知，此处指的是80张牌后，玩家可以清楚地解释为什么红牌是糟糕选择的原因了。故选B项。 【小题6】考查动词词义辨析。句意:我们的大脑就是这样工作的--它通过一个问题进行推理并得出结论。A.gathers收集，集合:B.flows流动:C.matters重要;D.reasons推理。根据上文的“This process is straightforward: we gather experience, think about it, and develop a theory based on evidence.”可知，我们的大脑收集经验，进行思考，然后在经验的基础上得出结论，由此可知，此处指的是大脑通过““推理”得出结论。故选D项。 【小题7】考查副词词义辨析。句意:然而，爱荷华大学的研究人员还观察到了其他现象。A..Unfortunately不幸地:B.Instead反而;C.However然而;D.Accordingly因此。根据句意，上文讲述的内与下文的“the lowa researchers observed something else.”之间为转折关系，所以此处使用“然而”符合逻辑。故选C项。 【小题8】考查动词词义辨析。句意:他们测量了参与者在玩游戏时汗腺的活动，并注意到玩家的手在第10张牌左右开始出汗--早在他们意识到红色牌有问题之前。A.ignored忽视;B.guessed猜测;C.identified认出;D.started开始。根据下文的“Their behavior began to change around this point as well”曰知，他们的行为在此时开始发生改变，由此可推断，此处指的是玩家在第十张牌左右就“意识到”红牌有问题。故选C项。 【小题9】考查动词词义辨析。句意:他们的行为也 开始在这一点上发生改变，玩家下意识地选择蓝色套牌。A.investigating调查;B.favoring选择;C verifying核实;D.resetting重新设置。根据上文“Their behavior began to change around this point as well”以及下文的“the blue decks.”可知，在意识到红牌有问题后，应该是选择蓝牌。故选B项。 【小题10】考查名词词义辨析。句意:有意识的头脑是有目的的，使用逻辑和推理来得出结论，而下意识的头脑工作得更快，在信息很少的情况下就能发现模式和问题。A.logic逻辑;B.technology技术;C.force力量;D.assistance帮助。根据上文的“The conscious mind is purposeful”以及下文的“and reasoning to reach conclusions”可知，有意识思维是有目的性的，他们会使用“逻辑”和推理得出结论。故选A项。 【小题11】考查副词词义辨析。句意:研究人员暗示，潜意识善于迅速识别危险。A.actively主动地:B.blindly盲目地;C.quickly快速地;D.dutifully忠实地。根据上文的“while the unconscious mind works faster”可知，此处指的是下意识思维善于“迅速地”识别危险。故选C项。 【小题12】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:它使我们能够根据有限的数据快速做出决定--这是人类生存所必需的技能。A.enough足够的;B.latest最新的;C.limited有限的;D.missing丢失的。根据上文的“...while the unconscious mind works faster, picking up on patterns and problems with little information.”曰知，下意识思维更快，在信息很少的情况下就能发现模式和问题，由此可知，此处指的是基于“有限的”信息得出结论。故选C项。 【小题13】考查动词词义辨析。句意:这种适应性下意识的观点挑战了缓慢的、有目的的思考总是更优越的观点。A.challenges挑战;B.supports支持;C.develops发展;D.examines检测。根据上文的“It allows us to make quick decisions based on 12 data- a skill that has been essential for human survival.”可知，适应性下意识思维可以快速地基于有限的数据得出结论，这是人类生存所必须得技能，结合下文的“that slow, purposeful thought is always superior.”可知，人们认为缓慢而有目的的思维更优越，由此可推断，此处指的是适应性下意识思维“挑战”了缓慢的、有目的的思考总是更优越的观点。故选A项。 【小题14】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:我们常常认为，多花点时间就能做出更好的决定，但有些时候--尤其是在压力很大的情况下--快速的判断即使不是更有效，也是一样有效的。A.controversial矛盾的，有争议的;B.effective有效的;C.specific具体的;D.general一般的。根据上文的“We often believe that taking more time leads to better decision but there are moments -especially in stressful situations”以及下文的“if not more so.”可知，人们经常认为多花时间能做出更高的决定，但是，在压力很大的情况下，快速的判断即使不是更有效，也应该是一样的“有效”符合语境。故选B项 【小题15】考查形容词短语辨析。句意:适应性下意识快速处理信息，使我们能够在完全意识到威胁或机会之前迅速做出反应。A.independent of独立于;B.capable of具备...能力;C. worthy of值得:D.aware of意识到。根据上文的“The adaptive unconscious processes information rapidly, enabling us to respond quickly to threats or opportunities”可知，适应性下意识的快速加工信息能让我们在威胁或机会之前迅速做出反应，由此可知，此处强调下意识的思维的反应之快，由此可推断，此处指的是甚至是在我们还没有“意识到”威胁或机遇时就已经做出了反应，符合语境。故选D项。 第 1 页 共 4 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$