Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage (语法项目——句子成分和句子结构)（Word教参）-【新课程学案】2025-2026学年高中英语必修第一册（译林版）

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage 　　　(语法项目——句子成分和句子结构) 语境中体悟 A lot of students know each other from the primary and middle school.① They are in their “comfort zone”②， feeling they have a sense of control over their relationships.But when the first real day of high school comes, that will change③.Some students are scared.④ As a result, I encourage high school freshmen to step out of their comfort zone.⑤ Here I give them some advice.⑥ First, students should accept who they are and who they are on the road to becoming in high school.⑦Second, there are many new things every high school freshman will know.⑧ The new life will make students brave and confident.⑨ [语法入门] ①句为主谓宾状结构：谓语是know，宾语是each other，状语是from ... middle school； ②句为主系表结构：表语是in their “comfort zone”； ③句为主谓结构：主语是that，谓语是will change； ④句为主系表结构：表语是scared； ⑤句为主谓宾宾补结构：谓语是encourage，宾语是high school freshmen，宾补是to step ... zone； ⑥句为主谓宾宾结构：谓语是give，直接宾语是some advice，间接宾语是them； ⑦句为主谓宾结构：谓语是should accept，宾语是and连接的两个who引导的宾语从句； ⑧句为there be句型； every high ...will know是省略that的定语从句； ⑨句为主谓宾宾补结构：谓语是will make，宾语是students，宾补是 brave and confident。 学案中理清 一、句子成分 组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。各个部分根据其在句子中所起的作用分别称为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。其中主语和谓语是句子的主体。 句子成分包括以下几类： 成分 意义 位置 可充当词 主语 S(subject) 句子的主体，是谓语陈述、说明的对象，说明动作由“谁”发出 位于 句首 名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等 谓语动词V (predicate verb) 谓语表示主语的行为或状态，谓语动词与主语在人称和数上须保持一致 主语 之后 实义动词和系动词 宾语 O(object) 表示行为或活动的对象、接受者或受影响者 动词或 介词后 名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等 直接宾语 DO(direct object) 表示动作的对象、承受者或后果，一般是物 动词后 名词、代词 间接宾语 IO(indirect object) 表示动作是向某人或为某人做的，一般是人 动词后 名词、代词 表语P (predi- cative) 用来说明主语的身份、性质、状况等 系动 词后 名词、形容词、介词短语、分词(短语)、动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)、从句等 宾语补足语 OC(object comple- ment) 补充说明宾语的动作或状态 宾语后 名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)等 定语 Attrib (attribu- tive) 修饰、限制名词或代词 修饰词 的前面 或后面 名词、代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、从句等 状语Ad (adverbial) 说明动作“何时、何地、如何”发生；说明形容词或副词的程度 位置 灵活 副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、从句等 [对点练] 标出下面句子的成分(用S, V, O, P, Ad, DO, IO, OC) ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ 二、基本句式结构　 1．主谓结构(SV)：主语＋谓语(不及物动词) 这种句型中的谓语动词为不及物动词(短语)，动词后不能直接接宾语，也没有被动语态。主谓结构常用来表示主语的动作或状态。 常见的不及物动词(短语)有：rise, matter, begin, come, go, happen, last, appear, work, come true, take place等。 2．主系表结构(SVP)：主语＋系动词＋表语 这种句型中的动词为系动词，无被动语态，也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词，感官系动词(sound, look, smell, taste, feel)，变化系动词(become, come, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run)，持续系动词(remain, keep, hold, stay)，表象系动词(seem, appear, look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词(短语)、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句充当。 3．主谓宾结构(SVO)：主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语这种句型中的谓语动词必须是及物动词或动词短语，一般有被动语态。用作宾语的有名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)或从句等。 4．主谓宾宾结构(SVIODO)：主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，直接宾语指的是动作的对象、承受者或后果，间接宾语表示动作是向某人或为某人做的。通常间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后，也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，但间接宾语前需用介词to或for。间接宾语之前用介词to的常见动词有：give, tell, teach, write, bring, lend, hand, show, offer, send, pay, order等；间接宾语之前用介词for的常见动词有：buy, fetch, save, choose, sing等。 [对点练]　(分析句子成分/一句多译) ①You had better buy your friends some small gifts. 主语　 　谓语　 　间接宾语　 　直接宾语 ②I have brought you some chocolate. 主语　谓语 间接宾语 　直接宾语 ③桑迪给狗喂了些食物。 →Sandy gave the dog some food. →Sandy gave some food to the dog. ④她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 →Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. →Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. ⑤这位老人经常给孩子们讲述那些英雄的故事。 →The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes. →The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children. 5．主谓宾宾补结构(SVOOC)：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语 该结构中的宾语补足语可以由名词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语等充当。该句式常用于三类动词：①使役动词keep, make, let, have, leave, get等；②感官动词或短语see, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, smell等；③其他动词ask, tell, order, request, permit, persuade 等。 [对点练]　(完成句子) ①I found it difficult to learn English. 我发现学英语很难。 ②His father told him not to play in the street. 他的父亲告诉他不要在街上玩耍。 ③My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. 我父亲喜欢看男孩们打篮球。 ④Yesterday I had a picture taken with two old friends. 昨天我跟两个老朋友合了张影。 ⑤If not, please let me know so that we can make adjustments accordingly to suit your schedule. 如果时间不合适，请让我知道(告知我)，以便我们能做出相应的调整以适应您的日程安排。 6．主谓状结构(SVAd)：主语＋谓语＋状语 该句型的谓语动词为不及物动词；副词或介词短语等在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词或整个句子。状语在句中位置灵活，置于谓语动词前后都可以。 [对点练]　(分析句子成分/完成句子) ①We go home twice a month. 主语 谓语　 状语　 ②He works hard every day to pass the exam. 主语 谓语　　　　 状语 ③When he woke up, he found himself lying under the bed. 当他醒来的时候，他发现自己躺在床底下。 7．主谓宾状结构(SVOAd)：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语 该句型的谓语动词通常为及物动词；副词或介词短语等在句中作状语，修饰或说明谓语动词。 [对点练]　(分析句子成分/翻译句子) ①In order to catch up with the others, I must practise 　　　　　　　状语　　　　 　主语　谓语 oral English harder. 　 宾语　 　状语 ②You had better put up your hand if you have any questions. 主语　　谓语　　　 宾语　　　　　状语　　 ③学生们在认真听我讲课。 The students are listening to me carefully. ④他昨天下午到达海南。 He reached Hainan yesterday afternoon. ⑤他经常乘公共汽车或步行上学。 He often goes to school by bus or on foot. 8．There be句型 (1)There be句型表示某处存在某物或某人。基本结构是： There is/are/was/were ...＋地点状语。 (2)be动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的名词或代词一致，be动词还可以进行多种时态形式的变化。 (3)该结构中，be动词可以替换为live, stand, lie, come, go, walk, run, flow, arrive, follow, used to be (曾经有), happen to be (碰巧有), seem/appear to be (好像有)等。 [对点练]　(完成句子) ①There are too many cars on the road. 路上的汽车太多了。 ②There seems to be no suitable work for him. 看来似乎没有合适的工作让他去做。 ③There happened to be nobody in the room. 碰巧房间里没人。 ④There stands the Monument to the People's Heroes in the Tian'anmen Square. 天安门广场上矗立着人民英雄纪念碑。 应用中融通 Ⅰ.写出下文中每句话的句型结构 Li Han woke up early this morning because today was her first day of senior high school. (①SVAd) She felt excited. (②SVP) She looked forward to seeing her new teachers and classmates. (③SVO) Her mother bought her a new bag. (④SVIODO) After having breakfast, Li Han left. (⑤SVAd) She got on the bus and arrived at her new school quickly. (⑥SVOAd) There is no one in the campus. (⑦There be 句型) Li Han fell in love with it at the sight of the school. (⑧SVOAd) She jumped with great excitement. (⑨SVAd) It made other students surprised. (⑩SVOOC) Ⅱ.翻译句子 1．校园里有几个美丽的花园。(there be) There are a few beautiful gardens on campus. 2．现今在中学里这种活动正变得很流行。(主语＋系动词＋表语) Nowadays this kind of activity is becoming very popular in high schools. 3．我们尚未决定什么时候再讨论这个问题。(主语＋谓语＋宾语) We haven't decided when to discuss the problem again. 4．你会发现英语容易学。(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语) You will find English easy to learn. 5．这个新实验确实很有趣。(主语＋系动词＋表语) The new experiment was really interesting. 1．Setting goals gives you a focus in life. 设立目标能让你在生活中专注。 ★focus n．焦点，重点vt.& vi.集中 |用|法|感|知| •Health and environmental problems have increasingly been brought into focus. 健康和环境问题日益受到关注。 •If we find something interesting, we will focus our attention on it for long. 如果我们发现有趣的事物，我们的注意力就会长时间集中在它上面。 •(“场景描写”典句)All eyes were focused on David and he ran faster and faster on the playground.运动场上，所有人的目光都集中在David身上，他跑得越来越快。 归纳点拨 (1)focus on　　 集中(注意力、精力)于…… focus one's attention/thoughts/eyes on ... 集中注意力/思想/目光于…… be focused on 　 聚焦于；关注 (2)come into focus 　 成为焦点 bring/throw sth. into focus 使……集中在焦点上/使……成为焦点； 使……明朗化；使……清楚起来 联想发散 表示“专注于；致力于；埋头于”的短语还有： concentrate on/upon; fix one's attention on/upon; be buried in; be lost in; be devoted to; be absorbed in; put one's heart into; abandon oneself to等。 |应|用|融|会| (1)单句语法填空 ①With so many people focusing (focus) their eyes on him, he felt very nervous. ②Most of us are more focused (focus) on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. ③There's a new frontier in 3D printing that's beginning to come into focus: food. ④If the camera is not brought into focus, the photo will not be clear. (2)句式升级 ⑤The contest, which focuses on the traditional Chinese culture, is scheduled to be held in our school hall on January 18th. →Focusing on the traditional Chinese culture, the contest is scheduled to be held in our school hall on January 18th.(用分词作状语) 2．To realize your goals, you need to have a good plan, manage your time well and pay attention to details.为了实现你的目标，你需要有一个好的计划，管理好时间并注意细节。 ★detail n．细节；具体情况vt.详细说明，详述 |用|法|感|知| •Small details make all the difference between winning and losing the match. 小的细节在赢得还是输掉比赛中起着决定性作用。 •(“动作描写”佳句)He explained to me the rules of the game in detail with patience. 他耐心地详细向我解释了游戏的规则。 [归纳点拨] (1)in detail　　　　　　 详细地 go into detail 详细叙述，逐一说明 (2)detailed adj. 详细的，细致的，精细的 |应|用|融|会| (1)单句语法填空 ①Yesterday's letter contains a detailed (detail) account of the decision. ②We examine the wording in detail before deciding on the final text. (2)完成句子 ③The brochure details all the hotels in the area and their facilities. 这本小册子详细介绍了这个地区的所有旅馆及其设施。 ④He said he had been to various parts of Britain but did not go into details. 他说他曾去过英国的许多地方，但没有细讲。 3．As a result of your action, your dream will come true and hopefully you will live a happy life. 由于你的行动，你的梦想会成真，而且你将有望过上幸福的生活。 ★as a result of由于 |用|法|感|知| •People's living style has been changed as a result of the development of modern industry and agriculture. 由于现代工业和农业的发展，人们的生活方式已经发生了变化。 •(“环境保护”主题佳句)Many forests have been destroyed, as a result, a large quantity of desert has already covered the land. 许多森林遭到破坏，结果大量的沙漠覆盖了陆地。 •(“倡议”类写作佳句)Every year, a lot of major health problems result from harmful waste. 每年，有害垃圾都会造成许多重大健康问题。 归纳点拨 (1)as a result　　　 结果，因此 (2)result v. 发生，产生，造成 result from 起因于……，由……造成 result in 导致；造成 轻巧识记 |应|用|融|会| (1)对比填空(as a result/as a result of) ①The students trust her; as a result, her advice is to influence their decisions. ②It is evident that they suffered a great economic loss as a result of the war. (2)一句多译 他突然头疼起来，结果未能去参加宴会。 ③He had a sudden headache. As a result, he wasn't able to attend the party. ④He wasn't able to attend the party as a result of his sudden headache. ⑤His sudden headache resulted in his not being able to attend the party. ⑥His not being able to attend the party resulted from his sudden headache. 4．This will remind you of what you are working for and keep you focused.这(写下目标)会提醒你为了什么而努力并且让你精力集中。 ★remind vt.提醒，使想起 |用|法|感|知| •(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)What the teacher had said reminded me of the famous saying, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” 老师的话让我想起了一句名言：“有志者，事竟成。” •We put up a board to remind people to protect the trees.　 我们立起一块牌子提醒人们保护树木。 •I always remind myself that time and tide wait for no man.　我总是提醒自己岁月不待人。 •(2024·浙江1月高考写作)In Eva's eyes, this episode served as a reminder that with great determination and a clever mind trick, one can achieve anything. 在伊娃看来，这段经历提醒着她，只要有巨大的决心和灵活的策略，就能成就任何事情。 [归纳点拨] (1)remind sb. of/about sth.　 提醒某人某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 remind sb. that/how/what ... 　提醒某人…… (2)reminder n． 提醒的人/物；暗示 |应|用|融|会| (单句语法填空/完成句子) ①She concluded the speech by reminding us of our responsibility. ②Passengers are reminded (remind) that no smoking is allowed on this train. ③Don't forget to remind your sick brother to take (take) his medicine. ④The necklace was around my neck, a warm reminder (remind) of human kindness. ⑤All these photos remind me of my mother who takes good care of me closely. 所有这些照片让我想起了无微不至照顾我的母亲。 [课时检测] (标语篇配有教师讲评课件) Ⅰ.阅读理解 You may not know a lot of people when you start high school.Even if you know some freshmen, you still feel nervous that you don't know any upperclassmen or teachers.How are you going to make friends among this sea of unknown faces? Most high schools hold a freshman orientation before school actually starts, which is helpful not only because you can know your way around the building and get to meet some of your teachers, but also because you get to meet fellow freshmen.That way, when you show up on your first day of school, you may already recognise a few familiar faces.When you talk to your new classmates, you'll probably find that a lot of them are feeling just like you are.They're all new to the school and don't know what to expect.Talking about a common concern with them can help you develop friendships. The work in high school is something that freshmen are probably worried about.The work in high school builds on what you learnt in middle school, giving you a more advanced knowledge of many subjects.So you may find you have more work to do or that it's a bit more challenging.If you ever find your work too difficult, teachers can give you extra help. High school also has more extra-curricular activities than middle school does such as clubs, music and theatre groups and sports teams.This is a good time to explore your interests and try new things. High school gives you the chance to learn how to manage your time, to develop your social skills and interests, and more importantly to be more independent and responsible. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从新生培训大会、认识新同学、高中学业和课外活动等方面向新生介绍了高中生活。 1．What does the underlined word “orientation” mean in paragraph 2? A．Training.　　　　　　　 B．Game. C．Discussion. D．Examination. 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“before school actually starts ... meet fellow freshmen”可知，“freshman orientation”可以帮助你了解校园，认识老师和同学，类似于新生培训大会。故“orientation”指的是培训。 2．What are freshmen probably worried about? A．The learning task. B．The ability to make friends. C．The relationship with teachers. D．The freshman orientation. 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“The work in high school is something that freshmen are probably worried about.”可知，高中的学业是新生们很可能会担心的一方面。 3．Extra-curricular activities mainly help students . A．build up healthy bodies B．develop friendships C．develop their interests D．improve their learning ability 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“This is a good time to explore your interests and try new things.”可知，高中的课外活动是让学生探索自己的兴趣爱好和尝试新事物的好机会。 4．Who is this passage written for? A．Freshmen at high school. B．Freshmen's parents. C．Middle school students. D．Upperclassmen in high school. 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据文章内容可知，本文主要从新生培训大会、认识新同学、高中学业和课外活动等方面向新生介绍了高中生活。因此，这篇文章是针对高中的新生写的。 Ⅱ.完形填空() The sun was shining brightly over our heads and sweat (汗水) was pouring off our backs and faces.We stood still without 5 any noise, all hot and tired.But everyone kept standing as straight as trees. It was 6 most high schools give to new Senior One students — military training.We spent four days in a 7 environment.Although we couldn't go home at night and the training was 8 and difficult, our humorous young drillmaster (教官) with a funny accent was a real 9 of our days.We laughed at his 10 ， sat in rows singing different songs and listened to him telling true stories about his life.He gave us the feeling that 11 and sweat were not the only things that we received from military training. After this journey, we were more 12 than we had imagined and we were much braver than we had expected.Girls who looked pale rested for a little while, then 13 came back to the team.Boys who were being punished 14 to the playground at once and began to run.Sweat 15 our faces when we thought about how to shout 16 than other classes. Military training taught us perseverance (坚持不懈) and determination.On the last day of our training, the confidence could be 17 in our faces.We shouted so loud that our 18 could be heard across the heavens.With eyes like burning torches (火炬), we walked into the future.Now the sun is 19 at all of us. 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者高一军训的经历。军训时虽然辛苦，但也收获了坚韧、自信。 5．A.crying　　　　　　 B．making C．sending D．telling 解析：选B　根据空后的“any noise”可知，此处表示大家一动不动地站着，不发出一点声音。make a noise意为“制造噪音”。 6．A.nothing B．anything C．something D．everything 解析：选C　根据句中的“military training”可知，此处指军训是大多数学校为高一新生安排的一件事情。 7．A.closed B．crowded C．dangerous D．confident 解析：选A　根据空后的“couldn't go home”可知，军训的地方是个封闭环境，不能回家。 8．A.strict ．curious C．interesting D．normal 解析：选A　and前后连接的词表达的情感态度应一致，根据and后的形容词“difficult”可知，此处是指训练是严格的。 9．A.success B．pleasure C．worry D．wonder 解析：选B　根据句中的“our humorous young drillmaster with a funny accent”可知，年轻幽默、口音滑稽的教官给学生们带来了快乐。 10．A.jokes B．orders C．hair D．habits 解析：选A　根据空前的“laughed at”可知，此处表示教官讲的笑话让他们哈哈大笑。 11．A.sunlight B．wealth C．desire D．health 解析：选A　根据and后的“sweat”可知，空处所填词应和sweat表达的意义相近；结合上文中的“all hot and tired”可知，此处指军训不只有日晒和汗水。 12．A.concerned B．determined C．interested D．surprised 解析：选B　根据下文“we were much braver”可知，他们变得比想象中的更加勇敢和坚定。且下文“Military training taught us perseverance and determination.”也是提示。 13．A.just now B．so far C．right away D．at present 解析：选C　根据句中的“rested for a little while”和空后的“came back to the team”可知，面色苍白的女生们休息一小会儿后就立刻归队。 14．A.escaped B．moved C．rode D．rushed 解析：选D　根据句中的“at once and began to run”可知，被惩罚的男生立刻奔向操场。 15．A.cut down B．flowed down C．took down D．broke down 解析：选B　此处表示，当他们思考如何喊得比其他班响亮时，汗水顺着脸流下来。 16．A.larger B．stronger C．louder D．lower 解析：选C　根据下文的“We shouted so loud”可知，他们思考如何使喊的声音比其他班大。 17．A.seen B．heard C．smelt D．touched 解析：选A　根据空后的“in our faces”可知，在他们脸上能看到自信。 18．A.thoughts B．feelings C．opinions D．voices 解析：选D　根据句中的“shouted”可知，这里指同学们喊的声音响彻云霄，指人的声音应用voice。 19．A.traveling B．falling C．setting D．smiling 解析：选D　根据上文可知，军训后大家学会了坚持不懈和坚韧，变得有自信了，一开始是太阳炙烤着大家，但军训结束后大家感觉太阳正冲着他们微笑，这反映了他们心态的变化。 Ⅲ.语法填空(15分)() Keeping a diary in English is one of the effective ways 20 (improve) our English writing ability. Compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and 21 (take) less time. It can help us to develop the habit of thinking in English. If we keep practicing, gradually we'll learn how to express 22 (we) in English. In keeping a diary in English, we 23 (certain) run up against many 24 (difficult). In the first place, 25 often happens that we have trouble 26 (find) suitable words and phrases to give expression to our mind. Secondly, there are many idiomatic ways of saying things in Chinese. And it is extremely hard for us to put them into English properly. As far as I am concerned, my 27 (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach. Whenever something beats us, we can first put it down in our notebook and then look it up in our dictionary. We can also turn 28 our English teacher for help, if necessary. In short, I believe that it is of great use to keep a diary in English for 29 development of our writing skills. 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了用英语记日记的好处、困难，并给出了几点建议。 20．to improve　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用非谓语动词形式；此处修饰名词ways，应用不定式作后置定语。故填to improve。 21．takes　考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据上文“it is shorter and”可知，此处应用一般现在时；主语为it，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。故填takes。 22．ourselves　考查代词。结合句意表示“表达自我”应用express oneself，此处指“我们自己”，应用ourselves。 23．certainly　考查副词。修饰动词短语run up，应用副词certainly，作状语。 24．difficulties　考查名词复数。空处作宾语，表示“困难”，应用名词difficulty，且由many修饰，应用其复数形式。故填difficulties。 25．it　考查it的用法。此处为句型It happens that ...“有时会发生……”，it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。故填it。 26．finding　考查非谓语动词。have trouble (in) doing sth.“做某事有困难”，为固定用法。故填finding。 27．suggestion　考查名词。空处作主语，表示“建议”，应用名词suggestion；结合后文“is”可知，应用单数。故填suggestion。 28．to　考查介词。turn to sb. for help表示“向某人求助”。故填to。 29．the　考查冠词。development在此处特指“写作技能的提高”，应用定冠词the。Section 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$