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编写说明:2026版湖南省(对口招生)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》,依据最新版《中等职业学校英语课程标准》、湖南省对口升学考试考纲以及历年真题编写。本资料将高考必备知识进行科学划分,系统总结归纳知识点,全面梳理高考题型。本专辑共三大部分32个专题:第一部分是按照基础语法知识点编写的语法知识清单,第二部分是针对课程标准和高考真题中高频词汇和表达的语言知识清单,第三部分是依据各个高考题型编写的题型技巧清单。每份资料均配备配套讲义和练习题。
本专题是2026版湖南省(对口招生)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》中语法知识清单的第10个专题,内容为非谓语动词。
2026版湖南省(对口招生)一轮复习
英语语法知识清单
专题10 非谓语动词(真题+模拟题)
(
【考点解读】
英语非谓语动词指不能作谓语的动词形式,有不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、分词(现在分词 doing、过去分词 done)。可作主语、宾语等,有时态和语态变化,需注意与逻辑主语的关系。
)
【知识点清单一】不定式
【要点精讲】
1.动词不定式的构成
构成类型
具体形式
说明
例子
基本形式
to + 动词原形
不定式最基础的构成形式,可表示动作的一般情况或将来发生的动作。
She wants to learn English.(她想要学英语。)
否定式
not to + 动词原形
在基本形式前加 not,用于表达否定意义。
He told me not to wait for him.(他告诉我不要等他。)
一般式
(主动)
to do
表示不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生,且不定式逻辑主语是动作的执行者。
I like to read books in the evening.(我喜欢晚上看书。)
一般式
(被动)
to be done
表示不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生,且不定式逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
The work is to be finished by Friday.(这项工作要在周五前完成。)
进行式
to be doing
强调不定式动作在谓语动词动作发生时正在进行。
He seems to be thinking about something.(他似乎正在想什么事情。)
完成式
(主动)
to have done
表明不定式动作在谓语动词动作之前已经完成,逻辑主语是动作的执行者。
She is said to have written three novels.(据说她已经写了三本小说。)
完成式
(被动)
to have been done
表明不定式动作在谓语动词动作之前已经完成,逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
The bridge is reported to have been built last year.(据报道这座桥是去年建成的。)
2. 不定式的句法作用
不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
(1)作主语
To help others is a virtue.(帮助别人是一种美德。)
To finish the project on time requires teamwork.(按时完成这个项目需要团队合作。)
It is important to keep a balanced diet.(保持均衡饮食很重要。)(it 作形式主语,真正主语是不定式短语)
(2)作表语
Her dream is to become a doctor.(她的梦想是成为一名医生。)
The main task today is to clean the classroom.(今天的主要任务是打扫教室。)
What he wants is to travel around the world.(他想要的是环游世界。)
(3)作宾语
① 接在常用动词后:
She hopes to visit Paris next year.(她希望明年去巴黎旅游。)
He refused to accept the gift.(他拒绝接受这份礼物。)
They plan to hold a party this weekend.(他们计划这周末举办一场派对。)
② 充当介词宾语:
There is no choice but to follow his advice.(除了听从他的建议,别无选择。)
She did nothing except to watch TV all day.(她一整天除了看电视什么也没做。)
He is used to getting up early, but today he has no choice but to sleep late.(他习惯早起,但今天别无选择只能睡晚些。)
③ 与疑问词连用:
She doesn’t know how to solve the problem.(她不知道如何解决这个问题。)
Please tell me where to find the library.(请告诉我在哪里能找到图书馆。)
He is thinking about when to start the journey.(他在考虑什么时候开始旅程。)
(4)作宾语补足语
The teacher asked us to hand in our homework.(老师要求我们交作业。)
My parents allow me to go to the party.(我父母允许我去参加派对。)
They want her to sing a song for them.(他们想让她为他们唱首歌。)
(5)作定语
I have a lot of homework to do tonight.(我今晚有很多作业要做。)
Is there anyone to talk to?(有可以说话的人吗?)
She bought a new dress to wear at the wedding.(她买了一条新裙子,想在婚礼上穿。)
(6)作状语
① 作目的状语:
He studies hard to pass the exam.(他努力学习是为了通过考试。)
She saved money in order to buy a new car.(她存钱是为了买一辆新车。)
They left early so as to catch the first bus.(他们早早出发是为了赶上第一班公交车。)
② 作结果状语:
He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.(他匆忙赶到车站,结果发现火车已经开走了。)
The box is too heavy to carry.(这个箱子太重了,搬不动。)
He is such a kind man as to help strangers.(他是个善良的人,会帮助陌生人。)
③ 作原因状语:
I am sorry to hear the bad news.(听到这个坏消息我很抱歉。)
They were excited to win the game.(赢得比赛他们很兴奋。)
She was disappointed to miss the concert.(错过这场音乐会她很失望。)
【即时训练】
1.It is necessary _______ enough water every day.
A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drank
2.Her wish is _______ a famous pianist in the future.
A. become B. becoming C. to become D. became
3.They decided _______ for a walk after dinner.
A. go B. to go C. going D. went
4.My parents told me _______ too much time playing computer games.
A. not to spend B. not spend C. to not spend D. don’t spend
5.We have a lot of tasks _______ before the end of this week.
A. finish B. finishing C. to finish D. finished
【知识点清单二】动名词
【要点精讲】
1.动名词的构成
构成类型
具体形式
说明
例子
基本形式
动词原形 + -ing
动名词最基础的构成形式,由动词原形加 - ing 构成,可表示泛指的动作或习惯性动作。
Reading is a good habit.(阅读是个好习惯。)
否定式
not + 动名词
在动名词前加 not 构成否定形式,用于表达否定意义的动作。
He apologized for not coming on time.(他为没能准时来而道歉。)
完成式
having + 过去分词
表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,强调动作的完成。
She regretted having missed the meeting.(她后悔错过了会议。)
完成式的否定
not + having + 过去分词
完成式的否定形式,强调在谓语动作前未完成的动作。
He was criticized for not having finished the task.(他因没完成任务而受到批评。)
被动式
being + 过去分词
表示动名词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
He likes being praised by others.(他喜欢被别人表扬。)
完成被动式
having been + 过去分词
表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,且逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
Having been invited to the party, she felt very happy.(被邀请参加派对,她感到很高兴。)
2. 动名词的句法作用
动名词具有名词的性质,所以在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和同位语。
(1)作主语
Swimming is a great way to keep fit.(游泳是保持健康的好方法。)
Collecting stamps has become his lifelong hobby.(集邮成了他毕生的爱好。)
It’s useless arguing with such a stubborn person.(和这么固执的人争论没用。)(it 作形式主语,动名词短语为真正主语)
Traveling broadens one’s horizons.(旅行能开阔人的眼界。)
(2)作表语
Her main job is teaching English.(她的主要工作是教英语。)
What he enjoys most is playing basketball.(他最喜欢的事是打篮球。)
The best part of the trip was hiking in the mountains.(这次旅行最棒的部分是在山里徒步。)
My favorite pastime is reading novels.(我最喜欢的消遣是读小说。)
(3)作宾语
She avoids eating spicy food because of her stomach problem.(因为胃病,她避免吃辛辣食物。)
They spent the whole afternoon practicing singing.(他们花了一下午练习唱歌。)
He admitted breaking the window by accident.(他承认不小心打碎了窗户。)
I look forward to hearing from you soon.(我期待很快收到你的来信。)
(4)作定语
There is a swimming pool in our community.(我们小区有一个游泳池。)
She bought a new washing machine last week.(她上周买了一台新洗衣机。)
The reading room is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.(阅览室从上午 9 点到下午 5 点开放。)
He put on his running shoes before going out.(出门前他穿上了跑鞋。)
(5)作同位语
His daily routine, getting up at 6 a.m. and jogging, never changes.(他每天早上 6 点起床慢跑的习惯从未改变。)
We all support his decision, studying abroad for further education.(我们都支持他出国留学深造的决定。)
The team’s goal, winning the championship, finally came true.(球队夺冠的目标最终实现了。)
Her hobby, painting landscapes, brings her a lot of joy.(她画风景画的爱好给她带来了很多乐趣。)
【即时训练】
1._______ in the morning is good for your health.
A. Run B. To run C. Running D. Ran
2.My favorite activity is _______ with friends on weekends.
A. chat B. to chat C. chatting D. chatted
3.She enjoys _______ classical music in her free time.
A. listen to B. to listen to C. listening to D. listened to
4.There is a _______ pool in the new gym.
A. swim B. to swim C. swimming D. swum
5.His hobby, _______ model planes, takes up much of his time.
A. make B. to make C. making D. made
【知识点清单三】分词
【要点精讲】
1.分词的构成
分词类型
构成形式
说明
例子
现在分词
动词原形 + -ing
一般情况下,直接在动词原形后加 - ing;以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,去 e 加 - ing;重读闭音节动词,双写末尾辅音字母加 - ing。
work→working(工作);make→making(制作);run→running(跑步)
现在分词否定式
not + 现在分词
在现在分词前加 not 构成否定形式。
not knowing(不知道);not finishing(没完成)
现在分词完成式
having + 过去分词
表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,强调动作的完成。
having arrived(已经到达);having eaten(已经吃了)
现在分词完成否定式
not + having + 过去分词
完成式的否定形式,强调在谓语动作前未完成的动作。
not having seen(没见过);not having done(没做过)
现在分词被动式
being + 过去分词
表示动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,且逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
being built(正在被建造);being criticized(正在被批评)
现在分词完成被动式
having been + 过去分词
表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,且逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
having been invited(已被邀请);having been told(已被告知)
过去分词
规则动词:动词原形 + -ed;不规则动词:特殊变化
规则动词在词尾加 - ed;不规则动词的过去分词形式需特殊记忆。
look→looked(看);go→gone(去);see→seen(看见)
过去分词否定式
not + 过去分词
在过去分词前加 not 构成否定形式(较少见,多用于被动结构)。
not invited(未被邀请);not known(未被知晓)
2.分词的句法作用
(一)分词作表语
分词作表语时,多表示主语的状态或特征,现在分词表 “主动 / 进行”,过去分词表 “被动 / 完成”。
The movie is exciting. Many people are excited about it.(这部电影很刺激,很多人都为它感到兴奋。)
The situation is confusing. I’m totally confused.(局势很混乱,我完全被弄糊涂了。)
The news is surprising. She looks surprised after hearing it.(这个消息很惊人,她听完后一脸惊讶。)
(二)分词作定语
分词作定语时,修饰名词,现在分词表 “主动 / 正在进行”,过去分词表 “被动 / 已完成”,可位于名词前或后(单个分词前置,短语后置)。
The barking dog scared the little girl.(那只狂吠的狗吓到了小女孩。)(现在分词,前置)
I received a letter written in English.(我收到一封用英语写的信。)(过去分词,后置)
The students preparing for the exam are in the classroom.(正在准备考试的学生们在教室里。)(现在分词短语,后置)
(三)分词作状语
分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、结果等,其逻辑主语通常与句子主语一致。
Walking along the street, I met an old friend.(在街上散步时,我遇到了一位老朋友。)(现在分词表时间)
Tired from work, he went straight to bed.(因工作劳累,他直接上床睡觉了。)(过去分词表原因)
The heavy rain lasted for days, causing severe floods.(大雨下了好几天,引发了严重的洪水。)(现在分词表结果)
(四)分词作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时,补充说明宾语的动作或状态,常用在 “动词 + 宾语 + 分词” 结构中。
I heard her singing in the next room.(我听见她在隔壁房间唱歌。)(现在分词,表主动 / 进行)
We found the door locked when we returned.(我们回来时发现门被锁了。)(过去分词,表被动 / 完成)
They kept the machine running all night.(他们让机器整夜运转着。)(现在分词,表持续动作)
【即时训练】
1.The _______ child was crying loudly in the street.
A. frighten B. frightening C. frightened D. to frighten
2.She felt _______ after hearing the good news.
A. excite B. exciting C. excited D. to excite
3._______ the report, he started to write a summary.
A. Read B. Reading C. To read D. Having read
4.I found the window _______ when I got home.
A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break
5.The _______ movie attracted a lot of audiences.
A. interest B. interesting C. interested D. to interest
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编写说明:2026版湖南省(对口招生)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》,依据最新版《中等职业学校英语课程标准》、湖南省对口升学考试考纲以及历年真题编写。本资料将高考必备知识进行科学划分,系统总结归纳知识点,全面梳理高考题型。本专辑共三大部分32个专题:第一部分是按照基础语法知识点编写的语法知识清单,第二部分是针对课程标准和高考真题中高频词汇和表达的语言知识清单,第三部分是依据各个高考题型编写的题型技巧清单。每份资料均配备配套讲义和练习题。
本专题是2026版湖南省(对口招生)一轮复习《英语知识点清单》中语法知识清单的第10个专题,内容为非谓语动词。
2026版湖南省(对口招生)一轮复习
英语语法知识清单
专题10 非谓语动词(真题+模拟题)
(
【考点解读】
英语非谓语动词指不能作谓语的动词形式,有不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)、分词(现在分词 doing、过去分词 done)。可作主语、宾语等,有时态和语态变化,需注意与逻辑主语的关系。
)
【知识点清单一】不定式
【要点精讲】
1.动词不定式的构成
构成类型
具体形式
说明
例子
基本形式
to + 动词原形
不定式最基础的构成形式,可表示动作的一般情况或将来发生的动作。
She wants to learn English.(她想要学英语。)
否定式
not to + 动词原形
在基本形式前加 not,用于表达否定意义。
He told me not to wait for him.(他告诉我不要等他。)
一般式
(主动)
to do
表示不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生,且不定式逻辑主语是动作的执行者。
I like to read books in the evening.(我喜欢晚上看书。)
一般式
(被动)
to be done
表示不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或在其后发生,且不定式逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
The work is to be finished by Friday.(这项工作要在周五前完成。)
进行式
to be doing
强调不定式动作在谓语动词动作发生时正在进行。
He seems to be thinking about something.(他似乎正在想什么事情。)
完成式
(主动)
to have done
表明不定式动作在谓语动词动作之前已经完成,逻辑主语是动作的执行者。
She is said to have written three novels.(据说她已经写了三本小说。)
完成式
(被动)
to have been done
表明不定式动作在谓语动词动作之前已经完成,逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
The bridge is reported to have been built last year.(据报道这座桥是去年建成的。)
2. 不定式的句法作用
不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
(1)作主语
To help others is a virtue.(帮助别人是一种美德。)
To finish the project on time requires teamwork.(按时完成这个项目需要团队合作。)
It is important to keep a balanced diet.(保持均衡饮食很重要。)(it 作形式主语,真正主语是不定式短语)
(2)作表语
Her dream is to become a doctor.(她的梦想是成为一名医生。)
The main task today is to clean the classroom.(今天的主要任务是打扫教室。)
What he wants is to travel around the world.(他想要的是环游世界。)
(3)作宾语
① 接在常用动词后:
She hopes to visit Paris next year.(她希望明年去巴黎旅游。)
He refused to accept the gift.(他拒绝接受这份礼物。)
They plan to hold a party this weekend.(他们计划这周末举办一场派对。)
② 充当介词宾语:
There is no choice but to follow his advice.(除了听从他的建议,别无选择。)
She did nothing except to watch TV all day.(她一整天除了看电视什么也没做。)
He is used to getting up early, but today he has no choice but to sleep late.(他习惯早起,但今天别无选择只能睡晚些。)
③ 与疑问词连用:
She doesn’t know how to solve the problem.(她不知道如何解决这个问题。)
Please tell me where to find the library.(请告诉我在哪里能找到图书馆。)
He is thinking about when to start the journey.(他在考虑什么时候开始旅程。)
(4)作宾语补足语
The teacher asked us to hand in our homework.(老师要求我们交作业。)
My parents allow me to go to the party.(我父母允许我去参加派对。)
They want her to sing a song for them.(他们想让她为他们唱首歌。)
(5)作定语
I have a lot of homework to do tonight.(我今晚有很多作业要做。)
Is there anyone to talk to?(有可以说话的人吗?)
She bought a new dress to wear at the wedding.(她买了一条新裙子,想在婚礼上穿。)
(6)作状语
① 作目的状语:
He studies hard to pass the exam.(他努力学习是为了通过考试。)
She saved money in order to buy a new car.(她存钱是为了买一辆新车。)
They left early so as to catch the first bus.(他们早早出发是为了赶上第一班公交车。)
② 作结果状语:
He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.(他匆忙赶到车站,结果发现火车已经开走了。)
The box is too heavy to carry.(这个箱子太重了,搬不动。)
He is such a kind man as to help strangers.(他是个善良的人,会帮助陌生人。)
③ 作原因状语:
I am sorry to hear the bad news.(听到这个坏消息我很抱歉。)
They were excited to win the game.(赢得比赛他们很兴奋。)
She was disappointed to miss the concert.(错过这场音乐会她很失望。)
【即时训练】
1.It is necessary _______ enough water every day.
A. drink B. to drink C. drinking D. drank
【答案】B
【解析】句中 it 为形式主语,真正的主语是动词不定式短语,常用结构为 “It is + 形容词 + to do sth.”,故选 B。
2.Her wish is _______ a famous pianist in the future.
A. become B. becoming C. to become D. became
【答案】C
【解析】不定式作表语,说明主语 “wish” 的具体内容,故选 C。
3.They decided _______ for a walk after dinner.
A. go B. to go C. going D. went
【答案】B
【解析】“decide” 后接动词不定式作宾语,构成 “decide to do sth.” 结构,意为 “决定做某事”,故选 B。4.My parents told me _______ too much time playing computer games.
A. not to spend B. not spend C. to not spend D. don’t spend
【答案】A
【解析】“tell” 后接不定式作宾语补足语,否定形式为 “tell sb. not to do sth.”,故选 A。
5.We have a lot of tasks _______ before the end of this week.
A. finish B. finishing C. to finish D. finished
【答案】C
【解析】不定式作定语,修饰名词 “tasks”,表示 “要完成的任务”,故选 C。
【知识点清单二】动名词
【要点精讲】
1.动名词的构成
构成类型
具体形式
说明
例子
基本形式
动词原形 + -ing
动名词最基础的构成形式,由动词原形加 - ing 构成,可表示泛指的动作或习惯性动作。
Reading is a good habit.(阅读是个好习惯。)
否定式
not + 动名词
在动名词前加 not 构成否定形式,用于表达否定意义的动作。
He apologized for not coming on time.(他为没能准时来而道歉。)
完成式
having + 过去分词
表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,强调动作的完成。
She regretted having missed the meeting.(她后悔错过了会议。)
完成式的否定
not + having + 过去分词
完成式的否定形式,强调在谓语动作前未完成的动作。
He was criticized for not having finished the task.(他因没完成任务而受到批评。)
被动式
being + 过去分词
表示动名词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
He likes being praised by others.(他喜欢被别人表扬。)
完成被动式
having been + 过去分词
表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,且逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
Having been invited to the party, she felt very happy.(被邀请参加派对,她感到很高兴。)
2. 动名词的句法作用
动名词具有名词的性质,所以在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语和同位语。
(1)作主语
Swimming is a great way to keep fit.(游泳是保持健康的好方法。)
Collecting stamps has become his lifelong hobby.(集邮成了他毕生的爱好。)
It’s useless arguing with such a stubborn person.(和这么固执的人争论没用。)(it 作形式主语,动名词短语为真正主语)
Traveling broadens one’s horizons.(旅行能开阔人的眼界。)
(2)作表语
Her main job is teaching English.(她的主要工作是教英语。)
What he enjoys most is playing basketball.(他最喜欢的事是打篮球。)
The best part of the trip was hiking in the mountains.(这次旅行最棒的部分是在山里徒步。)
My favorite pastime is reading novels.(我最喜欢的消遣是读小说。)
(3)作宾语
She avoids eating spicy food because of her stomach problem.(因为胃病,她避免吃辛辣食物。)
They spent the whole afternoon practicing singing.(他们花了一下午练习唱歌。)
He admitted breaking the window by accident.(他承认不小心打碎了窗户。)
I look forward to hearing from you soon.(我期待很快收到你的来信。)
(4)作定语
There is a swimming pool in our community.(我们小区有一个游泳池。)
She bought a new washing machine last week.(她上周买了一台新洗衣机。)
The reading room is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.(阅览室从上午 9 点到下午 5 点开放。)
He put on his running shoes before going out.(出门前他穿上了跑鞋。)
(5)作同位语
His daily routine, getting up at 6 a.m. and jogging, never changes.(他每天早上 6 点起床慢跑的习惯从未改变。)
We all support his decision, studying abroad for further education.(我们都支持他出国留学深造的决定。)
The team’s goal, winning the championship, finally came true.(球队夺冠的目标最终实现了。)
Her hobby, painting landscapes, brings her a lot of joy.(她画风景画的爱好给她带来了很多乐趣。)
【即时训练】
1._______ in the morning is good for your health.
A. Run B. To run C. Running D. Ran
【答案】C
【解析】动名词作主语,指代 “早上跑步” 这一行为,故选 C。
2.My favorite activity is _______ with friends on weekends.
A. chat B. to chat C. chatting D. chatted
【答案】C
【解析】动名词作表语,说明主语 “activity” 的具体内容,故选 C。
3.She enjoys _______ classical music in her free time.
A. listen to B. to listen to C. listening to D. listened to
【答案】C
【解析】“enjoy” 后接动名词作宾语,构成 “enjoy doing sth.” 结构,意为 “喜欢做某事”,故选 C。
4.There is a _______ pool in the new gym.
A. swim B. to swim C. swimming D. swum
【答案】C
【解析】动名词作定语,修饰名词 “pool”,表示 “游泳池”,故选 C。
5.His hobby, _______ model planes, takes up much of his time.
A. make B. to make C. making D. made
【答案】C
【解析】动名词作同位语,进一步说明主语 “hobby” 的具体内容,故选 C。
【知识点清单三】分词
【要点精讲】
1.分词的构成
分词类型
构成形式
说明
例子
现在分词
动词原形 + -ing
一般情况下,直接在动词原形后加 - ing;以不发音的 e 结尾的动词,去 e 加 - ing;重读闭音节动词,双写末尾辅音字母加 - ing。
work→working(工作);make→making(制作);run→running(跑步)
现在分词否定式
not + 现在分词
在现在分词前加 not 构成否定形式。
not knowing(不知道);not finishing(没完成)
现在分词完成式
having + 过去分词
表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,强调动作的完成。
having arrived(已经到达);having eaten(已经吃了)
现在分词完成否定式
not + having + 过去分词
完成式的否定形式,强调在谓语动作前未完成的动作。
not having seen(没见过);not having done(没做过)
现在分词被动式
being + 过去分词
表示动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,且逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
being built(正在被建造);being criticized(正在被批评)
现在分词完成被动式
having been + 过去分词
表示动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,且逻辑主语是动作的承受者。
having been invited(已被邀请);having been told(已被告知)
过去分词
规则动词:动词原形 + -ed;不规则动词:特殊变化
规则动词在词尾加 - ed;不规则动词的过去分词形式需特殊记忆。
look→looked(看);go→gone(去);see→seen(看见)
过去分词否定式
not + 过去分词
在过去分词前加 not 构成否定形式(较少见,多用于被动结构)。
not invited(未被邀请);not known(未被知晓)
2.分词的句法作用
(一)分词作表语
分词作表语时,多表示主语的状态或特征,现在分词表 “主动 / 进行”,过去分词表 “被动 / 完成”。
The movie is exciting. Many people are excited about it.(这部电影很刺激,很多人都为它感到兴奋。)
The situation is confusing. I’m totally confused.(局势很混乱,我完全被弄糊涂了。)
The news is surprising. She looks surprised after hearing it.(这个消息很惊人,她听完后一脸惊讶。)
(二)分词作定语
分词作定语时,修饰名词,现在分词表 “主动 / 正在进行”,过去分词表 “被动 / 已完成”,可位于名词前或后(单个分词前置,短语后置)。
The barking dog scared the little girl.(那只狂吠的狗吓到了小女孩。)(现在分词,前置)
I received a letter written in English.(我收到一封用英语写的信。)(过去分词,后置)
The students preparing for the exam are in the classroom.(正在准备考试的学生们在教室里。)(现在分词短语,后置)
(三)分词作状语
分词作状语可表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、结果等,其逻辑主语通常与句子主语一致。
Walking along the street, I met an old friend.(在街上散步时,我遇到了一位老朋友。)(现在分词表时间)
Tired from work, he went straight to bed.(因工作劳累,他直接上床睡觉了。)(过去分词表原因)
The heavy rain lasted for days, causing severe floods.(大雨下了好几天,引发了严重的洪水。)(现在分词表结果)
(四)分词作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语时,补充说明宾语的动作或状态,常用在 “动词 + 宾语 + 分词” 结构中。
I heard her singing in the next room.(我听见她在隔壁房间唱歌。)(现在分词,表主动 / 进行)
We found the door locked when we returned.(我们回来时发现门被锁了。)(过去分词,表被动 / 完成)
They kept the machine running all night.(他们让机器整夜运转着。)(现在分词,表持续动作)
【即时训练】
1.The _______ child was crying loudly in the street.
A. frighten B. frightening C. frightened D. to frighten
【答案】C
【解析】过去分词作定语,修饰 “child”,表示 “被吓到的孩子”,过去分词表被动,故选 C。
2.She felt _______ after hearing the good news.
A. excite B. exciting C. excited D. to excite
【答案】C
【解析】过去分词作表语,描述主语 “she” 的感受,“excited” 意为 “感到兴奋的”,故选 C。
3._______ the report, he started to write a summary.
A. Read B. Reading C. To read D. Having read
【答案】D
【解析】现在分词完成式作状语,强调 “读完报告” 发生在 “开始写总结” 之前,逻辑主语与句子主语一致,故选 D。
4.I found the window _______ when I got home.
A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break
【答案】C
【解析】过去分词作宾语补足语,补充说明 “window” 的状态,“broken” 表示 “被打破的”,故选 C。
5.The _______ movie attracted a lot of audiences.
A. interest B. interesting C. interested D. to interest
【答案】B
【解析】现在分词作定语,修饰 “movie”,表示 “有趣的电影”,现在分词表主动特征,故选 B。
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