专题5 动词的分类、情态动词(讲义)-2026版河南省(对口招生)二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》

2025-08-11
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编写说明:2026版河南省(对口招生)二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》依据最新版《中等职业学校英语课程标准》、省编复习指导及历年真题编写。本资料紧扣历年考试趋势和最新考试动态,聚焦高频考点,精讲精练,助力考生高效复习。同时,为构建完整学习体系,每个专题均配套对应讲义和AB卷习题,满足多样化学习需求。 本专题是2026版河南省(对口招生)二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》的第5个专题,内容为动词的分类、情态动词。 2026版河南省(对口招生)二轮复习《英语考纲专题练》 专题5 动词的分类、情态动词(讲义) 真题分析 考点 目标要求 考题统计及展示 考情分析 实义动词的用法 掌握实义动词的词义辨析、固定搭配、时态及语态变化,能在语境中正确运用 (2012年)join;(2010年)show、give up; (2011年)die of;(2014年)getting on with; (2015年)got angry with; (2015年)stopping to have a break;(2021年)leave for;(2023年)give up;(2023年)be returned; (2024年)stayed up、is used to 重点考查实义动词的固定搭配、词义辨析及语态、非谓语形式,要求考生熟练掌握动词短语及不同语境下的正确用法,避免搭配错误。 系动词的用法 掌握系动词的基本用法,能正确搭配表语,理解系动词在句中的功能 (2012年)sounds;(2013年)is 考查系动词与表语的搭配,强调系动词后接形容词作表语的用法,要求考生区分系动词与实义动词的差异。 助动词的用法 掌握助动词在时态、语态及否定句、疑问句中的应用,能正确辅助动词构成相应语法结构 (2010年)will have been repaired; (2011年)would leave; (2012年)are not allowed to; (2016年)were hurt;(2018年)had been invited; (2023年)was stealing 重点考查助动词在完成时态、被动语态、过去将来时等中的使用,强调对不同语法结构的掌握,要求考生准确判断时态和语态。 情态动词的用法 掌握情态动词的基本含义及用法,能在语境中正确选用情态动词,理解其表达的语气 (2010年)will you;(2011年)be able 考查情态动词的基本用法及相关句式,强调情态动词与动词原形的搭配,要求考生掌握常见情态动词的功能及语气差异。 考点预测 · 实义动词的词义辨析及固定搭配 · 实义动词的时态、语态变化及非谓语形式 · 系动词与表语的搭配 · 助动词在不同时态、语态中的辅助功能 · 情态动词的基本含义及语气表达 · 情态动词与动词原形的搭配及相关句式 必考点清单 一、实义动词的用法 实义动词:表达一定的行为,具有实际的含义,也称为行为动词。行为动词按照其后是否可以跟宾语可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。 实义动词 用法 示例 及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫作及物动词 I love my family deeply.(我深深地爱着我的家人。) She bought a beautiful dress yesterday.(她昨天买了一条漂亮的裙子。) 不及物动词 本身意义完整,后面不用跟宾语,有时后面跟宾语时需要借助于介词,这样的实义动词叫作不及物动词 The bird is flying in the sky.(鸟儿在天空中飞翔。) He arrived at the station on time.(他准时到达了车站。) 2.常考动词词组 类别 词组 汉语意思 例句 常跟to do的动词词组 afford to do sth. 负担得起做某事 We can't afford to buy a new car this year.(我们今年买不起一辆新车。) agree to do sth. 同意做某事(计划、安排等) They agreed to start the project next month.(他们同意下个月启动这个项目。) ask sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事 My mom asks me to clean my room at once.(妈妈叫我立刻打扫我的房间。) choose to do sth. 选择做某事 He chose to study abroad instead of staying at home.(他选择出国留学而不是留在国内。) decide to do sth. 决定做某事 I decided to learn a new language this year.(我决定今年学习一门新语言。) expect to do sth. 期待做某事 We expect to have a great vacation this summer.(我们期待今年夏天有一个很棒的假期。) help (to) do sth. 帮助做某事 She helped (to) clean the house before the guests arrived.(在客人到来之前,她帮忙打扫了房子。) manage to do sth. 设法做某事 He managed to fix the broken bike by himself.(他设法自己修好了那辆坏了的自行车。) prepare to do sth. 准备做某事 They are preparing to take an important exam.(他们正在准备参加一场重要的考试。) promise to do sth. 答应做某事 He promised to come to my party.(他答应来参加我的派对。) want to do sth. 想要做某事 I want to go skating with my classmates this afternoon.(今天下午我想和同学们一起去溜冰。) demand to do sth. 要求做某事 The workers demanded to get a pay raise.(工人们要求加薪。) fail to do sth. 未能做某事 He failed to pass the driving test again.(他又没通过驾驶考试。) hope to do sth. 希望做某事 I hope to visit Paris one day.(我希望有一天能去巴黎参观。) plan to do sth. 计划做某事 We plan to travel to Beijing during the holidays.(我们计划在假期去北京旅游。) pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.(他妈妈进来时,他假装睡着了。) refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事 She refused to accept the gift.(她拒绝接受这份礼物。) wish to do sth. 希望做某事 I wish to have a peaceful life.(我希望过平静的生活。) 常跟 doing的动词词组 can't help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事 When she heard the bad news, she couldn't help crying.(当她听到这个坏消息时,她情不自禁地哭了。) do well in doing sth. 擅长做某事 My sister does well in dancing.(我妹妹擅长跳舞。) finish doing sth. 完成做某事 He finished doing his homework before dinner.(他在晚饭前完成了作业。) give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 He gave up smoking last year.(他去年戒烟了。) have fun (in) doing sth. 做某事有乐趣 We had fun (in) playing games at the party.(我们在派对上玩游戏玩得很开心。) imagine doing sth. 想象做某事 Imagine living on the moon. How cool it would be!(想象一下住在月球上。那得多酷啊!) practise doing sth. 练习做某事 She practises playing the piano every day.(她每天练习弹钢琴。) keep sb. doing sth. 让某人做某事 The boss kept the workers working overtime.(老板让工人们加班。) look forward to doing sth. 盼望做某事 I'm looking forward to meeting my old friends.(我盼望着见到我的老朋友们。) mind doing sth. 介意做某事 Would you mind my smoking here?(你介意我在这里吸烟吗?) consider doing sth. 考虑做某事 I'm considering changing my job.(我在考虑换工作。) enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 He enjoys reading books in his free time.(他喜欢在空闲时间看书。) fancy doing sth. 幻想做某事 She fancies traveling around the world alone.(她幻想着独自环游世界。) hate doing sth. 讨厌做某事 I hate doing the dishes. It's so boring.(我讨厌洗碗。太无聊了。) have trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事遇到困难 We had trouble (in) finding the way to the hotel.(我们找去酒店的路遇到了困难。) insist on doing sth. 坚持做某事 He insists on running every morning.(他坚持每天早上跑步。) keep (on) doing sth. 坚持做某事 Keep (on) studying hard, and you'll make progress.(继续努力学习,你会取得进步的。) keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 The heavy rain kept us from going out.(大雨阻止了我们外出。) like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 I like going shopping on weekends.(我喜欢在周末去购物。) prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢做……胜过做…… I prefer reading books to watching TV.(比起看电视,我更喜欢看书。) spend some time (in) doing sth. 花费时间做某事 Those students spend their spare time reading books.(那些学生把业余时间花在读书上。) stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 The police stopped the thief from running away.(警察阻止小偷逃跑。) suggest doing sth. 建议做某事 My teacher suggested reading more English books.(我的老师建议多读英语书。) thank sb. for doing sth. 因(别人)做了某事而表示感谢 Thank you for helping me with my homework.(谢谢你帮我做作业。) 跟省略to的不定式的动词词组 let/have/make + do sth. 使役动词结构,让/使某人做某事 Nancy made her little sister cry.(南希把她小妹妹弄哭了。) agree词组 agree with sb. 同意某人 I agree with you on this point.(在这一点上我同意你的看法。) agree to 同意(计划、安排等) We agreed to the plan proposed by him.(我们同意了他提出的计划。) agree on 就某事达成协议 After a long discussion, they agreed on the price.(经过长时间的讨论,他们就价格达成了协议。) break词组 break down 破坏,粉碎;出故障 The car broke down on the way to the airport.(汽车在去机场的路上出故障了。) break in 闯进;打断 Someone broke in while we were out.(我们外出时有人闯了进来。) break out 爆发 A fire broke out in the building last night.(昨晚那栋楼里发生了火灾。) break the law 违反法律 We should never break the law.(我们绝不能违法。) break the record 打破纪录 He broke the record in the 100 - meter race.(他在100米赛跑中打破了纪录。) call词组 call at 拜访(后接地点) We called at his house yesterday.(我们昨天去他家拜访了。) call on 拜访(后接被拜访的对象);号召 The president called on people to work hard for the country.(总统号召人们为国家努力工作。) call back 回电话 Please call me back when you are free.(你有空的时候请给我回电话。) call in 召来 They called in a doctor when their father got sick.(他们的父亲生病时,他们请来了医生。) call up 打电话;使回忆起 This song always calls up memories of my childhood.(这首歌总是让我想起童年的回忆。) call for 邀请;要求 The party calls for more volunteers.(这个派对需要更多志愿者。) call off 取消 They had to call off the match because of the bad weather.(因为天气不好,他们不得不取消比赛。) come词组 come along 一道来 Come along, we're going to be late!(快点,我们要迟到了!) come in 进来 Please come in and have a seat.(请进来坐。) come into 进入 He came into the room quietly.(他悄悄地走进房间。) come out (消息、真相)为人所知;出版 The news came out that he had won the lottery.(他中彩票的消息传开了。) come down 倒塌;降下来 The price of houses is coming down.(房价正在下降。) come from 来自 She comes from a small town in the south.(她来自南方的一个小镇。) come back 回来 He came back home late last night.(他昨晚很晚才回家。) come across 偶然遇到 I came across an old friend in the street yesterday.(我昨天在街上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。) come home 回家 He always comes home early to be with his family.(他总是早早回家陪伴家人。) come to an end 结束 The party came to an end at midnight.(派对在午夜结束了。) come to oneself 苏醒过来 After a few minutes, he came to himself.(几分钟后,他苏醒过来了。) come up 长出,发芽;发生 The flowers are coming up in the spring.(春天,花儿都长出来了。) A problem came up during the meeting.(会议期间出现了一个问题。) come into use 开始使用 The new machine will come into use next month.(这台新机器下个月将开始使用。) come on 快点;上场;开始 Come on! We'll miss the bus.(快点!我们要错过公交车了。) It's your turn to come on stage.(轮到你上场了。) The rain came on suddenly.(雨突然就下起来了。) come true 实现 His dream of becoming a doctor finally came true.(他成为医生的梦想终于实现了。) cut词组 cut in 插嘴 Don't cut in when others are talking.(别人说话时不要插嘴。) cut down 砍倒;削减 They cut down the old tree in the yard.(他们砍倒了院子里的那棵老树。) We need to cut down our expenses this month.(我们这个月需要削减开支。) drop词组 drop by/in 顺便来访 Please drop by my house if you're in the neighborhood.(如果你在附近,请来我家坐坐。) drop behind 落后,落伍 He dropped behind in his studies because of illness.(因为生病,他学习落后了。) drop a line 写信给某人 Drop me a line when you get to Beijing.(你到北京后给我写封信。) fall词组 fall behind 落在后面 He always falls behind in a long - distance race.(他在长跑比赛中总是落在后面。) fall ill/asleep/silent 生病/睡着/沉默(下来) He fell ill last week.(他上周生病了。) The baby fell asleep quickly.(婴儿很快就睡着了。) Everyone fell silent when the teacher entered the classroom.(老师走进教室时,大家都安静下来了。) fall in love with 爱上 He fell in love with her at first sight.(他对她一见钟情。) fall into 陷入;养成 He fell into a bad habit of smoking.(他养成了抽烟的坏习惯。) The company fell into difficulties.(公司陷入了困境。) fall into a habit of 养成……的习惯 We should fall into a habit of getting up early.(我们应该养成早起的习惯。) get词组 get on/along(well) with 与某人相处(融洽) ;在……进展(顺利) I get on well with my classmates.(我和同学们相处得很好。) How are you getting along with your work?(你的工作进展如何?) get up 起床 I usually get up at 6:30 in the morning.(我通常早上6点半起床。) get on 上车(船、飞机、马等) We got on the bus and found seats.(我们上了公交车并找到了座位。) get back 回去 When will you get back home?(你什么时候回家?) get home 到家 She got home late because of the traffic jam.(因为堵车,她到家很晚。) get out(of) (从……)出去 Get out of the car quickly!(快从车里出来!) get together 聚会 We often get together on weekends.(我们周末经常聚会。) get hold of 获得,取得 He finally got hold of the book he wanted.(他终于得到了他想要的那本书。) get in 进入,插话 We got in the house through the window.(我们从窗户进入了房子。) Don't get in when others are speaking.(别人说话时不要插话。) get off 下车(船、飞机、马等) Please get off the bus at the next stop.(请在下一站下车。) get down 下来 Get down from the tree immediately!(马上从树上下来!) get into 进入;陷入 He got into the car and drove away.(他上了车然后开走了。) Don't get into trouble.(不要陷入麻烦。) get to 到达 When did you get to school this morning?(你今天早上什么时候到学校的?) get through 通过;度过;完成 I hope you can get through the exam.(我希望你能通过考试。) We got through the difficult time together.(我们一起度过了困难时期。) I can't get through my work in time.(我不能及时完成我的工作。) get over 越过;恢复;克服 He got over the wall easily.(他轻松地翻过了墙。) She is trying to get over her illness.(她正在努力康复。) We need to get over these difficulties.(我们需要克服这些困难。) get ready for 为……做准备 We are getting ready for the final exam.(我们正在为期末考试做准备。) get used to 习惯于 He has got used to the life in the big city.(他已经习惯了大城市的生活。) go词组 go into 走进…… He went into the office without knocking.(他没敲门就走进了办公室。) go ahead 继续向前走 Go ahead, I'll catch up with you later.(你先走,我一会儿就赶上你。) go away 走开 Go away! I'm busy now.(走开!我现在很忙。) go by 时间流逝;从旁经过 As time goes by, we become more mature.(随着时间的流逝,我们变得更加成熟。) A car went by just now.(刚才一辆汽车开过去了。) go in 进入 Let's go in and have a look.(我们进去看看吧。) go up 上升;攀登 The temperature is going up.(温度在上升。) They went up the mountain yesterday.(他们昨天去爬山了。) go over 温习,复习 I need to go over my lessons before the exam.(考试前我需要复习功课。) go out 出去 ;熄灭 I'm going out for a walk.(我要出去散步。) The lights went out suddenly.(灯突然熄灭了。) go against 违背 We shouldn't go against the rules.(我们不应该违反规则。) go back 回去 ;回顾 Let's go back home.(我们回家吧。) When I go back to my childhood, I feel very happy.(当我回顾我的童年时,我感到非常开心。) go down 下沉;下跌;下降 The sun is going down.(太阳正在下山。) The price of apples is going down.(苹果的价格在下降。) go through 经历 She has gone through a lot of difficulties.(她经历了很多困难。) go without 没有……也行 We can go without coffee for a few days.(我们几天不喝咖啡也行。) go swimming/skating/shopping/dancing/fishing/hunting/camping 去游泳/溜冰/购物/跳舞/钓鱼/打猎/野营 We often go shopping on Sundays.(我们经常在周日去购物。) give词组 give up 放弃 He gave up smoking last year.(他去年戒烟了。) give off 放出、发出(气体、气味、烟雾、光、水、热等) The flowers give off a sweet smell.(这些花散发出甜甜的香味。) give away 泄露;赠送 Don't give away my secret.(别泄露我的秘密。) She gave away all her old clothes.(她把所有的旧衣服都送人了。) give back 归还 Please give back my book on time.(请按时归还我的书。) give in 屈服,让步,投降 He didn't give in to the difficulties.(他没有向困难屈服。) have词组 have a rest 休息一下 Let's have a rest. I'm so tired.(我们休息一下吧。我太累了。) have a try 试一试 You should have a try. Maybe you can do it.(你应该试一试。也许你能做到。) have a cough (患)咳嗽 He has a cough and needs to see a doctor.(他咳嗽了,需要去看医生。) have a picnic 举行野餐 We had a picnic by the lake last weekend.(上周末我们在湖边举行了野餐。) have a bath/shower 洗澡,淋浴 I usually have a shower before going to bed.(我通常在睡觉前洗个淋浴。) have a meal 吃一顿饭 We have three meals a day.(我们一天吃三顿饭。) have fun 玩得高兴 They had great fun at the amusement park.(他们在游乐园玩得很开心。) have nothing to do with 与……无关 This matter has nothing to do with me.(这件事与我无关。) have a cold 感冒 He has a cold and doesn't feel well.(他感冒了,感觉不舒服。) have a look 看一看 Let me have a look at your new dress.(让我看看你的新裙子。) have a seat 坐下,就座 Please have a seat. We'll start the meeting soon.(请就座。我们马上开始开会。) have a favor 劳驾,请您帮个忙 Have a favor. Could you pass me the book?(劳驾,你能把那本书递给我吗?) have a class 上课 We have a math class every morning.(我们每天早上都有一节数学课。) have a good time 玩得高兴 They had a good time at the party last night.(他们昨晚在派对上玩得很开心。) have something to do with 与……有关 This problem has something to do with what we learned yesterday.(这个问题与我们昨天学的内容有关。) keep词组 keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 The heavy rain kept us from going out.(大雨阻止了我们外出。) keep in touch with 与……保持联系 I keep in touch with my old friends by phone.(我通过电话和我的老朋友保持联系。) keep sth. in mind 记住(某事物) Keep these rules in mind when you play the game.(玩游戏时要记住这些规则。) keep (on) doing sth. 继续做某事 Keep (on) studying hard, and you'll succeed.(继续努力学习,你会成功的。) leave词组 leave for 动身去某地 He will leave for Beijing tomorrow.(他明天将动身去北京。) learn词组 learn from 向……学习 We should learn from each other.(我们应该互相学习。) listen词组 listen to 听…… Please listen to the teacher carefully.(请认真听老师讲课。) look词组 look after 照顾,照料 She can look after herself.(她能照顾好自己。) look at 看…… Look at the blackboard.(看黑板。) look for 寻找 He is looking for his lost keys.(他正在寻找他丢失的钥匙。) look forward to 期待,盼望 I'm looking forward to your reply.(我期待你的回复。) look into 调查,研究 The police are looking into the case.(警察正在调查这个案件。) look out 小心,留神 Look out! There is a car coming.(小心!有辆车来了。) look up 查阅;向上看 You can look up the word in the dictionary.(你可以在字典里查这个单词。) make词组 make a decision 做决定 You should make a decision as soon as possible.(你应该尽快做决定。) make a mistake 犯错误 Everyone may make a mistake.(每个人都可能犯错误。) make friends with 和……交朋友 I want to make friends with you.(我想和你交朋友。) make progress 取得进步 He has made great progress in English.(他在英语方面取得了很大进步。) make up 组成;编造;弥补;化妆 The team is made up of ten students.(这个团队由十名学生组成。) make up one's mind 下定决心 He has made up his mind to study abroad.(他已下定决心出国留学。) notice词组 notice sb. do sth. 注意到某人做了某事 I noticed him enter the room.(我注意到他进了房间。) notice sb. doing sth. 注意到某人正在做某事 I noticed him reading a book in the library.(我注意到他正在图书馆里看书。) pay词组 pay for 为……付款 You need to pay for the book.(你需要为这本书付款。) pick词组 pick up 捡起;接载;学会 He picked up a pen on the ground.(他在地上捡起一支钢笔。) point词组 point at 指着 Don't point at others with your finger.(不要用手指指着别人。) point out 指出 He pointed out my mistakes.(他指出了我的错误。) prevent词组 prevent...from... 阻止……做某事 The heavy rain prevented us from going out.(大雨阻止了我们外出。) refer词组 refer to 参考;涉及;指的是 When I said someone was lazy, I didn't refer to you.(当我说有人懒惰时,我不是指你。) remind词组 remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 This photo reminds me of my childhood.(这张照片让我想起了我的童年。) reply词组 reply to 回复 You should reply to his email in time.(你应该及时回复他的邮件。) run词组 run away 逃跑 The thief ran away quickly.(小偷很快就逃跑了。) run out of 用完,耗尽 We ran out of fuel.(我们把燃料用光了。) send词组 send for 派人去请;召唤 We should send for a doctor at once.(我们应该马上派人去请医生。) set词组 set off 出发;动身;引起 They will set off for the mountains tomorrow.(他们明天将出发去山区。) set up 建立;设立 They set up a new company last year.(他们去年成立了一家新公司。) show词组 show off 炫耀 Don't show off your new clothes.(别炫耀你的新衣服。) show sb. around 带领某人参观 I'll show you around our school.(我将带你参观我们学校。) shut词组 shut down 关闭;停工 The factory had to shut down because of the accident.(由于事故,工厂不得不关闭。) take词组 take after (外貌或行为)像 He takes after his father.(他长得像他父亲。) take away 拿走 Please take away these books.(请把这些书拿走。) take care of 照顾 You should take care of your parents when they are old.(你父母年老时你应该照顾他们。) take down 记下;拆除 Take down what the teacher said.(记下老师说的话。) take exercise 锻炼 You should take exercise every day.(你应该每天锻炼。) take off 起飞;脱下 The plane will take off in an hour.(飞机将在一小时后起飞。) take on 承担;呈现 He took on a new task.(他承担了一项新任务。) take out 拿出;取出 Take out your book.(拿出你的书。) take part in 参加 He took part in the sports meeting.(他参加了运动会。) take place 发生 The accident took place last night.(事故发生在昨晚。) take the place of 代替 Plastic has taken the place of many traditional materials.(塑料已经取代了许多传统材料。) talk词组 talk about 谈论 Let's talk about our plans for the weekend.(让我们谈谈我们周末的计划。) talk with/to 和……交谈 I talked with my teacher yesterday.(我昨天和我的老师谈过了。) think词组 think about 考虑 Think about this problem carefully.(仔细考虑这个问题。) think of 想起;认为 What do you think of this movie?(你认为这部电影怎么样?) wait词组 wait for 等待 I'm waiting for the bus.(我正在等公交车。) wake词组 wake up 醒来 I usually wake up at 6 o'clock.(我通常6点醒来。) work词组 work on 从事;致力于 He is working on a new project.(他正在从事一个新项目。) write词组 write down 写下 Write down your name on the paper.(在纸上写下你的名字。) 二、系动词的用法 系动词不可单独做谓语,后面必须跟表语构成系表结构(主语+系动词+表语)。 具体类别 常用例词 例 句 状态系动词 be She is a smart shopper. (她是一个聪明的购物者。) 持续系动词 keep, remain, stay The dialogue remains friendly. (对话仍然是友好的。) 表象系动词 seem, appear He seems (to be) unhappy. (他似乎不高兴了。) 感官系动词 look, feel, smell, taste, sound The dish smells delicious. (饭菜闻起来很香。) 变化系动词 become, turn, get, grow The leaves turn green. (树叶变绿了。) 终止系动词 prove(证明), turn out(结果是) His plan turned out a success. (他的计划终于成功了。) 三、助动词的用法 助动词在句中不能独立做谓语,而是和行为动词一起构成谓语,本身没有含义,仅用于帮助行为动词构成时态、语态、否定句、疑问句和强调句等。 分类 例词 例句 基本助动词 be, do, have I am a student.(我是一名学生。) Do you like reading books?(你喜欢读书吗?) I have finished my work.(我已经完成了我的工作。) 半助动词 be going to, had better He is going to visit his grandparents this weekend.(他打算这个周末去看望他的祖父母。) You had better wear warm clothes. It's cold outside.(你最好穿暖和的衣服。外面很冷。) 四、情态动词的用法 1.情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,认为“可能”“应当”“必要”等。 情态动词分类 推测性用法 示例 非推测性用法 示例 can/could 通常用在否定句和疑问句,can’t表示不可能。could表示推测时可能性小于can,可用在肯定/否定/疑问句中。 —Can the news be true? —It can’t be true. (对现在的推测) He couldn’t be over fifty. He looks energetic. (对现在的推测,could此时不表示过去,表示可能性的强弱) can/could可以表示能力、许可、请求 He could speak a little Russian when he was young. (他很小时就能说一些俄语了。) You can go now. (你可以走了。) Could you please lend me you dictionary?(你能借给我你的词典吗?) can/could当表示客观存在的可能性时,用在肯定句。 Anybody can make mistakes. 谁都可能犯错误。 当表示请求时,could比can语气委婉,提问可以用could, 回答不用could而用can —Could I come here again tomorrow?(明天我能再来一次吗?) —Yes, you can. /No, I’m afraid not.(是的,你可以)。/(不,恐怕不行。) may/might may/might表示推测,用在肯/否句,might可能性更小。 That may or may not be true. (这可能是真的,也可能不是。) He might come tonight for the party, but I’m not sure.(他今晚可能会来参加聚会,但我不确定。) 表示“可以”“允许” —May I watch TV after supper?(晚饭后我可以看电视吗?) —Yes, you may. /Yes, please.(可以,您可以。/请。) —No, you may not./No, you can’t/mustn’t./you’d better not. / I’m afraid not.(不,你不能。/你不准/你最好别去。/恐怕不行。 He said that I might use the telephone. (他说我可以打电话。) may表示祝愿(不能用might) May you enjoy yourself!(祝你玩得开心!) must/have to 表推测,表示“一定” —The man in black must be Tom. (穿黑色衣服的一定是汤姆。)—No, it can’t be Tom. (不,不可能是汤姆。) 意思是“必须”,表示说话人的主观看法,其否定式是mustn’t,表示“不许”“一定不要、禁止”。 I must go now.(我现在必须走了。) Must I clean the blackboard now? (我必须现在擦黑板吗?) Yes, you must. (是的,你必须。) No, you needn’t. /you don’t have to. (不,你不必。) You mustn’t park your car here. (你禁止把车停这儿。) have to表示的是客观需要。have to比must有更多的时态形式。 I have to go now. Someone is waiting for me.(我得走了,有人在等我。) shall / / 在疑问句中,情态动词shall用来征求对方意见或请求指示,用于第一、三人称。 Shall we start now?(我们现在开始吗?) shall表示命令、警告、承诺、威胁时用在第二、三人称,用于陈述句中。 You shall get what you want if you behave well. (如果你表现好,你就会得到你想要的。) He shall be punished if he breaks the law. (他若违法,应受惩罚。) should/ought to should 表示推测。 Mary studies hard and she should pass the exam.(玛丽学习很努力,她应该能通过考试。) should表示“劝告”“建议”“义务”“责任”,意思是“应该”。ought to表示“应该” “应当”,相当于should,无人称和数的变化,否定形式为ought not to,其疑问式为Ought I/you to…? You should help your mother with the housework. (你应该帮你母亲做家务。) You ought to take care of yourself. (你应该照顾好自己。) will / / will表示询问对方的意愿或向对方提出请求,用在疑问句中,用于第二人称。 Will you go with me?(你愿意和我一起去吗?) will表示“意愿”“意志”,可译为“愿意”,用于多种人称。于第二人称。 We will help him if he asks us to.(如果他要我们帮忙,我们会帮助他的。) would / / would 表示意愿或向对方提出请求,比will语气委婉。 Would you mind holding the handle for me?(你能帮我拿一下把手吗?) need / / 作为情态动词用在否定句和疑问句中。没有人称和数的变化,否定形式为needn’t —Need you go?(你需要去吗?)—No, I needn’t. (不,我不必去。) dare / / dare 表示“敢于做某事”通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中,后接动词原形,没有人称和数的变化,过去式是 “dared”。, I dare not mention their names. (我不敢提他们的名字。) If you dare say that again, I'll punish you.(如果你敢再那样说,我就惩罚你。) 2.辨析:can和be able to 词 用法 示例 can/could 现在具有的能力用can,过去具有的能力用could He is only four , but he can speak two foreign languages. (现在具备的能力) be able to be able to强调经过一些努力后具备的能力或成功地做了某事情。 则有更多的时态,通常用在一般现在时、一般过去时或一般将来时等时态中 He was able to climb to the top of the mountain last year though he was only five. (成功地做了某事) 3.情态动词+have done的用法 用法类型 情态动词 + have done 详细情况 具体用法 例句 推测性用法 must have done 对过去发生的事情进行肯定推测,意为“一定做了某事” He must have missed the bus, because he is usually on time but now he's late.(他一定是没赶上公交车,因为他通常很准时,可现在迟到了。) can/could have done(否定和疑问) 否定句中,对过去发生的事情进行否定推测,意为“不可能做了某事”;疑问句中,用于询问过去可能发生的事 She can't have gone to the party. I saw her at the library just now.(她不可能去参加派对了。我刚才还在图书馆看到她了。) Can he have stolen the money?(他有可能偷了那笔钱吗?) may/might have done 对过去发生的事情进行可能性推测,“might”比“may”的可能性更小,意为“也许/可能做了某事”;否定句中,表示过去可能没做某事,“might not”语气更弱 He may have gone home.(他也许已经回家了。) They might not have received our message.(他们可能没收到我们的消息。) 非推测性用法 can/could have done(肯定) 表示过去本来有能力做某事却没做,有惋惜、遗憾的意味 You could have passed the exam if you had studied harder.(如果你当时更努力学习,本可以通过考试的。) should/ought to have done 表示过去本应该做某事却没做,有责备、批评的含义 You should have told me the truth earlier.(你本应该早点告诉我真相的。) needn't have done 表示过去本不必做某事却做了,有浪费精力、做了多余之事的意思 You needn't have cooked so much food. There are only a few of us.(你本不必做这么多食物的。我们只有几个人。) 10分钟小测 1.Leo wouldn’t agree, despite our efforts to _________ him. A.experiment B.persuade C.explain D.trade 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意:尽管我们努力劝说利奥,他还是不同意。A. experiment实验;B. persuade劝说;C. explain解释;D. trade交易。根据语境可知,“努力劝说让他同意”,“persuade”符合语境。故选B。 2.The gift for Miss Briggs was not ________. Henry got it and gave it to her. A.forget B.forgot C.forgotten D.forgetting 【答案】C 【详解】考查被动语态。句意:送给布里格斯女士的礼物没有被忘记。亨利拿着并把它给了她。forget:忘记,及物动词。分析句子结构及选项可知,主语The gift与谓语动作forget之间是被动关系,所以用被动语态be done,句中已有be的过去式was,故空中只需填forget的过去分词forgotten。故选C。 3.The news reporters hurried to the TV station, only _________ that the program was over. A.telling B.tell C.told D.to be told 【答案】D 【详解】考查动词不定式作状语。句意:新闻记者急忙赶到电视台,结果被告知节目结束了。tell:告诉,告知,及物动词。分析句子结构可知,主句中已有谓语hurried,故设空处需用非谓动词作状语,“only + 不定式一般式”结构常用来表示意外或出乎意料的结果;主句主语“The news reporters”与非谓动作“tell”是被动关系,需用不定式一般式的被动式,即“to be told”。故选D。 4.The dish ________ nice. A.smells B.is smelt C.taste D.was tasted 【答案】A 【详解】考查感官系动词的用法。句意:这道菜闻起来很香。smell闻起来;taste尝起来。感官系动词通常用主动形式表示被动含义,且不用于被动语态,其后直接接形容词作表语;根据主语“the dish”是第三人称单数,谓语动词需用三单形式smells。故选A。 5.Her interest in painting ________ deeper as she explored different techniques. A.turned B.grew C.became D.expanded 【答案】B 【详解】考查动词辨析。句意:随着她探索不同的绘画技巧,她对绘画的兴趣变得更深厚了。A. turned变成,通常用于描述颜色、状态等的突然变化;B. grew逐渐变得,常用于描述情感、兴趣或事物逐渐增强或深化,特别强调一个缓慢、持续的过程;C. became变得,强调状态转变,不一定强调渐进性;D. expanded扩大,通常指范围、规模或广度的增加。根据“Her interest in painting ... deeper”可知,此处表示兴趣逐渐增加,强调一个缓慢、持续的过程,grow deeper意为“变得更深厚”,用于表示兴趣、情感或关系在时间推移中渐进深化,符合句意。故选B。 6.The little girl’s smile _________ brighter when she saw her mother. A.turned B.grew C.became D.shone 【答案】B 【详解】考查变化类系动词辨析。句意:当小女孩看到她的母亲时,她的笑容变得更灿烂了。A. turned变得,通常用于描述颜色、状态等的突然变化;B. grew变得,在描述笑容、光芒等逐渐增强时更为常用,此处强调的是笑容逐渐变得更灿烂的过程;C. became变得,指逐渐或自然而然的变化;D. shone发光。grow brighter为固定搭配,意为“变得更灿烂”,符合句意。故选B。 7.In fact, a lot of people in Western countries know little about our country, _________? A.are they B.aren’t they C.do they D.don’t they 【答案】C 【详解】考查反意疑问句。句意:事实上,许多西方国家的人对我们国家了解甚少,不是吗?根据选项内容可知,句子要变反意疑问句。本句陈述句部分含有否定词little,且谓语动词know为实义动词,所以反意疑问部分应用肯定形式do they。故选C。 8.—I feel a little nervous about the coming interview. —Don’t worry. I ________ believe you can make it. A.do B.does C.did D.done 【答案】A 【详解】考查强调。句意:—我对即将到来的面试感到有点紧张。—别担心。我的确相信你能成功。说话人鼓励对方,“我坚信”或“我绝对相信”,在这种语境下,可以用“助动词do+动词原形”表示强调。故选A。 9.Mary ________ go to London next year but she is not sure. A.must B.may C.can D.need 【答案】B 【详解】考查情态动词表推测。句意:玛丽可能明年去伦敦,但她不确定。A. must一定,有把握的推测;B. may可能,表无把握的推测;C. can可能,常用于疑问或否定表推测;D. need需要,不表推测。根据下文“but she is not sure”可知,这里表示无把握的推测,可能去伦敦。故选B。 10.— ________ I have two tickets for the Chinese Farmers’ Painting Exhibition? — Sorry. The tickets are sold out. A.Must B.Need C.Should D.May 【答案】D 【详解】考查情态动词。句意:——我可以买两张中国农民画展的票吗?——很抱歉,票卖完了。A. Must必须;B. Need需要;C. Should应该;D. May可以。根据“Sorry. The tickets are sold out.”可知,此处表示请求允许,用May引导一般疑问句。故选D。 经典试题解析 1.(24-25高一下·河南郑州·期中)Where ______ you _____yesterday? A.do,go B.did, go C.do, went D.did, went 【答案】B 【知识点分析】考查一般过去时和助动词do的用法。根据时间状语“yesterday”可知句子用一般过去时,特殊疑问句中需用助动词“did”,其后动词用原形“go”。 【易错分析】考生易混淆一般过去时中助动词后的动词形式,误将“go”写成过去式“went”,或错用一般现在时的助动词“do”。 【命题创新点】结合特殊疑问句结构,考查一般过去时中助动词的使用及动词形式变化,强调时态与句式的匹配。 【解题关键】牢记一般过去时特殊疑问句结构“特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词原形”,根据时间状语判断时态。 2.(22-23高一下·河南郑州·期中)Would you ________ me the way to the shopping center? A.carry B.direct C.lead D.help 【答案】B 【知识点分析】考查动词词义辨析。“direct”意为“指引”,符合“指引去购物中心的路”的语境;“carry”(携带)、“lead”(领导)、“help”(帮助)与“the way”搭配不贴切。 【易错分析】考生易混淆近义动词的用法,误选“help”(需加介词with/to)或“lead”(强调带领动作),忽略“direct”与“way”的固定搭配。 【命题创新点】通过问路场景,考查动词与名词的搭配合理性,强调语境中词义的精准选择。 【解题关键】根据“the way to...”的语境,匹配表示“指引”含义的动词,区分近义动词的语义差异。 3.(23-24高三上·河南洛阳·期末)—He ________ be in the classroom, I think. —No, he ________ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute ago. A.can; may not B.must; may not C.may; can’t D.may; mustn’t 【答案】C 【知识点分析】考查情态动词表推测的用法。第一空“may”表示不确定的肯定推测(“可能”);第二空“can’t”表示否定推测(“不可能”),符合“看见他回家”的语境。 【易错分析】考生易混淆“must”(肯定推测)与“may”(不确定推测),或误将“mustn’t”(禁止)当作否定推测,忽略“can’t”表否定推测的用法。 【命题创新点】通过对话形式,对比肯定与否定推测的情态动词使用,强调语境对推测语气的影响。 【解题关键】根据“I think”判断第一空为不确定推测,根据“I saw him go home”判断第二空为明确否定推测,匹配对应的情态动词。 4.(22-23高一上·河南平顶山·期末)Today, I will ________ with you. A.say B.speak C.talk D.tells 【答案】C 【知识点分析】考查动词辨析及固定搭配。“talk with sb”为固定短语,意为“和某人交谈”,符合语境;“say”需接宾语,“speak”后接语言,“tells”为第三人称单数形式,与“will”搭配错误。 【易错分析】考生易忽略动词的及物/不及物属性,误选“say”(缺宾语)或“speak”(搭配不当),或未注意“will”后需用动词原形而错选“tells”。 【命题创新点】结合“will+动词原形”结构,考查动词与介词的固定搭配及词性差异,强调句式与动词用法的匹配。 【解题关键】根据“with you”判断需用不及物动词加介词的结构,排除及物动词“say”“tells”,结合固定搭配选“talk”。 5.(22-23高一上·河南漯河·期中)Don’t make the students _______ so much homework. A.doing B.to do C.done D.do 【答案】D 【知识点分析】考查使役动词“make”的用法。“make sb do sth”为固定结构,意为“让某人做某事”,此处用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。 【易错分析】考生易误加不定式符号“to”,或错用动名词“doing”、过去分词“done”,忽略“make”后接不带to的不定式的规则。 【命题创新点】直接考查使役动词的固定搭配,强调特殊动词后非谓语动词的形式。 【解题关键】牢记“make sb do sth”结构,明确使役动词后接省略to的不定式作宾补的规则。 6.(23-24高一下·河南·期末)Mr. Li ________ be at home because he has gone to Shanghai. A.needn’t B.can’t C.mustn’t D.shouldn’t 【答案】B 【知识点分析】考查情态动词表推测的用法。“can’t”表示否定推测(“不可能”),符合“他去上海了”的语境;“needn’t”(没必要)、“mustn’t”(禁止)、“shouldn’t”(不应该)均不表推测。 【易错分析】考生易混淆情态动词的含义,误将“mustn’t”当作否定推测,或用“shouldn’t”(表建议)代替表推测的“can’t”。 【命题创新点】结合原因状语从句,考查情态动词的否定推测用法,强调语境对情态动词选择的影响。 【解题关键】根据“because he has gone to Shanghai”判断为明确的否定推测,选择“can’t”。 7.(23-24高一下·河南·期末)I will tell you if he ______ come tomorrow. A.doesn’t B.will not C.isn’t D.don’t 【答案】A 【知识点分析】考查if引导的条件状语从句的时态。主句用一般将来时(“will tell”),从句需用一般现在时表将来;从句主语“he”为第三人称单数,否定形式用“doesn’t”。 【易错分析】考生易在条件从句中误用一般将来时“will not”,或错用be动词“isn’t”(与实义动词“come”不搭配),或忽略主语单复数用“don’t”。 【命题创新点】结合“主将从现”原则,考查条件状语从句的时态及助动词用法,强调主从句时态的呼应。 【解题关键】根据“主将从现”规则,确定从句用一般现在时,结合主语“he”选“doesn’t”。 8.(15-16高三·河南·模拟预测)Mum, what are you cooking? It ________ so sweet. A.tastes B.feels C.smells D.sounds 【答案】C 【知识点分析】考查感官系动词的辨析。“smells”意为“闻起来”,符合“烹饪的食物”的语境;“tastes”(尝起来)、“feels”(摸起来)、“sounds”(听起来)与“cooking”搭配不恰当。 【易错分析】考生易混淆感官动词的含义,误选“tastes”(需品尝动作),忽略“正在烹饪”时应是“闻起来”的语境。 【命题创新点】通过烹饪场景,考查感官系动词与语境的匹配,强调动词与场景的关联性。 【解题关键】根据“what are you cooking”判断是闻到食物的味道,选择“smells”。 9.(13-14高二上·河南郑州·期中)________ you chief conductor? A.Are B.Can C.Do D.How 【答案】A 【知识点分析】考查系动词be的用法。句子为主系表结构,缺少系动词,“Are”作为系动词与主语“you”搭配,构成一般疑问句。 【易错分析】考生易误选助动词“Can”“Do”,忽略句子缺少表语(“chief conductor”)需用系动词的结构,或错用疑问副词“How”(后需加be动词)。 【命题创新点】直接考查主系表结构的一般疑问句,强调系动词与主语的搭配。 【解题关键】根据句子结构(主语+表语)判断需用系动词,排除助动词和疑问副词,选“Are”。 10.(2024高三·专题练习)—May I sleep with my pet dog, Mum? —No, you ________, my dear. It is bad for your health. A.shouldn’t B.mustn’t C.needn’t D.won’t 【答案】B 【知识点分析】考查情态动词的否定回答。“May I...”的否定回答用“mustn’t”(不允许),表示禁止,符合“对健康有害”的语境。 【易错分析】考生易误选“shouldn’t”(不应该,表建议)或“needn’t”(没必要),忽略“May I”表请求时否定回答用“mustn’t”表禁止的规则。 【命题创新点】通过请求与回应的对话,考查情态动词的固定答语,强调句式与情态动词的匹配。 【解题关键】牢记“May I...”的否定回答用“mustn’t”,表示不允许,符合语境中禁止的含义。 专题归纳小结 一、实义动词的用法 (1)核心规则:表示具体动作或状态,可单独作谓语;有及物与不及物之分,及物动词需接宾语;可构成固定短语(如give up, look after);有时态、语态变化及非谓语形式。 (2)典型示例:join the army;give up smoking;be returned;talk with sb。 (3)判断方法:①根据是否接宾语区分及物与不及物动词;②根据语境判断时态和语态;③牢记动词短语的固定搭配。 二、系动词的用法 (1)核心规则:本身有词义但不能单独作谓语,需接表语构成系表结构;包括be动词、感官动词(如sound, smell)等。 (2)典型示例:is a teacher;sounds good;smells sweet。 (3)判断方法:①其后接形容词、名词等作表语;②感官系动词后多接形容词而非副词。 三、助动词的用法 (1)核心规则:本身无实际意义,辅助实义动词构成时态、语态、否定句和疑问句;常见助动词有do/does/did, have/has/had, will/would等。 (2)典型示例:did go;will have been repaired;are not allowed。 (3)判断方法:①根据句式(否定句、疑问句)或时态(完成时、将来时)判断所需助动词;②助动词后接动词原形或过去分词。 四、情态动词的用法 (1)核心规则:表示能力、许可、推测等语气,后接动词原形;常见情态动词有may, can, must, should等;否定形式有can’t, mustn’t等。 (2)典型示例:may be in the classroom;can’t be at home;mustn’t sleep with pets。 (3)判断方法:①根据语境判断语气(推测、许可等);②注意情态动词的否定形式及含义(如can’t表“不可能”)。 五、专题复习要点 (1)规则强化:整理动词分类表、固定短语搭配、情态动词用法对比表,分类记忆。 (2)语境练习:结合真题场景(对话、动作描述等),练习动词时态、语态及情态动词辨析。 (3)错题整理:针对高频错误(如使役动词后不定式符号省略、情态动词推测用法混淆),专项训练。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究! 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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