Unit 5 Reading Plus The History of Pizza知识点精讲精练-2025-2026学年人教版英语八年级上册

该初中英语知识清单围绕Unit 5“The History of Pizza”展开重点词汇精讲精练。从基础句型结构“one of the + 最高级 + 复数名词”入手，延伸到数词（thousand/hundred等）用法、动词短语（depend on, go back to等）及多义词（flat, late等）解析，构建词到句再到语用的学习支架。 资料知识链路按“语境词义-用法对比-即学即练”逻辑梳理，通过披萨历史语境强化语言能力，借助数词用法对比等培养思维品质，练习题针对性巩固知识点，形成学练结合的闭环，助力学生系统掌握词汇用法并提升语言应用能力。

Unit 5 Reading Plus The History of Pizza知识点精讲精练 重点词汇解析 1.Do you know pizza is one of the most popular fast foods in the world? 你知道披萨是世界上最受欢迎的快餐之一吗？ one of the most popular fast foods 词义及用法 “one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 可数名词复数”，表示 “…… 中最…… 之一”。 用法要点 主谓一致：当 “one of + the + 最高级 + 复数名词” 作主语时，谓语动词用单数（因为核心是 “one”）。 One of the tallest boys is my brother.（最高的男孩之一是我弟弟。） 形容词最高级变化： 单音节 / 部分双音节形容词：直接加 “-est”（如 tall → tallest）； 多音节形容词：前加 “most”（如 popular → most popular；important → most important）。 必须加 “the”：形容词最高级前必须用定冠词 “the”，不可省略。 English is one of the most useful languages in the world.（英语是世界上最有用的语言之一。） Beijing is one of the biggest cities in China.（北京是中国最大的城市之一。） Swimming is one of the healthiest sports.（游泳是最健康的运动之一。） 即学即练： 1.Pandas are ______ in the world. A. one of the most lovely animal B. one of the most lovely animals C. one of most lovely animals D. one of the lovely animals 2.This is ______ I have ever read. A. one of the most interesting book B. one of most interesting books C. one of the most interesting books D. one of the interesting books 3.Spring is ______ in a year. A. one of the best season B. one of the best seasons C. one of best seasons D. one of the good seasons 4.______ comes from China. A. One of the most famous pandas B. One of the most famous panda C. One of most famous pandas D. One of the famous pandas 5.Running is ______ for students. A. one of the best exercise B. one of the best exercises C. one of best exercises D. one of the good exercise 2.Thousands of years ago, the Greeks, Italians, and Persians started putting vegetables, oil, cheese, and other things on flat bread. 几千年前，希腊人、意大利人和波斯人开始把蔬菜、油、奶酪和其他东西放在扁平的面包上。 thousand词义及用法 表示具体数量（数词用法） 前有具体数字（如 one, two, three...）时，用 单数形式 thousand，后接可数名词复数。 结构：数字 + thousand + 可数名词复数 There are two thousand students in our school.（我们学校有 2000 名学生。） He bought five thousand books for the library.（他为图书馆买了 5000 本书。） 表示不确定的 “大量”（名词用法） 前无具体数字，表 “数千；许许多多” 时，用 复数形式 thousands，后接 of + 可数名词复数。 结构：thousands of + 可数名词复数（“成千上万的……”） Thousands of birds come to this lake in winter.（冬天有成千上万的鸟来到这个湖。） She has thousands of fans around the world.（她在全世界有许许多多的粉丝。） 与 “数词 + hundred/thousand/million” 连用 表示更大的数量时，hundred（百）、thousand（千）、million（百万）均用单数，按 “从小到大” 顺序排列。 The city has three million five hundred thousand people.（这座城市有 350 万人。） thousand 与 thousands of： thousand 前必须有具体数字（如 three thousand），后直接接名词复数，不加 of； thousands of 前无具体数字，后必须加 of + 名词复数，表 “不确定的大量”。 错误：three thousands books（应为 three thousand books） 错误：thousand of students（应为 thousands of students） This building is about three thousand years old. Five thousand trees were planted in the park last year. Thousands of people watched the football match. 即学即练： 1.There are about two ______ students in this middle school. A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of 2.______ visitors come to this museum every year. A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of 3.My father has collected more than three ______ stamps. A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of 4.The company has over five ______ workers. A. thousand B. thousands C. thousand of D. thousands of 5.______ birds fly to the south in autumn. A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of hundred, million, billion （三者用法一致） 数词：分别表示 “百”“百万”“十亿”（用于具体数量） 名词：分别表示 “数百”“数百万”“数十亿”（常用复数形式，表不确定的 “大量”） 表示具体数量（数词用法） 前有具体数字（如 one, two, five...）时，用 单数形式，后接可数名词复数。 结构：数字 + hundred /million/billion + 可数名词复数 There are five hundred students in our grade.（我们年级有 500 名学生。） This city has two million people.（这座城市有 200 万人口。） The project cost three billion yuan.（这个项目花费了 30 亿元。） 表示不确定的 “大量”（名词用法） 前无具体数字，表 “数百 / 数百万 / 数十亿” 时，用 复数形式，后接 of + 可数名词复数。 结构：hundreds /millions/billions of + 可数名词复数（“数百的……”“数百万的……”“数十亿的……”） Hundreds of birds are singing in the tree.（数百只鸟在树上唱歌。） Millions of stars are shining in the sky.（夜空中有数百万颗星星在闪烁。） Billions of people live on the earth.（地球上生活着数十亿人。） 多个数词连用（表更大数量） 表示复合数量时，hundred, million, billion 均用单数，按 “从小到大” 顺序排列（百→千→百万→十亿）。 There are two thousand three hundred students in the school.（这所学校The company earned five million two hundred thousand yuan last year.（这家公司去年赚了 520 万元。） 有具体数字 vs 无具体数字： 前有数字（如 three hundred）：用单数，后直接接名词（不加 of）； 前无数字（表 “大量”）：用复数 + of（如 hundreds of），后接名词。 错误：five hundreds books（应为 five hundred books） 错误：million of trees（应为 millions of trees） She bought three hundred apples for the party. Hundreds of children are playing in the park. This river is over two million meters long. Millions of tourists visit this place every year. China has a population of over 1.4 billion. Billions of stars are in the universe. 即学即练： 1.There are about eight ______ students in this school. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundred of D. hundreds of 2.______ people took part in the marathon. A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of 3.The park is visited by over two ______ people every month. A. million B. millions C. million of D. millions of 4.______ trees were planted in the desert last year. A. Million B. Millions C. Million of D. Millions of 5.The earth is home to more than seven ______ people. A. billion B. billions C. billion of D. billions of flat词义及用法 表 “平的；平坦的”：修饰地面、物体表面等 The road is flat, so it’s easy to ride a bike.（这条路很平坦，骑车很轻松。） She used a flat stone to skip on the water.（她用一块扁平的石头打水漂。） 表 “单调的；乏味的”：修饰声音、故事等 The movie was so flat that I fell asleep.（这部电影太乏味了，我都睡着了。） 表 “（饮料）没气的”：修饰可乐、汽水等 This cola is flat—can I have a new one?（这杯可乐没气了，能换一杯吗？） 表 “公寓”：指多层建筑中的一套住房 They live in a small flat on the third floor.（他们住在三楼的一套小公寓里。） My uncle has a flat with three bedrooms.（我叔叔有一套带三个卧室的公寓。） 常与动词搭配，表 “平直地；平躺地” He lay flat on the ground to hide.（他平躺在地上躲起来。） Press the paper flat with your hand.（用手把纸压平。） flat（名词）vs apartment： 两者均表示 “公寓”，flat 是英式英语，apartment 是美式英语。 例：She rents a flat in London.（英式）= She rents an apartment in New York.（美式） 即学即练： 1.The table is ______, so the cup won’t fall off. A. flat B. round C. high D. small 2.My grandparents live in a ______ with a big balcony. A. flat B. house C. garden D. school 3.You should lie ______ on the bed if you have a backache. A. flat B. fast C. hard D. late 4.This soda is ______—it doesn’t taste good. A. flat B. sweet C. cold D. hot 3.The ingredients depended on the area, but there was one thing in common: Everyone put the toppings on some type of bread. This was the ancient form of "pizza".配料取决于地区，但有一点是共同的：每个人都把配料放在某种类型的面包上。这是“披萨”的古代形式。 depend词义及用法 动词：依赖；依靠；取决于；信赖 depend on/upon + 人 / 事物：依赖；依靠；取决于 Children depend on their parents for food and clothes.（孩子们依靠父母获得衣食。） The result depends on how hard you work.（结果取决于你有多努力。） It depends：视情况而定（口语中常用，用于回答不确定的问题） 例：—Will you come to the party?（你会来派对吗？） —It depends. I might have to study.（看情况吧，我可能得学习。） depend on sb. to do sth.：指望某人做某事 You can depend on her to help you.（你可以指望她帮你。） depend on vs rely on： 两者均可表示 “依赖”，depend on 更强调客观上的 “取决于”，rely on 更侧重主观上的 “信赖”。 Success depends on luck.（成功取决于运气。）； I rely on my friends for support.（我依赖朋友的支持。） dependent vs independent： dependent（形容词）：依赖的，后接 on（be dependent on 依赖……） 例：She is dependent on her parents.（她依赖父母。） independent（形容词）：独立的，后接 of（be independent of 不依赖……） Adults should be independent of their parents.（成年人应该不依赖父母。） 即学即练： 1.Good health ______ good food and enough exercise. A. depends on B. looks at C. listens to D. talks about 2.Whether we go hiking ______ the weather tomorrow. A. depends on B. gets on C. puts on D. tries on 3.You can ______ your parents to help you when you’re in trouble. A. depend on B. look for C. wait for D. ask for 4.—Can you go to the movies with me? —______. I need to finish my homework first. A. It depends B. No problem C. You’re welcome D. That’s right 5.Children are ______ their parents for care and love. A. dependent on B. good at C. interested in D. afraid of topping词义及用法 表示 “（食物的）配料 / 浇头”，常与具体食物搭配，说明 “…… 上的配料” I like pizza with tomato and cheese toppings.（我喜欢加番茄和奶酪配料的比萨。） Ice cream with chocolate topping is my favorite.（加巧克力浇头的冰淇淋是我的最爱。） 泛指 “顶部的装饰物” The cake has a topping of fresh fruit.（这个蛋糕的顶部装饰是新鲜水果。） 复数形式：表示多种配料时用 toppings，如 “不同的配料” 译为 different toppings。 What toppings do you want on your hamburger?（你的汉堡想加什么配料？） The yogurt comes with a topping of honey and nuts.（这款酸奶配有蜂蜜和坚果的浇头。） We can choose three toppings for the ice cream.（我们可以给冰淇淋选三种配料。） The cake’s topping is made of cream and strawberries.（蛋糕的顶部配料是奶油和草莓。） 即学即练： 1.I want a pizza with ______ toppings: pepperoni and onions. A. two B. second C. twice D. too 2.What’s your favorite ______ for ice cream? A. topping B. food C. fruit D. drink 3.The cake has a ______ of chocolate and cookies. A. topping B. name C. color D. price 4.They offer many different ______ for the salad. A. toppings B. bowl C. plate D. spoon 5.Do you like your coffee with a ______ of cream? A. topping B. cup C. bag D. box form词义及用法 表 “表格”：fill in/out a form（填写表格） You need to fill in this form to join the club.（加入俱乐部需要填这张表。） Please sign your name at the end of the form.（请在表格末尾签名。） 表 “形式 / 形状”：in the form of（以…… 的形式） Help can come in the form of money or food.（帮助可以是钱或食物的形式。） 表 “形成；构成”：form + 名词（形成……） Clouds are formed from water vapor.（云是由水蒸气形成的。） These words form a sentence.（这些单词构成了一个句子。） 表 “养成（习惯）”：form a habit（养成习惯） It’s good to form a habit of reading.（养成阅读习惯很好。） 名词（表格）：Please hand in the form before Friday.（请在周五前交表。） 名词（形式）：Music is a form of art.（音乐是一种艺术形式。） 动词（形成）：Ice forms when water freezes.（水结冰时形成冰。） 动词（养成）：We should form good learning habits.（我们应该养成良好的学习习惯。） 短语（逐渐形成）：A idea formed in her head.（一个想法在她脑中形成了。） 即学即练： 1.Please fill ______ this form if you want to join us. A. in B. on C. at D. with 2.Water can exist in the ______ of ice, liquid or gas. A. form B. shape C. kind D. type 3.It’s important to ______ a habit of getting up early. A. form B. make C. do D. take 4.These letters ______ a new word. A. form B. make C. get D. take 4.Our modern pizza goes back to the Romans more than 2,000 years ago. 现代披萨可以追溯到2000多年前的罗马人。 go back to词义及用法 回到（某地） 后接地点名词，强调从当前位置返回之前去过的地方。 We will go back to school next Monday.（我们下周一将回到学校。） She wants to go back to her hometown during the holiday.（她想假期回故乡。） 追溯到（某时） 后接时间名词，指事物的起源或开始时间。 This tradition goes back to 100 years ago.（这个传统可以追溯到 100 年前。） The story goes back to the 19th century.（这个故事始于 19 世纪。） 重新开始（做某事） 后接动名词（doing）或名词，指中断后继续之前的事情。 Let’s go back to studying after the break.（休息后我们继续学习吧。） He decided to go back to his old job.（他决定重新做回以前的工作。） 即学即练： 1.They plan to ______ their village next month. A. go back to B. come from C. leave for D. arrive at 2.This custom ______ 300 years ago. A. goes back to B. comes from C. looks like D. sounds like 3.Let’s ______ our lesson after lunch. A. go back to B. get up C. look for D. put on 4.She ______ her hometown every summer holiday. A. goes back to B. takes off C. turns on D. thinks about 5.After the rain stopped, we ______ playing football. A. went back to B. made up C. looked at D. talked about Rome词义及用法 专有名词用法：作为城市名，首字母必须大写，无复数形式。 Rome is a beautiful city with a long history.（罗马是一座历史悠久的美丽城市。） We visited the Colosseum when we were in Rome.（我们在罗马时参观了斗兽场。） 经典谚语： All roads lead to Rome.（条条大路通罗马。） 含义：比喻达到同一目的有多种方法。 Don’t worry about the way—all roads lead to Rome.（别担心方法，条条大路通罗马。） When in Rome, do as the Romans do.（入乡随俗。） 含义：指到了一个地方，要遵循当地的习俗。 You should learn to eat with chopsticks here—when in Rome, do as the Romans do.（你应该学着在这里用筷子吃饭 —— 入乡随俗嘛。） Roman 词义及用法 修饰与罗马相关的事物（城市、人、文化、建筑等） The Roman Empire was very powerful in ancient times.（古罗马帝国在古代非常强大。） We visited the Roman ruins in the city.（我们参观了这座城市里的古罗马遗迹。） Roman culture has influenced many countries.（罗马文化影响了许多国家。） 表示 “罗马人”（单数指一个罗马人，复数指多个罗马人） A Roman showed us around the old city.（一个罗马人带我们参观了老城。） The Romans built many great buildings.（罗马人建造了许多宏伟的建筑。） 即学即练： 1.______ is the capital of Italy. A. Rome B. Paris C. London D. Beijing 2.The saying “All roads lead to ______” tells us there are many ways to reach a goal. A. Rome B. China C. school D. home 3“When in ______, do as the Romans do” means we should follow local customs. A. Rome B. Paris C. New York D. Sydney 4.______ culture has a long history. A. Roman B. China C. America D. England 5.The ______ built many beautiful buildings in their empire. A. Romans B. Roman C. Rome D. Romes 5.Later, Italians brought the pizza to America, and then it became a popular food all over the world, with different pizzas from different places.后来，意大利人把披萨带到美国，然后它成为一种受欢迎的食物在世界各地，不同的披萨来自不同的地方。 late词义及用法 表 “迟的；晚的”（指时间上的延迟） She was late for school because of the rain.（因为下雨，她上学迟到了。） It’s too late to go out now.（现在出去太晚了。） 表 “晚期的；后期的”（指阶段） He became famous in his late years.（他晚年成名了。） 表 “迟；晚”（修饰动词） He often gets up late on weekends.（他周末经常起得晚。） They arrived late for the party.（他们参加派对来晚了。） be late for：做某事迟到 Don’t be late for the meeting.（开会别迟到。） later on：后来；稍后 We can talk about it later on.（我们稍后再谈这件事。） sooner or later：迟早 You’ll understand it sooner or later.（你迟早会明白的。） late vs lately： late 作形容词 / 副词，表 “迟的 / 地；晚的 / 地”； lately 是副词，表 “最近；近来”（相当于 recently）。 He came late.（他来晚了。）； I haven’t seen her lately.（我最近没见过她。） 比较级和最高级：later（较迟的 / 地）、latest（最迟的 / 地；最新的）。 Today is later than yesterday.（今天比昨天晚。）； This is the latest news.（这是最新消息。） 形容词（迟的）：He was late for the train.（他赶火车迟到了。） 形容词（晚期的）：This is a movie about his late life.（这是一部关于他晚年生活的电影。） 副词（晚）：She works late every night.（她每晚工作到很晚。） 短语（稍后）：I’ll call you later on.（我稍后给你打电话。） 即学即练： 1.Don’t be ______ for school again. A. late B. early C. good D. bad 2.He often goes to bed ______ on weekends. A. late B. lately C. early D. slow 3.We will discuss the plan ______. A. later on B. at first C. in fact D. at once 4.______ you will know that he is right. A. Sooner or later B. In the end C. At first D. On time 5.Please return the book by next Monday ______. A. at the latest B. at first C. in time D. on time 6.Photographs of movie stars and famous athletes with pizza helped it become more and more popular, and that led to competitions. 电影明星和著名运动员与披萨的合影使得披萨越来越受欢迎，并引发了比赛。 lead 词义及用法 带领；引导：lead + 人 + 地点（带领某人去某地） The guide led us to the museum.（导游带领我们去了博物馆。） She led the child cross the street.（她领着孩子过马路。） 通向：lead to + 地点（通向某地） This road leads to the park.（这条路通向公园。） 导致：lead to + 结果（导致某结果） Hard work leads to success.（努力工作会通向成功。） 领先：lead + 数字 / 比分（领先……） Our team leads by two points.（我们队领先两分。） 领先地位：have/take the lead（处于领先地位 / 带头） She took the lead in the race.（她在比赛中处于领先地位。） lead a...life：过…… 的生活 例：They lead a happy life.（他们过着幸福的生活。） 动词（带领）：The teacher led the students into the classroom.（老师带领学生进了教室。） 动词（导致）：Smoking can lead to health problems.（吸烟会导致健康问题。） 动词（领先）：He leads the class in math.（他在班里数学成绩领先。） 名词（领先）：Our team has a three-point lead.（我们队领先三分。） 即学即练： 1.The tour guide will ______ us to the old temple. A. lead B. follow C. carry D. catch 2.Hard work can ______ to good grades. A. lead B. take C. make D. get 3.This path ______ to the lake in the park. A. leads B. goes C. runs D. walks 4.Our class is in the ______ in the school sports meeting. A. lead B. way C. front D. back 5.She ______ the children safely across the road yesterday. A. led B. lead C. leads D. leading compete词义及用法 动词 competes competed competing 名词 competition（竞争；比赛） 形容词competitive（竞争的） compete with/against sb.：与某人竞争 He will compete with Tom in the race.（他将在比赛中与汤姆竞争。） Many students compete against each other for the prize.（许多学生为奖品相互竞争。） compete in sth.：参加某项比赛 / 竞赛 She competed in the singing competition last year.（她去年参加了歌唱比赛。） Our school will compete in the football match.（我们学校将参加足球赛。） compete for sth.：为…… 而竞争 Athletes from all over the world compete for gold medals.（世界各地的运动员为金牌而竞争。） 介词搭配：与 “人” 竞争用 with/against；参加 “比赛” 用 in；为 “事物” 竞争用 for。 名词转换：competition 是常用名词 表示 “…… 比赛 / 竞赛”： 名词 + competition 或 competition + 介词短语 There will be a singing competition in our school.（我们学校将举办一场歌唱比赛。） She took part in a drawing competition last week.（她上周参加了一场绘画比赛。） 表示 “…… 之间的竞争”：competition between/among + 竞争者 There is strong competition between the two teams.（这两支队伍之间竞争激烈。） Competition among students helps improve grades.（学生之间的竞争有助于提高成绩。） enter a competition：参加比赛 例：He decided to enter the English competition.（他决定参加英语竞赛。） win a competition：赢得比赛 例：She won the dancing competition last year.（她去年赢得了舞蹈比赛。） in competition with：与…… 竞争 例：Our class is in competition with Class 2 for the first prize.（我们班与二班竞争一等奖。） 即学即练： 1.He will ______ his brother in the swimming race. A. compete with B. talk to C. laugh at D. wait for 2.Many students ______ in the English speech contest every year. A. compete B. play C. study D. work 3.They are ______ for the first place in the game. A. competing B. looking C. asking D. paying 4.She ______ with her best friend in the piano competition last week. A. competed B. competes C. will compete D. is competing 5.We will ______ in the school sports meeting next month. A. compete B. win C. lose D. get 6.We will have a ______ for the best story next month. A. competition B. game C. class D. lesson 7.She won first prize in the English speaking ______. A. competition B. school C. family D. party 8.Our team got the first place in the ______. A. competition B. park C. shop D. library 7.There are also all kinds of world records. 还有各种各样的世界纪录。 kind词义及用法 be kind to sb.：对某人友善 The teacher is always kind to her students.（这位老师对学生总是很友善。） It’s good to be kind to animals.（对动物友善是好事。） It’s kind of sb. to do sth.：某人做某事真是太好了 It’s kind of you to help me with my homework.（你帮我辅导作业，真是太好了。） a kind of：一种（后接名词） A dog is a kind of animal.（狗是一种动物。） all kinds of：各种各样的 There are all kinds of books in the library.（图书馆里有各种各样的书。） this/that kind of：这 / 那种 I like this kind of fruit.（我喜欢这种水果。） 即学即练： 1.My grandmother is very ______ to all children. A. kind B. bad C. angry D. sad 2.______ you to give me such a nice gift! A. It’s kind of B. It’s good for C. It’s hard for D. It’s easy of 3.There are many ______ of birds in the forest. A. kinds B. kind C. kindes D. kinded 4.This ______ of cake tastes very good. A. kind B. kinds C. way D. ways 5.It’s ______ of him to help the old man cross the road. A. kind B. clever C. funny D. lazy record词义及用法 record sth.：记录 / 录制某事 She records her daily life in a diary.（她在日记中记录日常生活。） We can record the song with a phone.（我们可以用手机录制这首歌。） break a record：打破记录 He broke the school record in the 100-meter race.（他打破了学校 100 米赛跑记录。） set a record：创造记录 She set a new record in the swimming competition.（她在游泳比赛中创造了新记录。） keep a record：保持记录 The school keeps a record of students’ grades.（学校记录学生的成绩。） 即学即练： 1.Please ______ your name and phone number on the paper. A. record B. read C. sing D. draw 2.He ______ the highest score in the math test. A. set a record of B. made a plan for C. looked forward to D. got ready for 3.She ______ the song when she was 10 years old. A. recorded B. records C. will record D. is recording 4.The athlete broke the world ______ in the 200-meter race. A. record B. game C. match D. sport 5.We need to ______ the temperature every day. A. record B. find C. lose D. make 8.Today, pizza is popular all over the world, and different places have their own local pizzas. 今天，披萨在世界各地都很受欢迎，不同的地方都有自己当地的披萨。 own词义及用法 own sth.：拥有某物 My father owns a small car.（我爸爸拥有一辆小汽车。） She owns a lot of interesting books.（她有很多有趣的书。） one’s own + 名词：某人自己的…… I have my own room.（我有自己的房间。） He made the model plane with his own hands.（他用自己的双手做了这个飞机模型。） on one’s own：独自地；独立地（= by oneself） She can finish the work on her own.（她能独自完成这项工作。） He walked home on his own.（他独自走回了家。） 即学即练： 1.My brother ______ a new bike. A. owns B. makes C. does D. gives 2.She likes to read books in ______ room. A. her own B. own her C. she own D. own she 3.The boy can wash his clothes ______. A. on his own B. in his own C. by his own D. with his own 4.Do you ______ any pets at home? A. own B. keep C. take D. carry 5.This is ______ idea, not my friend’s. A. my own B. own my C. I own D. own I 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$