Unit 3 Conservation 自然保护 (话题阅读精练）英语北师大版2019选择性必修第一册

Unit 3 Conservation自然保护 话题阅读精练 单元引言解读 主题词汇积累 一、核心概念与重要性 (Core Concepts & Importance) environmental protection / conservation (环境保护/保育) ecological balance / ecosystem stability (生态平衡/生态系统稳定) biodiversity / biological diversity (生物多样性) natural resources (自然资源) e.g., water, forests, minerals wildlife (species / habitat) (野生动物/物种/栖息地) endangered species / threatened animals/plants (濒危物种/受威胁的动植物) preserve / protect nature (保护大自然) maintain a sustainable environment (维持可持续的环境) the health of the planet / Earth’s well-being (地球的健康/福祉) interdependence of living things (生物的相互依存) the value of nature / intrinsic worth (自然的价值/内在价值) a fragile ecosystem (脆弱的生态系统) 二、环境问题与危机 (Environmental Problems & Crises) climate change / global warming (气候变化/全球变暖) pollution (air / water / soil / plastic / noise / light) (污染：空气/水/土壤/塑料/噪音/光) deforestation / forest loss (森林砍伐/森林丧失) habitat destruction / loss / fragmentation (栖息地破坏/丧失/碎片化) desertification / land degradation (沙漠化/土地退化) resource depletion / over-exploitation (资源枯竭/过度开发) loss of biodiversity / species extinction (生物多样性丧失/物种灭绝) melting glaciers / polar ice caps (冰川融化/极地冰盖) rising sea levels (海平面上升) extreme weather events (极端天气事件) e.g., droughts, floods, hurricanes ocean acidification (海洋酸化) waste accumulation / landfill overflow (废物堆积/垃圾填埋场溢出) toxic chemicals / hazardous waste (有毒化学品/危险废物) carbon emissions / greenhouse gases (GHGs) (碳排放/温室气体) 三、问题成因 (Causes of Problems) human activities / anthropogenic factors (人类活动/人为因素) industrialization / urbanization (工业化/城市化) overpopulation / population growth (人口过剩/人口增长) excessive consumption / consumerism (过度消费/消费主义) fossil fuel burning / reliance on coal/oil (燃烧化石燃料/依赖煤炭石油) unsustainable agriculture / overfarming/overgrazing (不可持续的农业/过度耕种/过度放牧) illegal logging / poaching / wildlife trade (非法伐木/偷猎/野生动物贸易) use of pesticides / chemical fertilizers (使用杀虫剂/化肥) poor waste management / littering (废物管理不善/乱扔垃圾) lack of environmental awareness (缺乏环保意识) 四、保护措施与解决方案 (Conservation Measures & Solutions) establish nature reserves / protected areas (建立自然保护区/保护区) implement conservation programs / projects (实施保护计划/项目) pass and enforce environmental laws / regulations (通过并执行环境法律/法规) promote sustainable development / practices (促进可持续发展/实践) adopt renewable energy sources (采用可再生能源) e.g., solar, wind, hydro reduce carbon footprint / emissions (减少碳足迹/排放) conserve water / energy / resources (节约用水/能源/资源) recycle (materials) / reuse (items) / reduce (waste) (回收/再利用/减少) practice waste sorting / recycling (实行垃圾分类/回收) develop green technologies / innovations (发展绿色技术/创新) restore degraded ecosystems / reforestation / afforestation (恢复退化生态系统/重新造林/植树造林) combat desertification / soil conservation (防治沙漠化/水土保持) protect endangered species / anti-poaching efforts (保护濒危物种/反偷猎行动) promote eco-tourism / responsible tourism (推广生态旅游/负责任旅游) phase out single-use plastics (逐步淘汰一次性塑料) 五、可持续发展 (Sustainable Development) achieve sustainability / sustainable living (实现可持续性/可持续生活) balance economic growth and environmental protection (平衡经济增长与环境保护) meet the needs of the present without compromising the future (满足当代需求，不损害后代利益) use resources responsibly / wisely (负责任地/明智地使用资源) invest in green infrastructure (投资绿色基础设施) support sustainable agriculture / organic farming (支持可持续农业/有机农业) promote a circular economy (推广循环经济) ensure long-term ecological health (确保长期的生态健康) 六、个人与集体行动 (Individual & Collective Action) raise environmental awareness / education (提高环保意识/教育) adopt an eco-friendly lifestyle (采取环保生活方式) make environmentally conscious choices (做出环保选择) participate in conservation efforts / volunteer work (参与保护工作/志愿工作) support environmental organizations (NGOs) (支持环保组织) advocate for environmental protection / policies (倡导环境保护/政策) reduce one’s consumption / live simply (减少消费/简约生活) use public transport / cycle / walk (使用公共交通/骑自行车/步行) plant trees / participate in clean-up campaigns (植树/参与清洁活动) educate others about conservation (教育他人关于保护的知识) 七、全球合作与责任 (Global Cooperation & Responsibility) international cooperation / agreements (国际合作/协议) e.g., Paris Agreement shared responsibility / global commitment (共同责任/全球承诺) address global environmental challenges (应对全球环境挑战) provide aid to developing countries (向发展中国家提供援助) transfer green technology (转让绿色技术) hold countries/companies accountable (追究国家/公司的责任) the role of the UN / international bodies (联合国/国际机构的作用) think globally, act locally (全球思考，本地行动) 时文拓展阅读 Seabird colony survey data collected over 55 years were used to estimate the number of birds nesting on the 280 atolls (环礁) in the Indo-Pacific. The study, published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, also measured the nutrient contribution of the birds to the ecosystem. Atolls are ring-shaped coral reef islands that enclose a lagoon (环礁湖). They form when a dead volcano sinks lower, leaving behind the coral reef that has grown around its edge. Of the approximately 440 atolls in the world, most are in the Pacific Ocean. Their combined surface area makes up only about 0.02% of the total island area in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the new study shows that their importance to seabirds far outweighs their relatively small total area.“ We calculate that over 31 million seabirds — about 25% of the world’s tropical seabirds — are nesting on atolls,” says first author Sebastian Steibl from the University of Auckland in New Zealand.“ At least 14 seabird species have more than half of their global populations nesting on atolls.” This is also just a small part of historical populations using the atolls for breeding and nesting. The authors also note the importance of seabirds and, by extension, the atolls they rely on for the broader ecosystem. “Seabirds are globally important mediators of ecological connectivity between land and sea,” they write. “They transport nutrients in the form of bird droppings from marine feeding grounds to their nesting sites.” The research highlights the importance of conserving seabird colonies and the atolls amid growing environmental challenges such as warming oceans and rising sea levels. “Protecting atolls is therefore not only important for seabird conservation — in turn, seabirds on atolls are also supporting the functioning of the atolls themselves, which might be key to building resilience (适应力) against climate change,” Steibl says. “Many atoll islands that bear legacies of exploitation are now uninhabited,” says Steibl. “Building on the globally recognized importance of atolls for seabird conservation, these uninhabited atoll islands offer themselves as main target sites for future seabird conservation and restoration plans.” 【译文欣赏】 通过 55 年收集的海鸟栖息地调查数据，研究人员估算了在印度 - 太平洋地区 280 个环礁上筑巢的海鸟数量。这项发表在《自然・生态与进化》期刊上的研究，还评估了海鸟对生态系统的养分贡献。 环礁是环形的珊瑚礁岛，中间包围着一片环礁湖。当死火山逐渐下沉，其边缘生长的珊瑚礁留存下来，便形成了环礁。全球约 440 个环礁中，大多数分布在太平洋。它们的总面积仅占印度 - 太平洋地区岛屿总面积的约 0.02%。 然而，这项新研究表明，它们对海鸟的重要性远超其相对狭小的总面积。“我们估算，超过 3100 万只海鸟 —— 约占全球热带海鸟总数的 25%—— 在环礁上筑巢，” 该研究第一作者、新西兰奥克兰大学的塞巴斯蒂安・斯泰布尔说，“至少有 14 种海鸟，其全球种群中超过一半在环礁上筑巢。” 而这还只是历史上利用环礁繁殖筑巢的种群数量的一小部分。 研究作者还指出，海鸟的重要性 —— 进而延伸到它们所依赖的环礁 —— 对更广泛的生态系统意义重大。他们在文中写道：“海鸟是全球范围内陆地与海洋之间生态连通性的重要媒介。它们以鸟粪的形式，将海洋觅食地的养分输送到自己的筑巢地。” 该研究强调，在海洋变暖、海平面上升等环境挑战日益严峻的背景下，保护海鸟栖息地和环礁至关重要。“因此，保护环礁不仅对海鸟保护意义重大 —— 反过来，环礁上的海鸟也在维系环礁自身的功能，这可能是增强其应对气候变化适应力的关键，” 斯泰布尔说。 “许多留有开发痕迹的环礁岛如今已无人居住，” 斯泰布尔表示，“基于环礁在全球范围内被认可的海鸟保护价值，这些无人居住的环礁岛有望成为未来海鸟保护与恢复计划的主要目标区域。” 【词汇积累】 nutrient [ˈnjuːtriənt] n. 养分；营养物 ecosystem [ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm] n. 生态系统 tropical [ˈtrɒpɪkl] adj. 热带的 species [ˈspiːʃiːz] n. 物种（单复数同形） breeding [ˈbriːdɪŋ] n. 繁殖；育种 mediator [ˈmiːdieɪtə(r)] n. 媒介；调解者 connectivity [ˌkɒnekˈtɪvəti] n. 连通性；连接 conserving [kənˈsɜːvɪŋ] v. 保护；保存（conserve 的现在分词） resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns] n. 适应力；恢复力 exploitation [ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn] n. 开发；利用 uninhabited [ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtɪd] adj. 无人居住的 restoration [ˌrestəˈreɪʃn] n. 恢复；修复 【知识拓展】 环礁是由死火山下沉后，边缘生长的珊瑚礁形成的环形岛屿，中间包围着环礁湖。全球约 440 个环礁中，多数分布在太平洋，总面积仅占印度 - 太平洋地区岛屿总面积的 0.02%，但对海鸟至关重要 —— 约 25% 的全球热带海鸟（超 3100 万只）在此筑巢，至少 14 种海鸟的半数以上种群依赖环礁繁殖。 海鸟是陆地与海洋生态连通的重要媒介，通过鸟粪将海洋养分输送到筑巢地，维系环礁生态功能。在海洋变暖、海平面上升等环境挑战下，保护环礁不仅对海鸟生存关键，还能增强环礁应对气候变化的适应力。目前许多留有开发痕迹的环礁岛已无人居住，成为未来海鸟保护与恢复计划的核心目标区域。 【词汇延伸】 seabird colony海鸟群落  ecological connectivity生态连通性  bird droppings鸟粪  feeding grounds觅食地  building resilience构建适应力 conservation and restoration plans保护与恢复计划  高考真题链接 (2025·全国一卷·阅读理解D篇) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 命题特点 推理判断题是阅读理解中难度较大的题型。它不仅要求考生理解文章的字面意思，还要对文章的表面信息进行挖掘，将作者在文中没有直接说出的意思通过对细节上的暗示和语篇逻辑关系的分析，做出一定判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义和隐含意义。推理判断题在高考中占比很重，经常达到4-8题甚至以上，包括隐含意义推断题、观点态度推断题、文章出处或写作对象、目的意图推断题和下文预测推断题。 命题规律1.文中长复合句、特殊句型处常考2.语言转折和强对比处常考3.对文章中心思想处常考 推理判断题解题思维 1. 理解文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，打好推理判断的基础。 2. 对文字的表面信息由浅入深地进行挖掘，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行合乎逻辑的推断。不能断章取义，以偏概全，局限于肤浅的表面意思。 3. 忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据进行合理推断。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点; 4. 把握句间、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构和体裁。体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，感悟文章的逻辑发展，揣摩作者的弦外之音。 注意：推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，再结合语境和常识推论出未知部分和作者的言外之意。 推理判断题干扰项特征 1. 主观臆断：根据现实生活常识推断。虽然符合考生的常识，但文中并没有支撑的依据。 2. 过度推断：作者并未做出评论，只是客观的陈述事实，考生进行了过度的解读和推断。 3. 以细节代替推断：将文章中出现的文中无关紧要或片面推出的结论，如某一处细节当作合理推断，实则是原文信息的简单重复，并不是推断出来的结论。 4. 无中生有：在解题时将自己的观点或社会的一种普遍性倾向而文中并无关系的观点当成作者的观点。实际上真正的答案在文章中并不能直接找到，会进行词汇的替换。            1．Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. 抓标志：从属连词how；关系代词who 判类型：主句（含主语从句The way…+宾语从句how microplastics were trapped…+非限制性定语从句who was not involved…） 试翻译：微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。 2．The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. 抓标志：并列连词and；分词短语settled…, stuck…, filled…, fallen… 判类型：主句（含并列谓语have become…+破折号后并列分句，四个过去分词短语作状语表伴随情况） 试翻译：苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。 ①become a common source of … 成为……的常见来源 ②settle in … 沉积在…… ③remove … percent of … 去除……%的…… ④rely on … 依赖于…… ⑤lead to … 导致… 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 书评 353 主要介绍了蕾切尔·卡逊的《寂静的春天》，其开篇像寓言，文学性强，兼具科学与文学特质，是环保运动里程碑 Passage 2 阅读理解 说明文 355 主要介绍了印度尼西亚和菲律宾两国在地热能源开发方面的现状、挑战以及应对措施 Passage 3 阅读理解 说明文 358 美国西部瓦萨奇山脉中由颤杨克隆体构成的巨大生物体潘多（Pando） Passage 4 阅读理解 记叙文 310 海洋生物学家Thys将她的职业生涯奉献给了观察海洋，她是海洋生物的榜样和鼓舞人心的向导 Passage 5 阅读理解 说明文 396 主要介绍非洲因气候变化导致海平面上升，引发沿海洪水等问题及应对建议 Passage 6 阅读理解 说明文 269 主要介绍了菌丝作为一种可持续建筑材料的潜力，包括其特性、优势以及当前面临的挑战和未来前景 Passage 7 阅读理解 记叙文 286 讲述了David Katz因童年目睹海洋塑料污染而创立“塑料银行”这一社会企业 Passage 8 阅读理解 说明文 331 主要介绍了加拿大Don River谷地生态修复工程 Passage 9 阅读理解 说明文 356 印度洋-平洋地区环礁上海鸟筑巢情况的研究 Passage 10 完形填空 记叙文 233 救助狐狸 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东威海·期末）“There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.” This is the surprising first sentence of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, the 1962 book that arguably sparked the modern environmental movement. While most people have heard of Silent Spring, many fewer have actually read it. It is now largely classified as textbooks or other educational contexts. That is why its first sentence is so surprising: Silent Spring does not read like a textbook. It begins with a fable and is filled with beautiful, emotional writing and passion throughout. Carson raised a public outcry against DDT not just with her research on its harmful effects, but with the vivid descriptions, powerful arguments, and poctic language that lift Silent Spring into the world of other great works of American literature. The poetry of Carson’s opening continues into the rest of Silent Spring. There is poetic language throughout the book; even Carson’s chapter titles such as “Earth’s Green Mantle (披风)” and “Through a Narrow Window” are not what we might expect for a scientific work. But the places where Carson’s artistry is more apparent are in her chapter introductions. She weaves her most vivid images in the first few paragraphs of each chapter, creating a more realistic experience for the reader before moving into more complex scientific writing. While she’s good at translating the beauty of the natural world, the powerful emotions Carson raises with this imagery are rarely rosy. Not only is Silent Spring a descriptive scientific work and a great work of literature — it is also an accusation. She uses the word “evil”10 times, the word “suffer” 35 times, and different forms of the word “death” a total of 213 times. With this landmark book, Carson gracefully established herself as both an important figure of modern American literature and a pioneer of the 20th century’s environmental movement. Her words are effective and convincing, and more so because they are beautiful. Silent Spring is clearly a tapestry (挂毯) patiently woven — with a cause worth fighting for. 1．What is the opening of Silent Spring like? A．It clearly reveals its writing purpose. B．It directly presents Carson’s arguments. C．It starts with quotes from victims of pollution. D．It reads more like a fable than a science book. 2．Which part of Silent Spring best shows Carson’s literary skill? A．The opening. B．The chapter titles. C．The chapter introductions. D．The conclusion. 3．Why did Carson use emotional words like “death” repeatedly? A．To make her writing less technical. B．To highlight the urgency of her warning. C．To express her pessimism about the future. D．To contrast nature’s beauty with human destruction. 4．What’s the main focus of the passage? A．Why Silent Spring still matters. B．How powerful languages can be. C．Why Silent Spring is both science and literature. D．What role Carson plays in environmental history. Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江西·期末）Geothermal (地热的) energy offers constant, clean power with very little land use, making it ideal for Indonesia and the Philippines. These nations possess huge geothermal potential due to their volcanic locations on the seismically (地震地) active Pacific “Ring of Fire”, where heat naturally rises close to the surface. Indonesia and the Philippines rank second and third globally in geothermal use but access only a small amount of their reserves. Indonesia makes use of less than 10% of its potential, supplying just 6% of its power. The Philippines has developed about 8% of its capacity, making geothermal energy its largest renewable source at 14.6% of energy use. Both countries aim to expand significantly: Indonesia targets geothermal energy as its second-largest renewable source by 2030, while the Philippines plans projects adding nearly 1.5 gigawatts. The major challenge is high initial costs and risks, especially during the expensive exploratory drilling phase needed to confirm suitable sites. “Developers cannot take 100% of the exploration risk themselves,” explains Shigeru Yamamura of the Asian Development Bank. “Climate finance for geothermal energy in Southeast Asia remains limited, accounting for only 9% of the ASEAN’s (Association of Southeast Asian Nations’) renewable funding,” he adds. Solutions include integrated finance (combining public/private funds, donations and green bonds) and policy reforms. Indonesia is simplifying permits and improving investment returns, while the Philippines is carrying out targeted green energy sales and smart power network plans to attract private investors. International support includes a $150 million World Bank loan for Indonesia and $127.5 million from climate funds to reduce exploration risks. Even with funding, community resistance can hold up projects. In Indonesia, villagers near sites like Dieng have protested about safety fears following deadly gas leaks and environmental impacts. Timothy Ravis of Cornell University notes some communities lack understanding of geothermal benefits. In the Philippines, concerns about land degradation among native groups have led companies to negotiate royalty payments. Experts stress that gaining community agreement is crucial. Demonstrating concrete local benefits, such as steady employment and public facilities, is key to unlocking this powerful clean energy source beneath Southeast Asia. 5．What do the numbers in paragraph 2 indicate? A．Achieved expansion targets. B．Vast geothermal potential. C．High development efficiency. D．Dominance of traditional energy. 6．What can be inferred about geothermal exploration from Yamamura’s statement? A．Risk-sharing strategies are essential. B．International loans do away with all risks. C．Private investors avoid renewable projects. D．Governments should fully fund drilling phases. 7．What measure is Indonesia taking to support geothermal development? A．Addressing community safety protests. B．Running green energy sales programs. C．Increasing investment returns. D．Providing $150 million exploration loans. 8．Why does the author mention deadly gas leaks in Dieng? A．To stress the need for international loans. B．To explain technical challenges in drilling. C．To illustrate causes of community resistance. D．To compare safety standards in two countries. Passage 3 （24-25高二下·河南许昌·期末）In the Wasatch Mountains of the western US on the slopes above a spring-fed lake, there stands a single giant organism that provides an entire ecosystem, Pando, a 108-acre stand of aspen clones (颤杨克隆体). Although it looks like a woodland of individual trees with striking white bark and small leaves, Pando is actually 47,000 genetically identical stems (树干) that arise from an interconnected root network. Pando has been around for thousands of years. Its longevity means a whole ecosystem of 68 plant species and many animals have been supported under its shade. Although Pando is protected by the US National Forest Service, it is in danger of disappearing due to several factors. Deer cause one of the biggest worries. Wolves once kept them in check, but their number is now much larger because of the loss of these predators (捕食者). Deer also tend to gather in Pando as the protection the woodland receives means they are not in danger of being hunted there. As older trees die or fall down, light reaches the woodland floor which stimulates new clonal stems to start growing, but when these animals eat the tops off newly forming stems, they die. This means in large areas of Pando there is little new growth. Besides, older stems in Pando are also being affected by diseases. Pando arose after the last ice age had passed and has dealt with a largely stable climate ever since. But now climate change threatens the size of the tree. Aspen stands have been struggling with climate change-related pressures, such as reduced water supply and warmer weather earlier in the year, making it harder for trees to form new leaves, which have led to declines in coverage. Despite every cause for concern, there is hope as scientists are helping us unlock the secrets to Pando’s resilience (适应力), while conservation groups are working to protect this tree and its associated ecosystem. And a new conservation group called the Friends of Pando aims to make the tree accessible to virtually everyone through 360 video recordings. 9．What do we know about Pando? A．It is a group of genetically identical aspen trees. B．It is an organism made up of aspen clones. C．It is an ecosystem of 68 plant species. D．It is a wildlife reserve. 10．What is the main reason deer make a threat to Pando? A．They consume new growth in the woodland. B．They spread diseases among new clonal stems. C．They compete with dying trees for water resources. D．They attract wolves which damage the ecosystem there. 11．What has climate change brought to Pando? A．Its loss of habitat. B．Its lack of resilience. C．The reduction of its range. D．The decline of its ice cover. 12．Why does the Friends of Pando post videos of Pando? A．To attract visitors. B．To study its ecosystem. C．To unite conservation groups. D．To gather support for its protection. Passage 4 （24-25高二下·吉林四平·期末）“Someone once asked me, ‘What’s the tool you would want to give any student?’ And I said, ‘A mask and snorkel (潜水通气管) set,’” the ocean biologist Thys says in a video. And Thys explains, “Ninety-eight percent of the living space on this planet is the ocean. It’s worth a view.” Thys has devoted her career to seeing the ocean, and to helping others watch the great diversity of the underwater world. A big part of what motivates her work is the chance to let people develop a sense of respect for the grandness of the ocean, and to get people to participate in efforts to protect endangered ocean ecosystems. Since studying ocean biology, Thys has focused her research on how sea animals live. One animal she particularly studies is the ocean sunfish. “It’s so different from any other fish,” says Thys. “It looks like a mistake. Where does the tail go?” Thys adds. “The sunfish provides an entry point to understanding more about the behaviour of creatures in the ocean, and about how environmental changes impact underwater ecosystems.” Thys’s work also takes her above ground, where she’s looking at ways to create new connections between human populations and natural environments to help address social and environmental challenges. For instance, she’s working on nature’s effects on mental well-being. Thys’s passion for her work is evident in every lecture, video, and public appearance she makes. Using the media, Thys encourages people to learn about the ocean and love it. Due to many ocean research projects and activities from the media, Thys is up to her neck in work every day. She could hardly spare plenty of time for a good rest. Thys’s devotion to her work as an ocean scientist and ecological warrior is infectious. She’s a role model and an inspiring guide to ocean life. 13．Why would Thys like to give a mask and snorkel set to students? A．To carry out a survey. B．To tell a joke. C．To encourage them to explore the ocean. D．To advertise these products. 14．What greatly encourages Thys’s work according to Paragraph 2? A．The award from the government. B．Her parents’ suggestions. C．The chance to let people respect and protect the ocean. D．The profit from the fish in the sea. 15．What does Thys think of the ocean sunfish? A．It is often mistaken as other fish. B．It is ordinary but very important. C．It is a kind of rare fish in danger. D．It is unique and has big scientific value. 16．Which of the following can best describe Thys? A．Outgoing and caring. B．Devoted and passionate. C．Confident and sporty. D．Hardworking and brave. Passage5 （24-25高二下·贵州黔西·期末）The world’s most populous continent, Africa, is facing a major challenge due to climate change. The rise in sea levels caused by global warming has led to more frequent and severe flooding along Africa’s coastline, which will have destructive consequences for the continent’s economic growth. According to a new report from the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, a US Department of Defense-funded think tank, once every 40 years, the century floods are expected to start happening in Africa. This will have a significant impact on the inland economies of coastal and port cities across the continent. Experts warn that the destruction to these cities’ infrastructure (基础设施) and services will be disastrous. In some areas, such as Ganvie in Benin’s economic capital Cotonou, homes are built on wooden poles in a coastal lagoon (泻湖), making them highly vulnerable to flooding. Local government officials in So-Ava, where Ganvie is located, say flooding has become increasingly worse in recent decades, destroying crops and freshwater fish and leaving residents without homes or income. Alexandra Bodo, another resident of Ganvie, says his livestock (牲畜) were lost to the flood and his house was filled with water. “We lose our houses and we have no money to rebuild them, so the whole family sleeps in a boat,” he said. Communities along the coast around estuaries and coastal lagoons like Ganvie will be the first to bear the impacts. Flooding and coastal erosion (侵蚀) will also affect Africa’s ports, which play a crucial role in trade and commerce. Economists say that not enough is being done to address this issue. They argue that much more funding should be given to support the building of infrastructure and services in affected areas, particularly with regards to slowing down climate change. The stretch of West Africa’s coastline from Abidjan to Lagos is set to become the world’s largest cities by the end of this century, with half a billion people living there. This could have a major impact on Africa’s economy and global development if it develops poorly. The rising sea levels caused by climate change in Africa are a serious threat to the continent’s economic growth and stability. It is essential that urgent action is taken to reduce their effects and ensure that affected communities are supported in rebuilding their lives. 17．According to the text, what is the reason for flooding in coastal areas of Africa? A．The increase of rainfall. B．The movement of the continents. C．The rising sea levels caused by global warming. D．The development of industries and transportation. 18．What did Alexandra Bodo lose due to flooding in Ganvie? A．Freshwater sources. B．Government support. C．His livestock and house. D．His crops and fishing boat. 19．The underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 3 most likely means ________. A．resistant B．easily harmed C．well-protected D．adaptable 20．What do economists suggest to address the flooding problem in Africa? A．Reducing international trade. B．Relocating all coastal communities. C．Building taller houses in flood-prone areas. D．Investing more in infrastructure and climate action. Passage6 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期末）Can you imagine a house made from mushrooms? What benefits could such a material offer compared to traditional building materials? In the development of sustainable construction, Czech researchers and architects have showcased a building made primarily from mycelia (菌丝). The innovative house named Samorost is 3.5-meter-tall and 7-meter-long, using 1,800 kilograms of mycelia. Samorost is designed to serve as both a functional structure and a striking example of how mycelia can be used to replace traditional, fossil-fuel-based materials like polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) for environmental benefits. The mycelia used in the construction of Samorost are made from the root system of a species of mushroom, known for its durability (耐用性) and strength. Mycelia, when combined with natural, renewable materials such as wood, become a lightweight yet durable building material. Besides, unlike polystyrene, mycelia are biodegradable and produce significantly lower CO₂ emissions during, production. Additionally, mycelia have numerous potential applications in construction, such as being used as structural components like walls. As the material is both fire-resistant and highly customizable, mycelia can be used for furniture or supporting walls. However, experts caution that while mycelia show promise, their widespread use in construction may take time. According to Katerina Sysova, an architect at the Czech Technical University, mycelia are not yet suited for every application, such as external building materials in multi - story buildings, where wet atmosphere could compromise their performance. Still, with growing support from the European Union’s sustainability initiatives and increasing demand for environmentally friendly solutions, mycelia - based construction could become the mainstream in the coming years. 21．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To promote innovative buildings. B．To introduce an alternative material. C．To compare mycelia with polystyrene. D．To explain the structure of mycelia. 22．What is a fact about mycelia as a building material? A．It’s carbon-intensive. B．It’s water-resistant. C．It’s widely-used. D．It’s eco-friendly. 23．What does the underlined word “compromise” most likely mean in paragraph 4? A．Strengthen. B．Weaken. C．Maintain. D．Facilitate. 24．What can be inferred about the prospect of mycelia - based construction? A．It’s questionable. B．It’s unpredictable. C．It’s impractical. D．It’s promising. Passage 7 （24-25高二下·黑龙江双鸭山·期末）As a young boy playing along the beaches of Vancouver Island, David Katz was astonished by the amount of plastic waste washing up on the shore. This image of marine plastic pollution left an impression on his memory and stimulated his desire to handle the issue and make a meaningful difference. In 2020, Katz translated his passion into action by creating Plastic Bank — a social enterprise aimed at reducing the amount of waste plastic in our oceans while enhancing the lives of people living in coastal regions which are easily influenced. The Plastic Bank model centers around collection communities that exchange waste plastic for income. After community members drop off their plastic and receive payment, Plastic Bank recycles the collected plastic and generates Social Plastic feedstock (原料). This recycled material re-enters the supply chain, reducing the need to produce new plastic while supporting plastic circularity (循环) — using plastics more effectively by keeping the material in use for longer, then recovering it to make new products. Over the years, the organization has achieved remarkable milestones. From its initial pilot (试点的) project in Alaska to developing over 550 recycling communities in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, Plastic Bank has stopped over 100 million kilograms of plastic from polluting our oceans. “We see Plastic Bank as a driving force for encouraging joint actions, driving innovation, and creating an environment where recycling is a force for good, helping to improve disadvantaged communities and protect the planet,” Katz says. “Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future.” 25．What inspired David Katz to solve the problem of ocean plastic pollution? A．His desire to make a living. B．His early childhood experience. C．His interest in sea animals’ conservation. D．His work with environmental organizations. 26．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How Plastic Bank operates. B．Who Plastic Bank benefits. C．What types of plastic Plastic Bank collects. D．Where recycling communities are located. 27．What can we know about Plastic Bank from the last two paragraphs? A．Plastic Bank experienced some failures at first. B．Plastic Bank has a global reach and impact. C．Plastic Bank centers on recycling technology innovation. D．Plastic Bank aims to promote economic development. 28．What’s David Katz’s attitude towards the future of Plastic Bank? A．Doubtful. B．Worried. C．Unclear. D．Optimistic. Passage 8 （24-25高二下·广东汕头·期末）Shannon Baker, a landscape architect at Waterfront Toronto, pauses to point out a red-tailed hawk (鹰) flying over the restored Don River valley — a sight unimaginable eight years ago when this site was a deadly industrial zone. The hawk’s presence symbolizes the success of Canada’s most ambitious urban ecological project: transforming 300 hectares of abandoned factories and oil tanks into a lively ecosystem. In the 1880s, the Don River was rerouted into the Keating Channel to create land for a new port. For over a century since then, it regularly flooded surrounding areas. Engineers solved this by carving a 1.3-kilometre riverbed reconnecting the waterway to Lake Ontario. The scale of effort to make the new river extension has been enormous: four-plus years of construction; roads lifted or moved and multiple bridges built; 1.4 million cubic metres of polluted soil treated and reused or replaced. Most remarkably, bioengineered “instant forests” were created using interlocking root systems and layered soils to create mature ecosystems. “For me, the project is about reconnection,” says Baker. “We’re reconnecting the river to the lake, and in this process, reconnecting people.” Perhaps the deepest reconnections are with local Indigenous communities, who settled in the area centuries before the city’s creation. Waterfront Toronto engaged the MinoKamik Collective, an elder-led native environmental consultancy, to help design the planting strategy. “We put in wetland plants to help stabilize the riverbank and draw in animals,” says Shelley Charles, leader of the native elders. “When we met on the land at the start of the project, there was nothing there. It was like an artist’s canvas (画布). Now when you stand in the same place today, you’re able to walk along the river. It’s unbelievable.” Baker agrees and points out that people visiting the site today for the first time might not appreciate what’s been done. “Because when you look at the river as well as the wetland now, it looks like it’s always been there.” 29．How does the writer introduce the topic? A．By showing data. B．By making a comparison. C．By giving an appeal. D．By raising an assumption. 30．What is the primary purpose of the new river extension? A．To prevent flooding. B．To attract wildlife. C．To create a new port. D．To build new roads. 31．What is Charles’s attitude towards the project? A．Proud. B．Concerned. C．Unbelieving. D．Indifferent. 32．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Waterfront: A History Of Toronto B．Keating Channel: A Nature Restoration Project C．The River Extension: From Wasteland To Wetland D．MinoKamik Collective: Between Indigenous And Natives Passage 9 （24-25高二下·广东湛江·期末）Seabird colony survey data collected over 55 years were used to estimate the number of birds nesting on the 280 atolls (环礁) in the Indo-Pacific. The study, published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, also measured the nutrient contribution of the birds to the ecosystem. Atolls are ring-shaped coral reef islands that enclose a lagoon (环礁湖). They form when a dead volcano sinks lower, leaving behind the coral reef that has grown around its edge. Of the approximately 440 atolls in the world, most are in the Pacific Ocean. Their combined surface area makes up only about 0.02% of the total island area in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the new study shows that their importance to seabirds far outweighs their relatively small total area.“ We calculate that over 31 million seabirds — about 25% of the world’s tropical seabirds — are nesting on atolls,” says first author Sebastian Steibl from the University of Auckland in New Zealand.“ At least 14 seabird species have more than half of their global populations nesting on atolls.” This is also just a small part of historical populations using the atolls for breeding and nesting. The authors also note the importance of seabirds and, by extension, the atolls they rely on for the broader ecosystem. “Seabirds are globally important mediators of ecological connectivity between land and sea,” they write. “They transport nutrients in the form of bird droppings from marine feeding grounds to their nesting sites.” The research highlights the importance of conserving seabird colonies and the atolls amid growing environmental challenges such as warming oceans and rising sea levels. “Protecting atolls is therefore not only important for seabird conservation — in turn, seabirds on atolls are also supporting the functioning of the atolls themselves, which might be key to building resilience (适应力) against climate change,” Steibl says. “Many atoll islands that bear legacies of exploitation are now uninhabited,” says Steibl. “Building on the globally recognized importance of atolls for seabird conservation, these uninhabited atoll islands offer themselves as main target sites for future seabird conservation and restoration plans.” 33．What’s the main function of the first two paragraphs? A．To show key research findings. B．To offer a definition of atolls. C．To provide background information. D．To arouse public interest in atolls. 34．What can be learned about seabirds? A．They help coral reefs grow faster. B．They are experiencing a global decline. C．They mainly nest away from marine areas. D．They transfer nutrients between ecosystems. 35．Why does Steibl consider some atoll islands as ideal places for future seabird preservation? A．They experience little human disturbance. B．They have large lagoons for nesting. C．They offer abundant food sources for seabirds. D．They have warm climates suitable for many bird species. 36．What is the best title for the text? A．Seabirds and Atolls: Hope for Ecological Restoration B．Seabird Populations and Atoll Ecosystems Under Threat C．Small Atolls, Powerful Seabirds: A Critical Ecological Link D．Seabirds’ Impact on Atoll Islands and Their Environment Passage 10 （24-25高二上·山西·阶段练习）In the eastern state of Virginia, employees of the Richmond Wildlife Center are doing their best to act like mother foxes. They started feeding and 1 a baby fox after the young animal became 2 from her mother. In a video on the center’s online page, a worker called Melissa Stanley was shown 3 a red fox mask (面具) and equipment like rubber gloves when feeding the fox. In this way, she 4 making human sounds and prevented the fox from 5 her human caregivers. The post explained the baby fox should not become too 6 to humans while she was being raised by them. The 7 made it more likely that the baby fox could be 8 to the wild. Stanley said the fox was sent to the 9 on February 29. She said a man 10 the animal on the street while walking his dog in Richmond. 11 she was a baby cat, the man 12 turned her over to the Richmond Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. It is a nonprofit organization that takes in cats and dogs without 13 and finds them homes. The wildlife center employees 14 to find the fox’s mother and her home, but they were 15 that the foxes had been trapped and removed. So the baby fox will be sent to the Animal Education and Rescue Organization in Virginia. 1．A．waiting for B．caring for C．complaining about D．sending away 2．A．different B．tired C．safe D．separated 3．A．wearing B．painting C．buying D．making 4．A．enjoyed B．imagined C．avoided D．practiced 5．A．forgetting B．admiring C．understanding D．seeing 6．A．kind B．similar C．close D．equal 7．A．course B．measure C．test D．view 8．A．stored B．mixed C．sold D．returned 9．A．center B．hospital C．market D．zoo 10．A．hunted B．found C．raised D．monitored 11．A．Proving B．Identifying C．Thinking D．Ignoring 12．A．secretly B．patiently C．accidentally D．initially 13．A．names B．owners C．training D．breath 14．A．tried B．refused C．pretended D．regretted 15．A．promised B．warned C．told D．awarded 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 3 Conservation自然保护 话题阅读精练 单元引言解读 主题词汇积累 一、核心概念与重要性 (Core Concepts & Importance) environmental protection / conservation (环境保护/保育) ecological balance / ecosystem stability (生态平衡/生态系统稳定) biodiversity / biological diversity (生物多样性) natural resources (自然资源) e.g., water, forests, minerals wildlife (species / habitat) (野生动物/物种/栖息地) endangered species / threatened animals/plants (濒危物种/受威胁的动植物) preserve / protect nature (保护大自然) maintain a sustainable environment (维持可持续的环境) the health of the planet / Earth’s well-being (地球的健康/福祉) interdependence of living things (生物的相互依存) the value of nature / intrinsic worth (自然的价值/内在价值) a fragile ecosystem (脆弱的生态系统) 二、环境问题与危机 (Environmental Problems & Crises) climate change / global warming (气候变化/全球变暖) pollution (air / water / soil / plastic / noise / light) (污染：空气/水/土壤/塑料/噪音/光) deforestation / forest loss (森林砍伐/森林丧失) habitat destruction / loss / fragmentation (栖息地破坏/丧失/碎片化) desertification / land degradation (沙漠化/土地退化) resource depletion / over-exploitation (资源枯竭/过度开发) loss of biodiversity / species extinction (生物多样性丧失/物种灭绝) melting glaciers / polar ice caps (冰川融化/极地冰盖) rising sea levels (海平面上升) extreme weather events (极端天气事件) e.g., droughts, floods, hurricanes ocean acidification (海洋酸化) waste accumulation / landfill overflow (废物堆积/垃圾填埋场溢出) toxic chemicals / hazardous waste (有毒化学品/危险废物) carbon emissions / greenhouse gases (GHGs) (碳排放/温室气体) 三、问题成因 (Causes of Problems) human activities / anthropogenic factors (人类活动/人为因素) industrialization / urbanization (工业化/城市化) overpopulation / population growth (人口过剩/人口增长) excessive consumption / consumerism (过度消费/消费主义) fossil fuel burning / reliance on coal/oil (燃烧化石燃料/依赖煤炭石油) unsustainable agriculture / overfarming/overgrazing (不可持续的农业/过度耕种/过度放牧) illegal logging / poaching / wildlife trade (非法伐木/偷猎/野生动物贸易) use of pesticides / chemical fertilizers (使用杀虫剂/化肥) poor waste management / littering (废物管理不善/乱扔垃圾) lack of environmental awareness (缺乏环保意识) 四、保护措施与解决方案 (Conservation Measures & Solutions) establish nature reserves / protected areas (建立自然保护区/保护区) implement conservation programs / projects (实施保护计划/项目) pass and enforce environmental laws / regulations (通过并执行环境法律/法规) promote sustainable development / practices (促进可持续发展/实践) adopt renewable energy sources (采用可再生能源) e.g., solar, wind, hydro reduce carbon footprint / emissions (减少碳足迹/排放) conserve water / energy / resources (节约用水/能源/资源) recycle (materials) / reuse (items) / reduce (waste) (回收/再利用/减少) practice waste sorting / recycling (实行垃圾分类/回收) develop green technologies / innovations (发展绿色技术/创新) restore degraded ecosystems / reforestation / afforestation (恢复退化生态系统/重新造林/植树造林) combat desertification / soil conservation (防治沙漠化/水土保持) protect endangered species / anti-poaching efforts (保护濒危物种/反偷猎行动) promote eco-tourism / responsible tourism (推广生态旅游/负责任旅游) phase out single-use plastics (逐步淘汰一次性塑料) 五、可持续发展 (Sustainable Development) achieve sustainability / sustainable living (实现可持续性/可持续生活) balance economic growth and environmental protection (平衡经济增长与环境保护) meet the needs of the present without compromising the future (满足当代需求，不损害后代利益) use resources responsibly / wisely (负责任地/明智地使用资源) invest in green infrastructure (投资绿色基础设施) support sustainable agriculture / organic farming (支持可持续农业/有机农业) promote a circular economy (推广循环经济) ensure long-term ecological health (确保长期的生态健康) 六、个人与集体行动 (Individual & Collective Action) raise environmental awareness / education (提高环保意识/教育) adopt an eco-friendly lifestyle (采取环保生活方式) make environmentally conscious choices (做出环保选择) participate in conservation efforts / volunteer work (参与保护工作/志愿工作) support environmental organizations (NGOs) (支持环保组织) advocate for environmental protection / policies (倡导环境保护/政策) reduce one’s consumption / live simply (减少消费/简约生活) use public transport / cycle / walk (使用公共交通/骑自行车/步行) plant trees / participate in clean-up campaigns (植树/参与清洁活动) educate others about conservation (教育他人关于保护的知识) 七、全球合作与责任 (Global Cooperation & Responsibility) international cooperation / agreements (国际合作/协议) e.g., Paris Agreement shared responsibility / global commitment (共同责任/全球承诺) address global environmental challenges (应对全球环境挑战) provide aid to developing countries (向发展中国家提供援助) transfer green technology (转让绿色技术) hold countries/companies accountable (追究国家/公司的责任) the role of the UN / international bodies (联合国/国际机构的作用) think globally, act locally (全球思考，本地行动) 时文拓展阅读 Seabird colony survey data collected over 55 years were used to estimate the number of birds nesting on the 280 atolls (环礁) in the Indo-Pacific. The study, published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, also measured the nutrient contribution of the birds to the ecosystem. Atolls are ring-shaped coral reef islands that enclose a lagoon (环礁湖). They form when a dead volcano sinks lower, leaving behind the coral reef that has grown around its edge. Of the approximately 440 atolls in the world, most are in the Pacific Ocean. Their combined surface area makes up only about 0.02% of the total island area in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the new study shows that their importance to seabirds far outweighs their relatively small total area.“ We calculate that over 31 million seabirds — about 25% of the world’s tropical seabirds — are nesting on atolls,” says first author Sebastian Steibl from the University of Auckland in New Zealand.“ At least 14 seabird species have more than half of their global populations nesting on atolls.” This is also just a small part of historical populations using the atolls for breeding and nesting. The authors also note the importance of seabirds and, by extension, the atolls they rely on for the broader ecosystem. “Seabirds are globally important mediators of ecological connectivity between land and sea,” they write. “They transport nutrients in the form of bird droppings from marine feeding grounds to their nesting sites.” The research highlights the importance of conserving seabird colonies and the atolls amid growing environmental challenges such as warming oceans and rising sea levels. “Protecting atolls is therefore not only important for seabird conservation — in turn, seabirds on atolls are also supporting the functioning of the atolls themselves, which might be key to building resilience (适应力) against climate change,” Steibl says. “Many atoll islands that bear legacies of exploitation are now uninhabited,” says Steibl. “Building on the globally recognized importance of atolls for seabird conservation, these uninhabited atoll islands offer themselves as main target sites for future seabird conservation and restoration plans.” 【译文欣赏】 通过 55 年收集的海鸟栖息地调查数据，研究人员估算了在印度 - 太平洋地区 280 个环礁上筑巢的海鸟数量。这项发表在《自然・生态与进化》期刊上的研究，还评估了海鸟对生态系统的养分贡献。 环礁是环形的珊瑚礁岛，中间包围着一片环礁湖。当死火山逐渐下沉，其边缘生长的珊瑚礁留存下来，便形成了环礁。全球约 440 个环礁中，大多数分布在太平洋。它们的总面积仅占印度 - 太平洋地区岛屿总面积的约 0.02%。 然而，这项新研究表明，它们对海鸟的重要性远超其相对狭小的总面积。“我们估算，超过 3100 万只海鸟 —— 约占全球热带海鸟总数的 25%—— 在环礁上筑巢，” 该研究第一作者、新西兰奥克兰大学的塞巴斯蒂安・斯泰布尔说，“至少有 14 种海鸟，其全球种群中超过一半在环礁上筑巢。” 而这还只是历史上利用环礁繁殖筑巢的种群数量的一小部分。 研究作者还指出，海鸟的重要性 —— 进而延伸到它们所依赖的环礁 —— 对更广泛的生态系统意义重大。他们在文中写道：“海鸟是全球范围内陆地与海洋之间生态连通性的重要媒介。它们以鸟粪的形式，将海洋觅食地的养分输送到自己的筑巢地。” 该研究强调，在海洋变暖、海平面上升等环境挑战日益严峻的背景下，保护海鸟栖息地和环礁至关重要。“因此，保护环礁不仅对海鸟保护意义重大 —— 反过来，环礁上的海鸟也在维系环礁自身的功能，这可能是增强其应对气候变化适应力的关键，” 斯泰布尔说。 “许多留有开发痕迹的环礁岛如今已无人居住，” 斯泰布尔表示，“基于环礁在全球范围内被认可的海鸟保护价值，这些无人居住的环礁岛有望成为未来海鸟保护与恢复计划的主要目标区域。” 【词汇积累】 nutrient [ˈnjuːtriənt] n. 养分；营养物 ecosystem [ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm] n. 生态系统 tropical [ˈtrɒpɪkl] adj. 热带的 species [ˈspiːʃiːz] n. 物种（单复数同形） breeding [ˈbriːdɪŋ] n. 繁殖；育种 mediator [ˈmiːdieɪtə(r)] n. 媒介；调解者 connectivity [ˌkɒnekˈtɪvəti] n. 连通性；连接 conserving [kənˈsɜːvɪŋ] v. 保护；保存（conserve 的现在分词） resilience [rɪˈzɪliəns] n. 适应力；恢复力 exploitation [ˌeksplɔɪˈteɪʃn] n. 开发；利用 uninhabited [ˌʌnɪnˈhæbɪtɪd] adj. 无人居住的 restoration [ˌrestəˈreɪʃn] n. 恢复；修复 【知识拓展】 环礁是由死火山下沉后，边缘生长的珊瑚礁形成的环形岛屿，中间包围着环礁湖。全球约 440 个环礁中，多数分布在太平洋，总面积仅占印度 - 太平洋地区岛屿总面积的 0.02%，但对海鸟至关重要 —— 约 25% 的全球热带海鸟（超 3100 万只）在此筑巢，至少 14 种海鸟的半数以上种群依赖环礁繁殖。 海鸟是陆地与海洋生态连通的重要媒介，通过鸟粪将海洋养分输送到筑巢地，维系环礁生态功能。在海洋变暖、海平面上升等环境挑战下，保护环礁不仅对海鸟生存关键，还能增强环礁应对气候变化的适应力。目前许多留有开发痕迹的环礁岛已无人居住，成为未来海鸟保护与恢复计划的核心目标区域。 【词汇延伸】 seabird colony海鸟群落  ecological connectivity生态连通性  bird droppings鸟粪  feeding grounds觅食地  building resilience构建适应力 conservation and restoration plans保护与恢复计划  高考真题链接 (2025·全国一卷·阅读理解D篇) Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A．By quoting an expert. B．By defining a concept. C．By giving examples. D．By providing statistics. 33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A．The hardness of water. B．The length of cooling time. C．The frequency of filtering. D．The type of plastic in water. 34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A．The importance of plastic recycling. B．The severity of the microplastic problem. C．The danger in overusing pure water. D．The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A．Choice of new research methods. B．Possible direction for further study. C．Need to involve more researchers. D．Potential application of the findings. 【答案】32．C 33．A 34．B 35．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效性的是水的硬度。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 命题特点 推理判断题是阅读理解中难度较大的题型。它不仅要求考生理解文章的字面意思，还要对文章的表面信息进行挖掘，将作者在文中没有直接说出的意思通过对细节上的暗示和语篇逻辑关系的分析，做出一定判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义和隐含意义。推理判断题在高考中占比很重，经常达到4-8题甚至以上，包括隐含意义推断题、观点态度推断题、文章出处或写作对象、目的意图推断题和下文预测推断题。 命题规律1.文中长复合句、特殊句型处常考2.语言转折和强对比处常考3.对文章中心思想处常考 推理判断题解题思维 1. 理解文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，打好推理判断的基础。 2. 对文字的表面信息由浅入深地进行挖掘，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行合乎逻辑的推断。不能断章取义，以偏概全，局限于肤浅的表面意思。 3. 忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据进行合理推断。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点; 4. 把握句间、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构和体裁。体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，感悟文章的逻辑发展，揣摩作者的弦外之音。 注意：推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，准确理解文中的已知部分，再结合语境和常识推论出未知部分和作者的言外之意。 推理判断题干扰项特征 1. 主观臆断：根据现实生活常识推断。虽然符合考生的常识，但文中并没有支撑的依据。 2. 过度推断：作者并未做出评论，只是客观的陈述事实，考生进行了过度的解读和推断。 3. 以细节代替推断：将文章中出现的文中无关紧要或片面推出的结论，如某一处细节当作合理推断，实则是原文信息的简单重复，并不是推断出来的结论。 4. 无中生有：在解题时将自己的观点或社会的一种普遍性倾向而文中并无关系的观点当成作者的观点。实际上真正的答案在文章中并不能直接找到，会进行词汇的替换。            1．Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. 抓标志：从属连词how；关系代词who 判类型：主句（含主语从句The way…+宾语从句how microplastics were trapped…+非限制性定语从句who was not involved…） 试翻译：微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。 2．The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. 抓标志：并列连词and；分词短语settled…, stuck…, filled…, fallen… 判类型：主句（含并列谓语have become…+破折号后并列分句，四个过去分词短语作状语表伴随情况） 试翻译：苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸过程中被截留的方式很不错。 ①become a common source of … 成为……的常见来源 ②settle in … 沉积在…… ③remove … percent of … 去除……%的…… ④rely on … 依赖于…… ⑤lead to … 导致… 综合实战演练 语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介 Passage 1 阅读理解 书评 353 主要介绍了蕾切尔·卡逊的《寂静的春天》，其开篇像寓言，文学性强，兼具科学与文学特质，是环保运动里程碑 Passage 2 阅读理解 说明文 355 主要介绍了印度尼西亚和菲律宾两国在地热能源开发方面的现状、挑战以及应对措施 Passage 3 阅读理解 说明文 358 美国西部瓦萨奇山脉中由颤杨克隆体构成的巨大生物体潘多（Pando） Passage 4 阅读理解 记叙文 310 海洋生物学家Thys将她的职业生涯奉献给了观察海洋，她是海洋生物的榜样和鼓舞人心的向导 Passage 5 阅读理解 说明文 396 主要介绍非洲因气候变化导致海平面上升，引发沿海洪水等问题及应对建议 Passage 6 阅读理解 说明文 269 主要介绍了菌丝作为一种可持续建筑材料的潜力，包括其特性、优势以及当前面临的挑战和未来前景 Passage 7 阅读理解 记叙文 286 讲述了David Katz因童年目睹海洋塑料污染而创立“塑料银行”这一社会企业 Passage 8 阅读理解 说明文 331 主要介绍了加拿大Don River谷地生态修复工程 Passage 9 阅读理解 说明文 356 印度洋-平洋地区环礁上海鸟筑巢情况的研究 Passage 10 完形填空 记叙文 233 救助狐狸 Passage 1 （24-25高二下·山东威海·期末）“There was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings.” This is the surprising first sentence of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, the 1962 book that arguably sparked the modern environmental movement. While most people have heard of Silent Spring, many fewer have actually read it. It is now largely classified as textbooks or other educational contexts. That is why its first sentence is so surprising: Silent Spring does not read like a textbook. It begins with a fable and is filled with beautiful, emotional writing and passion throughout. Carson raised a public outcry against DDT not just with her research on its harmful effects, but with the vivid descriptions, powerful arguments, and poctic language that lift Silent Spring into the world of other great works of American literature. The poetry of Carson’s opening continues into the rest of Silent Spring. There is poetic language throughout the book; even Carson’s chapter titles such as “Earth’s Green Mantle (披风)” and “Through a Narrow Window” are not what we might expect for a scientific work. But the places where Carson’s artistry is more apparent are in her chapter introductions. She weaves her most vivid images in the first few paragraphs of each chapter, creating a more realistic experience for the reader before moving into more complex scientific writing. While she’s good at translating the beauty of the natural world, the powerful emotions Carson raises with this imagery are rarely rosy. Not only is Silent Spring a descriptive scientific work and a great work of literature — it is also an accusation. She uses the word “evil”10 times, the word “suffer” 35 times, and different forms of the word “death” a total of 213 times. With this landmark book, Carson gracefully established herself as both an important figure of modern American literature and a pioneer of the 20th century’s environmental movement. Her words are effective and convincing, and more so because they are beautiful. Silent Spring is clearly a tapestry (挂毯) patiently woven — with a cause worth fighting for. 1．What is the opening of Silent Spring like? A．It clearly reveals its writing purpose. B．It directly presents Carson’s arguments. C．It starts with quotes from victims of pollution. D．It reads more like a fable than a science book. 2．Which part of Silent Spring best shows Carson’s literary skill? A．The opening. B．The chapter titles. C．The chapter introductions. D．The conclusion. 3．Why did Carson use emotional words like “death” repeatedly? A．To make her writing less technical. B．To highlight the urgency of her warning. C．To express her pessimism about the future. D．To contrast nature’s beauty with human destruction. 4．What’s the main focus of the passage? A．Why Silent Spring still matters. B．How powerful languages can be. C．Why Silent Spring is both science and literature. D．What role Carson plays in environmental history. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．C 【导语】这是一篇书评。文章主要介绍了蕾切尔·卡逊的《寂静的春天》，其开篇像寓言，文学性强，兼具科学与文学特质，是环保运动里程碑。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“That is why its first sentence is so surprising: Silent Spring does not read like a textbook. It begins with a fable and is filled with beautiful, emotional writing and passion throughout.(这就是为什么它的第一句话会如此令人惊讶：《寂静的春天》读起来不像是一本教科书。它以一则寓言开篇，全书充满了优美动人的文字和强烈的感情色彩)”可知，《寂静的春天》这本书的开头读起来更像是一个寓言故事，而非一本科学著作。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“But the places where Carson’s artistry is more apparent are in her chapter introductions. She weaves her most vivid images in the first few paragraphs of each chapter, creating a more realistic experience for the reader before moving into more complex scientific writing.(但卡逊作品中更具艺术表现力的部分体现在她的章节引言部分。她在每一章的前几段中巧妙地融入了最生动的意象，为读者营造出一种更为真实的阅读体验，然后再深入探讨更为复杂的科学内容)”可知，《寂静的春天》这部作品中第一章的介绍部分最能体现卡逊的文学才华，故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“While she’s good at translating the beauty of the natural world, the powerful emotions Carson raises with this imagery are rarely rosy. Not only is Silent Spring a descriptive scientific work and a great work of literature — it is also an accusation. She uses the word “evil”10 times, the word “suffer” 35 times, and different forms of the word “death” a total of 213 times.(虽然卡逊在描绘自然界的美方面颇为出色，但她通过这些意象所引发的强大情感却很少是美好的。《寂静的春天》不仅是一部描述性的科学著作和杰出的文学作品，它还是一份控诉书。她用了“邪恶”这个词10次，“受苦”这个词35次，而“死亡”这个词的各种形式总共出现了213次)”可知，卡逊通过多次使用“evil”、“suffer”、“death”这类带有强烈情感色彩的词汇，目的是强调环境问题的严重性，即，突出她所发出警告的紧迫性。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“With this landmark book, Carson gracefully established herself as both an important figure of modern American literature and a pioneer of the 20th century’s environmental movement. Her words are effective and convincing, and more so because they are beautiful. Silent Spring is clearly a tapestry (挂毯) patiently woven — with a cause worth fighting for.(凭借这本具有里程碑意义的著作，卡逊成功地确立了自己作为现代美国文学重要人物以及20世纪环保运动先驱的地位。她的文字既有力又令人信服，而且更因其优美而显得更加出色。《寂静的春天》无疑是一幅精心编织的挂毯——背后有着值得为之奋斗的崇高目标)”结合文章主要介绍了蕾切尔·卡逊的《寂静的春天》，其开篇像寓言，文学性强，兼具科学与文学特质，是环保运动里程碑。可知，这篇文章的主要论述重点是《寂静的春天》为何既是科学著作又是文学作品。故选C。 Passage 2 （24-25高二下·江西·期末）Geothermal (地热的) energy offers constant, clean power with very little land use, making it ideal for Indonesia and the Philippines. These nations possess huge geothermal potential due to their volcanic locations on the seismically (地震地) active Pacific “Ring of Fire”, where heat naturally rises close to the surface. Indonesia and the Philippines rank second and third globally in geothermal use but access only a small amount of their reserves. Indonesia makes use of less than 10% of its potential, supplying just 6% of its power. The Philippines has developed about 8% of its capacity, making geothermal energy its largest renewable source at 14.6% of energy use. Both countries aim to expand significantly: Indonesia targets geothermal energy as its second-largest renewable source by 2030, while the Philippines plans projects adding nearly 1.5 gigawatts. The major challenge is high initial costs and risks, especially during the expensive exploratory drilling phase needed to confirm suitable sites. “Developers cannot take 100% of the exploration risk themselves,” explains Shigeru Yamamura of the Asian Development Bank. “Climate finance for geothermal energy in Southeast Asia remains limited, accounting for only 9% of the ASEAN’s (Association of Southeast Asian Nations’) renewable funding,” he adds. Solutions include integrated finance (combining public/private funds, donations and green bonds) and policy reforms. Indonesia is simplifying permits and improving investment returns, while the Philippines is carrying out targeted green energy sales and smart power network plans to attract private investors. International support includes a $150 million World Bank loan for Indonesia and $127.5 million from climate funds to reduce exploration risks. Even with funding, community resistance can hold up projects. In Indonesia, villagers near sites like Dieng have protested about safety fears following deadly gas leaks and environmental impacts. Timothy Ravis of Cornell University notes some communities lack understanding of geothermal benefits. In the Philippines, concerns about land degradation among native groups have led companies to negotiate royalty payments. Experts stress that gaining community agreement is crucial. Demonstrating concrete local benefits, such as steady employment and public facilities, is key to unlocking this powerful clean energy source beneath Southeast Asia. 5．What do the numbers in paragraph 2 indicate? A．Achieved expansion targets. B．Vast geothermal potential. C．High development efficiency. D．Dominance of traditional energy. 6．What can be inferred about geothermal exploration from Yamamura’s statement? A．Risk-sharing strategies are essential. B．International loans do away with all risks. C．Private investors avoid renewable projects. D．Governments should fully fund drilling phases. 7．What measure is Indonesia taking to support geothermal development? A．Addressing community safety protests. B．Running green energy sales programs. C．Increasing investment returns. D．Providing $150 million exploration loans. 8．Why does the author mention deadly gas leaks in Dieng? A．To stress the need for international loans. B．To explain technical challenges in drilling. C．To illustrate causes of community resistance. D．To compare safety standards in two countries. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．C 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印度尼西亚和菲律宾两国在地热能源开发方面的现状、挑战以及应对措施。 5．推理判断题。 根据第二段“Indonesia and the Philippines rank second and third globally in geothermal use but access only a small amount of their reserves. Indonesia makes use of less than 10% of its potential, supplying just 6% of its power. The Philippines has developed about 8% of its capacity, making geothermal energy its largest renewable source at 14.6% of energy use.(印度尼西亚和菲律宾在全球地热能使用方面排名第二和第三，但仅利用了其储量的一小部分。印度尼西亚利用了不到其潜力的10%，仅提供了其6%的电力。菲律宾已经开发了约8%的产能，使地热能成为其最大的可再生能源，占能源使用的14.6%)”可推知，这些数据表明，尽管两国在地热能利用上已有一定规模，但与其巨大的地热能潜力相比，实际利用的仍然很少，从而突出了两国拥有巨大的地热能潜力。故选B。 6．推理判断题。 根据第四段“The major challenge is high initial costs and risks, especially during the expensive exploratory drilling phase needed to confirm suitable sites. “Developers cannot take 100% of the exploration risk themselves,” explains Shigeru Yamamura of the Asian Development Bank. “Climate finance for geothermal energy in Southeast Asia remains limited, accounting for only 9% of the ASEAN’s(Association of Southeast Asian Nations’) renewable funding,” he adds.(主要挑战是初期成本高、风险大，尤其是在确认合适地点的昂贵的勘探钻井阶段。“开发商不能自己承担100%的勘探风险，”亚洲开发银行的Shigeru Yamamura解释道。“东南亚地热能的气候融资仍然有限，仅占东盟可再生资金总额的9%，”他补充道)”可推知，Yamamura的陈述表明地热勘探需要风险分担策略，因为开发商不能独自承担全部风险。故选A。 7．细节理解题。 根据第五段中“Solutions include integrated finance(combining public/private funds, donations and green bonds) and policy reforms. Indonesia is simplifying permits and improving investment returns, while the Philippines is carrying out targeted green energy sales and smart power network plans to attract private investors.(解决方案包括综合融资（结合公共/私人资金、捐赠和绿色债券）和政策改革。印度尼西亚正在简化许可证审批流程并提高投资回报率，而菲律宾正在开展有针对性的绿色能源销售和智能电网计划，以吸引私人投资者)”可知，印度尼西亚正在采取提高投资回报率的措施来支持地热能的发展。故选C。 8．推理判断题。 根据最后一段“Even with funding, community resistance can hold up projects. In Indonesia, villagers near sites like Dieng have protested about safety fears following deadly gas leaks and environmental impacts. Timothy Ravis of Cornell University notes some communities lack understanding of geothermal benefits. In the Philippines, concerns about land degradation among native groups have led companies to negotiate royalty payments. Experts stress that gaining community agreement is crucial. Demonstrating concrete local benefits, such as steady employment and public facilities, is key to unlocking this powerful clean energy source beneath Southeast Asia.(即使有资金支持，社区的抵制也可能阻碍项目的进行。在印度尼西亚，像Dieng等地的村民因致命气体泄漏和对环境的影响而抗议安全问题。康奈尔大学的Timothy Ravis指出，一些社区缺乏对地热能益处的了解。在菲律宾，土著群体对土地退化的担忧促使公司与他们协商支付特许权使用费。专家强调，获得社区的同意至关重要。展示具体的当地利益，如稳定的就业和公共设施，是解锁东南亚地下这种强大的清洁能源的关键)”可推知，作者提到Dieng的致命气体泄漏是为了说明社区抵制地热能项目的原因之一，即安全问题。故选C。 Passage 3 （24-25高二下·河南许昌·期末）In the Wasatch Mountains of the western US on the slopes above a spring-fed lake, there stands a single giant organism that provides an entire ecosystem, Pando, a 108-acre stand of aspen clones (颤杨克隆体). Although it looks like a woodland of individual trees with striking white bark and small leaves, Pando is actually 47,000 genetically identical stems (树干) that arise from an interconnected root network. Pando has been around for thousands of years. Its longevity means a whole ecosystem of 68 plant species and many animals have been supported under its shade. Although Pando is protected by the US National Forest Service, it is in danger of disappearing due to several factors. Deer cause one of the biggest worries. Wolves once kept them in check, but their number is now much larger because of the loss of these predators (捕食者). Deer also tend to gather in Pando as the protection the woodland receives means they are not in danger of being hunted there. As older trees die or fall down, light reaches the woodland floor which stimulates new clonal stems to start growing, but when these animals eat the tops off newly forming stems, they die. This means in large areas of Pando there is little new growth. Besides, older stems in Pando are also being affected by diseases. Pando arose after the last ice age had passed and has dealt with a largely stable climate ever since. But now climate change threatens the size of the tree. Aspen stands have been struggling with climate change-related pressures, such as reduced water supply and warmer weather earlier in the year, making it harder for trees to form new leaves, which have led to declines in coverage. Despite every cause for concern, there is hope as scientists are helping us unlock the secrets to Pando’s resilience (适应力), while conservation groups are working to protect this tree and its associated ecosystem. And a new conservation group called the Friends of Pando aims to make the tree accessible to virtually everyone through 360 video recordings. 9．What do we know about Pando? A．It is a group of genetically identical aspen trees. B．It is an organism made up of aspen clones. C．It is an ecosystem of 68 plant species. D．It is a wildlife reserve. 10．What is the main reason deer make a threat to Pando? A．They consume new growth in the woodland. B．They spread diseases among new clonal stems. C．They compete with dying trees for water resources. D．They attract wolves which damage the ecosystem there. 11．What has climate change brought to Pando? A．Its loss of habitat. B．Its lack of resilience. C．The reduction of its range. D．The decline of its ice cover. 12．Why does the Friends of Pando post videos of Pando? A．To attract visitors. B．To study its ecosystem. C．To unite conservation groups. D．To gather support for its protection. 【答案】9．B 10．A 11．C 12．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍美国西部瓦萨奇山脉中由颤杨克隆体构成的巨大生物体潘多（Pando），它支撑起一整个生态系统，但如今因鹿的破坏、疾病以及气候变化等因素面临消失危险，同时也提及一些保护举措和希望。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“there stands a single giant organism that provides an entire ecosystem, Pando, a 108 - acre stand of aspen clones (颤杨克隆体).(那里矗立着一个单一的巨大生物体，它提供了一整个生态系统，潘多，一片108英亩的颤杨克隆体林)”以及第二段中的“Pando is actually 47,000 genetically identical stems (树干) that arise from an interconnected root network.(潘多实际上是47000根基因相同的树干，它们从一个相互连接的根系网络中生长出来)”可知，潘多是由颤杨克隆体组成的生物体。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Deer also tend to gather in Pando as the protection the woodland receives means they are not in danger of being hunted there. As older trees die or fall down, light reaches the woodland floor which stimulates new clonal stems to start growing, but when these animals eat the tops off newly forming stems, they die. This means in large areas of Pando there is little new growth.(鹿也往往会聚集在潘多，因为这片林地受到保护，这意味着它们在那里不会面临被猎杀的危险。随着老树死亡或倒下，光线照射到林地地面，刺激新的克隆树干开始生长，但当这些动物吃掉新形成树干的顶部时，树干就会死亡。这意味着在潘多的大片区域几乎没有新的生长)”可知，鹿对潘多构成威胁的主要原因是它们吃掉林地中的新生长部分。故选A项。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“But now climate change threatens the size of the tree. Aspen stands have been struggling with climate change - related pressures, such as reduced water supply and warmer weather earlier in the year, making it harder for trees to form new leaves, which have led to declines in coverage.(但现在气候变化威胁着这棵‘树’的规模。颤杨林一直在应对与气候变化相关的压力，如供水减少和年初天气变暖，这使得树木更难长出新叶，导致覆盖面积下降)”可知，气候变化导致潘多的覆盖范围缩小。故选C项。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“And a new conservation group called the Friends of Pando aims to make the tree accessible to virtually everyone through 360 video recordings.(一个名为‘潘多之友’的新保护组织旨在通过360度视频记录让几乎每个人都能了解这棵‘树’)”可知，“潘多之友”发布潘多的视频是为了让更多人了解它，从而为保护它争取支持。故选D项。 Passage 4 （24-25高二下·吉林四平·期末）“Someone once asked me, ‘What’s the tool you would want to give any student?’ And I said, ‘A mask and snorkel (潜水通气管) set,’” the ocean biologist Thys says in a video. And Thys explains, “Ninety-eight percent of the living space on this planet is the ocean. It’s worth a view.” Thys has devoted her career to seeing the ocean, and to helping others watch the great diversity of the underwater world. A big part of what motivates her work is the chance to let people develop a sense of respect for the grandness of the ocean, and to get people to participate in efforts to protect endangered ocean ecosystems. Since studying ocean biology, Thys has focused her research on how sea animals live. One animal she particularly studies is the ocean sunfish. “It’s so different from any other fish,” says Thys. “It looks like a mistake. Where does the tail go?” Thys adds. “The sunfish provides an entry point to understanding more about the behaviour of creatures in the ocean, and about how environmental changes impact underwater ecosystems.” Thys’s work also takes her above ground, where she’s looking at ways to create new connections between human populations and natural environments to help address social and environmental challenges. For instance, she’s working on nature’s effects on mental well-being. Thys’s passion for her work is evident in every lecture, video, and public appearance she makes. Using the media, Thys encourages people to learn about the ocean and love it. Due to many ocean research projects and activities from the media, Thys is up to her neck in work every day. She could hardly spare plenty of time for a good rest. Thys’s devotion to her work as an ocean scientist and ecological warrior is infectious. She’s a role model and an inspiring guide to ocean life. 13．Why would Thys like to give a mask and snorkel set to students? A．To carry out a survey. B．To tell a joke. C．To encourage them to explore the ocean. D．To advertise these products. 14．What greatly encourages Thys’s work according to Paragraph 2? A．The award from the government. B．Her parents’ suggestions. C．The chance to let people respect and protect the ocean. D．The profit from the fish in the sea. 15．What does Thys think of the ocean sunfish? A．It is often mistaken as other fish. B．It is ordinary but very important. C．It is a kind of rare fish in danger. D．It is unique and has big scientific value. 16．Which of the following can best describe Thys? A．Outgoing and caring. B．Devoted and passionate. C．Confident and sporty. D．Hardworking and brave. 【答案】13．C 14．C 15．D 16．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍的是海洋生物学家Thys将她的职业生涯奉献给了观察海洋，她是海洋生物的榜样和鼓舞人心的向导。 13．细节理解题。根据首段““Someone once asked me, ‘What’s the tool you would want to give any student?’ And I said, ‘A mask and snorkel (潜水通气管) set,’” the ocean biologist Thys says in a video. And Thys explains, “Ninety-eight percent of the living space on this planet is the ocean. It’s worth a view.”(海洋生物学家Thys在一段视频中说。有人曾经问我，“你想给学生什么工具？”我说，“一套面罩和通气管。”Thys解释说“这个星球上98%的生存空间是海洋。值得一看”)”可知，Thys认为这个星球上98%的生存空间是海洋，值得一看，由此可知，Thys送给学生面罩和通气管是为了鼓励他们探索海洋。故选C。 14．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A big part of what motivates her work is the chance to let people develop a sense of respect for the grandness of the ocean, and to get people to participate in efforts to protect endangered ocean ecosystems. (她工作的动力很大一部分是有机会让人们对海洋的壮丽产生尊重，并让人们参与保护濒危海洋生态系统的努力)”可知，让人们尊重和保护海洋的机会是她工作的动力。故选C。 15．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““It’s so different from any other fish,” says Thys. “It looks like a mistake. Where does the tail go?” Thys adds. “The sunfish provides an entry point to understanding more about the behaviour of creatures in the ocean, and about how environmental changes impact underwater ecosystems.” (“它和其他任何鱼都不一样，”Thys说。“这看起来像是一个错误。尾巴去哪儿了？”Thys补充道“太阳鱼为更多地了解海洋生物的行为以及环境变化如何影响水下生态系统提供了一个切入点。”)”可知，Thys认为太阳鱼是独一无二的，具有很大的科学价值。故选D。 16．推理判断题。根据文章的最后一段“Thys’s passion for her work is evident in every lecture, video, and public appearance she makes.(Thys对工作的热情在她的每一次演讲、视频和公开露面中都很明显)”以及“Thys’s devotion to her work as an ocean scientist and ecological warrior is infectious.(作为一名海洋科学家和生态战士，Thys对工作的投入是有感染力的)”可知，Thys是乐于奉献并且对工作充满热情的。故选B。 Passage5 （24-25高二下·贵州黔西·期末）The world’s most populous continent, Africa, is facing a major challenge due to climate change. The rise in sea levels caused by global warming has led to more frequent and severe flooding along Africa’s coastline, which will have destructive consequences for the continent’s economic growth. According to a new report from the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, a US Department of Defense-funded think tank, once every 40 years, the century floods are expected to start happening in Africa. This will have a significant impact on the inland economies of coastal and port cities across the continent. Experts warn that the destruction to these cities’ infrastructure (基础设施) and services will be disastrous. In some areas, such as Ganvie in Benin’s economic capital Cotonou, homes are built on wooden poles in a coastal lagoon (泻湖), making them highly vulnerable to flooding. Local government officials in So-Ava, where Ganvie is located, say flooding has become increasingly worse in recent decades, destroying crops and freshwater fish and leaving residents without homes or income. Alexandra Bodo, another resident of Ganvie, says his livestock (牲畜) were lost to the flood and his house was filled with water. “We lose our houses and we have no money to rebuild them, so the whole family sleeps in a boat,” he said. Communities along the coast around estuaries and coastal lagoons like Ganvie will be the first to bear the impacts. Flooding and coastal erosion (侵蚀) will also affect Africa’s ports, which play a crucial role in trade and commerce. Economists say that not enough is being done to address this issue. They argue that much more funding should be given to support the building of infrastructure and services in affected areas, particularly with regards to slowing down climate change. The stretch of West Africa’s coastline from Abidjan to Lagos is set to become the world’s largest cities by the end of this century, with half a billion people living there. This could have a major impact on Africa’s economy and global development if it develops poorly. The rising sea levels caused by climate change in Africa are a serious threat to the continent’s economic growth and stability. It is essential that urgent action is taken to reduce their effects and ensure that affected communities are supported in rebuilding their lives. 17．According to the text, what is the reason for flooding in coastal areas of Africa? A．The increase of rainfall. B．The movement of the continents. C．The rising sea levels caused by global warming. D．The development of industries and transportation. 18．What did Alexandra Bodo lose due to flooding in Ganvie? A．Freshwater sources. B．Government support. C．His livestock and house. D．His crops and fishing boat. 19．The underlined word “vulnerable” in paragraph 3 most likely means ________. A．resistant B．easily harmed C．well-protected D．adaptable 20．What do economists suggest to address the flooding problem in Africa? A．Reducing international trade. B．Relocating all coastal communities. C．Building taller houses in flood-prone areas. D．Investing more in infrastructure and climate action. 【答案】17．C 18．C 19．B 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍非洲因气候变化导致海平面上升，引发沿海洪水等问题及应对建议。 17．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The rise in sea levels caused by global warming has led to more frequent and severe flooding along Africa’s coastline, which will have destructive consequences for the continent’s economic growth.(全球变暖导致的海平面上升，使得非洲沿海地区洪水更加频繁和严重，这将对非洲大陆的经济增长造成破坏性影响)”可知，非洲沿海地区洪水的原因是全球变暖导致的海平面上升。故选C项。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Alexandra Bodo, another resident of Ganvie, says his livestock (牲畜) were lost to the flood and his house was filled with water.(甘维的另一位居民亚历山德拉·博多表示，他的牲畜在洪水中丢失，他的房子也被水淹没)”可知，亚历山德拉·博多因甘维的洪水失去了牲畜和房子。故选C项。 19．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“In some areas, such as Ganvie in Benin’s economic capital Cotonou, homes are built on wooden poles in a coastal lagoon (泻湖), making them highly vulnerable to flooding.(在一些地区，如贝宁经济首都科托努的甘维，房屋建在沿海泻湖的木杆上，这使得它们vulnerable to flooding)”及后文“Local government officials in So-Ava, where Ganvie is located, say flooding has become increasingly worse in recent decades, destroying crops and freshwater fish and leaving residents without homes or income.(冈维埃所在的索阿瓦地区的当地政府官员表示，近几十年来，洪水愈发严重，毁坏了农作物和淡水鱼，导致居民无家可归、失去收入来源)”可知，洪水造成很大的破坏，由此可推断，建在沿海泻湖木杆上的房屋在洪水来临时很容易受损，因此“vulnerable”意为“易受伤害的”。故选B项。 20．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Economists say that not enough is being done to address this issue. They argue that much more funding should be given to support the building of infrastructure and services in affected areas, particularly with regards to slowing down climate change.(经济学家表示，在解决这一问题上做得还不够。他们认为，应该提供更多资金，支持受影响地区的基础设施和服务建设，特别是在减缓气候变化方面)”可知，经济学家建议为基础设施建设和气候行动投入更多资金来解决非洲的洪水问题。故选D项。 Passage6 （24-25高二下·辽宁大连·期末）Can you imagine a house made from mushrooms? What benefits could such a material offer compared to traditional building materials? In the development of sustainable construction, Czech researchers and architects have showcased a building made primarily from mycelia (菌丝). The innovative house named Samorost is 3.5-meter-tall and 7-meter-long, using 1,800 kilograms of mycelia. Samorost is designed to serve as both a functional structure and a striking example of how mycelia can be used to replace traditional, fossil-fuel-based materials like polystyrene (聚苯乙烯) for environmental benefits. The mycelia used in the construction of Samorost are made from the root system of a species of mushroom, known for its durability (耐用性) and strength. Mycelia, when combined with natural, renewable materials such as wood, become a lightweight yet durable building material. Besides, unlike polystyrene, mycelia are biodegradable and produce significantly lower CO₂ emissions during, production. Additionally, mycelia have numerous potential applications in construction, such as being used as structural components like walls. As the material is both fire-resistant and highly customizable, mycelia can be used for furniture or supporting walls. However, experts caution that while mycelia show promise, their widespread use in construction may take time. According to Katerina Sysova, an architect at the Czech Technical University, mycelia are not yet suited for every application, such as external building materials in multi - story buildings, where wet atmosphere could compromise their performance. Still, with growing support from the European Union’s sustainability initiatives and increasing demand for environmentally friendly solutions, mycelia - based construction could become the mainstream in the coming years. 21．What is the main purpose of the text? A．To promote innovative buildings. B．To introduce an alternative material. C．To compare mycelia with polystyrene. D．To explain the structure of mycelia. 22．What is a fact about mycelia as a building material? A．It’s carbon-intensive. B．It’s water-resistant. C．It’s widely-used. D．It’s eco-friendly. 23．What does the underlined word “compromise” most likely mean in paragraph 4? A．Strengthen. B．Weaken. C．Maintain. D．Facilitate. 24．What can be inferred about the prospect of mycelia - based construction? A．It’s questionable. B．It’s unpredictable. C．It’s impractical. D．It’s promising. 【答案】21．B 22．D 23．B 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了菌丝作为一种可持续建筑材料的潜力，包括其特性、优势以及当前面临的挑战和未来前景。 21．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can you imagine a house made from mushrooms? What benefits could such a material offer compared to traditional building materials? (你能想象一座用蘑菇建造的房子吗？与传统建筑材料相比，这种材料能带来哪些好处呢？)并结合全文内容，文章开篇提出“蘑菇建造的房子”这一概念，接着介绍了捷克研究人员和建筑师利用菌丝建造的创新房屋Samorost，并详细说明了菌丝作为建筑材料的特性、环保优势以及应用潜力，文章的核心是向读者介绍菌丝这一传统建筑材料的替代品。故选B项。 22．细节理解题。根据第三段“Besides, unlike polystyrene, mycelia are biodegradable and produce significantly lower CO₂ emissions during, production. (此外，与聚苯乙烯不同，菌丝体可生物降解，在生产过程中产生的二氧化碳排放量显著降低)”可知，菌丝体作为建筑材料具有环保的特点。故选D项。 23．词义猜测题。根据第四段“According to Katerina Sysova, an architect at the Czech Technical University, mycelia are not yet suited for every application, such as external building materials in multi - story buildings, where wet atmosphere could compromise their performance. (捷克技术大学的建筑师卡特琳娜・西索娃表示，菌丝体目前并非适用于所有场景，例如在多层建筑的外部建材方面，潮湿的环境可能会compromise其性能)”结合语境，潮湿环境对菌丝体的性能应该是不利的影响，所以“compromise”与“Weaken”意思相近，意为“削弱”。故选B项。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Still, with growing support from the European Union’s sustainability initiatives and increasing demand for environmentally friendly solutions, mycelia-based construction could become the mainstream in the coming years. (尽管如此，随着欧盟可持续发展倡议的支持力度不断加大，以及对环保解决方案的需求日益增长，菌丝体建筑可能在未来几年成为主流)”可知，菌丝体建筑的前景是有希望的。故选D项。 Passage 7 （24-25高二下·黑龙江双鸭山·期末）As a young boy playing along the beaches of Vancouver Island, David Katz was astonished by the amount of plastic waste washing up on the shore. This image of marine plastic pollution left an impression on his memory and stimulated his desire to handle the issue and make a meaningful difference. In 2020, Katz translated his passion into action by creating Plastic Bank — a social enterprise aimed at reducing the amount of waste plastic in our oceans while enhancing the lives of people living in coastal regions which are easily influenced. The Plastic Bank model centers around collection communities that exchange waste plastic for income. After community members drop off their plastic and receive payment, Plastic Bank recycles the collected plastic and generates Social Plastic feedstock (原料). This recycled material re-enters the supply chain, reducing the need to produce new plastic while supporting plastic circularity (循环) — using plastics more effectively by keeping the material in use for longer, then recovering it to make new products. Over the years, the organization has achieved remarkable milestones. From its initial pilot (试点的) project in Alaska to developing over 550 recycling communities in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, Plastic Bank has stopped over 100 million kilograms of plastic from polluting our oceans. “We see Plastic Bank as a driving force for encouraging joint actions, driving innovation, and creating an environment where recycling is a force for good, helping to improve disadvantaged communities and protect the planet,” Katz says. “Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future.” 25．What inspired David Katz to solve the problem of ocean plastic pollution? A．His desire to make a living. B．His early childhood experience. C．His interest in sea animals’ conservation. D．His work with environmental organizations. 26．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．How Plastic Bank operates. B．Who Plastic Bank benefits. C．What types of plastic Plastic Bank collects. D．Where recycling communities are located. 27．What can we know about Plastic Bank from the last two paragraphs? A．Plastic Bank experienced some failures at first. B．Plastic Bank has a global reach and impact. C．Plastic Bank centers on recycling technology innovation. D．Plastic Bank aims to promote economic development. 28．What’s David Katz’s attitude towards the future of Plastic Bank? A．Doubtful. B．Worried. C．Unclear. D．Optimistic. 【答案】25．B 26．A 27．B 28．D 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了David Katz因童年目睹海洋塑料污染而创立“塑料银行”这一社会企业，致力于减少海洋塑料垃圾并改善沿海地区居民生活的故事，文章介绍其创立背景、运作模式、取得的成就及未来愿景。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段“As a young boy playing along the beaches of Vancouver Island, David Katz was astonished by the amount of plastic waste washing up on the shore. This image of marine plastic pollution left an impression on his memory and stimulated his desire to handle the issue and make a meaningful difference. (小时候在温哥华岛的海滩上玩耍时，David Katz对被冲上岸的塑料垃圾数量感到震惊。这种海洋塑料污染的景象在他的记忆中留下了印象，并激发了他处理这个问题、做出有意义改变的愿望)”可知，David Katz童年在海滩看到大量塑料垃圾的经历，激发了他解决海洋塑料污染问题的愿望。故选B项。 26．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The Plastic Bank model centers around collection communities that exchange waste plastic for income. After community members drop off their plastic and receive payment, Plastic Bank recycles the collected plastic and generates Social Plastic feedstock (原料). (塑料银行的模式围绕着回收社区展开，这些社区通过收集废弃塑料来换取收入。社区成员上交塑料并获得报酬后，塑料银行会对收集到的塑料进行回收处理，生成“社会塑料”原料。)”以及结合整段内容可知，该段详细介绍了塑料银行从社区收集塑料、给予报酬，到回收加工、让材料重新进入供应链的整个运作流程，即塑料银行是如何运作的。故选A项。 27．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Over the years, the organization has achieved remarkable milestones. From its initial pilot (试点的) project in Alaska to developing over 550 recycling communities in Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa, Plastic Bank has stopped over 100 million kilograms of plastic from polluting our oceans. (多年来，该组织已经取得了显著的里程碑。从最初在阿拉斯加的试点项目，到在东南亚、拉丁美洲和非洲动员了550多个回收社区，Plastic Bank已经阻止了超过1亿公斤的塑料污染我们的海洋)”和文章最后一段“Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future. (我们在此过程中的举措旨在扩大我们行动的影响力，助力所有希望为可持续经济的未来贡献力量的人都能参与其中)”可知，从最后两段我们可以知道Plastic Bank具有全球影响力和覆盖范围。故选B项。 28．推理判断题。根据最后一段Katz的话“Our initiatives in the process aim to expand the reach of our movement, helping to make it accessible to all who wish to contribute to a sustainable economy future. (我们在此过程中的举措旨在扩大我们运动的影响力，帮助所有希望为可持续经济未来做出贡献的人参与进来)”可知，他对塑料银行的未来充满信心，态度是乐观的。故选D项。 Passage 8 （24-25高二下·广东汕头·期末）Shannon Baker, a landscape architect at Waterfront Toronto, pauses to point out a red-tailed hawk (鹰) flying over the restored Don River valley — a sight unimaginable eight years ago when this site was a deadly industrial zone. The hawk’s presence symbolizes the success of Canada’s most ambitious urban ecological project: transforming 300 hectares of abandoned factories and oil tanks into a lively ecosystem. In the 1880s, the Don River was rerouted into the Keating Channel to create land for a new port. For over a century since then, it regularly flooded surrounding areas. Engineers solved this by carving a 1.3-kilometre riverbed reconnecting the waterway to Lake Ontario. The scale of effort to make the new river extension has been enormous: four-plus years of construction; roads lifted or moved and multiple bridges built; 1.4 million cubic metres of polluted soil treated and reused or replaced. Most remarkably, bioengineered “instant forests” were created using interlocking root systems and layered soils to create mature ecosystems. “For me, the project is about reconnection,” says Baker. “We’re reconnecting the river to the lake, and in this process, reconnecting people.” Perhaps the deepest reconnections are with local Indigenous communities, who settled in the area centuries before the city’s creation. Waterfront Toronto engaged the MinoKamik Collective, an elder-led native environmental consultancy, to help design the planting strategy. “We put in wetland plants to help stabilize the riverbank and draw in animals,” says Shelley Charles, leader of the native elders. “When we met on the land at the start of the project, there was nothing there. It was like an artist’s canvas (画布). Now when you stand in the same place today, you’re able to walk along the river. It’s unbelievable.” Baker agrees and points out that people visiting the site today for the first time might not appreciate what’s been done. “Because when you look at the river as well as the wetland now, it looks like it’s always been there.” 29．How does the writer introduce the topic? A．By showing data. B．By making a comparison. C．By giving an appeal. D．By raising an assumption. 30．What is the primary purpose of the new river extension? A．To prevent flooding. B．To attract wildlife. C．To create a new port. D．To build new roads. 31．What is Charles’s attitude towards the project? A．Proud. B．Concerned. C．Unbelieving. D．Indifferent. 32．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Waterfront: A History Of Toronto B．Keating Channel: A Nature Restoration Project C．The River Extension: From Wasteland To Wetland D．MinoKamik Collective: Between Indigenous And Natives 【答案】29．B 30．A 31．A 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了加拿大Don River谷地生态修复工程，工程师们通过扩建河道解决洪水问题，并将工业废土转化为湿地生态系统。 29．推理判断题。根据第一段“Shannon Baker, a landscape architect at Waterfront Toronto, pauses to point out a red-tailed hawk (鹰) flying over the restored Don River valley — a sight unimaginable eight years ago when this site was a deadly industrial zone. The hawk’s presence symbolizes the success of Canada’s most ambitious urban ecological project: transforming 300 hectares of abandoned factories and oil tanks into a lively ecosystem. (多伦多滨水区的景观设计师Shannon Baker停下脚步，指向一只正在修复后的Don River谷地上空翱翔的红尾鹰——这样的景象在八年前这里还是危险工业区时简直难以想象。这只鹰的出现象征着加拿大最宏大的城市生态项目的成功：将300公顷废弃工厂和储油罐区改造成生机勃勃的生态系统)”可知，作者通过对比过去工业区与现在生态恢复区的景象，引入话题。故选B项。 30．细节理解题。根据第二段中“For over a century since then, it regularly flooded surrounding areas. Engineers solved this by carving a 1.3-kilometre riverbed reconnecting the waterway to Lake Ontario. (此后一个多世纪里，它经常淹没周边地区。工程师们通过开凿1.3公里长的河床重新连接安大略湖，解决了这一问题)”可知，新河道扩建的主要目的是防止洪水。故选A项。 31．主旨大意题。根据第三段中Charles所说的话“When we met on the land at the start of the project, there was nothing there. It was like an artist’s canvas (画布). Now when you stand in the same place today, you’re able to walk along the river. It’s unbelievable. (当项目刚开始时，我们站在这片土地上，这里空无一物，就像艺术家的空白画布。而今天站在同一个地方，你已能沿着河岸漫步。这变化简直令人难以置信)”可知，Charles认为这片土地发生了巨大的变化，是令人难以置信的，语气充满成就感和自豪。故选A项。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“The hawk’s presence symbolizes the success of Canada’s most ambitious urban ecological project: transforming 300 hectares of abandoned factories and oil tanks into a lively ecosystem. (这只鹰的出现象征着加拿大最宏大的城市生态项目的成功：将300公顷废弃工厂和储油罐区改造成生机勃勃的生态系统)”可知，文章围绕加拿大Don River谷地生态修复工程展开，工程师们通过扩建河道解决洪水问题，并将工业废土转化为湿地生态系统。因此，C项“河道扩建：从荒芜之地到湿地”涵盖河道工程这一核心事件与生态修复的结果，最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 Passage 9 （24-25高二下·广东湛江·期末）Seabird colony survey data collected over 55 years were used to estimate the number of birds nesting on the 280 atolls (环礁) in the Indo-Pacific. The study, published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, also measured the nutrient contribution of the birds to the ecosystem. Atolls are ring-shaped coral reef islands that enclose a lagoon (环礁湖). They form when a dead volcano sinks lower, leaving behind the coral reef that has grown around its edge. Of the approximately 440 atolls in the world, most are in the Pacific Ocean. Their combined surface area makes up only about 0.02% of the total island area in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the new study shows that their importance to seabirds far outweighs their relatively small total area.“ We calculate that over 31 million seabirds — about 25% of the world’s tropical seabirds — are nesting on atolls,” says first author Sebastian Steibl from the University of Auckland in New Zealand.“ At least 14 seabird species have more than half of their global populations nesting on atolls.” This is also just a small part of historical populations using the atolls for breeding and nesting. The authors also note the importance of seabirds and, by extension, the atolls they rely on for the broader ecosystem. “Seabirds are globally important mediators of ecological connectivity between land and sea,” they write. “They transport nutrients in the form of bird droppings from marine feeding grounds to their nesting sites.” The research highlights the importance of conserving seabird colonies and the atolls amid growing environmental challenges such as warming oceans and rising sea levels. “Protecting atolls is therefore not only important for seabird conservation — in turn, seabirds on atolls are also supporting the functioning of the atolls themselves, which might be key to building resilience (适应力) against climate change,” Steibl says. “Many atoll islands that bear legacies of exploitation are now uninhabited,” says Steibl. “Building on the globally recognized importance of atolls for seabird conservation, these uninhabited atoll islands offer themselves as main target sites for future seabird conservation and restoration plans.” 33．What’s the main function of the first two paragraphs? A．To show key research findings. B．To offer a definition of atolls. C．To provide background information. D．To arouse public interest in atolls. 34．What can be learned about seabirds? A．They help coral reefs grow faster. B．They are experiencing a global decline. C．They mainly nest away from marine areas. D．They transfer nutrients between ecosystems. 35．Why does Steibl consider some atoll islands as ideal places for future seabird preservation? A．They experience little human disturbance. B．They have large lagoons for nesting. C．They offer abundant food sources for seabirds. D．They have warm climates suitable for many bird species. 36．What is the best title for the text? A．Seabirds and Atolls: Hope for Ecological Restoration B．Seabird Populations and Atoll Ecosystems Under Threat C．Small Atolls, Powerful Seabirds: A Critical Ecological Link D．Seabirds’ Impact on Atoll Islands and Their Environment 【答案】33．C 34．D 35．A 36．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍一项关于印度洋-平洋地区环礁上海鸟筑巢情况的研究，阐述环礁虽面积小，但对海鸟意义重大，同时强调海鸟与环礁对生态系统的重要性及保护它们的意义。 33．推理判断题。根据第一段“Seabird colony survey data collected over 55 years were used to estimate the number of birds nesting on the 280 atolls (环礁) in the Indo-Pacific. The study, published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, also measured the nutrient contribution of the birds to the ecosystem. (研究人员利用 55 年来收集的海鸟种群调查数据，对印度洋-太平洋地区280个环礁上筑巢的海鸟数量进行了估算。这项发表在《自然・生态与进化》杂志上的研究，还评估了这些海鸟对生态系统的养分贡献) ”，说明研究利用长期收集的数据对特定环礁上的海鸟筑巢数量及对生态系统营养贡献进行研究；根据第二段“Atolls are ring-shaped coral reef islands that enclose a lagoon (环礁湖). They form when a dead volcano sinks lower, leaving behind the coral reef that has grown around its edge. Of the approximately 440 atolls in the world, most are in the Pacific Ocean. Their combined surface area makes up only about 0.02% of the total island area in the Indo-Pacific region.(环礁是环形的珊瑚礁岛，环绕着一个环礁湖。它们形成于死火山下沉时，留下了在其边缘生长的珊瑚礁。在世界上大约440个环礁中，大多数位于太平洋。它们的总面积仅占印度洋-太平洋地区岛屿总面积的约0.02%) ”可知，介绍了环礁的定义、形成过程、分布以及在该地区的面积占比。这些信息为后文关于海鸟与环礁关系以及研究成果的论述提供了背景。故选C项。 34．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Seabirds are globally important mediators of ecological connectivity between land and sea. They transport nutrients in the form of bird droppings from marine feeding grounds to their nesting sites.(海鸟是全球陆地与海洋生态连通性的重要调节者。它们以鸟粪的形式将营养物质从海洋觅食地输送到筑巢地点)”可知，海鸟在不同生态系统之间转移营养物质。故选D项。 35．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Many atoll islands that bear legacies of exploitation are now uninhabited. Building on the globally recognized importance of atolls for seabird conservation, these uninhabited atoll islands offer themselves as main target sites for future seabird conservation and restoration plans.(许多曾被开发利用的环礁岛如今无人居住。基于环礁对海鸟保护的全球公认的重要性，这些无人居住的环礁岛成为未来海鸟保护和恢复计划的主要目标地点)”可知，这些环礁岛无人居住，较少受到人类干扰，所以Steibl认为它们是未来海鸟保护的理想之地。故选A项。 36．主旨大意题。主要介绍一项关于印度洋-太平洋地区环礁上海鸟筑巢情况的研究，阐述环礁虽面积小，但对海鸟意义重大，同时强调海鸟与环礁对生态系统的重要性及保护它们的意义。C选项“小环礁，强大的海鸟：关键的生态联系”准确概括了文章主旨，为最佳标题。故选C项。 Passage 10 （24-25高二上·山西·阶段练习）In the eastern state of Virginia, employees of the Richmond Wildlife Center are doing their best to act like mother foxes. They started feeding and 1 a baby fox after the young animal became 2 from her mother. In a video on the center’s online page, a worker called Melissa Stanley was shown 3 a red fox mask (面具) and equipment like rubber gloves when feeding the fox. In this way, she 4 making human sounds and prevented the fox from 5 her human caregivers. The post explained the baby fox should not become too 6 to humans while she was being raised by them. The 7 made it more likely that the baby fox could be 8 to the wild. Stanley said the fox was sent to the 9 on February 29. She said a man 10 the animal on the street while walking his dog in Richmond. 11 she was a baby cat, the man 12 turned her over to the Richmond Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. It is a nonprofit organization that takes in cats and dogs without 13 and finds them homes. The wildlife center employees 14 to find the fox’s mother and her home, but they were 15 that the foxes had been trapped and removed. So the baby fox will be sent to the Animal Education and Rescue Organization in Virginia. 1．A．waiting for B．caring for C．complaining about D．sending away 2．A．different B．tired C．safe D．separated 3．A．wearing B．painting C．buying D．making 4．A．enjoyed B．imagined C．avoided D．practiced 5．A．forgetting B．admiring C．understanding D．seeing 6．A．kind B．similar C．close D．equal 7．A．course B．measure C．test D．view 8．A．stored B．mixed C．sold D．returned 9．A．center B．hospital C．market D．zoo 10．A．hunted B．found C．raised D．monitored 11．A．Proving B．Identifying C．Thinking D．Ignoring 12．A．secretly B．patiently C．accidentally D．initially 13．A．names B．owners C．training D．breath 14．A．tried B．refused C．pretended D．regretted 15．A．promised B．warned C．told D．awarded 【答案】 1．B 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．D 6．C 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．B 11．C 12．D 13．B 14．A 15．C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一只小狐狸被救助的故事。 1．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他们在这只幼狐与母亲分离后开始喂养和照顾它。A. waiting for等待；B. caring for照顾；C. complaining about抱怨；D. sending away送走。根据前文“employees of the Richmond Wildlife Center are doing their best to act like mother foxes”可知，野生动物中心的员工尽力像母狐狸一样照顾小狐狸，所以此处指“照顾”小狐狸。故选B。 2．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. different不同的；B. tired疲惫的；C. safe安全的；D. separated分离的。根据后文“The post explained the baby fox should not become too 　　6　　 to humans while she was being raised by them.”可知，不能让小狐狸和人类太亲近，由此推知，小狐狸与母亲分离了，所以员工们才照顾它。故选D。 3．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在该中心的在线页面上的一段视频中，一位名叫Melissa Stanley的工作人员在喂狐狸时戴着一只红狐狸面具和橡胶手套等设备。A. wearing穿戴；B. painting绘画；C. buying购买；D. making制作。根据后文“a red fox mask (面具) and equipment like rubber gloves”可知，Melissa Stanley戴着红狐狸面具和橡胶手套。故选A。 4．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这样，她避免发出人的声音，防止狐狸看到照顾它的人类。A. enjoyed喜欢；B. imagined想象；C. avoided避免；D. practiced练习。根据后文“making human sounds”及“prevented the fox from 　　5　　 her human caregivers”可知，她戴着面具是为了避免小狐狸认出她是人类，所以要避免发出人类的声音。故选C。 5．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. forgetting忘记；B. admiring钦佩；C. understanding理解；D. seeing看见。根据前文“she 　　4　　 making human sounds”可知，她避免发出人类的声音是为了防止小狐狸认出她是人类，即防止小狐狸“看到”照顾它的人类。故选D。 6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这篇帖子解释说，在她被人类抚养长大的过程中，小狐狸不应该与人类太亲近。A. kind善良的；B. similar相似的；C. close亲密的；D. equal平等的。根据前文“In this way, she 　　4　　 making human sounds and prevented the fox from 　　5　　 her human caregivers”可知，工作人员戴着面具，避免发出人类的声音，都是为了不让小狐狸和人类太亲近。故选C。 7．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这项措施使得小狐狸更有可能被放归野外。A. course课程；B. measure措施；C. test测试；D. view观点。根据前文“she 　　4　　 making human sounds and prevented the fox from 　　5　　 her human caregivers”可知，工作人员戴着面具，避免发出人类的声音，不让小狐狸和人类太亲近，这些都是为了让小狐狸能被放归野外的“措施”。故选B。 8．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. stored储存；B. mixed混合；C. sold售卖；D. returned返回。根据后文“to the wild”可知，小狐狸被“放归”野外。故选D。 9．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Stanley说这只狐狸是2月29日被送到中心的。A. center中心；B. hospital医院；C. market市场；D. zoo动物园。根据前文“employees of the Richmond Wildlife Center”可知，小狐狸被送到了Richmond Wildlife “Center (中心)”。故选A。 10．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她说，一名男子在里奇蒙德遛狗时在街上发现了这只动物。A. hunted打猎；B. found发现；C. raised提高；D. monitored监控。根据后文“the man 　　12　　 turned her over to the Richmond Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals”可知，小狐狸被送到了防止虐待动物协会，由此推知，小狐狸是被“发现”的。故选B。 11．考查动词词义辨析。句意：以为它是一只小猫，该男子最初把它交给了里奇蒙德防止虐待动物协会。A. Proving证明；B. Identifying识别；C. Thinking认为；D. Ignoring忽视。根据后文“she was a baby cat”可知，此处指该男子“认为”它是一只小猫。故选C。 12．考查副词词义辨析。句意同上。A. secretly秘密地；B. patiently耐心地；C. accidentally意外地；D. initially最初。根据后文“the Richmond Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals”可知，该男子把小狐狸送到了防止虐待动物协会，由此推知，他一开始以为这是一只小猫，所以“最初”把它送到了防止虐待动物协会。故选D。 13．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是一个非营利组织，接收没有主人的猫和狗，并为它们找到家。A. names名字；B. owners主人；C. training训练；D. breath呼吸。根据后文“finds them homes”可知，该组织为流浪猫和狗找到家，由此推知，这些猫和狗是没有“主人”的。故选B。 14．考查动词词义辨析。句意：野生动物中心的员工试图找到狐狸的母亲和它的家，但他们 2 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 12 / 23 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$