内容正文:
小升初英语高频考点
名词与冠词用法解析
一、名词分类与判断
1.可数与不可数
可数名词:能数个数,有单数和复数形式。例:book, apple, desk
不可数名词:整体概念,通常无复数。例:water, milk, rice, bread, homework, advice, furniture, information, news
判断技巧
A.能直接在前面加数字的,多为可数:two books
B.需借助量词的,多为不可数:a piece of advice, a glass of water
C.抽象/物质多不可数,但有些词可数不可数皆可,含义不同:
chicken(肉,不可数);a chicken(一只鸡,可数)
paper(纸,不可数);a paper(一篇论文/报纸,可数)
例句
I bought two books and some paper.
译:我买了两本书和一些纸。
He gave me a piece of advice.
译:他给了我一条建议。
2.普通名词与专有名词
普通名词:表示一类人或物。例:city, teacher
专有名词:特指人名、地名、机构名、节日等,首字母要大写。例:Tom, China, the Pacific Ocean, Christmas
3.集合名词(集体名词)
表示一群人或事物的整体:class, family, team, police, cattle
在语义上可看作整体(单数谓语)或个体(复数谓语),见“主谓一致”部分
4.物质名词与抽象名词
物质:wood, gold, water(多不可数)
抽象:love, courage, happiness(多不可数)
注意“a + 抽象/物质”常变成“一个具体实例/表现”:a love of music(对音乐的热爱)
二、名词单复数变化
1.规则变化
一般加 -s:book→books, pen→pens
以 s, x, z, ch, sh 结尾加 -es:bus→buses, box→boxes, watch→watches
以辅音字母 + y 结尾:y→ies:city→cities, baby→babies
以元音字母 + y 结尾:直接加 -s:toy→toys, day→days
以 -f/-fe 结尾多变 -ves:leaf→leaves, knife→knives
例外直接 -s:roof→roofs, belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs
以 -o 结尾有两种:
加 -es:tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes, hero→heroes
加 -s:photo→photos, radio→radios, piano→pianos
例句
There are many tomatoes and two radios on the table.
译:桌上有许多番茄和两台收音机。
2.不规则变化(高频)
man→men, woman→women, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice, goose→geese, person→people, ox→oxen
同形单复数:sheep, deer, fish(一般同形,表示种类时可用 fishes), Chinese(单复同形)
例句
These children have clean teeth and bare feet.
译:这些孩子牙齿很干净,光着脚丫。
3.复合名词复数
主要词变复数:mothers-in-law, sons-in-law, passers-by, editors-in-chief
可数短语名词:forget-me-nots(勿忘我花)
例句
Many passers-by stopped to help.
译:许多过路人停下来帮忙。
4.专有名词复数
表家族/复数成员:the Smiths(史密斯一家)
节日/赛事本身为复数形式:the Olympics
5.只用复数形式(做主语常接复数谓语)
trousers, shorts, scissors, glasses(眼镜), police(警察)
若表示“一条/一把/一副”,用 a pair of + 复数名词,谓语用单数或跟语义一致:
This pair of scissors is new.
译:这把剪刀是新的。
My trousers are too long.
译:我的裤子太长了。
三、名词在句中的功能与写作
1.主语(Subject)
The vase is beautiful.
译:这个花瓶很漂亮。
Water is important to life.
译:水对生命很重要。
2.宾语(Object)
I like English.
译:我喜欢英语。
She bought a new dress.
译:她买了一条新裙子。
3.表语(Predicative/Complement)
My dream is a teacher.
译:我的梦想是当一名老师。
The trip was fun.
译:这次旅行很有趣。
4.同位语(Apposition)
My brother, Tom, is twelve.
译:我弟弟汤姆十二岁。
The city of Hangzhou is famous.
译:杭州这座城市很有名。
5.定语(作后置/前置修饰语)
the school library(名词作定语,放前面)
the students in Class 6(介词短语作定语,放后面)
6.宾语补足语(Objective Complement)
They named the baby Lucy.
译:他们给宝宝取名露西。
四、数量与度量(核心“of”结构)
1.基本数量搭配
数词 + 可数名词复数:three books, five apples
数词 + 度量单位:two kilos of rice, three liters of milk
2.常见单位/集合名词
容器/单位:a cup of, a glass of, a bottle of, a piece of, a slice of, a bowl of, a box of
集合/群体:a group of, a crowd of, a herd of(牛群), a school of(鱼群)
例句
I need two pieces of paper.
译:我需要两张纸。
A bowl of rice is on the table.
译:桌上有一碗米饭。
3.of 的数一致(关键点)
The number of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语
The number of students is forty.
译:学生人数是四十。
A number of + 复数名词 + 复数谓语
A number of students are playing basketball.
译:许多学生正在打篮球。
One of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语(主语是“one”)
One of the apples is bad.
译:这些苹果中有一个坏了。
One of + 复数名词 + 定语从句:从句谓语随先行词(复数)
He is one of the students who work hard.
译:他是那些努力学习的学生之一。(从句主语是 students)
4.部分—整体表达
some of, most of, half of, all of, none of + the/代词
Half of the class is/are here(整体or个体看语义)
译:班里一半的人在这儿。
五、主谓一致中的名词考点
1.集合名词(class, family, team…)
作为整体看:谓语单数
The team is winning.
强调成员各自:谓语复数
The team are arguing with each other.
2.量词/数量短语主语
a lot of / lots of / plenty of + 可数复/不可数:看后面名词决定谓语
A lot of water is needed.
A lot of students are waiting.
fractions/percentages(分数/百分比):看 of 后名词
Twenty percent of the students are from Grade Six.
Two-thirds of the cake is gone.
3.特殊固定
more than one + 可数单数 + 单数谓语
More than one student has a dictionary.
the + 形容词(表示一类人):复数谓语
The rich are not always happy.
六、冠词系统
1.a / an(泛指“一个”)
a 用于辅音音开头;an 用于元音音开头
a book, a university(/juː/为辅音音),an hour(h 不发音)
首次提及、类别/职业、一次中的“某一个”:a teacher, a kind person
例句
I saw a cat.The cat was black.
译:我看到一只猫。这只猫是黑色的。(首次用 a,再用 the 指定那只)
2.the(特指/独一无二/最高级等)
指前文提到过的特定事物:the cat
世界上独一无二:the sun, the earth
序数词、最高级、the same, the only:the first, the best, the same idea, the only way
乐器/发明(泛指概念):play the piano; the telephone changed the world.
3.零冠词 Ø(不加冠词)
语言、学科、球类:English, math, football
餐名、季节/月份/星期(泛指用法):have breakfast; in spring; on Monday
人名前、地名前(多为专有名词),抽象/物质名词泛指:Tom, China, honesty, water
交通方式固定:by bus/train/air(但 on the bus 指“在公交车上”)
4.专有名词是否加 the(高频清单)
江河海湾海洋、群岛、山脉、沙漠、运河:要 the
the Yangtze River, the Pacific, the Himalayas, the Sahara, the Suez Canal
单座山、湖泊、岛(单个)、洲、国家(大多数):不用 the
Mount Qomolangma, Lake Ontario, Asia, China
国家名若含 复数/联合/共和国/王国 等:要 the
the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the People’s Republic of China
5.学校/医院等场所(含义差别)
go to school(去上学,抽象职能,Ø)
go to the school(去那所学校的建筑/具体地点,有 the)
in hospital(住院,Ø) vs.in the hospital(在那家医院里)
6.常见固定搭配
in the morning/afternoon/evening;at night(Ø)
in a hurry, in the end, on the whole, on the way, at the moment
play the violin/piano/guitar;by the way;on the left/right
have a cold/a fever;have lunch(Ø),but have a good lunch
对照例句
He goes to school at 7 a.m.
译:他七点去上学。
His mother is waiting at the school gate.
译:他妈妈在那所学校的门口等。
七、大写和书写
1.必须大写
句首第一个词;人名、地名、机构名、品牌;星期、月份、节日;代词 I
语言/国籍:Chinese, English;称号/职位置于姓名前常大写:President Lincoln, Doctor Wang
2.一般不大写
学科名(除语言类):math, physics
季节名:spring, summer(作标题或强调可大写)
3.标题大小写(Title Case,供竞赛/写作)
首尾词大写;名词、代词、形容词、动词、副词大写;冠词/介词/并列连词(短小词)一般小写,除非在标题开头或结尾。
例:A Smart Way to Learn Nouns
八、高频易错和典型改错
(1)× two homeworks → two pieces of homework
解释:homework 不可数;用 a piece of / two pieces of
(2)× many informations → much information / pieces of information
解释:information 不可数
(3)× the China → China;× Yangtze River → the Yangtze River
解释:国家名多不加 the;江河须加 the
(4)× go to the school every day → go to school every day
解释:表示“上学”用 Ø;指具体那所学校用 the
(5)× the number of students are… → the number of students is…
解释:the number of 作主语视为单数
(6)× a hour → an hour;× an university → a university
解释:看读音不是字母
(7)× The police is here → The police are here
解释:police 复数概念
(8)× five peoples → five people
解释:people 已为复数(person→people)
(9)× He is one of the students who works hard → …who work hard
解释:从句主语是 students(复数),谓语用复数
(10)× play piano → play the piano
解释:乐器前常用 the
课堂小练(5 题,含解析与翻译)
(1)选择合适形式
There are two ______ on the desk.
A.glass B.glasses C.a glass D.glasss
答案:B
解析:表示“两副眼镜/两只杯子”?题干语境常指眼镜,glasses 为“眼镜”(只用复数);若指玻璃杯,应是 two glasses(B 同样正确),glasss 拼写错误。
译:桌上有两副眼镜/两只玻璃杯。
(2)用 a/an/the/Ø 填空
My father is ___ engineer in ___ company near ___ university.
答案:an; a; the
解析:engineer 发元音音,an;company 泛指 a;near the university 指特定附近那所大学。
译:我父亲是在大学附近一家公司工作的工程师。
(3)改错
The number of the books on the shelf are forty.
答案:are→is
解析:the number of 作主语为单数。
译:书架上的书的数量是四十本。
(4)选择正确句子
A.He has many homeworks.
B.He has much homework.
C.He has a homeworks.
答案:B
解析:homework 不可数,用 much。
译:他有很多作业。
(5)单复数与固定搭配
My mother can play ___ piano, and she is one of the musicians who ___ very hard.
A.the; works B./; work C.the; work D./; works
答案:C
解析:乐器前 the;who 指 musicians(复数),谓语用 work。
译:我妈妈会弹钢琴,她是那些非常刻苦的音乐家之一。
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