专题14 阅读理解（讲义）-2026版河南省（对口招生）二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》

编写说明：2026版河南省（对口招生）二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》依据最新版《中等职业学校英语课程标准》、省编复习指导及历年真题编写。本资料紧扣历年考试趋势和最新考试动态，聚焦高频考点，精讲精练，助力考生高效复习。同时，为构建完整学习体系，每个专题均配套对应讲义和AB卷习题，满足多样化学习需求。 本专题是2026版河南省（对口招生）二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》的第14个专题，内容为阅读理解。 2026版河南省（对口招生）二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》 专题14 阅读理解（讲义） 真题分析 考点 目标要求 考题统计及展示 考情分析 细节理解题 能快速准确地在文章中找到与题目相关的具体信息，理解并判断其正确性，包括人物、事件、时间、地点、原因、方式等细节内容 (2021年)31题（细节理解）、32题（细节理解）、33题（细节理解）、34题（细节理解）、36题（细节理解）、37题（细节理解）、38题（细节理解）、39题（细节理解） (2022年)31题（细节理解）、32题（细节理解）、33题（细节理解）、37题（细节理解）、38题（细节理解） (2023年)31题（细节理解）、32题（细节理解）、33题（细节理解）、36题（细节理解）、37题（细节理解）、38题（细节理解）、39题（细节理解） (2024年)31题（细节理解）、32题（细节理解）、33题（细节理解）、34题（细节理解）、36题（细节理解）、37题（细节理解）、38题（细节理解）、39题（细节理解） (2025年)32题（细节理解）、33题（细节理解）、34题（细节理解）、36题（细节理解）、37题（细节理解）、38题（细节理解）、39题（细节理解） 细节理解题是五年考试中占比最高的题型，覆盖范围广，涉及日常生活、科普知识、社会现象等多个话题。主要考查考生对文章中具体事实和信息的定位与理解能力，要求考生能精准抓取关键语句，匹配选项与原文信息，是阅读理解的基础考查题型。 推理判断题 依据文章所提供的信息，进行合理的推断和判断，包括对文章隐含意义、作者意图、逻辑关系等方面的推理 (2021年)无单独推理判断题（部分主旨题含推理成分） (2022年)34题（推理判断）、36题（推理判断）、39题（推理判断）、40题（推理判断） (2023年)无单独推理判断题（部分主旨题含推理成分） (2024年)35题（推理判断）、40题（推理判断） (2025年)35题（推理判断） 推理判断题难度中等，要求考生在理解表面信息的基础上进行深层思考。五年间题量不稳定，主要考查对文章隐含信息的挖掘，如人物行为动机、事件发展趋势等。考生需结合上下文逻辑，避免过度推断或主观臆断。 猜测词义题 根据上下文语境、构词法等知识，猜测生词或短语在特定语境中的含义 (2021年)无 (2022年)无 (2023年)34题（猜测词义） (2024年)无 (2025年)无 猜测词义题仅在2023年出现1题，考查对生词"out of date"的理解。该题型主要依托上下文逻辑，要求考生通过同义、反义关系或语境暗示推断词义，五年间考查频率较低，但仍需掌握基本解题技巧。 主旨大意题 准确概括文章的中心思想、主要内容，能够为文章选择合适的标题，把握文章的核心主题 (2021年)35题（主旨大意）、40题（主旨大意） (2022年)35题（主旨大意）、40题（主旨大意） (2023年)35题（主旨大意）、40题（主旨大意） (2024年)40题（主旨大意） (2025年)31题（主旨大意）、40题（主旨大意） 主旨大意题每年稳定考查1-2题，主要要求考生概括文章标题或核心内容。涉及议论文、记叙文、说明文等多种体裁，考查考生对文章整体结构和核心观点的把握能力，需避免被细节信息干扰，提炼文章主线。 考点预测 1. 细节理解题 · 人物细节：职业、性格等，需定位人物描述语句。 · 事件细节：起因、经过、结果及发展顺序。 · 时间与数字：事件时间、时长、数据变化等。 2. 推理判断题 · 隐含意义：通过人物言行推断想法、态度。 · 文章出处与读者：根据主题、风格判断来源和受众。 · 逻辑推理：因果、对比等关系的推导。 3. 猜测词义题 · 生词含义：依托上下文同义、反义、解释关系猜测。 · 熟词僻义：结合语境判断常见词的特殊含义。 4. 主旨大意题 · 概括中心：提炼文章核心观点。 · 选择标题：精准涵盖主旨且简洁贴切。 必考点清单 一、课标对篇章阅读能力要求 模块/类别 具体要求 基础模块-语篇类型内容要求 记叙类：个人简介、人物介绍、校园生活、社区生活、简单故事等 说明类：图表、图示、产品说明、使用指南、简单科普知识等 应用类：通知、海报、便条、邮件、简历、广告、日程表等 议论类：简短评论、观点表达、建议等 基础模块-语篇知识要求 了解常见语篇类型（记叙文、说明文、应用文等）的基本结构和特征 识别语篇中的主题句、支撑句及过渡句 理解语篇中时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序的表达方式 掌握常见衔接手段（如代词指代、连接词使用）在语篇中的作用 识别语篇中的信号词（如表示因果、转折、递进的词语） 基础模块-阅读能力要求 能读懂公共场所的常见标识、告示和简单说明 能快速查找和获取语篇中的具体信息（如时间、地点、人物、事件等） 能理解简单语篇的主旨大意和作者意图 能根据上下文线索猜测生词或短语的含义 能理解语篇中句子之间的基本逻辑关系 能读懂与日常生活和职业相关的简单文本，如邮件、通知、简历等 基础模块-语言学习认知策略要求（认知策略） 能运用略读策略快速获取语篇大意 能运用扫读策略查找特定信息 能对获取的信息进行简单分类和整理 能联系上下文理解生词含义，避免频繁查阅词典 能根据标题、图片等预测语篇内容 能通过做笔记、划重点等方式加深对阅读内容的理解 基础模块-语言技能发展策略要求（理解策略） 能借助语境和背景知识理解语篇含义 能通过分析句子结构理解复杂句的含义 能识别语篇中的关键信息和支持性细节 能通过上下文推测作者的隐含意义 能运用已有的知识和经验辅助理解新内容 遇到阅读困难时，能尝试调整阅读速度或重复阅读难点部分 职业模块-语篇类型内容要求 职业相关说明类：岗位说明书、操作流程、安全规范、产品参数等 职业相关应用类：工作邮件、业务通知、客户反馈、招聘信息等 职业相关记叙类：工作案例、职业故事、行业动态等 职业相关图表类：生产报表、销售数据、流程图表、设备示意图等 拓展模块-学业质量总体要求（水平二） 能读懂中等难度的职业相关语篇，理解主要内容和关键信息 能运用多种阅读策略处理较复杂的文本，如分析语篇结构、理解逻辑关系等 能根据阅读目的选择合适的阅读方法，提高阅读效率 能理解语篇中作者的态度、观点和意图，并作出简单评价 能借助工具（如词典）解决阅读中遇到的较难词汇或复杂句式 附录4学业质量水平描述（阅读要求） 水平二：能理解中等难度的多模态语篇（如图文结合文本），提取关键信息；能分析语篇的基本结构和逻辑关系；能根据语境推测陌生词汇的含义 二、考纲阅读理解考点详解 （一）阅读目标要求： 学生应掌握记叙文和说明文语篇的结构及语言特点；了解语篇中首句、主题句的作用、位置及行文特征；了解语篇中常见的衔接和连贯手段。 通过该模块的训练，学生能读懂难度相当于教材课文的不同题材和体裁的文字材料。文字材料生词率不超过3%。要求学生通过阅读把握其中心思想和主要内容，能对相关信息进行总结归纳、筛选、分析和推理判断。 （二）题型详解 1.细节理解题 阅读原文 细节理解题 解题技巧点拨 （一）关于不同文化中微笑的含义 Research has proved that smiling is recognized, all around the world, as kindness. In America, people smile to show a pleasant face to the people around them and to express happiness and gratitude, and they show a smile even when they are nervous. In France, a smile is considered a gift or an offering. It can be a pleasant surprise, an expression of appreciation or invitation. Smile can take many forms, but it often conveys a clear message of friendliness, gratitude, and so on. In Japan, smiling is a way to show respect or to hide what you are actually feeling. In Japanese culture, nonverbal expressions include the eyes more than the mouth. This makes it very easy for a Japanese to determine if a smile is real or not real. 题目1： All around the world, smiling has the same meaning of ____. A. happiness　B. kindness　C. nervousness　D. gratitude 答案：B 解析：原文明确提到"smiling is recognized, all around the world, as kindness"，直接匹配选项B。 1. 定位题干关键词"all around the world" 2. 找到原文中对应的句子 3. 直接提取匹配的信息 题目2： Which country is not mentioned in this passage? A. China　B. America　C. France　D. Japan 答案：A 解析：原文提及了America、France、Japan三个国家，未提到China，故答案为A。 1. 识别题干考查"未提及的国家" 2. 通读原文标记所有出现的国家名称 3. 用排除法排除已提及的选项 题目3： In France, a smile may not be a(n) ____. A. pleasant surprise　B. expression of appreciation C. expression of anxiety　D. expression of invitation 答案：C 解析：原文提到法国的微笑含义包括A、B、D三项，C项"焦虑的表达"未提及，故为答案。 1. 注意题干中的否定词"not" 2. 定位法国相关段落 3. 对比选项与原文列举的内容，排除相符选项 题目4： Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A. Americans show a smile even when they are nervous. B. Smiling always expresses what Japanese people are really feeling. C. Japanese people use nonverbal expressions to determine if a smile is real or not. D. Frenchmen consider a smile as a gift or an offering. 答案：B 解析：原文提到日本人的微笑可能"hide what you are actually feeling"，与选项B表述矛盾，故为答案。 1. 关注题干中的"NOT true" 2. 逐一核对每个选项与原文细节 3. 找出与原文表述矛盾的选项 （二）关于袁隆平的事迹 Yuan Longping, known as "Father of Hybrid Rice" passed away on May 22, 2021. Chinese people expressed their sadness at the death of the great man. Although he was one of China's most famous scientists, Yuan considered himself as a farmer. Born in Beijing in 1930, he graduated from college in 1953. Since then, finding ways to grow more rice had been his life goal. At that time, hunger was a big problem in the country. China searched for a way to increase rice output without expanding the area of the fields. Having spent about 50 years on hybrid rice research, Yuan had successfully fed nearly one fifth of the world's people with less than nine percent of the world's total land. He solved the problem of hunger. Yuan once said he had two dreams—to "enjoy the cool under the rice crops taller than men" and "hybrid rice could be grown all over the world". We should be thankful and never forget his efforts. 题目1： Yuan Longping passed away at the age of ____. A. 68　B. 81　C. 91　D. 78 答案：C 解析：原文提到袁隆平1930年出生，2021年去世，2021-1930=91岁，故答案为C。 1. 识别题干考查年龄计算 2. 定位原文中的出生年份和去世年份 3. 通过简单计算得出结果 题目2： Yuan Longping found a way to ____. A. feed one fourth of the world's population B. grow rice C. become a farmer D. increase rice output without expanding the area of the fields 答案：D 解析：原文明确提到"finding ways to grow more rice... increase rice output without expanding the area of the fields"，与选项D一致。 1. 定位题干核心"found a way to" 2. 在原文中寻找对应的解决方案描述 3. 匹配选项与原文表述 题目3： It took Yuan Longping about ____ years to do hybrid rice research. A. 50　B. 30　C. 60　D. 40 答案：A 解析：原文直接提到"Having spent about 50 years on hybrid rice research"，故答案为A。 1. 识别题干考查时间长度 2. 定位包含时间数字的句子 3. 直接提取对应的数字信息 题目4： What is Yuan Longping's dream? A. To enjoy the cool next to the rice crops. B. To expand the area of fields. C. To be thanked by world's people. D. To grow hybrid rice all over the world. 答案：D 解析：原文提到袁隆平的梦想包括"hybrid rice could be grown all over the world"，与选项D一致。 1. 定位题干关键词"dream" 2. 找到原文中列举梦想的部分 3. 匹配选项与原文表述 （三）关于John的生活习惯 John is a 15-year-old student in a middle school. There are so many exams in his life and he has to study hard. When he is too busy to have free time, he thinks playing computer games is the best way to make him relaxed. For several hours, he sits in front of the computer. Just like that way, he doesn't eat or sleep. Last weekend, John couldn't move because of his backache. His mother took him to the hospital. The doctor told him to have a good rest and do some exercise. After coming back from the hospital, John follows the doctor's suggestion. He often plays basketball with his classmates after finishing his homework. Sometimes he still plays computer games on weekends, but he never sits for long hours. Although he is still busy, he has a regular schedule every day now and lives a healthy life. 题目1： John believes that ____ can make him relaxed. A. watching TV　B. playing football C. playing computer games　D. sleeping 答案：C 解析：原文提到"he thinks playing computer games is the best way to make him relaxed"，故答案为C。 1. 定位题干关键词"make him relaxed" 2. 找到原文中对应的放松方式描述 3. 直接匹配选项 题目2： Last weekend, John couldn't move because ____. A. he was excited　B. he sat before the computer too long C. he was sleepy　D. his mother told him not to 答案：B 解析：原文提到John长时间坐在电脑前，随后因背痛无法动弹，可推断原因是久坐电脑前，故答案为B。 1. 定位题干时间"Last weekend" 2. 结合上下文因果关系 3. 推断导致该结果的原因 题目3： The doctor advised John to ____. A. have some medicine　B. eat well C. give up the computer game　D. do some sports 答案：D 解析：原文提到"The doctor told him to have a good rest and do some exercise"，"do some exercise"与"do some sports"意思一致，故答案为D。 1. 定位题干关键词"doctor advised" 2. 找到医生建议的具体内容 3. 识别同义替换表达（exercise=sports） （四）关于英语学习的建议 A lot of students have studied English for many years but they are still not able to speak the language. My first suggestion is making a determined effort and being bold when trying to speak English. Don't be afraid of being laughed at or making mistakes. Making mistakes is natural in the learning progress. In China, the biggest problem for English learners is the lack of a helpful language learning environment. Usually, there is little chance of meeting or talking with native speakers of English. What's to be done? Try to create an environment when you are alone, try to practice reading aloud. You can read or recite a text, a short story or a poem. 题目1： Many students have studied English ____. A. for a few days　B. for one year C. for three years　D. for many years 答案：D 解析：原文开头提到"A lot of students have studied English for many years"，直接匹配选项D。 1. 定位题干核心信息"studied English"的时间长度 2. 找到原文中对应的时间表述 3. 直接匹配选项 题目2： When trying to speak English, you should ____. A. be determined and bold　B. be shy C. be angry　D. be excited 答案：A 解析：原文提到"My first suggestion is making a determined effort and being bold when trying to speak English"，故答案为A。 1. 定位题干场景"when trying to speak English" 2. 找到原文中对应的建议内容 3. 直接匹配选项 题目3： In China, the biggest problem for English learner is ____. A. their foolishness　B. their laziness C. the lack of language learning environment D. the lack of time 答案：C 解析：原文明确提到"In China, the biggest problem for English learners is the lack of a helpful language learning environment"，与选项C一致。 1. 定位题干关键词"biggest problem"和"China" 2. 找到原文中对应的问题描述 3. 直接匹配选项 题目4： According to paragraph two, what should the English learners do? A. Try to go to school.　B. Try to create an environment. C. Try to be alone.　D. Try to write a short story. 答案：B 解析：原文第三段提到"Try to create an environment when you are alone"，故答案为B。 1. 注意题干限定范围"paragraph two" 2. 找到该段落中对应的建议内容 3. 直接匹配选项 （五）关于睡眠与锻炼的重要性 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. This is an old English saying. Have you heard of it before? It means that we must go to bed early at night and get up early in the morning. Then we can be healthy. We shall also be rich and clever. This is true. The body must have enough sleep to be healthy. Children of young age should have ten hours' sleep every night. If children do not have enough sleep, they cannot do their work very well. They will not be wise and they may not become wealthy! The body also needs exercise. Walking, running, jumping, swimming and playing games are all exercise. Exercise keeps the body strong. Exercise also helps the blood to move around inside the body. This is very important. Our blood takes food to all parts of our body. The head also needs blood. Exercise helps us to think better! 题目1： The saying "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise" mainly tells us the importance of ____. A. enough exercise　B. enough sleep　C. good food　D. money 答案：B 解析：原文提到该谚语意为"we must go to bed early... get up early... Then we can be healthy"，强调的是睡眠的重要性，故答案为B。 1. 定位题干中的谚语内容 2. 找到原文对该谚语的解释 3. 提炼核心含义并匹配选项 题目2： If a child doesn't have 10 hours' sleep every night, maybe he or she ____. A. will become wise　B. won't do well in his or her work C. will go to school in time　D. will have enough sleep 答案：B 解析：原文提到"If children do not have enough sleep, they cannot do their work very well"，与选项B一致。 1. 定位题干中的条件"doesn't have 10 hours' sleep" 2. 找到原文中对应的结果描述 3. 直接匹配选项 2.推理判断题 阅读原文 推理判断题 解题技巧点拨 （一）港珠澳大桥相关报道 The world’s longest sea bridge has been opened, connecting Hong Kong of China and Macao of China to the mainland Chinese city of Zhuhai. President Xi Jinping attended the opening ceremony in the city of Zhuhai in Guangdong Province. More than 800 people attended the ceremony, including government officials and workers, engineers and designers who built the bridge. The bridge has started serving travelers, opening 24 hours a day, seven days a week. President Xi said, “The bridge would be helpful and important for Hong Kong of China and Macao of China to join in the whole country’s development.” The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge（HZMB）measures 55 km and took 9 years to complete with 120 billion yuan. It cuts the travel time between Hong Kong of China and Zhuhai from 3 hours to 30 minutes. It’s a symbol of the mainland’s close ties with Hong Kong of China and Macao of China. Most people think that the bridge shows China’s growing science and technology. As Chinese, we feel proud of it. 题目1： The passage might be taken from ________. A．a newspaper　B．a science book　C．a guide book　D．a story book 答案：A 解析：文章是关于港珠澳大桥开通的时事报道，包含开幕仪式、建设数据及意义，这类内容通常出自报纸。 1. 分析文章题材：时事新闻类，包含时间、事件、人物等要素 2. 匹配选项特征：报纸常刊登时事新闻，科学书侧重理论，指南书侧重指导，故事书侧重叙事 3. 排除其他选项，锁定最合适的来源 题目2： We can infer from the whole passage that ________. A．we Chinese are not proud of the bridge B．the bridge is not the world’s longest sea bridge C．the HZMB can save two hours and a half to drive from Hong Kong of China to Zhuhai D．most people consider the HZMB as the symbol of the USA’s rapid growth 答案：C 解析：原文提到通行时间从3小时缩短到30分钟，通过计算3-0.5=2.5小时，可推断出节省2个半小时。 1. 定位关键数据：原文中的时间“3 hours”和“30 minutes” 2. 进行逻辑计算：通过时间差推断节省的时长 3. 排除与原文矛盾的选项（A、B、D均与原文不符） （二）关于克服害羞的建议 Nearly everyone is shy in some ways. If shyness is making you uncomfortable, it may be the time for you to learn a few lessons in confidence. You can build your confidence by following some suggestions from doctors. Make a decision not to hold back in conversations. What you have to say is just as important as what other people say. And don’t turn down party invitations just because of your shyness. Prepare yourself for being with others in groups. Make a list of good qualities you have. Then make a list of ideas, experiences, and skills you would like to share with other people. Think about what you would like to say in advance. Then say it. If you start feeling self-conscious in a group, take a deep breath and focus your attention on other people. Remember, you are not alone. Other people are caring about the impression they are making, too. No one ever gets over being shy completely, but most people do learn to live with their shyness. Even singers admit that they often feel shy. They work at fighting their shy feelings so that they can face cameras and the public. Just making the effort to control shyness can have many rewards. But perhaps the best reason to fight shyness is to give other people a chance to know more about you. 题目1： The main purpose of the article is to ________. A．explain how shyness develops　B．prove that shyness can be overcome C．tell readers that shyness is natural　D．suggest ways of dealing with shyness 答案：D 解析：文章首段提出“通过医生的建议建立自信”，后文详细列举具体方法，可推断主旨是提供克服害羞的建议。 1. 抓首段关键句：“You can build your confidence by following some suggestions” 2. 分析段落结构：总分结构，首段点明目的，后文展开具体方法 3. 排除细节选项，锁定概括性结论 题目2： Where would this article probably appear? A．On the front page of a newspaper.　B．In a popular magazine. C．In a science book.　D．In an interesting storybook. 答案：B 解析：文章是关于心理调节的实用建议，语言通俗，适合刊登在面向大众的杂志中。 1. 分析文章内容：生活建议类，针对普通读者提供实用方法 2. 匹配选项受众：报纸头版多为重大新闻，科学书侧重研究，故事书侧重情节 3. 锁定最合适的载体（杂志常刊登生活类建议） （三）三位工人与图书馆建设 A rich man decided to build a library for the middle school. Some workers went to the school and worked on it. One day, the rich man went to the school to see if everything was going well. He saw three workers building a wall. However, he found their expressions were different. The first one looked unhappy, the second one looked serious, while the third one was singing a song when working. The rich man was surprised. He went to them and asked, “Hello! What are you doing?” “Can’t you see? I’m building a wall. It’s so boring! I wouldn’t do it any more if I could do something else!” the first man answered. “I’m building a tall building,” the second worker said, “It has eight floors. It will be the best library in the city after we finish it.” “I’m working for the city.” the third man said happily. “Kids will study here. When they grow up, they will do great things for our city! I’m looking forward to that day!” Ten years later, the first worker is still building the walls. The second one has become an engineer. As for the third worker, he is their boss now. 题目1： How did the third worker look? A．Happy.　B．Unhappy.　C．Serious.　D．Surprised. 答案：A 解析：原文提到“the third one was singing a song when working”，通过“唱歌”这一行为可推断他很开心。 1. 定位关键行为：“singing a song when working” 2. 联系生活逻辑：工作时唱歌通常反映愉悦的心情 3. 排除与行为不符的选项（B、C、D均不符合“唱歌”所体现的情绪） 题目2： From their answers to the rich man, we can learn that ________. A．The first man was glad to build the library. B．The second man was unhappy to build the library. C．The third man thought it was boring to build the library. D．They had different ideas about building the library. 答案：D 解析：第一位认为无聊，第二位认为在建城市最好的图书馆，第三位认为在为城市做贡献，三人态度不同，可推断他们对工作的想法不同。 1. 提取每个人的观点：分别标记三人对工作的描述 2. 对比观点差异：分析三人态度的不同之处 3. 归纳共性结论：三人对同一工作有不同想法 题目3： What can we learn from the passage? A．We should not love our work.　B．We should learn to build a library. C．We should be friendly to the rich man.　D．What we think to our work will decide our future. 答案：D 解析：十年后三人因对工作的不同态度获得不同结果，可推断对工作的看法决定未来。 1. 分析因果关系：三人的工作态度与十年后的结果对比 2. 提炼深层含义：态度决定行为，行为决定结果 3. 排除表面或错误选项，锁定寓意类结论 （四）关于电子书的介绍 E-book is short for electronic book. It is usually read on personal computers. Some mobile phones can also be used to read e-books. Earlier e-books were written for a specific group of readers and were about only a few subjects. With the development of the Internet, knowledge and answers to a lot of questions mainly come from e-books. This is why the e-book business is increasing quickly. E-books have many advantages. First, they save time. We don’t need to go to a bookstore to buy books. Besides, we can find the topic we want to know about on the Internet, and then we can quickly get many e-books on similar topics. Second, e-books save money. Some e-books cost a little money, and there are millions of e-books on the Internet that we can get for free. Third, more trees are saved because e-books don’t need to be printed on paper. Fourth, e-books make reading more convenient. You can carry a whole library of hundreds of books with you in a small computer or any e-book reader without worrying about their weight. But e-books have certain disadvantages. They need a personal computer or an e-book reader and the information can be lost if its file format is not supported or changed in the reader’s computer. However, e-books provide us with a new way of reading. That is good. 题目1： What is the author’s attitude about e-books? A．Doubtful.　B．Negative.　C．Positive.　D．Anxious. 答案：C 解析：原文结尾提到“e-books provide us with a new way of reading. That is good”，可推断作者持肯定态度。 1. 寻找态度词：关注文末“good”等积极词汇 2. 分析整体基调：先讲优势，再讲劣势，最后肯定价值 3. 排除消极选项（A、B、D均为负面态 （五）关于朋友的议论文 Do you need friends? I’m sure your answer is “Yes,of course. Everybody does! ” You need friends when you play and when you work. If you have friends, you will feel happy. If you have no friends. you will feel lonely. Do you know how to make friends? There is only one good way―You make friends by being friendly. A friendly person is interested in other people. He is always helpful If you want to make friends with a new classmate, you can talk with him, tell him about the other classmates in your class and try your best to be helpful to him. 题目1： Which of the following is true? A．No one needs friends.　B．Everyone needs friends. C．Only classmates need friends.　D．Someone needs friends. 答案：B 解析：原文开头提到“Everybody does! ”（每个人都需要朋友），可推断B正确。 1. 定位关键句：“Everybody does! ”明确表示每个人都需要朋友 2. 对比选项：A与原文矛盾，C范围过窄，D表述不完整 3. 锁定与原文一致的选项 3.猜测词义题 阅读原文 猜测词义题 解题技巧点拨 （一）西南地区干旱及救援行动 A bottle of water may not seem like much to you, but thousands of bottles will be of great help. There was very little rain in Southwest China. In some places, especially in Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, crops died, the land cracked, and rivers dried up. More than 20 million people had difficulty in finding safe drinking water. In order to make a living, people must try their best to save every drop of water. After learning about the drought, many people around the country helped by giving water, money and other things. They hope to keep the local people alive in this way. Students in primary schools and middle schools quickly joined the activity. In Yuhua Primary School in Xi’an, 900 students bought over one thousand bottles of water with their pocket money. They also wrote their wishes on the bottles. The serious drought made students realize the importance of saving water. Students from Nanshan Middle School in Huizhou in Guangdong went on the streets to tell people to take part in water-saving activities. 题目1： What does the underlined word “drought” mean in Chinese? A．干旱　B．调查　C．洪水　D．困境 答案：A 解析：前文描述了西南地区"雨水很少、庄稼枯死、土地开裂、河流干涸"等现象，后文提到人们捐赠水和开展节水活动，可推断"drought"指"干旱"。 1. 利用上下文语境：前文详细描述干旱的具体表现（少雨、土地开裂等） 2. 分析逻辑关系：人们的救援行动（送水、节水）与该词形成因果关联 3. 排除矛盾选项："洪水"（C）与原文描述相反，"调查"（B）和"困境"（D）不符合语境 （二）文同画竹的故事 There was a famous painter in the Song Dynasty. His name was Wen Tong. He was good at drawing bamboos. A lot of people called at his house every day. They all wanted one of his bamboo drawings. Wen Tong loved bamboos so much that he grew bamboos everywhere around his house. In the spring, summer, autumn and winter, he always went to the bamboo forest to see how they grew. The bamboos looked different on sunny days and rainy days. Wen Tong saw different shapes of bamboo poles. He also saw different shapes and colors of the leaves. As time passed, Wen remembered the images of the bamboos deeply in his mind. Whenever he stood before the paper and picked up a painting brush, the rich forms of the bamboos would appear in his mind at once. So every time he was drawing bamboos, he became very confident, and all the bamboos he painted were beautiful and true to life. A young man wanted to learn from Wen Tong. “Why can you paint bamboos so well?” he asked. Wen Tong answered with a smile, “I just paint the bamboos in my mind.” 题目1： What can we learn from the underlined part “I just paint the bamboos in my mind”? A．Wen was just telling a joke. B．Wen didn’t like painting on paper. C．Wen refused to share his real skills. D．Wen had all forms of bamboos in mind. 答案：D 解析：前文提到文同常年观察竹子，"记住了竹子的形象"，作画时"竹子的丰富形态立刻出现在脑海中"，由此可知划线句意为他脑海中存有竹子的各种形态。 1. 联系前文铺垫：前文详细描述文同对竹子的长期观察和记忆 2. 分析句子内涵："in my mind"与前文"remembered the images deeply in his mind"呼应 3. 排除不合理选项：A（玩笑）、B（不喜欢在纸上画）、C（拒绝分享技巧）均与上下文矛盾 4.主旨大意题 阅读原文 主旨大意题 解题技巧点拨 （一）石鸟的梦想 Long, long ago, there was a stone bird. She was beautiful and magic. She lived near the entrance to a wonderful forest between two mountains. The bird was so heavy that she had to walk along the ground. However, she still enjoyed looking up at the trees every day. She dreamed one day she could fly and see the beautiful countryside from up high. But that dream died after a great fire. All the animals and plants that lived there were gone. Only burnt stumps were left. The stone bird was the only survivor from the fire. When she saw what the burnt forest was like, she couldn’t stop crying. She cried and cried for hours and days. Her eyes washed her stone body. Finally the bird turned into a puddle of water. When the sun came out, that puddle of water went up into the sky and became a happy little cloud. Her dream came true. She could fly over the trees and see the beautiful countryside below. Since then, the little cloud had travelled all over the world. Because she remembered the forest. The cloud is now careful enough to pour her rain down on any tree she can see. 题目1： What’s the best title for the passage? A．A Great Fire　B．A Stone Bird’s Dream　C．A Burnt Forest　D．A Happy Cloud 答案：B 解析：文章围绕石鸟的梦想展开，从无法飞翔的石鸟，到经历火灾、化为云朵实现飞翔梦想，核心线索是石鸟的梦想，故最佳标题为B。 1. 梳理全文线索：关注贯穿全文的核心元素（石鸟的飞翔梦想） 2. 分析选项覆盖度：排除仅涉及部分情节的选项（A、C、D均为局部内容） 3. 选择最具概括性的标题：标题需涵盖故事的起因、发展和结局 （二）DeepSeek-R1人工智能模型 DeepSeek-R1, a new AI model created by a Chinese company called DeepSeek, has become a hot topic in the AI world. It was released on January 20th, 2025. According to DeepSeek, the performance of this model is comparable to the leading models from big companies like OpenAI, but only at a fraction of the cash and computing power of its competitors. DeepSeek, founded in July 2023, focuses on developing advanced large language models and related technologies. Its latest model R1 is special. It uses a new method called Reinforcement Learning (RL) to teach AI how to think and reason on its own. This is different from traditional methods and has made DeepSeek stand out in the AI industry. The name “DeepSeek” reflects the company’s goal to deeply explore and improve the basic technologies of AI. One of the most surprising things about DeepSeek is its low cost. The cost of creating DeepSeek-V3 is about $ 5.57 million, much less than that of other companies. Famous US economist Jeffrey Sachs praised DeepSeek for its breakthrough. DeepSeek’s success challenges the idea that more computing power always means better performance. It proves that by significantly increasing the data quality and improving the model architecture, powerful AI can be created without huge money. “Bigger is no longer always smarter.” This could change the way the AI industry works in the future. 题目1： What is the main idea of the passage? A．DeepSeek-R1’s release date and its popularity on the Apple’s App Store. B．DeepSeek has achieved success in AI with its innovation and low cost. C．The introduction of Reinforcement Learning applied in DeepSeek-R1. D．Economist Jeffrey Sachs’ praise for DeepSeek’s breakthrough in AI. 答案：B 解析：文章围绕DeepSeek在AI领域的成功展开，重点介绍了其创新方法（强化学习）和低成本优势，挑战了传统AI发展观念，故B项最能概括主旨。 1. 抓住首段总起句：首句点明DeepSeek-R1是热门AI模型 2. 分析段落逻辑：后文围绕其创新点（强化学习）和低成本展开 3. 排除细节选项：A、C、D均为文章局部信息，B项涵盖核心要素 （三）如何处理烦恼 Everyone worries. But how do you deal with your worries? Whether your worries are big or small, you can take these three steps to deal with them: 1. Try to find out what you’re worried about. Sometimes, you will know what you’re worried about. Other times, you might not. Try to find it out first. If you can’t, you can ask some others for help. 2. Think of ways to make it better. There is always something you can do to help you feel less worried. Sitting there worrying is no fun and it won’t solve your problems. Grades at school are often a top worry for kids. If you’re worried about grades, ask yourself these questions: ☆Why are grades important? What do grades mean to me? ☆ How do I get ready for class? Do I go over my notes even when there isn’t a test? ☆ Do I have a good place to do my homework? ☆ Have I tried different ways to study? If your worry is about a fight you had with a friend, you might write down all the things you could do — write a note to him or her, invite him or her to a basketball game, say sorry to him or her etc. Once you have a list of things you could do, you can choose one that gets your friend back. 3. Ask for help. When you’re worried, finding someone to talk to helps. You can ask your parents, friends or teachers for help. 题目1： The passage mainly tells us ________. A．who is often worried　B．when people are worried C．how to deal with our worries　D．what kinds of worries people have 答案：C 解析：文章开头提出问题"But how do you deal with your worries?"，随后详细介绍了处理烦恼的三个步骤，核心内容是如何应对烦恼，故答案为C。 1. 关注开篇设问：首段以"But how do you deal with your worries?"点明主题 2. 分析文章结构：总分结构，首段提出主题，后文分点阐述方法 3. 匹配选项与主题：选项C直接呼应开篇问题及全文内容 10分钟小测 There are some cultural differences between Chinese people and Westerners. Practising speaking in another language can help you understand more about Chinese culture and Western culture. Greetings In China, the most common greeting is “Chi le ma”, “Ni hao” is usually used to greet a stranger. Chinese people show their concern or friendliness by asking “What are you doing?” or “Where are you going?” But in the West, people often say, “Hello!” “How do you do?” or “Nice day, isn’t it?” Reacting to praise Chinese people take modesty as a virtue (美德). When you say, “Your son is really good,” a Chinese person’s response will probably be “No, no. He is far from that good.” In Western culture, people just say “Thank you.” Names and titles Chinese people call others by their family name plus job title, like “Wang Jingli” for “Manager Wang”, “Li Laoshi” for “Teacher Li”. They don’t call people by their given names like in English. 1．The greeting “What are you doing?” is usually used to greet a stranger in ________. A．China B．Germany C．America D．France 2．When you say, “Your son is really good”, how do Westerners answer? A．“You’re right.” B．“No, no. He is far from that good.” C．“Thank you.” D．“I’m proud.” 3．“Wang Jingli” is usually used to call someone in ________. A．Australia B．China C．America D．France 4．The underlined word “show” means “________” in Chinese. A．展示，显示 B．演出 C．对待 D．出现 5．What’s the main idea of the above passage? A．Some cultural differences between Chinese people and Westerners. B．Some cultural differences of Chinese people. C．Some cultural differences of Westerners. D．Some cultural similarities between Chinese people and Westerners. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 5．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中西方在语言方面的一些文化差异。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In China, the most common greeting is ‘Chi le ma’, ‘Ni hao’ is usually used to greet a stranger. Chinese people show their concern or friendliness by asking ‘What are you doing?’ or ‘Where are you going?’ (在中国，最常见的问问语是‘你好吗’，‘你好’通常用来问候陌生人。中国人通过问‘你在干什么？’或‘你要去哪里？’来表示关心或友好。)”可知，问候语“你在干什么？”这句话在中国通常用来问候陌生人。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When you say, ‘Your son is really good,’ a Chinese person’s response will probably be ‘No, no. He is far from that good.’ In Western culture, people just say ‘Thank you.’ (当你说‘你儿子真棒’时，中国人的反应可能是‘不，不。他远没有那么好。’在西方文化中，人们只会说‘谢谢’。)”可知，当你说‘你儿子真棒’时，西方人会说“谢谢”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Chinese people call others by their family name plus job title, like ‘Wang Jingli’ for ‘Manager Wang’, ‘Li Laoshi’ for ‘Teacher Li’. (中国人用姓加职称来称呼别人，比如把‘王经理’叫做‘王经理’，把‘李老师’叫做‘李老师’。)”可知，在中国，“王经理”通常被用来称呼某人。故选B。 4．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“In China, the most common greeting is ‘Chi le ma’, ‘Ni hao’ is usually used to greet a stranger. Chinese people show their concern or friendliness by asking ‘What are you doing?’ or ‘Where are you going?’ (在中国，最常见的问问语是‘你好吗’，‘你好’通常用来问候陌生人。中国人通过问‘你在干什么？’或‘你要去哪里？’来表示关心或友好。)”可知，在中国，最用“你好吗”，“你好”来问候陌生人，常用“你在干什么？”或“你要去哪里？”来表达关心或友好，由此可推测出，动词“show”的意思是“展示，显示”的意思。故选A。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“There are some cultural differences between Chinese people and Westerners. (中国人和西方人之间有一些文化差异。)”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了中西方在语言表达方面的一些文化差异。故选A。 经典试题解析 一、（24-25高三下·河南·阶段练习）There are many great stories in Chinese history. This is one of the most educational stories. Kuang Heng was a very famous person in the Western Han Dynasty, and he was born in a poor family. He liked reading very much. He needed to work in the daytime, so he had to read books during the night. But he didn’t have money to buy candles (蜡烛). One day, he found his neighbor had candles. However, the light couldn’t go through the wall. After thinking for a while, he had an idea. He dug (挖) a small hole in the wall in his house so that he could use the light from his neighbor’s house. From then on, he read books every night till the light went out. Soon there were no books for him to read in his house. Then he went to a rich man’s house and worked for him without asking for money. The rich man asked, “You meant you would work for me for free. Why?” Kuang Heng replied, “Well, I only want to borrow your books to read. That’s enough.” The rich man was deeply moved and he agreed. Kuang Heng read the books in the rich man’s house one by one. Finally, he became a scholar (学者). If you are still worried about reading books, it’s necessary for you to learn from Kuang Heng. 1．What can we learn from this passage? A．Kuang Heng liked playing very much. B．Kuang Heng liked reading very much. C．Kuang Heng liked writing very much. D．Kuang Heng liked drawing very much. 【答案】B 【知识点分析】考查对记叙文细节信息的提取。文章围绕匡衡的故事展开，重点描述其对阅读的热爱及相关行为。 【易错分析】考生可能因对文章内容不熟悉，误选其他选项，但文中明确提到“He liked reading very much”，其他选项在文中无依据。 【命题创新点】通过故事片段考查对人物主要爱好的把握，检验考生快速定位关键信息的能力。 【解题关键】根据第二段中“He liked reading very much”这一直接表述，可直接锁定正确答案。 2．Why did Kuang Heng work for a rich man for free? A．Because he wanted to borrow books from him to read. B．Because he wanted to make himself healthy. C．Because he wanted to have three meals a day at his house. D．Because he wanted to borrow a house to live in. 【答案】A 【知识点分析】考查记叙文细节理解。需从对话内容中提取匡衡免费工作的原因。 【易错分析】其他选项均为无中生有，考生若不仔细阅读匡衡与富人的对话，可能会主观臆断答案。 【命题创新点】通过人物对话设置问题，考查考生对具体情节的理解，强调对细节的关注。 【解题关键】根据第三段中匡衡的回答“Well, I only want to borrow your books to read”，可确定其免费工作是为了借书。 3．Kuang Heng ________ so that he could read books during the night. A．was given some candles by his neighbor B．borrowed some candles from his neighbor C．bought candles D．dug a small hole in the wall in his house 【答案】D 【知识点分析】考查记叙文情节细节。涉及匡衡夜间读书的具体做法。 【易错分析】文中明确提到匡衡家没有钱买蜡烛，邻居的光也穿不过墙，因此A、B、C选项均不符合文意。 【命题创新点】围绕故事核心情节“凿壁借光”设置问题，考查考生对关键事件的记忆与理解。 【解题关键】根据第三段“He dug a small hole in the wall in his house so that he could use the light from his neighbor’s house”，可知正确答案为D。 4．Kuang Heng became ________ at last. A．a poet B．a scholar C．a teacher D．a businessman 【答案】B 【知识点分析】考查记叙文结局细节。需明确匡衡最终的成就。 【易错分析】其他职业选项在文中均未提及，考生若对文章结尾部分不关注，可能会选错。 【命题创新点】通过人物最终的身份考查对故事结局的掌握，检验考生对完整故事线的理解。 【解题关键】根据最后一段“Finally, he became a scholar”，可直接得出答案为B。 5. This is a(n) ________ story. A．scientific B．funny C．educational D．fairy 【答案】C 【知识点分析】考查对文章体裁及性质的判断。需从开头描述中提取故事的特点。 【易错分析】考生若忽略文章开头的评价，可能会根据故事类型主观判断，如误选为fairy（童话），但本文是历史故事改编，且明确提到是educational。 【命题创新点】结合文章导语部分的评价设置问题，考查考生对文章整体定位的把握。 【解题关键】根据第一段“This is one of the most educational stories”，可确定答案为C。 二、（23-24高一上·河南·期末）John is twelve years old. He had a bad cold and coughed (咳嗽) day and night. He went to see a doctor. The doctor gave him some cough medicine. Cough Medicine Shake (摇动) it well before use. Take it three times each day before meals. Dose (药量): over 14 years old    2 teaspoonfuls (勺) 8 — 13 years old    1 teaspoonful 4 — 7 years old    1/2 teaspoonful Not right for children below the age of three. Put it in a cold place. Use it before December 1st, 2024. 6. John should take ________ a day. A．2 teaspoonfuls B．3 teaspoonfuls C．4 teaspoonfuls D．1 teaspoonful 【答案】B 【知识点分析】考查药品说明中的用量计算。需结合年龄和服用次数确定用量。 【易错分析】考生可能只注意到年龄对应的单次用量（1 teaspoonful），而忽略每天服用三次这一信息，从而误选D。 【命题创新点】将年龄与服用次数结合考查用量计算，检验考生对细节信息的综合处理能力。 【解题关键】John 12岁，属于8-13岁范围，单次1 teaspoonful，每天三次，因此1×3=3 teaspoonfuls，答案为B。 7. The medicine should be kept in ________. A．a fridge B．hot water C．any place D．the sun 【答案】A 【知识点分析】考查药品储存要求。需从说明中提取储存条件。 【易错分析】考生若误解“cold place”的含义，可能会误选其他选项，而冰箱是常见的低温存放处。 【命题创新点】通过实际生活场景中的药品储存要求设置问题，考查考生对说明性文字的理解与应用。 【解题关键】根据“Put it in a cold place”，冰箱符合低温条件，故答案为A。 8. John should ________ before he takes it. A．shake the medicine well B．eat dinner C．do some exercise D．drink a cup of tea 【答案】A 【知识点分析】考查药品服用前的注意事项。需从说明中寻找相关要求。 【易错分析】其他选项均为无依据的干扰项，考生若不关注药品说明的开头部分，可能会选错。 【命题创新点】围绕药品使用的基本步骤设置问题，强调对说明性文字中关键步骤的掌握。 【解题关键】根据“Shake it well before use”，可知服用前需摇匀，答案为A。 9. When people are ________ years old, they cannot take this medicine. A．eighty B．thirty C．two D．twelve 【答案】C 【知识点分析】考查药品适用年龄范围。需明确禁止服用的年龄群体。 【易错分析】考生若忽略“below the age of three”这一信息，可能会误认为其他年龄段不能服用，而12岁属于适用范围（8-13岁）。 【命题创新点】通过年龄限制考查对药品禁忌的理解，检验考生对说明性文字中限制条件的把握。 【解题关键】根据“Not right for children below the age of three”，两岁属于三岁以下，不能服用，答案为C。 10. John will ________ the medicine when it is left after Dec. 1st, 2024. A．throw away B．stop to take C．take at once D．take six times more of 【答案】A 【知识点分析】考查药品保质期相关的推理判断。需根据使用期限推断过期药品的处理方式。 【易错分析】考生若不理解保质期的含义，可能会误选其他选项，而药品过期后应丢弃，不能再服用。 【命题创新点】结合保质期设置推理问题，考查考生对说明性文字中时间限制的理解及实际应用能力。 【解题关键】根据“Use it before December 1st, 2024”，过期后不能使用，应扔掉，答案为A。 专题归纳小结 一、课标阅读理解核心要点 1. 语篇类型要求：涵盖记叙类（个人简介、故事等）、说明类（图表、产品说明等）、应用类（通知、邮件等）、议论类（简短评论等）；职业模块涉及职业相关说明类、应用类、记叙类、图表类；拓展模块包含中等难度的多模态语篇。 2. 语篇知识要求：了解不同体裁语篇的基本结构和特征，识别主题句、支撑句及过渡句，理解时间、空间、逻辑顺序的表达方式，掌握衔接手段（代词指代、连接词）和信号词（因果、转折等）的作用。 3. 阅读能力要求：能读懂公共场所标识、简单说明，快速查找具体信息（时间、地点等），理解主旨大意和作者意图，根据上下文猜生词含义，理解句子间逻辑关系，读懂日常生活和职业相关文本。 4. 认知策略要求：运用略读获取大意、扫读查找特定信息，对信息分类整理，联系上下文理解生词，根据标题图片预测内容，通过做笔记加深理解。 5. 理解策略要求：借助语境和背景知识理解语篇，分析句子结构理解复杂句，识别关键信息和支持性细节，推测作者隐含意义，运用已有知识辅助理解，调整阅读速度应对难点。 二、考纲阅读理解考点 1. 阅读目标要求：掌握记叙文和说明文的结构及语言特点，了解首句、主题句的作用和行文特征，掌握语篇衔接和连贯手段；能读懂难度相当于教材课文的材料（生词率≤3%），把握中心思想和主要内容，进行总结归纳、筛选、分析和推理判断。 2. 题型考点： 细节理解题：考查对人物（职业、性格）、事件（起因、经过）、时间与数字等具体信息的定位与匹配，需快速抓取关键语句，匹配选项与原文。 推理判断题：要求根据文章信息推断隐含意义、作者意图、逻辑关系等，需结合上下文，避免过度推断，涉及人物动机、事件趋势等。 猜测词义题：依托上下文（同义、反义、解释关系）或构词法猜测生词、熟词僻义，需通过语境暗示推断含义。 主旨大意题：要求概括中心思想、选择合适标题，需把握文章核心主题，避免被细节干扰，涉及多种体裁。 三、专题复习要点 1. 基础巩固：系统梳理课标要求的语篇类型、结构及阅读策略，掌握各题型核心解题方法（如细节题定位关键词、主旨题抓首尾句），建立知识体系。 2. 题型突破：针对高频考点（细节理解题占比最高）和难点题型（推理判断题）进行专项训练，总结各题型解题技巧（如细节题排除法、推理题逻辑推导）。 3. 真题演练：结合历年真题，熟悉考点呈现形式和考查方式，分析考情趋势（如细节题覆盖多话题、主旨题稳定考查），总结命题规律。 4. 错题整理：分类整理错题，分析错误原因（如细节定位偏差、推理过度、词义猜测失误），针对性强化薄弱题型，避免重复犯错。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$