语法与写作（教师用书）-【新高考方案】2026年高考英语一轮总复习（人教 主题复习版）

语法奠基课 ——学好语法，从厘清句子成分开始 一个句子由若干个句子成分组成，它们分别起着不同的作用。一般情况下，英语句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attributive)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种。 一、主语 在句子中，主语是谓语动作的发出者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里(如疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等)，主语可以置于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的有代词(含作形式主语的it)、名词(短语)、数词(短语)、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句等。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The entire experience was incredibly refreshing.(名词作主语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)What further astonished and touched me was that he handed me some cash for taking bus.(从句作主语) 二、谓语 谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词(短语)、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)We chatted happily on the way to the airport.(实义动词作谓语) ②(2025·1月八省联考卷)You couldn't imagine how frightened I was at that moment！(“情态动词＋实义动词”作谓语) 三、宾语 宾语表示谓语动作的承受对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词(含作形式宾语的it) 、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句充当。有些谓语动词后可以接双宾语，即直接宾语(一般是物)和间接宾语(一般是人)。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Finally，I attended my conference as planned.(名词短语作宾语) ②(2023·全国甲卷)Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home.(动词不定式短语作宾语) ③(2023·全国甲卷)I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World.(me为间接宾语，a copy of ...World为直接宾语) 四、表语 1．表语位于连系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质等。常见的系动词有： (1)“状态”类：be (am, is, are, was, were)； (2)“持续”类：keep, stay, remain, lie等； (3)“表象”类：seem, appear等； (4)“感官”类：look, sound, smell, taste, feel等； (5)“变化”类：grow, turn, get, go, become, come, fall； (6)其他：prove等。 2．名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、分词或以这些词为中心词的短语、介词短语或从句等均可作表语。 ①(2025·1月浙江高考)Some students get so addicted to shooting short videos that they can't concentrate on their studies.(形容词短语作表语) ②(2023·全国乙卷)That is why I learned how to cook during the May Day holiday.(从句作表语) ③(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥)．(动词不定式短语作表语) 五、定语 修饰或限定名词或代词的修饰语被称为定语。定语由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况。短语、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后，即作后置定语。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)It was a refreshing experience to create art surrounded by nature's beauty.(现在分词作定语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most.(从句作定语) 六、状语 1．状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。 2．状语在句子中的位置比较灵活： (1)通常位于句首或句尾；谓语动词之前或之后； (2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前； (3)地点状语一般放在时间状语之前； (4)一些频度副词(如often, almost等)通常位于系动词、助动词、情态动词之后及实义动词之前。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him.(现在分词短语作状语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend.(when引导的从句作状语) 七、补语 补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语或从句等充当。 ①(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The good news made me happy and shocked.(形容词短语作宾语补足语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)In the art class，we were asked to create artwork inspired by nature.(不定式短语作主语补足语) 八、同位语 对句子中的名词(短语)或代词作进一步解释说明，且与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有名词(短语)、数词(短语)、代词或从句等。 ①(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)To everyone's surprise, I, an immigrant, won the first place in the writing contest.(名词短语作同位语) ②(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same.(that引导的从句作同位语) Ⅰ.用以下符号划分句子成分 主语用___，谓语用 ，宾语用 ，定语用( )，状语用〈 〉，补语用{ }，同位语用[ ]。 1．Over_80%_of_the_population supports the (new) policy. 2．Showing_your_dedication_and_responsibility might convince them {to give it a try}． 3．I painted a (natural) landscape (of the park), 〈capturing the (vibrant) colors (of the flowers) and the (tranquil) atmosphere〉． 4．〈Even now〉 reading_(my_favorite)_column — [the Success Stories of Youth], 〈still〉 gives me a (strong) power 〈to strengthen my heart〉． 5．〈Looking at me with smile〉， my_teacher gave me a warm hug, 〈saying that he was proud of me〉． Ⅱ.指出下列句子属于方框内的哪种基本句式 A．S V(主＋谓) B．S V P(主＋系＋表) C．S V O(主＋谓＋宾) D．S V O C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补) E．S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾) 1．That surely gave us a great sense of achievement.(　　) 2．You can feel the beauty of Chinese by learning Tang Poetry.(　　) 3．Indeed, many students find it a great challenge to get used to senior English learning.(　　) 4．Now I'm glad to tell you there will be a Chinese paper­cutting exhibition to be held by our school.(　　) 5．The lesson will be given from 3 pm to 5 pm on the afternoon of next Tuesday in the classroom 502.(　　) 答案：1.E　2.C　3.D　4.B　5.A Ⅲ.单句写作 1．I can't_wait_to_share_my_suggestion with you. 我迫不及待地想和你分享我的建议。 2．In the story, the king asked_the_artist_to_draw him a beautiful horse. 在这个故事中，国王让画家给他画一匹漂亮的马。 3．First, he_showed_us_the_basic_steps_and_skills of making dough figurines. 首先，他向我们展示了制作面人的基本步骤和技巧。 4．The alternative topics are traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese instruments. 可供选择的主题是中医和中国传统乐器。 5．I prefer_the_tour along the Yangtze, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization.我更喜欢沿着长江游览，长江是(中国)最长的河流，也是中华文明的母亲河之一。 语法项目(1)　名词、冠词 一、名　词 考点1　名词的数 [高考体验] 1．(2025·1月八省联考卷)The goal was two­fold: to celebrate cultural diversity as well as to promote the equal use of all six _______ (tongue)． 解析：tongues　tongue在此处为可数名词，其前有six修饰，故填复数形式。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Although they could never have met, there are common ________ (theme) in their works, said Paul Edmondson, head of research for the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. 解析：themes　theme是可数名词，意为“主题”。根据空前的there are可知，此处应用复数形式。 3．(2024·全国甲卷)They are ________ (treasure) of American heritage (遗产)． 解析：treasures　treasure作“珍宝”讲时为可数名词；主语是复数，故名词作表语也应用复数。 4．(2023·全国乙卷)But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place that welcomes the fast­paced development of modern life, with 21st­century architectural ________ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. 解析：wonders　wonder在此表示“奇迹，奇观”，是可数名词，“奇迹”不止一个，故用复数形式。 5．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)The GPNP's main goal is to improve connectivity between separate ________ (population) and homes of giant pandas, and eventually achieve a desired level of population in the wild. 解析：populations　此处population表示“种群”，为可数名词，因为前面有separate (不同的)修饰，所以此处用复数形式。 [系统归纳] 1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 一般情况下 在词尾直接加­s month→months 以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词 在词尾加­es glass→glasses match→matches 以辅音字母＋­y结尾的名词 变y为i再加­es country→countries factory→factories 以元音字母＋­y 结尾的名词 在词尾直接加­s holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys 以­o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加­s photo→photos 有些在词尾加­es potato→potatoes hero→heroes 以­f，­fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v再加­es self→selves knife→knives 少数直接加­s belief→beliefs roof→roofs 2．可数名词复数的3种不规则变化形式 类型 例词 单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish (条数) 变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, mouse→mice，man→men, woman→women, goose→geese 外来名词 medium→media　　　　 (媒体) phenomenon→phenomena (现象) analysis→analyses　　 　 (分析) crisis→crises　　　　　 (危机) 3．合成名词复数的2类变化形式 (1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。如： looker­on→lookers­on, passer­by→passers­by, sister­in­law→sisters­in­law, grown­up→grown­ups (2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如：women engineers。 考点2　名词所有格 [高考体验] 1．(2024·北京高考改编)These advancements have not only improved ________ (people) lives but also contributed to sustainable development. 解析：people's　根据句意可知，lives与people之间是所属关系，应用名词所有格。 2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)“He saved my ________ (son) life，” said Mrs.Brown. 解析：son's　根据句意可知，life与son之间是所属关系，应用名词所有格。 [系统归纳] ­'s所有格 主要用于表示有生命的人或物的所有关系。 (1) 一般是在名词词尾加­'s，如John's home“约翰的家”； (2) 以­s或­es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加­'，如students' textbooks “学生们的课本”； (3) 词尾不带­s或­es的复数名词，仍加­'s，如children's game “孩子们的游戏” of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系，如the title of the article“文章的标题”；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格，如the name of the girl“那位女孩的名字” 双重所有格 双重所有格的构成为“名词＋of＋名词所有格(­'s或­')”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”，名词前可用a, any, some, a few, two, this, that, these, those 等修饰，但不能用the。如a picture of my mother's“我母亲(拥有)的一张照片”；this little cat of your sister's“你妹妹的这只小猫” 考点3　名词构词法 [高考体验] 1．(2025·1月八省联考卷)．..the world will have a better understanding of China and its rich history, its hard­working people, its development through ______ (innovate), and its inclusiveness. 解析：innovation　空处位于介词through后作宾语，应用名词形式，故填innovation。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, ...to come to define much of the ________ (rich) of gardening in England. 解析：richness　根据空前的定冠词the和其后的介词of可知，此处应填rich的名词形式，表示“……的丰富性”。 3．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international ________ (visible), said Edmondson ... 解析：visibility　分析句子结构可知，空处缺少宾语，故此处应用名词visibility，意为“知名度”。 4．(2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the ________ (complete) of their journey. 解析：completion　at the completion of ...是固定搭配，表示“在……结束时”。 5．(2024·浙江1月高考)Many supermarkets are no longer doing“buy one get one free” promotions because of the ________ (criticize) that they lead to waste. 解析：criticism　根据定冠词the的提示和“that they lead to waste”可知，此处应用名词criticism “批评”。 [系统归纳] 1．动词变名词 词缀 例词 ­al approve→approval 　arrive→arrival ­ance/­ence appear→appearance　 exist→existence ­tion/­ation compete→competition　 explain→explanation ­(ss)ion discuss→discussion　 admit→admission ­ment achieve→achievement argue→argument ­ure/­ture press→pressure　mix→mixture ­y recover→recovery　 discover→discovery 其他 choose→choice　vary→variety 2．形容词变名词 词缀 例词 ­age short→shortage ­cy efficient→efficiency　fluent→fluency ­dom free→freedom　　　 wise→wisdom ­ce different→difference　silent→silence ­ness careless→carelessness weak→weakness ­th warm→warmth　true→truth ­ty/­ity safe→safety　　　　disable→disability [解题思维建模] 二、冠　词 考点1　不定冠词 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The meat should be fresh with ___________ touch of sweetness, and the surrounding soup hot, clear and delicious. 解析：a　a touch of “少许，微量”，是固定搭配。 2．(2022·全国甲卷)__________ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip. 解析：A　该处指Wu Fan是他的一个朋友，泛指用不定冠词；friend发音以辅音音素开头，空处位于句首，故用A。 3．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)While you're in China, Mount Huangshan is _________ must to visit! 解析：a　此处must是名词，意为“必须做的事”，表示泛指，故填a。 [系统归纳] 1．基本用法 (1)用在第一次提到或出现的可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。 At that time, I was working in a factory. 那时，我在工厂工作。 (2)用于可数名词单数前，泛指一类人或事物，或者指同类中的“一个”。 The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people's well­being。(泛指) “中国梦”是一个改善民生的梦。 (3)表示数量“一”，但不强调数量概念。 There is a book on the desk. 桌子上有一本书。 (4)用在表示人名或专有名词前，表示“一个……样的人或物” 。 Brian is gifted in writing music; he is very likely to be a Beethoven.布莱恩具有作曲天赋，他很有可能成为一个像贝多芬那样的人。 (5)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 After all, you never get a second chance to make a first impression. 毕竟，你绝不可能再有机会留下第一印象。 (6)不定冠词用于某些抽象名词如success, failure, surprise等前使其具体化。 Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料将是一件令人感到欣慰的事。 (7)用于某些固定搭配中，如have a good knowledge of ...“精通……”。 He has a good knowledge of many foreign languages.他精通多种外语。 2．固定搭配 all of a sudden　 突然，猛地 as a matter of fact 事实上 at a loss 不知所措，困惑 pay a visit to 参观，拜访 be/go on a diet 节食 give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车 have a gift for 在……方面有天赋 have a word with 与……谈话 make a fool of 愚弄 in a hurry 匆忙地 in a way 在某种程度上 keep an eye on 留意，留神 make a living 谋生 once in a while 偶尔 as a result/consequence 因此，结果 [名师指津] (1)以辅音字母开头，发音却以元音音素开头的单词，如 honest, honor, hour等，其前用an。 I had to go to hospital for an X­ray. 我必须去医院做个X光检查。 (2)以元音字母开头，发音却以辅音音素开头的单词，如European, united, university, useful 等，其前用a。 France is a European country. 法国是一个欧洲国家。 考点2　定冠词 [高考体验] 1．(2025·1月八省联考卷)Chinese plays an increasingly important role in improving communication and cooperation between China and _______ rest of the world. 解析：the　the rest of ...“……的其余部分”，为固定短语。 2．(2024·浙江1月高考)Then, when you use one section, ________ other stays fresh. 解析：the　the other意为“另一个”，特指，应用定冠词the。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)Not the pandas, even though ________ language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 解析：the　根据language后的“used for the medical training instructions”可知，此处表示特指，应用定冠词the。 4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Covering an area about three times ________ size of Yellowstone National Park, the GPNP will be one of the first national parks in the country. 解析：the　“倍数＋the＋size/weight/length of ...”是固定句型，表示“是……的几倍大/重/长”。 5．(2022·全国乙卷)May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day ...To celebrate ________ festival, a number of events took place at the Chinese Businessman Museum in Beijing on Thursday. 解析：the　特指上文提到的International Tea Day这一节日，所以用定冠词the。 [系统归纳] 1．基本用法 (1)用于特定或前文提及的或谈话双方共知的人或物前，表示特指。 Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。 (2)用在姓氏名词复数之前，或用于可数名词单数、某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人或物。 The young should respect the elderly. 年轻人应该尊敬老年人。 (3)用于表示年代或朝代的名词前。 It's said that corn was grown a lot in the area in the 17th century. 据说在十七世纪，玉米在这个地区被大量种植。 (4)用于形容词、副词的最高级或序数词前，或由only, very, same等修饰的名词前面。 ①Tom is one of the tallest students in our class. 汤姆是我们班最高的学生之一。 ②This is the very book I have been looking for. 这正是我一直在找的书。 (5)用于“by the day/hour/dozen等结构中”，表示“按……计算”。size, weight无此用法。 Plumbers charge by the hour for their work. 水管工人的工作是按小时收费的。 (6)用于“动词(hit，take等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位”结构中，其中的the不可以用物主代词代替。 He took her by the hand.他拉着她的手。 (7)用于“the＋比较级， the＋比较级”结构中。 The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心，你犯的错误就越少。 2．固定搭配 at the moment　　　　　　　 此刻，目前 in the way 阻碍，挡路 in the distance 在远处 make the most/best of 充分利用 on the contrary 与此相反 on the other hand 另一方面 the other day 几天前 to the point 中肯，切题 take the place of 代替 for the time being 暂时 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I wish to have a chain of cafés in many different cities (city)． 2．Since I was a kid, I've considered different jobs (job) I would like to do. 3．Each of my cafés will have a different theme and a unique style. 4．Sensing my frustration, Gunter patted me on the shoulder, grinning. 5．In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language. 6．When the answer was no, she declined the invitation (invite)． 7．Sweat dropping down from my head，I was at a complete loss (lose) about what to do. 8．I'm writing to share an extraordinary experience from last Friday when our class had an art lesson in the park. 9．Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook.Making Chinese dishes (dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 10．I decided to create a watercolor painting of the small bridge over the park's pond, surrounded by blooming flowers (flower)． Ⅱ.语篇填空(用名词和冠词知识填空) In China, 1.the history of people planting and using bamboo can date back to as far as 7,000 years.As early as the Shang Dynasty, bamboo was being used in ancient 2.people's (people) daily lives.It was used for food, clothing, housing, transportation, musical 3.instruments (instrument) and even weapons. The 4.application (apply) of bamboo in science and technology is thrilling.In 251 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan, led the local people in building the Dujiangyan, the first irrigation network in the world, in which bamboo played 5.an important role.The world's oldest water pipe was also made of bamboo.During 6.the Han Dynasty, the people in Sichuan successfully sank a 100­metre­deep well with thick bamboo ropes.This technology did not spread to Europe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technology that the Americans drilled 7.the first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859. In Chinese culture, bamboo is well­known as one of the “four 8.gentlemen (gentleman)” in plants.To many distinguished 9.men (man), bamboo is a symbol of goodness and honesty.It is always closely related to people of positive spirits.Bamboo culture contributes to encouraging people to hold on when facing tough 10.situations (situation)． Ⅲ.单句写作 1．Instantly, a_wave_of_shock_and_warmth surged in my heart.瞬间，一股震惊和温暖涌上心头。 2.Surprised，I hesitated for_a_while but accepted it gratefully，overwhelmed by_his_trust_and_generosity.我很惊讶，犹豫了一会儿，但还是感激地接受了，被他的信任和慷慨所折服。 3．Today, the_pace_of_life is increasing with technological_advancements. 当今，随着技术的进步，生活节奏不断加快。 4．Over_the_past_75_years,_China has changed from a_farming_country to the_world's_second­largest_economy.在过去的75年里，中国从一个农业国家变成了世界第二大经济体。 5．He seemed genuinely happy and agreed to meet at the_same taxi rank half_an_hour later where we had first encountered.他似乎真的很高兴，并同意半小时后在我们第一次见面的那个出租车站见面。 语法项目(2)　代词、介词(短语) 一、代　词 考点1　人称代词、物主代词、反身代词 [高考体验] 1．(2024·全国甲卷)This area，with ________ (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park. 解析：its　根据句子结构可知，空处作定语，故应用形容词性物主代词“its”。 2．(2022·全国乙卷)The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled (揭幕) at the ceremony, opening ________ (it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth — A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea. 解析：its　名词exhibition前应用形容词性物主代词修饰。故填its。 3．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”， and it will always stick in the visitor's memory.It sure does in ________ (I)． 解析：mine　根据前面的in the visitor's memory可知，空格处需填名词性物主代词mine, mine相当于my memory。 4．(2020·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine ________ (they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest. 解析：themselves　imagine sb.doing sth.“想象某人做某事”。主语是visitors，故用反身代词themselves，指“他们自己”。 [系统归纳] 类别 主格 宾格 形容词性 物主代词 名词性 物主代词 反身代词 功能 作主语 作宾语、表语 作定语 作主语、表语或宾语 作宾语、表语或同位语 第一人称 I me my mine myself we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 you (你) you your yours yourself you (你们) you your yours yourselves 第三人称 he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself they them their theirs themselves 考点2　不定代词 [高考体验] 1．(2024·浙江1月高考)Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward­looking ________ (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 解析：ones　代词one意为“一个人”，在some of后应用复数形式。 2．(2023·全国甲卷改编)Nowadays supermarket tomatoes look perfect but taste of water.______ is going to have a happy memory of those. 解析：Nobody　根据句中提到的超市里的西红柿看起来很完美，但食之无味和常识可知，这样的西红柿无法给人们留下美好的回忆，即没有人会对那些有美好的回忆。空处位于句首，故填Nobody。 3．(2023·浙江1月高考改编)A computer works with symbols.Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into ________. 解析：another　根据句意可知，空处表示泛指“另一个”。 [系统归纳] each/every each指“(两者或两者以上的人或物的)每个”，可与of搭配； every 指“(三者或三者以上的人或物的)每个”，在句中只作定语，不可与of搭配 all/both both表示“两者都”；all 指“(三者或三者以上的人或物)所有，全部” either/neither either表示“(两者中的)任何一个”；neither表示“两者都不” none/nothing/ no one/nobody none指人或物，表特指，表示“(三者或三者以上中)毫无，没有一点”，可与of连用；nothing指物，表泛指，表示“什么也没有”，不与of连用； no one/nobody 指人，表泛指，不与of连用 another 泛指“另一个” other/others other泛指“另外一些”，常与可数名词复数连用；others泛指“其余的人或物”，相当于“other＋复数名词” the other/ the others the other特指“(两者之中的)另一个”；the others＝the other＋可数名词复数 惯用 搭配 nothing but　　　 只有；只是 anything but 　　　 决不 something else 　　　 另外一件事 or something 　　　 诸如此类的人或物 every other day　　　 每隔一天 each other 　　　 (两者)相互 one another　　　 (三者或三者以上)相互 one ...another ... 　　　 (三者或三者以上)一个……另一个…… one ...the other ... 　　　 (两者中)一个……另一个…… some ...others ... 　　　 一些……另一些…… 考点3　it的用法 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)He wrote down his phone number and gave ________ to me. 解析：it　空处指代前面提到的his phone number，属于同一个事物，故用it。 2．(2024·北京高考改编)________ is a good option to write about China's fast economic growth. 解析：It　此处应用it作形式主语，不定式短语是真正的主语，且空处位于句首，故填It。 3．(2024·天津高考改编)As a member of Chenguang Middle School, I feel ________ a privilege to address an issue that concerns us all — our commitment to a low­carbon campus. 解析：it　根据句子结构可知，空处应填形式宾语it, 指代不定式短语 “to address an ...”。 4．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)It was not just an art class; ________ was a moment of connection with nature that I truly cherished. 解析：it　空处所在句为强调句式“it was ...that ...”结构。 [系统归纳] 1．it的指代作用 ①指代前面所提到过的或正在谈论的事物等。 The cat is very lovely.It is jumping here and there. 这只猫非常可爱。它跳来跳去。 ②指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象。 Who is it in the room? Open the door! 谁在房间里啊？把门打开！ ③指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。 It's about 50 kilometers from here to my destination. 从这儿到我的目的地约有五十公里。 2．it作形式主语的常考句式 ①It＋is＋adj.＋for/of sb.＋to do ... ②It is no good/use doing sth. ③It's (well) worth doing ... ④It＋is＋过去分词＋that从句 ⑤It＋is＋a pity/a fact ...＋that从句 ⑥It＋seems/turns out/occurs to sb....＋that从句 ⑦It takes sb.some time/money to do sth. 3．it作形式宾语的常考句式 ①主语＋think/believe/make ...＋it＋adj.＋(for/of sb.) to do/that从句 ②主语＋think/believe/feel/make ...＋it＋no use/no good ...＋doing ... 4．其他含有it的常考句式 ①take it for granted that ... 认为……是理所当然的 ②When it comes to ... 当涉及/谈到…… ③It is/has been ...since ... 自从……多久了 ④It will be ...before ... 要过……时间才…… ⑤It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who ...(强调句型) ⑥It's (high) time that sb.did/should do sth. 是某人该做某事的时候了 ⑦It's the first/second ...time that sb.have/has done sth.这是某人第一次/第二次……做某事 [解题思维建模] 二、介词(短语) 考点1　表示时间和方位的介词 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Actually, I will be back in Vienna ________ four days. 解析：in　表示将来一段时间“在……之后”常用in。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)He picked me up ________ the bus station where he had dropped me off four days before. 解析：at　在较小的地点，常用介词at。 3．(2022·全国甲卷改编)Cao and Wu also collected garbage ________ the road, in order to promote environmental protection. 解析：along　由语境可知，此处表示沿路捡垃圾，along意为“沿着”。 [系统归纳] 1．表示时间的介词辨析 at, in，on ①at表示时间点，在某时间或时刻； ②in表示在(某段时间)内，与表示世纪、年份、四季、月份、上午/下午/晚上、年龄的词汇搭配； ③on 表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些节日，也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上 in, after 两者后均可接时间段，表示“在……之后”，但“in＋时间段”常与将来时连用，“after＋时间段”常与过去时连用 for, since，from ①“for＋时间段”表示某种行为或状态持续了一段时间；②“since＋时间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间；③“from＋时间点”表示行为或状态的起始点 before, by before与by都可表示“在……之前”，但 by 表示“不迟于某时”，包括某时在内 2.表示方位的介词辨析 on, above，over ①on指在某物的表面上，其反义词是beneath； ②above指离开物体表面而在其上方，不一定是垂直向上，其反义词是below； ③over指离开物体表面而在其正上方，其反义词是under, over 还可以表示“越过……” at, in， on ①at后接较小的地方或门牌号码； ②in后接较大的地方； ③on一般指与面或线接触 across, through, past, over，down，along， by，beside ①across指“从……一边到另一边，横过”或“在……对面”； ②through指“从……一端至另一端，穿过，贯穿”； ③past 表示动态的动作发生在某人/某物的旁边； ④over表示从上方越过； ⑤down表示“向下；沿着”； ⑥along表示“沿着”； ⑦by与beside 均表示“在……旁边”，by含有“倚，凭靠”的意思；beside指两者位置关系 in, on, to, off ①in 表示在某一范围之内；②on 表示与某一地区“毗邻，接壤”； ③to表示在某范围之外；④off 表示“(时空上)离，距” 考点2　其他介词及固定搭配中的介词 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The Glasshouse stands ________ a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path ... 解析：as　固定短语stand as ...意为“作为……而存在”。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)I happen to know that Tang's play The Peony Pavilion (《牡丹亭》) is similar in some ways ________ Romeo and Juliet. 解析：to　固定搭配be similar to意为“与……相似”。in some ways在that引导的宾语从句中作状语，把similar和to分割开来。 3．(2024·全国甲卷)This area，with its unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved ________ all people of the nation to enjoy — as a national park. 解析：for　结合句意可知，这里表示目的“为了”，故用介词for。 4．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)There, you'll find them prepared differently — more dumpling and less soup — and the wrappers are pressed ________ hand rather than rolled. 解析：by　by hand意为“用手工”，是固定搭配。 5．(2023·全国甲卷)She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility ________ saving their environment. 解析：for　take responsibility for意为“对……负责”，是固定短语。 [系统归纳] 介词 用法 against 反对，违背，与……相反；紧靠，倚靠；与……竞争；以……为背景；和……相比 at ①用在表示某地点、场合、方位等的名词前； ②用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、……岁、时节等的名词前； ③以，按(价格、速度、数量等)； ④朝、向、对着某人/某物的方向 beyond (指程度)深于；(指范围)超出；(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非……可及；(时间)晚于 by (时间)不迟于，在……之前；常用于结构“by＋the＋单数名词”，表示“按……计算”；(表示程度、数量)相差；经过，经由；通过(某种方法、手段) for (表示目的或功能)为了；(表示对象或用途)给，对；(表示原因)因为，由于；(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计；支持，赞成；(表示陈述或问题的对象)对于，至于，关于，就……而言；(表示去向)往，向 in (表示地点、场所、位置等)在……里面；在……内；(表示时间)在……期间；在(一段时间)以内；(表示某人或某物的状态、情况)处于……中；关于；在……方面 on (表示接触或由某一表面支撑着)在……上；(表示时间)在……时候；关于，有关；(表示方式、方法)借助于，通过……，以……方式 with 和……一起，和，同，跟；(伴)随着；具有，带有；由于，因为；(表示方式)用 考点3　介词短语 [高考体验] 1．(2024·天津高考改编)Always remember to turn off unnecessary lights, use digital notes instead ________ paper, and recycle diligently. 解析：of　instead of 是介词短语，意为“而不是”。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)I thanked him profusely for his timely assistance and handed him an envelope containing the money I had promised to pay him, along ________ a souvenir from Prague. 解析：with　along with意为“和……一起，还有”。 3．(2023·全国乙卷)From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong ________ royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout ... 解析：to　此处表示“从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇家宫殿”，故填to, 和句首的From构成介词短语from ...to ...，意为“从……到……”。 4．(2023·全国乙卷改编)Apart ________ the knowledge and skills related to my major, I'm really good with computers. 解析：from　介词短语apart from意为“除……之外”。该句意为“除了与专业相关的知识和技能外，我真的很擅长电脑”。 [系统归纳] 常用的介词短语有： instead of　　　　　　　　 代替；而不是 apart from 除……之外 according to 根据 along with 随着；和……一起 but for 要不是 to and from 往返，来来回回 by means of 用……办法；借助…… in charge of 负责…… regardless of/in spite of 不管，不顾 due to/owing to/because of/on account of 因为，由于 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Following are four main approaches taken by us (we) students. 2．Skiing isn't really so hard, so perhaps you should all give it a try. 3．It was Youth that encouraged me to go through the hard time. 4．When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them (they) alive. 5．“Everyone deserves a better version of themselves (they)，” as the old saying goes. 6．Countries should team up with one another to work out practical plans regarding ocean protection. 7．The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism on the wildlife in the area. 8．I've been a big fan of Youth since the day my teacher recommended it to me. 9．Giving him a firm handshake, I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the bus, and jumped onto it just before its (it) departure. 10．Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which calls for a clear road map and a timetable. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用代词和介词知识填空) Art improves our lives 1.by directly and indirectly lifting the morals of individuals, creating unity and social harmony.Art creates awareness 2.of social issues.Art may express and reflect the religious, political, and economical aspects of cultures.Art is and can be whatever a culture says it is, or whatever people want it to be.It involves all people, those who come up 3.with the idea of the work, perform 4.it.Art usually appears 5.in the form of diverse architecture, body decoration, clothing manufacture, or memorial sculptures.Art copies the natural world.It gives orders 6.to the world and strength to human life.Art is a means 7.of communication.It provides pleasurable experiences along 8.with intellectual wealth.Art also helps 9.us (we) to express the sentimental (情感的) relations.10.It can beautify surprise, stimulate imagination, tell stories and record history.As someone once put it simply, “Art is life.” Ⅲ.单句写作 1．I would_appreciate_it if you can give_me_some_advice. 如果你能给我一些建议，我会很感激。 2．Her_eyes_widened_at_the_sight_of the breakfast. 她一看到早餐就睁大了眼睛。 3．Jenna caught her_father's_eye and they_looked_at_each_other. 詹娜吸引了她父亲的目光，他们互相看着对方。 4．In addition, make a specific learning plan and share online learning experience with others.此外，制定具体的学习计划，并与他人分享在线学习经验。 5．Seeing their_frustrated_faces,_he told them to clean up the kitchen while he_helped_them make breakfast for Mother.看到他们沮丧的表情，他让他们打扫厨房，而自己帮他们给妈妈做早餐。 语法项目(3)　形容词、副词 考点1　形容词、副词的句法功能 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective ________ (function) structure that is also beautiful. 解析：functional　空处应用形容词作定语修饰structure，故填functional，意为“功能(性)的”。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao (soup dumplings), those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers encasing hot, ________ (taste) soup and sweet, fresh meat, are far and away my favorite Chinese street food. 解析：tasty　空处与空前的形容词hot并列，修饰空后的名词soup，故空处填形容词tasty。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)So, what are they learning? ________ (basic), how to describe a panda's life. 解析：Basically　分析句子结构可知，空处修饰整个句子，应用副词，且位于句首，故填Basically。 4．(2023·全国甲卷)________ (difference) from traditional fables, Carson's story ends with an accusation instead of a moral. 解析：Different　be different from表示“与……不同”，是固定短语。分析句子结构可知，空处应用形容词短语作状语，且位于句首，故填Different。 [系统归纳] 1．形容词、副词的用法 形容词在句中主要作定语、表语和宾语补足语；副词主要修饰动词、形容词和副词，也可修饰整个句子。 2．形容词的常见后缀 ­y storm→stormy　　 ice→icy ­al, ­ical globe→global 　　　politics→political ­ful success→successful plenty→plentiful ­able， ­(s)ible desire→desirable　 access→accessible ­less use→useless 　　　 home→homeless ­ly dead→deadly 　　　live→lively ­tive attract→attractive 　 create→creative ­(i)ous number→numerous mountain→mountainous 3．形容词变副词的规则 一般情况加­ly common→commonly immediate→immediately 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾，将y改为i然后加­ly steady→steadily busy→busily 以­le结尾，去掉e加­y simple→simply gentle→gently 以­ic结尾，加­ally economic→economically scientific→scientifically [名师指津] 形容词(短语)也可作状语，此时一般用逗号与其他成分隔开，表示原因、结果或伴随的状态等。 Fortunately they came back, safe and sound. 幸运的是，他们安然无恙地回来了。 4．连接副词(用于连接句子或从句) still “仍然，依旧”，表示状态的持续 though “然而，可是”，多用于句末，表示转折 meanwhile “在此期间”，表示两个动作同时发生 besides “另外，而且”，表示递进关系 however “然而”，表示转折，后常有逗号 instead “相反”，表示相反的情况 otherwise “否则，不然”，表示结果 anyway/anyhow “尽管，即使这样”，表示让步 therefore/thus/ consequently “因此，所以”，表示结果 moreover/furthermore/ additionally “此外”，表示承接关系 考点2　形容词、副词的比较等级 [高考体验] 1．(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the ________ (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell­Saint Elias in southern Alaska ... 解析：largest　根据句意可知，应用最高级形式largest。 2．(2023·浙江1月高考)Their siheyuan were far smaller in scale and ________ (simple) in design and decoration, and the hutongs were narrower. 解析：simpler　空处与空前的smaller相呼应，表示在设计和装饰方面更简单，故填simpler。 3．(2022·全国甲卷)．..and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa's ________ (high) mountain. 解析：highest　 根据常识可知，乞力马扎罗山是非洲最高的山，故填形容词的最高级。 4．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the ________ (hot) the spring! 解析：hotter　“the＋比较级 ..., the＋比较级 ...”结构意为“越……，就越……”，根据前面的“the colder”可知，设空处填hotter。 [系统归纳] 形容词和副词的比较等级分为：原级、比较级和最高级。原级即形容词和副词的原形。比较级和最高级的词形变化分规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1．规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词 一般加­er或­est 以e结尾的，只加­r或­st 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母再加­er或­est 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，先变y为i再加­er或­est 其他双音节词和多音节词 在前面加more或most [名师指津] 有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度，如right, wrong, excellent, extreme, perfect等，它们没有比较等级。 2．不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best bad (badly)/ill worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest 3．形容词与副词比较等级的用法 (1)平级比较 ·常用as＋形容词/副词原级＋as或not＋as/so＋形容词/副词原级＋as引导 ·as＋形容词＋as＋数量词＝数量词＋形容词 The building is as tall as 100 meters. ＝The building is 100 meters tall. 这幢楼有100米高。 (2)表示比较的特殊结构 ·表示一方程度随另一方程度平行变化时，用“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”，意为“越……，就越……”。 ·不与其他事物相比较，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级＋and＋比较级”结构，意为“越来越……”。 ·表示“和……一样不……”时，用“no＋比较级＋than”结构。 The more you hurry, the less progress you are likely to make.欲速则不达。 (3)比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式 ·否定词语＋比较级 ·比较级＋than＋ ①However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now. 不管你怎么开始，记住没有比现在更好的开始时间了。 ②He is taller than any other student in our class. 我们班上他的个子最高。 (4)最高级的常用句型 ·形容词最高级(＋名词)＋表示范围的短语或从句 ·one of＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数 ·序数词及nearly, almost, among等＋形容词最高级＋名词 Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country. ＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country. 上海是我们国家最大的城市之一。 (5)倍数表达法 倍数＋as＋形容词/副词原级＋as ＝倍数＋形容词/副词的比较级＋than ＝倍数＋the＋名词＋of ＝倍数＋what从句 It took three times as long as I had expected. 这件事花的时间是我预期的三倍。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic (energy)． 2．Together, we can transform our campus into a greener (green), cleaner place. 3．Whenever looking back on this incident, I feel extremely (extreme) grateful to him. 4．You cannot imagine how meaningful (meaning) and interesting it was! 5．He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry (hunger)． 6．The old people there were talkative and they told us their personal (person) stories cheerfully. 7．He told me to call him the next time I was in Vienna and buy him a beer，which I happily (happy) agreed to. 8．The title will be officially (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. 9．Luckily (lucky)，he also has a cow which produces milk every day. 10．Scientists believe that the back of the moon is more_ancient (ancient) than the front, so the soil age is valuable for studying the early history of the moon. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用形容词和副词知识填空) Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains too much.It is not true.Through many studies, scientists show us that the 1.more (much) you use your brain, the better it will be and the 2.cleverer (clever) you will become. Of course, if you want to keep your mind clear and active, you must take a proper rest and study 3.properly (proper)．To teenagers, using their brains in the morning is good for their health. There are many ways to rest.One is a 4.peaceful (peace) rest such as sleep.Another is an 5.active (act) rest.For example, take a walk outdoors and do some exercise every day.To change the way of brains' activities is also a good way to rest. In everyday life, to eat some eggs, meat, fresh vegetables and fruit is also good for the brain. Wish you a wise man and a happy life. Ⅲ.单句写作 1．He frowned_instantly,_hit by shock obviously. 他立刻皱起眉头，显然受到了惊吓。 2．Deeply_moved_by his words, I burst into tears. 我被他的话深深打动了，哭了起来。 3．In_the_following_days,_I tried my best to_work_hard every day. 在接下来的日子里，我每天都尽我最大的努力工作。 4．He said he could sense a_determined_attitude,_careful_and_creative_thinking in my story. 他说他能从我的故事中感受到一种坚定的态度和细心且创新性的思维。 5．Hearing my words, the teacher also felt a_great_belief.He said he loved my stories and believed I will be_more_successful in the future. 听到我的话，老师也感到十分欣慰。他说他喜欢我的故事，相信我将来会更成功。 语法项目(4)　时态、语态和主谓一致 考点1　过去时态 [高考体验] 1．(2024·北京高考)His glasses went flying and landed in the grass.My heart went out to him, and I ________ (jog) over to him. 解析：jogged　分析句子结构可知，此处作谓语动词。根据空格前的“My heart went out to him”及语境可知，此处描述过去发生的事，时态应用一般过去时。 2．(2022·新高考Ⅱ卷)Henry ________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams.He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. 解析：was fixing　此处是句型was/were doing sth.when ...意为“正在做某事，这时……”，主语是Henry，故填was fixing。 3．(2020·浙江7月高考)By about 6000 BC, people ________ (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise. 解析：had discovered　根据时间状语“By about 6000 BC”可知，空格处的谓语动词需用过去完成时，表示到过去某个时间为止已经完成或发生的动作，即过去的过去。 [系统归纳] 时态 谓语形式(主动语态) 用法 一般 过去时 did 过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常用时间状语有：just now, the other day, last week, the day before yesterday等。 过去 进行时 was/ were doing 过去某一阶段正在或经常发生的事。常用句式结构：was/were doing ...when sb.did sth.。 过去 完成时 had done 动作在过去某一时刻之前就已经发生或完成，强调影响或结果。 ①There was once a town in the heart where all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co­existence with its surroundings. 以前，在中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生物似乎都与周围的环境和平共处。 ②Mrs Green was preparing lunch at eleven yesterday morning. 昨天上午11点格林太太正准备午餐。 ③She lived with a family she had never met before and everything was new to her. 她和一个以前素未谋面的家庭住在一起，一切对她来说都是新鲜的。 考点2　现在时态 [高考体验] 1．(2024·浙江1月高考)Over the last two years, some supermarkets ________ (start) selling chicken or salad in packs designed with two halves containing separate portions (份)． 解析：have started　分析句子结构可知，空处动词作谓语，再根据句中的时间状语“Over the last two years”可知，应用现在完成时。 2．(2025·1月八省联考卷)The UN Chinese Language Day not only provides a unique platform for the world to better understand China, but also 　　　　　 (promote) language and cultural exchanges in the world. 解析：promotes　分析句子结构可知，此处与provides并列作谓语，时态应用一般现在时，且主语为单数，故填promotes。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编)Now, I ________ (live) out that dream indirectly by helping the panda keepers do their job in English. 解析：am living　分析句子结构可知，表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，应用现在进行时，故填am living。 [系统归纳] 时态 谓语形式(主动语态) 用法 一般 现在时 do/does 用于表示经常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性的动作或状态。常用时间状语有：always，usually, sometimes等。　 现在 进行时 am/is/ are doing 说话时或现阶段正在发生的动作或行为。常用时间状语有：now, at present, at the moment等。 现在 完成时 has/ have done 过去发生的动作持续到现在，已经完成或继续持续下去，强调影响或结果。常用时间状语有：since＋时间点；for＋时间段；over/in the past＋时间段，already, yet, lately, recently, up to now, so far等。 现在完成 进行时 has/have been doing 动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还将继续下去；还表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作。 ①The flight takes off at 8：30 am every Wednesday and Friday. 这个航班每周三和周五上午8：30 起飞。 ②As a photographer, I have spent the last two years recording everything I discovered. 作为一名摄影师，我花了最近两年的时间记录我所发现的一切。 ③All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine. 这些年来，他们一直向我们杂志投稿。 考点3　将来时态 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Ultimately, I suggested, “I ________ (return) to Vienna in 4 days.If it's OK with you, I can pay you then, with an additional 10 euros as a gesture of my gratitude.” 解析：will return　分析句子结构可知，此处表示四天后将要返回，故用一般将来时。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Gunter's kindness had turned a potentially disastrous evening into a memorable story I ________ (cherish) for years to come. 解析：would cherish　分析句子结构，由前面的had turned可知，本句的时态与过去有关。根据句意可知，此处表示在未来将要珍惜，应用过去将来时。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)“Congratulations.I'm really proud of you and there ________ (go) to be an award presentation next Sunday.”My social studies teacher said with delight. 解析：is going　分析句子结构可知，空处是谓语动词。再结合句意和时间状语next Sunday可知，空处表示将会有一个颁奖仪式，故用be going to do结构表示将来。 [系统归纳] 时态 谓语形式(主动语态) 用法 一般 将来时 will (shall) do/be going to do 表示将来某时会发生的动作或行为。常用时间状语有：next day, tomorrow等。在主句是一般将来时的主从复合句中，从句用一般现在时表示将来。 将来 进行时 will be doing 表示将来某时正在发生的动作或行为 过去 将来时 would do/ was (were) going to do 表示在过去某时之后将会发生的动作或行为。 ①It is said that he will retire next month. 据说，他将于下个月退休。 ②Don't phone me between 5 and 6.We'll be having dinner then. 不要在五点至六点之间给我打电话，那时我们在吃晚饭。 ③I wondered what my son would say the next moment. 我想知道儿子接下来会说什么。 [名师指津] 表示“将来”的多种形式： ①“be going to＋动词原形”表示按计划或打算要做某事或某种迹象预示着要发生某事。 ②“be to＋动词原形”表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，也可表示禁止、命令、注定发生、应该做的事等。 ③“be about to＋动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的时间状语连用。 考点4　被动语态 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Two years later, a six­meter­tall pavilion, inspired by The Peony Pavilion, ________ (build) at the Firs Garden, just ten minutes' walk from Shakespeare's birthplace. 解析：was built　根据Two years later可知，该句描述的是过去的事实；句子主语pavilion与动词build之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。 2．(2024·全国甲卷)What should ________ (do) with such a beautiful place? 解析：be done　分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语，与主语之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。情态动词should后接be done形式。 3．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)After a three­year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year.The GPNP ________ (design) to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity (完整性) of natural ecosystems ...” 解析：is designed　句子的主语The GPNP表示单数意义，与动词design之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。由前一句可知，此句在陈述事实，故应用一般现在时的被动语态。 4．(2022·浙江1月高考)Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like — frequently by plane — ________ (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. 解析：is viewed/has been viewed　空处为句子的谓语部分，句子主语为动名词短语“Travelling to ...and the like”，与view之间为被动关系，谓语动词应用单数。再结合语境可知，此处可表示现在的情况或已经发生过的动作对现在造成的影响，故填is viewed/has been viewed。 5．(2021·天津高考改编)Currently, about 35,000 works ________ (display) in over 300 rooms in the Louvre, and it would take a lifetime to see everything. 解析：are being displayed　根据“Currently(目前)”可知，应用现在进行时；display与主语works之间为被动关系，应用现在进行时的被动语态。 [系统归纳] 1．各种常考时态的被动语态的构成 时态 谓语形式 一般过去时 was/were done 过去进行时 was/were being done 过去完成时 had been done 一般现在时 am/is/are done 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 现在完成时 has/have been done 一般将来时 will/shall be done 过去将来时 would/should be done 2．被动语态的用法及关注点 (1)不知道或不必指出动作的执行者，或者需要强调动作的承受者时，常用被动语态。 ①The window hasn't been cleaned for weeks. 好几周没擦窗户了。 ②All the employees are encouraged to work online. 所有的雇员都被鼓励网上办公。 (2)主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况。 ①表示主语的某种属性、特征或功能的动词，如read, write, sell, wash等，常与well, badly, easily, smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。 ②系动词appear, look, sound, prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。 ③open, close, keep等动词常与won't, can't, wouldn't, hardly等连用，常用主动形式表示被动意义。 ·The shirt doesn't wash well. 这件衬衫不好洗。 ·No matter what he did to the door, it wouldn't open. 不论他怎么对付这个门，它就是打不开。 [名师指津] “get＋过去分词”也可构成被动语态，如get＋married/broken/damaged/repaired/dressed等。 The patient got treated once a week. 那位病人一周接受一次治疗。 考点5　主谓一致 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The latest engineering techniques are applied to create ...The design features ten steel ...These sepals open on warm days ...Further, the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse ________ (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road ... 解析：walks　空处作谓语动词。根据上文可知，本句时态为一般现在时。主语the Silk Route Garden为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。walk sb.through意为“带领某人穿过……”，故填walks。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Some of the things that Tang was writing about ________ (be) also Shakespeare's concerns. 解析：were　分析句子结构可知，空处作主句的谓语动词。该句的主语为Some of the things，是复数。再根据句意可知，此处描述的是过去的事情，故填were。 3．(2023·全国乙卷)Having visited several times over the last 10 years, I ________ (amaze) by the co­existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. 解析：was amazed　根据本句中的“was able to”可知，应用一般过去时；I和amaze之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；主语I为单数，be动词应用was。 [系统归纳] 1．语法一致 (1)主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；若为复数形式，谓语动词则用复数形式。 (2)“many a＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 (3)由and或both ...and ...连接并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 (4)主语后接with, along with, together with, but, as well as等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与主语保持一致。 (5)one, everyone, each one, each ...and each ...作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 (6)不定代词either, neither 和由every­， some­， no­， any­等构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。none后的谓语动词根据情况可用单数，也可用复数。 2．意义一致 (1)由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念(and后面无冠词)，则谓语动词用单数形式。 (2)family, class, group, team, audience 等集体名词作主语时，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示其中的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。 (3)police (警察), people等形式上是单数，但通常被用作复数，谓语动词用复数形式。 (4)blind, old, young, poor, rich等形容词与the连用，表示一类人，在意义上是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。 (5)news, maths, physics, economics等词的形式是以­s结尾，但意义上是单数，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 (6)表示时间、距离、重量、金钱的名词作主语，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。 (7)“the＋姓氏的复数形式”表示“某夫妇/一家人”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 3．就近一致 (1)there be句型中有并列主语时，谓语动词be在数上与最近的主语保持一致。 (2)由either ...or(或者……或者)，neither ...nor(既不……也不，两者都不)，not only ...but also (不但……而且), or (或者), whether ...or(是……还是), not ...but (不是……而是)等连接的并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式与最近的主语保持一致。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Among the famous prints is (be) “Night Revels of Han Xizai”． 2．This coastal area was_named (name) a national wildlife reserve last year. 3．Did you predict that many students would_sign (sign) up for the dance competition? 4．Eric, as well as his friends, was (be) for the tour plan at the meeting yesterday. 5．The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will_tell (tell) you the story. 6．This new martial art has_spread (spread) and grown into different branches over the past two hundred years. 7．At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport is (be) that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area. 8．We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody had_broken (break) into the office during the night. 9．The jade Jue dragon from the Liaoning Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology dates (date) back around 7,000 years to the Neolithic period between 5500 BC to 5000 BC. 10．Jim was_watching (watch) a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用谓语动词知识填空) Yangshuo, China It was raining lightly when I 1.arrived (arrive) at Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care.A few hours before, I 2.had_been (be) at home, with its choking smog outside.Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. I had once skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.Instead, I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin, it's only an hour away by car and 3.offers (offer) all the scenery of the better­known city. Yangshuo 4.is (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers conducted by a website names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in China.And the town 5.is_becoming (become) a popular weekend destination feast for people in Asia.A famous travel company says it regularly arranges quick getaways (短假) here for people living in Shanghai. Ⅲ.单句写作 1．In the past few years, great changes have_taken_place in my hometown. 在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。 2．Additionally, you are_expected_to_attend a rehearsal to ensure a smooth contest. 此外，你需要参加一次彩排，以确保比赛顺利进行。 3．You can't imagine how excited they were when they won_the_first_place in the game. 你无法想象他们获得比赛第一名时是多么兴奋。 4．Next Sunday at 9：00 am, we will_gather_at_the_gate_of_the_community across from our school to engage in various meaningful activities. 下周日上午9点，我们将在学校对面的社区门口集合，去参加各种有意义的活动。 5．Different elements mean different preferences.Individuals are_seeking_paths_that_lead_to their own goals. 不同的元素意味着不同的偏好。每个人都在寻找通往自己目标的道路。 语法项目(5)　情态动词与虚拟语气 一、情态动词 考点1　情态动词的基本用法 [高考体验] 1．(2023·全国甲卷)Carson proves that a simple literary form that has been passed down through the ages can still __________ (employ) today to draw attention to important truths. 解析：be employed　分析句子结构可知，空处是谓语动词。主语a simple literary form和动词employ之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。空前有情态动词can，故填be employed。 2．(2023·全国乙卷改编)The remarkable development of this city means there is always something new to discover here, and I could ________________ (photograph) Beijing for the next 50 years. 解析：be photographing　分析句子结构可知，空处是谓语动词。根据“there is always something new to discover here”和时间状语“for the next 50 years”可知，此处表示持续一段时间正在进行的动作，故用现在进行时态。空前有情态动词could，故填be photographing。 3．(2020·天津高考改编) Jim says we ________ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy. 解析：can　句意：吉姆说只要我们保持房子干净整洁，我们就可以住在他的房子里。can在句中表示允许、许可，意为“可以”。 [系统归纳] 1．can, could ·表示能力，意为“能，会”。 ·表示请求和允许，意为“可以”。 ·在疑问句中can还可用could, might代替，不是表示过去，而是使语气更委婉，但不能用于肯定句和答语中。 ①Can you lift this heavy box? 你能举起这个沉重的箱子吗？ ② —Could I go to see you tomorrow? —Yes, you can.( No, I'm afraid not.) ——我明天能去看你吗？ ——是的，你可以。(不，恐怕不行。) 2．may, might ·表示请求和允许。 ·用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 ·might比may语气更委婉，而不是表示过去。 ·肯定性应答要用can或may而不用could或might。否定回答时可用can't 或mustn't，表示“不可以，禁止”。 ①—May/Might I take this book out of the room? —Yes, you can/may. (No, you can't/mustn't.) ——我可以把这本书带出房间吗？ ——是的，你可以。(不，你不可以。) ②May you succeed！祝你/您成功！ 3．will, would ·表示请求、建议等，would比will语气更委婉。 ·表示意志、愿望和决心。 ·would表示过去反复发生。 ①Will/Would you pass me the ball, please? 请你把球递给我好吗？ ②I will never do that again.我再也不会那样做了。 ③During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.在假期里，他每隔一天都会来看我。 4．must, have to ·表示必须、必要。 ·在回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定回答，不能用mustn't (禁止，不准)，而用needn't/don't have to (不必)。 ·must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have to 有其他时态形式。 ①Whatever happens, you must come in time. 不管发生什么，你都必须及时来。 ②I must really go now.现在我真的必须走了。 ③I had to work when I was your age. 我像你这么大的时候不得不工作。 5．dare, need ·dare作情态动词时，常用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中，过去式为dared。 ·need作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句中。在肯定回答时一般用must，否定回答用needn't。 ·dare和need作实义动词时，有人称、时态和数的变化，都可以接带to的动词不定式。 ①How dare you say I'm unfair? 你怎么敢说我不公平？ ②—Need I finish the work today? —Yes, you must.(No, you needn't.) ——我今天需要完成这项工作吗？ ——是的，你必须。(不，你不需要。) 6．shall, should, ought to shall (1)shall用于第一、三人称疑问句，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，意为“将要，将会”。 (2)shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方决心、命令或指示，意为“必须，一定，应该”。 should (1)表示“应该”，在疑问句中常用should代替ought to。 (2)表示“吃惊”，作“居然，竟然”讲。 ought to ought to意为“应该，应当”，没有人称和数的变化。ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtn't to，其一般疑问句形式是将ought置于主语前。多数情况下，ought to可与should互换。 ①You shall fail if you don't work hard. 如果你不努力工作，你就会失败。 ②It's a pity that you should be so careless. 很遗憾，你竟然如此粗心。 ③You ought not to/should not be so selfish. 你不应该这么自私。 考点2　情态动词的推测性用法及“情态动词＋have done” [高考体验] 1．(2023·全国甲卷改编)She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people ______ take responsibility for saving their environment. 解析：must　根据语境可知，用于肯定句中，表示“一定，必须”，故填情态动词must。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)When he got older, John started to wonder if this process __________ be used to clean up the messes people were making. 解析：could　由语境可知，设空处表示一种可能性，故填could。 3．(2020·天津高考)You________ have scolded him for his poor performance.After all, he had done his best. 解析：shouldn't　句意：你本不应该因为他表现不佳而责备他。毕竟，他已经尽力了。shouldn't have done sth.“本不应该做某事”，符合语境。 [系统归纳] 1．推测性用法 情态动词 用法 must 只能用于肯定句中，意为“一定；必定”。 can/could 用于疑问句中，意为“可能”；用于否定句中，意为“不可能”，语气强烈。 may/might 用于肯定句中表示不十分肯定的推测，意为“有可能”；用于否定句中意为“可能不”，表示一种不太确定的语气。 ①This can't be done by him.How can this be true? 他不可能这么做。这怎么可能是真的？ ②You're Tom's good friend, so you must know what he likes best.你是汤姆的好朋友，所以你一定知道他最喜欢什么。 [名师指津] (1)肯定句中一般用must/may/might；否定句和疑问句中一般用can/could； (2)表示对现在的推测用“情态动词＋do”，表示对过去的推测用“情态动词＋have done”； (3)语气的肯定程度：must(十分肯定)>may(不太肯定)>could/might(可能性较小)。 2．“情态动词＋have done” 的含义和用法 含义和用法 must have done 过去一定做过……(肯定句) can/could have done 过去不可能做过……(否定句) 过去可能做过……吗？(疑问句) could have done 本来能做但实际上却未做(肯定句) may/might have done 过去可能做过……(肯定句) 过去可能没有做过……(否定句) should/ought to have done 本来应该做但实际上未做……(肯定句) 本来不应该做而实际上做了……(否定句) needn't have done 没必要做而实际上做了…… ①It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面是湿的。 ②Tom, you are too lazy.The work should have been finished yesterday.汤姆，你太懒惰了。这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。 ③He needn't have hurried to the station.There's enough time to catch the train.他本来没必要匆忙赶往车站的。他有足够的时间赶上火车。 二、虚拟语气 考点1　虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)To express my sincere gratitude, I added a little amount of cash and said，“If it had not been for your kind assistance and trust, I couldn't ________ (arrive) at my destination on time.” 解析：have arrived　根据句意可知，空处的谓语部分是虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的事实。couldn't have done sth.意为“不可能做成某事”。 2．(2024·北京高考)If I ________ (be) you, I would discuss China's efforts to reduce poverty ... 解析：were　分析句子结构和句意可知，该句是if条件句的虚拟语气。从句和现在的事实相反，应用一般过去时，be动词通常用were。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)She would ________ (struggle) with extreme pain to make it to that aid checkpoint without Bailey's help. 解析：have struggled　根据句意可知，句子属于含蓄条件句，设空处表示对过去的虚拟，故填have struggled。 4．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)If I ________ (lack) confidence in myself, I wouldn't have won the writing contest. 解析：had lacked　由语境可知，空处表示对过去的虚拟，if引导的条件状语从句中应用过去完成时。 [系统归纳] 1．if虚拟条件句 (1)基本构成 时间 if从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 对现在的虚拟 过去式 (be动词常用were) should/would/could/might＋ 动词原形 对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词 should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词 对将来的虚拟 should＋动词原形 should/would/could/might＋动词原形 过去式(be动词常用were) were to＋动词原形 (2)错综时间虚拟条件句 当从句和主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。 If you hadn't left home secretly, your parents wouldn't be so worried now. 你如果不是偷偷摸摸离开家，你父母现在就不会那么担心了。(从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反) (3)省略if的倒装句 if虚拟条件状语从句中出现were, had, should时，可省略if，把were, had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。 Had he caught the morning bus, he would not have been late for the meeting. 要是他赶上了早班公交车，他就不会开会迟到了。 2．含蓄条件句 ·有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for, without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。 ·用连词otherwise, or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。 ·虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况＋but＋真实情况”。 ①We wouldn't have finished the project on time without your timely help. 如果没有你们的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。 ②I was ill that day.Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting. 我那天病了，否则，我就参加运动会了。 ③I would have delivered a speech, but I had a cold that day. 我本来可以演讲的，但是那天我感冒了。 考点2　虚拟语气在其他从句中的用法 [高考体验] 1．(2024·上海高考改编)I suggest that you ________ (approach) them with a well­prepared plan. 解析：(should) approach　根据句子结构和意义可知，空处需要用虚拟语气。suggest意为“建议”，后接宾语从句时，从句的谓语用should do形式，should可以省略。 2．(2024·天津高考改编)It is high time that we ________ (start) with the small actions. 解析：started/should start　根据句子结构和意义可知，空处需要用虚拟语气。在句式it's hight time that ...中，从句的谓语部分用一般过去式或should do形式。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates ________ (be) independent. 解析：(should) be　根据require后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气可知，此处应填(should) be。 4．(2022·全国甲卷改编)It is urgent that some strong measures ________ (adopt) to solve the problem. 解析：(should) be adopted　根据句子结构和意义可知，空处需用虚拟语气。在It is urgent that ...句型中，后面的从句要用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。 5．(2022·浙江1月高考改编)I went up to my new teammate and introduced myself.He looked at me as though I ________ (be) there. 解析：weren't　根据语境可知，此处表示对“现在”的虚拟，be动词用were。由语境可知，表示否定，故填weren't。 [系统归纳] 1．主语从句中的虚拟语气 (1)某些It is/was＋形容词/过去分词/名词＋that引导的主语从句中，主语从句要用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。 It is required that middle school students (should) take at least one hour's exercise every day. 要求中学生每天至少进行一个小时的锻炼。 (2)用于本句型常见的形容词、过去分词、名词如下： 形容词 necessary, important, impossible, desirable, best, right, advisable, essential, urgent等。 过去分词 suggested, required, requested, demanded, urged, decided, proposed, ordered, desired, advised等。 名词 pity, regret, desire, rule, shame, honor, surprise等。 2．宾语从句中的虚拟语气 (1)宾语从句在表示“提议”“要求”“命令”“意志”等动词后，其谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”结构表示虚拟。此类动词有insist (坚持要求，坚决主张), order, command, advise, suggest (建议), propose, recommend, ask, demand, require, request, urge, arrange, desire, intend, direct等。 I suggested that necessary measures (should) be taken to protect the children from dangerous situations. 我建议采取必要措施来保护儿童远离危险的地方。 [名师指津] 当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说，坚持认为”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句使用陈述语气。 (2)wish后接that引导的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为： 时间 从句谓语动词形式 对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were) 对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词 对将来的虚拟 would/could/might＋动词原形 (3)would rather后接宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为： 时间 从句谓语动词形式 对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were) 对将来的虚拟 对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词 , 3．表语从句中的虚拟语气 (1)句子主语是表示“要求”“建议”“劝告”“主张”“命令”“决定”等行为动词派生出来的同根名词时，其表语从句常用虚拟语气“(should)＋动词原形”结构。这类名词有suggestion, proposal, request, advice, decision, requirement等。 Our only request is that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 我们唯一的要求是这事尽可能快地解决。 (2)虚拟语气可用于as if, as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句： 时间 从句谓语动词形式 对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were) 对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词 对将来的虚拟 would/could/might＋动词原形 4.同位语从句中的虚拟语气 当表示建议、提议、命令、要求等的名词作主语或宾语时，其同位语从句中的谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”结构。常见的这类名词有： advice 建议　 decision 决定 demand 要求 desire 渴望 idea　　　想法 motion 提议 order 命令 plan　　 计划 proposal 提议 request 要求 suggestion建议 We agreed to the order that the task (should) be completed at 5 o'clock. 我们都同意这个命令：五点完成这项任务。 5．两个特定句式中的虚拟语气 (1)if only引导的条件句及感叹句 对现在的虚拟 过去式(be的过去式用were) 对过去的虚拟 had＋过去分词 对将来的虚拟 would/could/should/might＋动词原形 Look at the trouble we are in.If only we had taken our teacher's advice! 看看我们所处的困境，要是我们当初听从老师的建议该多好！ (2)It is (high/about/very) time (that) ... 从句中谓语动词用过去式或“should＋动词原形”，should不可省略。 It is high time that we took/should take some measures to solve the problem. 该是我们采取一些措施解决这个问题的时候了。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Without his help, I wouldn't have_passed (pass) the crucial exam. 2．We should/could/would/might_be (be) back in the hotel now if you hadn't lost the map. 3．When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I had_answered (answer) your call. 4．The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule (should)_be_developed (develop)． 5．Sorry, I am too busy now.If I had (have) time, I would certainly go for an outing with you. 6．It is necessary that he (should)_fulfill (fulfill) the task by the end of next week. 7．If we had_caught (catch) the flight yesterday，we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now. 8．We would rather our daughter stayed (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. 9．Therefore, I suggest that we (should)_be_allowed (allow) to find our own practicing partners so that we can choose the one most suitable for us. 10．It is high time that you considered/should consider (consider) that if there were no stress in your life, you would achieve a little. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用情态动词、虚拟语气知识补全短文) Dear Eric， I'm Li Hua.Do you still remember me? I studied in your school for 3 months half a year ago.I'm very grateful for your help during my study in the US.At that time, you often recommended that 1.I_(should)_make_new_friends_and_adapt_to_the_new_life (我结交新朋友和适应新生活)．Without your help, 2.I_couldn't_have_enjoyed (我不能如此享受) my life there so much.Besides, if you hadn't helped me, my English 3.couldn't_have_improved_so_quickly (不可能提高得那么快)． By the way, do you know how everything is going with Mr Smith? I failed to contact him after I left America.I'd appreciate it 4.if_you_could_offer_me (如果你能给我)his e­mail address or telephone number.I remember that you are very interested in Chinese culture.If you were free during this winter holiday, how I wish 5.you_could_come_to_China (你能来中国) during the Spring Festival to experience Chinese culture！I would rather that 6.you_spent_the_Spring_Festival_with_us_happily (你和我们一起欢度春节)．I'm sure it will be an unforgettable trip for you.I would be very happy 7.if_you_were_to_accept (如果你接受) my invitation. I am looking forward to your coming. Yours， Li Hua Ⅲ.单句写作 1．He suggested that we_(should)_start_off early the next day.他建议我们第二天早点出发。 2．What a sunny day！How I wish I_were_on_the_beach enjoying the sunshine now！多么晴朗的一天啊！我多么希望我现在在海滩上享受阳光啊！ 3．It's urgent that a meeting (should)_be_arranged before the final decision is made. 在做出最后决定之前迫切需要安排一次会议。 4．If only I had_been_at_the_party last night！But I had to prepare for the conference. 我昨晚要是去参加晚会就好了！但我得为会议做准备。 5．If our teacher hadn't provided support and help for us，our performance wouldn't_have_been_so_successful. 如果没有老师的支持和帮助，我们的表演就不会这么成功。 语法项目(6)　非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词/v.­ing和过去分词/v.­ed)，在句中除了不能独立作谓语外，可以充当其他所有的句子成分。非谓语动词有其自身的时态和语态。时态指的是它所表示的动作与句子谓语的动作存在时间上的先后关系；语态指的是它与逻辑主语之间存在主动或被动关系。 1．动词不定式的时态和语态 时态形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 与句子谓语动词的动作同时发生或在动作之后发生 to do to be done 进行式 在谓语动词的动作发生时正在进行 to be doing — 完成式 在谓语动词的动作之前发生 to have done to have been done 完成 进行式 发生在谓语动词的动作之前并且持续到谓语动词的动作发生时仍在进行 to have been doing — 2．动名词和现在分词的时态和语态 时态形式 意义 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生 doing being done 完成式 先于谓语动词的动作完成 having done having been done 考点1　非谓语动词作状语 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days ________ (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air. 解析：to give　此处为不定式短语作目的状语，表示“为了给……提供……”。 2．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)________ (recall) watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare's play Richard Ⅲ in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said ... 解析：Recalling　分析句子结构可知，该句主语为Edmondson，谓语动词为said，故空处应填非谓语动词；主语与动词recall之间为主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。 3．(2024·北京高考)Just then, some kids ran at him, ________ (knock) his books out of his arms. 解析：knocking　分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词ran，此处应用非谓语动词；主语some kids和动词knock之间为主动关系，此处应用现在分词，故填knocking。 4．(2023·全国乙卷)________ (visit) several times over the last 10 years, I was amazed by the co­existence of old and new, and how a city was able to keep such a rich heritage (遗产) while constantly growing. 解析：Having visited　结合句意及句中的时间状语“over the last 10 years”可知，visit所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，故填Having visited。 [系统归纳] 1．不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语，可用so as to/in order to替换，但 so as to一般不可置于句首。 To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens start to use smartphones. 为了享受数字支付的便利，很多老年人开始使用智能手机。 (2)作结果状语，常用于下列结构中：only to do (表示意想不到的结果); enough to do ...(足够做……); too ... to do ...(太……而不能做……); so/such ... as to ...(如此……以至于……)等。 Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车到达机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。 (3)作原因状语，常用在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋不定式”结构中。这类形容词常见的有：comfortable, good, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed等。 We were astonished to find the village still in its original condition. 我们吃惊地发现，这个村庄仍保持着它最初的样子。 2．分词作状语 分词作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。现在分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间构成主动关系。过去分词作状语时，分词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间构成被动关系。为了强调，分词还可与while, when, once, if, unless等词连用。 ①A city is the product of the human hand and mind, reflecting man's intelligence and creativity. 一座城市是人类的手与大脑的产物，反映出了人类的智慧与创造力。 ②Ordinary soap, if used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively. 如果正确使用的话，普通肥皂可以有效地对付细菌。 [名师指津] (1)分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。 (2)在句中作目的状语时，只能用动词不定式。 (3)作结果状语时，表示意料之外的结果用动词不定式，表示自然而然的结果用现在分词。 3．独立主格结构 当非谓语动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同时，应采用独立主格结构，即在非谓语动词前带上其自身的主语，构成“名词/代词(主格)＋非谓语动词”的形式。 ①Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow. (permit的逻辑主语是weather而非句子主语we) 如果天气允许，我们明天就进行比赛。 ②The work finished in time, they went home happily. 工作及时地完成了，他们高高兴兴地回家了。 考点2　非谓语动词作定语 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)They talk to the flood of international tourists and to ________ (visit) Chinese zookeepers who often come to check on the pandas, which are on loan from China. 解析：visiting　分析句子结构可知，空处作前置定语，修饰空后的Chinese zookeepers, visit与Chinese zookeepers之间为逻辑上的主动关系，此处意为“来访的中国动物园管理员”，故填visiting。 2．(2023·全国乙卷)．..it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully ________ (build) system of ring roads. 解析：built　build与其所修饰的名词system of ring roads之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词形式作定语。 3．(2022·全国甲卷)A visually­challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi'an, as a first step ________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot. 解析：to journey　分析句子结构可知，空处需填非谓语动词。空处作名词step的后置定语，且step前有序数词first修饰，意为“做某事的第一步”，应用不定式作定语，故填to journey。 [系统归纳] 1．不定式作定语 (1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来的动作。若不定式与其所修饰的词之间是被动关系，且该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch. 我在整个会议期间一直看表，因为我要赶火车。 (2)序数词、形容词最高级，the last, the only 等词后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后，常用不定式作定语。 He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个到达的客人。 (3)被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有：ability, chance, wish, way 等。 The best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit. 增强意志力最好的方法就是让它成为一种习惯。 2．分词作定语 (1)及物动词的分词形式作定语 doing 被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系 being done 被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行 done 被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示完成 (2)不及物动词的分词形式作定语 现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成，不表示被动。 falling leaves正在落下的叶子(表示正在进行) fallen leaves落叶(表示完成) 考点3　非谓语动词作主语和表语 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)These sepals open on warm days to give the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.In cold weather, the structure stays ________ (close) to protect the plants. 解析：closed　stays“保持”是系动词，空处作表语，应用过去分词形式，故填closed，意为“关闭的”。 2．(2021·全国甲卷)It is possible ________ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers. 解析：to walk　分析句子结构可知，It为形式主语，不定式短语作真正的主语，表示“步行或骑自行车走完全程14公里”这件具体的事。 3．(2021·全国乙卷)It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become ________ (educate) about the areas ... 解析：educated　分析句子成分可知，become是系动词，此处作表语，应用过去分词形式，educated“受过教育的；有教养的”。become educated about意为“接受关于……的教育”。故填educated。 [系统归纳] 1．不定式作主语和表语 (1)不定式作主语时，一般表示具体的某一次动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式(短语)后置。 It's our duty to take good care of the old. 照顾好老人是我们的责任。 (2)不定式作表语时，多表示一次具体的、特定的或有待实现的动作。 ①His wish is to be a doctor in the future. 他的愿望是将来当一名医生。 ②What I want to do most in senior high school is (to) improve my English. 我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的某种形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。) 2．动名词作主语和表语 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作，也可用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，常见的有It's no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/useless/...＋doing ...。 ①Traveling along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. 沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。 ②It's no use just complaining without taking action. 不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。 (2)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。 My job is cleaning the house three times a week.＝Cleaning the house three times a week is my job. 我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。 3．分词作表语 ·以­ed结尾的，如ashamed, delighted, excited等，通常用于修饰人或与人有关的事物，说明主语的状态，表示“感到……”“(人)……的”。 ·以­ing结尾的，如exciting, frightening等，主要用于修饰事物，表示主语的性质或特征，意为“令人……的”。 ①He felt embarrassed when he heard the news. 当听到这个消息时，他感觉很尴尬。 ②He was disappointed at the disappointing news. 听到这个令人失望的消息，他很失望。 考点4　非谓语动词作宾语 [高考体验] 1．(2024·全国甲卷)Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend ________ (catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. 解析：to catch　tend to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“倾向于做某事”，故空处应填不定式形式作tend的宾语。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)He decided ________ (build) what he would later call an eco­machine. 解析：to build　动词decide后常跟动词不定式作宾语，decide to do sth.“决定做某事”。 3．(2021·全国甲卷)After ________ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! 解析：spending　分析句子结构可知，此处作介词after的宾语，要用动名词，故填spending。 4．(2021·全国乙卷)Minimize the impact of ______ (visit) the place. 解析：visiting　此处作介词of的宾语，要用动名词，故填visiting。 [系统归纳] 1．下列动词只能用不定式作宾语 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装 decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish； refuse, manage, care, pretend 主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮 offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help 2．下列动词(短语)只能用动名词作宾语 考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想 consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit, delay/put off, fancy 避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏 avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate 禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡 forbid, imagine, risk; can't help (禁不住), mind, allow/permit, escape [名师指津]　want/need/deserve/require/be worth等后面经常用动词­ing的主动形式表示被动意义。此时，有的也可替换为不定式的被动形式。如：The tree needs watering/to be watered. 3．接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词 I remembered locking the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 我离开办公室之前记得锁门了，但却忘记关灯了。 考点5　非谓语动词作宾语补足语 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them ________________ (lift) out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of their contents. 解析：to be lifted　空前的them指代上文的xiao long bao，此处表示“小笼包被从蒸笼里拿出来”。them与lift是逻辑上的动宾关系，此处构成allow sth. to be done结构，意为“允许某事被做”，故填to be lifted。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)No matter where I buy them, one steamer basket is rarely enough, yet two seem greedy, so I am always left ______ (want) more next time. 解析：wanting　分析句子结构可知，此处考查“leave sb. doing sth.”结构，表示“使我想着下次多吃点”。 3．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ) They make great gifts and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 解析：decorated　see sth. done“看到某事被做”，此处表示“你会很多次看到它们被红包和蕴含好运的信息装点着”。them与decorate之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。 [系统归纳] 1．不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语时，宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主动关系。常用不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on等。 If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代工具。 [名师指津] (1)有些动词，如think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand等后常用to be作宾语补足语或主语补足语(被动语态中为主语补足语)。 Chinese people are considered to be one of the most hard­working people in the world. 中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人之一。 (2)在sb. be said/believed/known/reported/ considered/thought＋to do/to have done结构中，不定式作主语补足语。　　　　 2．分词作宾语补足语 现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关系。常见的跟分词作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有： (1)感官动词(短语)：see, watch, observe, look at, listen to, notice等； (2)使役动词：have, make, get, keep, leave，find等。 ①I saw him entering the bank. (him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系)我看见他正进入银行。 ②I saw him operated on. (him与operate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系)我看见(有人)给他做了手术。 ③They had the fire burning all night. (burn动作一直在进行)他们让火整夜燃烧着。 ④I will have my bike repaired tomorrow.(让别人去修)明天我要叫人修一下我的自行车。 3．with/without＋宾语(名词/代词)＋宾语补足语 ①The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them. 这对老夫妇常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。 ②With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesn't seem likely that John will finish the job. 离截止日期不远了，约翰似乎不可能完成这项工作。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Its function varies widely depending (depend) on the culture. 2．Hangzhou is the third Chinese city to_host (host) the Asian Games. 3．First of all, becoming (become) aware of what causes your worry will help to reduce the stress. 4．The assignment，to_be_completed (complete) by tomorrow, requires careful research and attention to detail. 5．They start building their huts late in the summer, but do not get them finished (finish) before the early frost. 6．The company has announced a new vehicle designed (design)to meet various demands of future transportation and business applications. 7．To_stabilize (stabilize) economic growth, various measures are being taken to expand domestic demand. 8．If you find it difficult to_fall (fall) asleep or stay asleep at night, then you should avoid naps and try to develop a healthy sleeping habit in the evening. 9．Past studies have shown a link between sleeping less and weighing more, but scientists have had difficulty determining (determine) “which came first, the chicken or the egg？” 10．Having_finished (finish) their homework, the students gathered in the courtyard, eager to share their exciting plans for the weekend. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用非谓语动词知识填空) The idea of 1.being (be) able to walk on the water has long interested humans greatly.Sadly，biological facts prevent us ever 2.accomplishing (accomplish) such a thing without artificial aid — we simply weigh too much, and all our mass (质量) pushes down through our relatively small feet, 3.resulting (result) in a lot of pressure that makes us 4.sink (sink)． However, several types of animals can walk on the water.One of the most 5.interesting (interest) animals is the Common Basilisk, a lizard (蜥蜴) native to Central and South America.It can run across the water for a distance of several meters, avoiding 6.getting (get) wet by rapidly 7.hitting (hit) the water's surface with its feet.The lizard will take as many as 20 steps per second to keep 8.moving (move) forward.For humans 9.to_do (do) this, we'd need huge feet 10.to_create (create) adequate “hitting”． Ⅲ.单句写作 1．My daughter hugged me tightly, tears_filling_her_eyes. 我女儿紧紧地拥抱着我，眼里充满了泪水。 2．“I am so happy for you，” my teacher said, nodding_and_looking_at_me. “我真为你高兴，”我的老师边说边点头看着我。 3．With the_sun_setting,_we walked on, crickets chirping in the background. 太阳落山了，我们继续往前走，蟋蟀在一旁鸣叫。 4．Surprised_by the sudden turn of events, she stood_frozen,_unsure of how to react. 她对事情的突然转变感到惊讶，站在那里一动不动，不知道该如何反应。 5．To_improve_his_English,_he is committed to reading his favorite novel every night before bed. 为了提高英语水平，他每晚睡前都要读他最喜欢的小说。 语法项目(7)　连词与状语从句 考点1　并列连词 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language ________ see how Tang's play was being performed. 解析：and　空前的to hear ...和空后的see ...为并列的不定式短语(see前省略了to)，故填并列连词and。 2．(2024·浙江1月高考)Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home ________ you can't use what you've bought while it's still fresh. 解析：or　either ... or ... “要么……要么……”，为固定句式，所以此处应用连词or。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)I won the third place in the contest ________ my deskmate Kate ranked the first. 解析：while　空处前后两个句子为对比关系，应用并列连词while。 4．(2023·全国乙卷)It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn't work, ________ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. 解析：but/yet　前后分句之间是转折关系，故填but/yet。 5．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill (溢出), ________ to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 解析：or　whether ...or ...意为“是……还是……”，是固定搭配。 [系统归纳] 并列连词 表示引申和增补意义 ·and表示顺承、递进等，可用于句型“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”中 ·not only ... but also ... 不仅……而且…… ·neither ... nor ... 既不……也不…… ·as well as 和，又，也 表示转折 ·but“但是”，不能和although/though连用 ·yet然而 表示对比 while而，然而 表示因果 ·so前一分句多为后一分句存在的原因，so后的分句表示结果，不能和because连用 ·for 表示附加的原因 表示选择 ·or表示“或者”，还可以表示“否则”，可用于句型“祈使句＋or＋陈述句”中 ·either ... or ... 或者……或者…… ·whether ...or ...意为“是否”时，表示迟疑或两个可能性之间的选择；意为“是……还是……”时，表示两种情况都真实 特殊的并列连词 when表示“一……就，刚……就” 考点2　时间状语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Gunter told me he was genuinely delighted to hear my voice ________ I called him. 解析：when/as　分析句子结构可知，空处引导时间状语从句，故填when/as。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编)________ the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in their own right. 解析：Before　根据语境可知，此处考查before引导的时间状语从句，表示“在印刷机广泛使用之前”。 3．(2023·浙江1月高考改编)She turned from person to person ________ she came to me. 解析：till/until　根据语境可知，此处表示“直到……为止”，故填till/until。 [系统归纳] 1．when, while与as引导的时间状语从句 连词 从句谓语动词 用法 when 延续性动词；非延续性动词 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 while 延续性动词 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生 as 延续性动词 强调主、从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着” As the average age of the population increases, there are more and more old people to care for. 随着人口平均年龄的增长，有越来越多的老年人需要照顾。 2．表示“一……就”的词或短语引导的时间状语从句 ·immediately/directly/instantly＋从句 ·the moment/minute/instant＋从句 ·no sooner ... than .../hardly ... when ... ·as soon as＋从句 [名师指津] 在no sooner ... than .../hardly ... when ...句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。如果no sooner或hardly位于句首，主句需用部分倒装。 3．before与since引导的时间状语从句 (1)before 词义：在……之前；还没来得及……就……；……才……；趁着…… 常用句式：·It will (not) be＋一段时间＋before ...“(没有)过……(时间)就……” ·It was not/won't be long before ...“不久……就……” ·It was＋时间段＋before ...“过了……(时间)才……” It will be a while before we know the result. 要过一会儿我们才知道结果。 (2)since 词义：自从……以来 常用句式：It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ...(从句用一般过去时) As is reported, it is over 100 years since the university was founded. 据报道，自这所大学建立以来已有一百多年了。 4．till/until引导的时间状语从句 ·主句是肯定句时，until/till表示“直到……为止”，其主句谓语动词必须为延续性动词； ·主句是否定句时，not ... until/till ...表示“直到……才……”，not所在的主句的谓语动词必须为非延续性动词； ·until可用于句首，而till不能。 If you don't understand something, you may research and talk to other people until you figure it out.如果你不理解某事，你可以去调查并和其他人讨论，直到你把它弄明白。 5．其他名词短语引导的时间状语从句 every time 　　 每次　　　 each time　　 每次 any time 任何时候 next time 下次 all the time　　　　 (在某段时间内)一直 the first/last time 第一次/最后一次 the day/year ... 那天/年…… 考点3　让步状语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编)And who do they speak English to? Not the pandas, even ________ the language used for the medical training instructions is actually English. 解析：though/if　根据语境可知，此处与even一起引导让步状语从句，应用though/if，意为“即使医学培训说明中使用的语言实际上也是英语”。 2．(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷改编) ________ it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure and offers a place where you can sit down to rest your aching legs. 解析：Although/Though/While　空处引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”，且位于句首，应填Although/Though/While。 [系统归纳] 1．although/though/as/while引导的让步状语从句 ·although与though一般可互换，都可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。 ·as引导让步状语从句时一定要倒装，though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装，也可以不倒装。 ·while引导的让步状语从句常常置于句首。 Hot as/though the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey. 夜晚的空气虽然很热，但我们睡得很沉，因为长途旅行之后我们太累了。 2．even if/even though 引导的让步状语从句 even if/even though引导让步状语从句时，表示语气更强的让步，意为“即使，即便”。 Tim is in good shape physically even though/even if he doesn't get much exercise. 即便蒂姆不怎么锻炼，但他身体状态很好。 3．“疑问词＋­ever”引导的让步状语从句 “疑问词＋­ever”引导让步状语从句时，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”，其中，疑问词包括which/what/who/whom/when/where/how等。 However/No matter how hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.不管你多么努力，不减少饭量，减肥很难。 “no matter＋疑问词”只能引导状语从句，而“疑问词＋­ever”既可以引导状语从句，也可以引导名词性从句。　　 4．whether ... or ...引导的让步状语从句 whether ... or ... 意为“是……还是……”。该复合连词引导的让步状语从句表示正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。 All people, whether they are old or young, rich or poor, have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster. 所有人，无论年老还是年轻，富裕还是贫穷，都一直在尽他们所能帮助灾后需要帮助的人们。 考点4　其他状语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)________ I miss this last bus to Prague, I'll be late for the conference which is so important that I can't afford to miss it! 解析：If　分析句子结构可知，该从句是条件状语从句，故填 If。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)Writing was ________ difficult and painful for me that my teacher had allowed me to present my paper on the sinking of the Titanic by acting out a play, where I played all the parts. 解析：so　根据设空后的“difficult and painful”以及其后的that从句可知，此处是so ...that ...引导的结果状语从句，故填so。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)No one laughed harder ________ he did. 解析：than　根据harder可知，此处是than引导的比较状语从句。 [系统归纳] 从句 连接词 条件状语从句 if, unless, so/as long as, on condition that, in case, supposing, provided/providing　 原因状语从句 because, as, since, now that, considering that (考虑到，鉴于) 目的状语从句 so that, in order that, in case (以防) 结果状语从句 so that, so ... that ..., such ... that ... 地点状语从句 where, wherever 方式状语从句 as (按照), as if/as though (好像) 比较状语从句 than, not as/so ... as ... ①He had his camera ready in case he saw something that would make a good picture. 他准备好了照相机，以防看到一些能够拍成好照片的东西。 ②As/Since you were out, I left a message. 因为你不在，所以我留了言。 ③I found all the missing things where I had left them. 我在丢东西的地方找到了所有丢失的东西。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The boy is good at maths while his sister is good at Chinese. 2．Find ways to praise your children often, and you'll find they will open their hearts to you. 3．We're going to the bookstore in John's car.You can go with us or you can meet us there later. 4．They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend. 5．You can write anything relevant so long as it's interesting and informative. 6．The games my parents taught me when I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life. 7．Since prehistoric times, primitive men in all parts of the world have made use of picture­writing. 8．It was quite a while before she realized that she was looking at her mom's long­lost old wedding photos. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用恰当的连词填空) My mother was cooking in the kitchen 1.while I was doing my school assignments.Then the doorbell rang.However, my brother unlocked the door 2.before I could open it.We were surprised the moment we saw my sister 3.because her clothes and face were terribly dirty.She looked much poorer 4.than we expected.5.Since we didn't know what had happened to her, we stood there and waited for my sister's story.We wouldn't leave 6.unless my sister told us all about it.7.After my sister got changed, she told us that she fell into a ditch (沟) 8.when she walked on a path on her way to my uncle's home in the countryside.She couldn't get out of the ditch.9.Although she cried for help, no one could hear her.10.As time went by, she got worried.After several vain attempts, she had to stand where she was and waited until a boy student passed by and gave her a hand. Ⅲ.单句写作 1．I gave him a big hug when/immediately/the moment I saw him. 我一见到他就给了他一个大大的拥抱。 2．I promised to contact him soon and_we_exchanged_phone_numbers. 我答应很快联系他，并且我们交换了电话号码。 3．If_you_need_more_information,_feel free to ask. 如果你需要更多的信息，请提出来。 4．Though_many_years_passed,_we have kept in touch with each other. 虽然许多年过去了，但我们一直保持着联系。 5．Hearing that I won the first prize, I was_so_excited_that_I_jumped_with_joy. 听说我得了第一名，我非常激动，高兴得跳了起来。 语法项目(8)　定语从句 考点1　关系代词引导的定语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ________ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia，” add an international character to Stratford­upon­Avon, William Shakespeare's hometown. 解析：who　分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，空处指代先行词Tang Xianzu，故填关系代词who。 2．(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell­Saint Elias in southern Alaska, ________ became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 解析：which　空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Wrangell­Saint Elias，应用关系代词which。 3．(2024·浙江1月高考)Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way ________ will make them the most money. 解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，空处所在句是定语从句，先行词为way，从句中缺少主语，所以应用关系代词that或which。 4．(2023·全国甲卷)Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, ________ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” 解析：as　分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句缺少宾语，且先行词是前面的整个主句，此处表示“正如”，所以空处填as。 [系统归纳] 1．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中的作用 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物或事 主语、宾语 that 人、物或事 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人、物或事 主语、宾语 ①The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. 我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能是伟大发明的灵感来源。 ②My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.我大儿子的工作需要他奔波于世界各地，他现在在纽约。 2．that和which的用法区别 (1)只用that的情况 ①先行词为 all、anything、everything、few、little、much 等不定代词或被all、any、few、little、no 等词修饰时； ②先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时； ③先行词既有人又有物时； ④先行词被 the only、the very修饰时； ⑤主句中有 wh­型特殊疑问词时，为避免重复不用 which。 [巧学助记]　口诀记忆只用that不用which的情况：代高数，人和物，only、very不重复。 (2)只用which的情况 ①引导非限制性定语从句时；②关系代词前有介词时。 The novel attracts so many audiences, which means that it becomes more and more popular in China. 这部小说吸引了那么多的读者，这意味着它在中国变得越来越受欢迎。 3．as和which的区别 as as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句前、中或后，as常译为“正如……，正像……”，常作实义动词(如see, know, expect, say等)的宾语 which which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点；这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 As the old saying goes, “Where there is a will, there is a way.”正如老话说的那样：“有志者，事竟成。” 考点2　关系副词引导的定语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)He picked me up at the bus station ________ he had dropped me off four days before. 解析：where　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示地点的名词，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)I would never forget the days ________ you taught me practical writing methods with great patience. 解析：when　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示时间的名词，关系词在从句中作时间状语，故填when。 3．(2023·北京高考改编)Rankings, however, are only one reason ________ a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. 解析：why　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示原因的名词，关系词在从句中作原因状语，故填why。 [系统归纳] 先行词 关系 副词 在从句中 所作成分 与“介词＋关系 代词”的关系 表示时间的名词：time, day, year等 when 作时间状语 ＝at/in/on/ during which 表示场所的名词：place, country等　 where 作地点状语 ＝in/at/to/ on which 表示理由或原因的名词：reason　 why 作原因状语 ＝for which ①The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 完全靠体力谋生的时代已经一去不复返了。 ②Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain valuable experience. 学生们应该参与社区活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得宝贵的经验。 ③Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday? 你知道他昨天没参加会议的原因吗？ [名师指津] (1)先行词为 point, stage, position, situation, case, activity, career, job等表示抽象地点的名词，且在从句中作地点状语时，关系词用where。 (2)先行词为 occasion, period, age等表示抽象时间的名词，且在从句中作时间状语时，关系词用when。 考点3　“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)A few minutes later, a taxi came into my sight, in ________ was exactly Gunter，still with friendly bright smile on his face. 解析：which　此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为taxi，指物，关系代词用which。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)However, the person with ________ I desired to share my joy was my teacher. 解析：whom　此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为person，指人，关系代词用whom。 3．(2023·浙江1月高考改编)There's never a stage ________ which the system knows what it's talking about. 解析：at　此处为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为a stage，常和介词at搭配。 [系统归纳] 构成 句法功能 用法指津 介词(短语)＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略 介词＋关系代词＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which 或whose 名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构 数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以用some, many, most, each等不定代词替换 ①Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which/whose price was very reasonable. 最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。 ②There are many foreign language books in the library, most of which are English books. 图书馆里有很多外语图书，其中大部分是英语图书。 ③He lived in a big house, in front of which was a small river. 他居住在一个大房子里，房子前面有一条小河。 ④He handed me a pen, with which I wrote down my name and my phone number on the paper. 他递给我一支笔，我用它在纸上写下了我的名字和电话号码。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Ice sculptures which/that attract many visitors are made by a young artist. 2．He is working with a group of highly educated and skilled young people，most of whom hold doctorate degrees. 3．I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own. 4．We'll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 5．The news that/which is published without checking whether it is a fact or not can create unnecessary confusion and extreme feelings among the common masses. 6．Awkward chat is gaining its place among young people who/that have been living under a lot of pressure. 7．I used my phone to call a taxi to meet my Chinese friend, Zhang Ming, who would guide me around Beijing. 8．It has set an example to other museums in our country, most of which seem to be still living in the days gone by. 9．The reason why I want to have my shoes repaired in this shop is that the man works very carefully. 10．We will use new media to bring the shows to more ordinary people, which will let them know about the modern development of Chinese arts. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用恰当的关系词填空) There was a time 1.when I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reason 2.why my father forced me to join in a 30­day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club, 3.where I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately, my guide, 4.whose teacher was a famous professor, communicated with me face to face, from 5.whom I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6.that/which we did.My father and the guide 7.who/that encouraged me to fall in love with English should be appreciated.Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8.which I put my spare time.Every day I will read my words and passages aloud.Before I go to sleep, I will recall my passages, through 9.which I can memorize a large number of new words.10.As our English teacher says, “As long as we form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, we will conquer English sooner or later.” Ⅲ.单句写作 1．First, we should use websites which/that_are_familiar_to_us.首先，我们应该使用熟悉的网站。 2．Volunteers who_are_full_of_love breathe life into the Hope Project. 充满爱心的志愿者们给希望工程注入了活力。 3．The prize will go to the writer whose_story_shows_the_most_imagination. 奖品将授予故事最富想象力的作家。 4．The house where/in_which_I_lived has been taken down and replaced by an office building. 我住过的那栋房子已经被拆了，取而代之的是一栋办公楼。 5.I'm crazy about basketball, and pretty good at it too, which_is_probably_why_I_was_so_mad when we lost our last match. 我痴迷于篮球，并且打得相当好，这或许就是我们上次比赛失利时我如此生气的原因。 语法项目(9)　名词性从句 考点1　主语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)________ further astonished and touched me was that he handed me some cash for taking a bus. 解析：What　分析句子结构可知，空处所在句是主语从句，且所填连接词作主语，表示“……的事情”。故填what。 2．(2023·全国乙卷改编)It seems ________ TV programmes have helped change what people think about cooking. 解析：that　分析句子结构可知，该句是一个主从复合句，It作形式主语，真正的主语是设空处引导的从句。空处在从句中不作任何成分，故填that。 3．(2020·江苏高考改编)It is not a problem ________ we can win the battle; it's just a matter of time. 解析：whether/if　句中It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的从句。句中的not a problem暗示空格处表示“是否”，故用whether/if引导主语从句。 [系统归纳] 1．连接词 从属连词 that, if, whether 只起连接作用，不在从句中作成分，但一般不可省略。if引导的从句不可以位于句首 连接代词 what, who, whose, which, whatever, whichever, whoever等 who(ever)和what(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；which(ever)在从句中作主语、宾语；what, which, whose在从句中作定语 连接副词 how, when, where, why等 在从句中作状语 2．it作形式主语 ①It＋系动词＋形容词(necessary/likely/important/certain/...)＋that从句 ②It＋系动词＋名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/no wonder/...)＋that从句 ③It＋be＋过去分词(said/told/reported/...)＋that从句 ④It＋动词(短语)(seems/occurs to/happens to sb./...)＋that从句 ①Your support is important to our work. Whatever you can do helps.你的支持对我们的工作很重要。你能做的任何事情都会有所帮助。 ②It suddenly occurred to him that he had an important conference to attend the next morning.他突然想到，第二天上午他有一个重要的会议要参加。 考点2　宾语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·全国甲卷)On a cool, starry night in mid­September 1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in ________ is now northwestern Wyoming. 解析：what　结合句意并分析句子结构可知，需要填连接代词来引导宾语从句，且该代词在从句中作主语，意为“……的地方”。故填what。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷改编)Behind it, the person is trying to figure out ________ exactly I teach ...the animals? 解析：who/whom　分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语，表示“谁”，故填who/whom。 3．(2022·浙江1月高考)Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak ________ she could do so remotely ... 解析：whether/if　此处表示，到Cobb的时候，她开始询问邀请她发言的会议组织者她是否可以远程发言。空处引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，故填whether/if。 4．(2020·天津高考改编)My grandmother helped me believe that I could accomplish ________ I put my mind to. 解析：whatever　这是一个含有宾语从句的复合句，且引导词在从句中作介词to的宾语，表示“无论什么，任何事情”，故用whatever。 [系统归纳] 1．连接词 从属连词 that, whether, if 在从句中只起连接作用，不作成分；that无意义，可省略； 介词后的宾语从句只能用whether引导， 不能用if引导 连接代词 what, whatever，who, whoever, which, whichever等 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语 what, which, whose等 在从句中作定语 连接副词 when，whenever, where, wherever, why, how等 在从句中作状语 2.it作形式宾语的宾语从句 ①动词(find/feel/think/consider/make等)＋it＋宾补(形容词或名词)＋that从句 ②动词(hate/like/dislike/appreciate/enjoy等)＋it＋that从句 ③动词短语(see to/depend on/rely on等)＋it＋that从句 ④固定搭配(take it for granted/owe it to sb.等)＋that从句 ①The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race.这块金牌将颁发给在这场自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。 ②I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 写日记已成了我的惯例。 考点3　表语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·浙江1月高考)If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that's ______ they'll promote. 解析：what　分析句子结构可知，空处所在句为表语从句，该句中缺少宾语，且指事物，应用连接代词what。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷)They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists.This is ________ they need an English trainer. 解析：why　分析句子结构可知，此处考查固定句型“This is why ...”，故填why。 3．(2023·全国甲卷改编)What we discovered is ________ it's unwise to judge what you eat only by its appearance. 解析：that　空处引导表语从句，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，且无词义，故填that。表语从句中that不能省略。 [系统归纳] 1．that, whether引导的表语从句 在表语从句中，that无词义，一般不能省略；whether意为“是否”。 2．as if/though引导的表语从句，有时要用虚拟语气 The thick smog covered the whole city.It was as if/though a great black blanket had been thrown over it.厚重的雾霾覆盖着整座城市，好像一条巨大的黑色毯子被扔到它的上面。 3．because, why引导的表语从句 4．连接代词和连接副词引导表语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。 考点4　同位语从句 [高考体验] 1．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)We're overwhelmed with excitement at the news ________ an oral English class will be arranged for us. 解析：that　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导同位语从句，解释说明news的内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故填that。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷改编)This effect capitalizes on the fact ________ when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. 解析：that　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导同位语从句，解释说明fact的内容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故填that。 3．(2023·全国甲卷改编)So many of us have the belief ________ being comfortable is the only state we will tolerate, and when we experience something outside of our comfort zone, we get impatient about the circumstances. 解析：that　空处引导同位语从句，解释belief的具体内容，从句不缺成分，故填that。 [系统归纳] 1．基本用法 同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词主要有that, whether, who, why, where, how, when等，if不能引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。 2．常跟同位语从句的名词 advice; fact; doubt; suggestion; hope; demand; conclusion; idea; news; order; request; thought; word; wish; promise; truth; belief; report; information; message; desire; problem; possibility ①Tu Youyou had an idea that Chinese herbs might hold the secret.屠呦呦认为中药可能会起作用。 ②We haven't yet settled the question where we are going to spend our holidays. 我们还没有解决到什么地方去度假的问题。 [名师指津] 表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后的同位语从句要使用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。 [解题思维建模] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Her belief that hard work pays off is right. 2．I have no idea which one I should buy. 3．It doesn't matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store. 4．We are not investigating the question whether she is trustworthy. 5．You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I agree. 6．Just click the mouse, and they can get what/whatever they want while staying at home. 7．As a diplomat, he often thinks of how he can react more appropriately on such occasions. 8．What made the school proud was that more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. 9．That fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. 10．When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember this golden rule: always give the monkey exactly what he wants. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用恰当的连接词填空) I like reading very much.My classmates' question is 1.when I began to love reading.Actually, I loved reading as a child.I grew up in a college town and I spent all my summer vacations in this university.2.What I meant was 3.that I was surrounded by libraries and the people who loved to read.4.That I went to the library to read every day was one of my favorite hobbies.My love of reading was credited with 5.what my parents allow me to do in my home — only let me watch an hour of TV a day.It's not really surprising 6.that literature became my vocation (工作)． Recently I have been reading a lot of multicultural women's legends.Jane Goodall went to Africa and studied chimps (猩猩) instead of going to university.7.Whether there are some connections between chimps and human beings puzzles me a lot.Jane Goodall argued 8.that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment.After finishing her story, I still doubt 9.how she could achieve great success on her own in the forest.Lin Qiaozhi, a doctor, became a specialist in women's illnesses.She devoted all her life to medical work for Chinese women and children.10.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients. Ⅲ.单句写作 1．They were shocked at the_news_that_their_hometown_had_been_flooded. 听到家乡被洪水淹没的消息，他们感到震惊。 2．I enjoy every happy moment despite the_fact_that_training_life_is_really_difficult. 尽管训练生活真的很辛苦，但我珍惜每一个幸福时刻。 3．Word_came_that_he_had_won_the_first_prize in the competition, making us delighted and excited. 他竞赛获得一等奖的消息传来，我们既高兴又激动。 4．I accepted my father's suggestion that_I_should_become_a_doctor,_though I'm not sure about the prospect at all. 我接受了父亲的建议，我应当成为一名医生，虽然我对这样的前途毫无把握。 5．The news that_I_had_won_the_first_place in the writing contest excited me. 我在这次写作比赛中获得第一名的消息使我很激动。 语法项目(10)　特殊句式 考点1　倒装句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)Hardly could_we_encounter_again in the future，but what he did would never fade in my heart. 我们以后几乎不可能再见面，但他所做的一切却永远不会在我心中消失。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)Never have_I_expected_that_I_could_win the first prize in the writing contest. 我从没想过我能在写作比赛中获得一等奖。 3．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)Should it_be_possible,_I truly hope you can take my suggestions into consideration. 如果可能的话，我真的希望你能考虑我的建议。 4．(2022·浙江1月高考写作)Not only did_we_enjoy various aesthetic masterpieces, from Chinese calligraphy to Irish paintings, but we also learned about the two countries' profound history. 我们不但欣赏了各种美学杰作，从中国书法到爱尔兰绘画，还了解了两国悠久的历史。 [系统归纳] 1．部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词、系动词be或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子，叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有以下几种： (1)表示否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词(组)有： never; seldom; rarely; little; few; nowhere; at no time; by no means; no longer; not until; hardly/scarcely ...when ...; neither ...nor ...; no sooner ...than ...; not only ...but also ... (2)“only修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句”置于句首时，要用部分倒装。 (3)so/such ...that ...结构中的so/such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要用部分倒装。 (4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用倒装结构“so/neither/nor＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语”(so表示肯定意义， neither/nor表示否定意义)。 ①Not until I lost my job did I realize I should improve my working skills. 直到我失去工作我才意识到我应该提高工作技能了。 ②Only by working hard can you succeed. 只有通过努力工作你才能成功。 2．完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前的句子，叫完全倒装句。这类句型主要有以下几种： (1)here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首，且主语为名词时，句子用完全倒装。 (2)有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调，将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词提到句首，构成“表语＋系动词＋主语”的完全倒装结构。 At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River lies Chongqing, one of the ten largest cities in China. 在长江和嘉陵江的交汇处，坐落着中国十大城市之一的重庆。 考点2　强调句 [高考体验] 1.(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)In a word, it_was_not_just_an_art_class_but_a_moment_of_connection_with_nature_that I truly cherished. 总之，我真正珍惜的不仅仅是一堂美术课，而是与自然联系的时刻。 2．(2023·全国甲卷写作)It was due to his effort that the ancient Silk Road started, building bridges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions. 正是由于他的努力，才开启了古丝绸之路，架起了沟通汉朝和西域的桥梁。 3．(2023·浙江1月高考写作)It_was_not_until_the_moment_she_got_closer_that I saw the black berries held in her sharp mouth. 直到它走近的那一刻，我才看到它尖利的嘴里衔着黑莓。 4．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)It_was_you_who_made_me_realize that just be myself, and I can be the master of my destiny. 是你让我意识到，做我自己，我就能主宰自己的命运。 [系统归纳] 1．强调句型 其基本结构：It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分。该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人，且作主语时，可用who或that，其他情况下一律用that。 It was what he did rather than what he said that annoyed me. 惹恼我的不是他说的话而是他做的事。 2．not ...until的强调句型结构：It is/was not until ...＋that＋句子其他部分。 It was not until I came here that I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. 直到我来到这儿，我才知道这个地方出名不仅是因为它的美，还因为它的天气。 3．对谓语动词进行强调时用do, does, did。 She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it.她确实告诉过我她的地址，但我全忘了。 考点3　省略句 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)I waved and he gestured me to get in，the wrinkles around his eyes seemingly deeper when_smiling. 我挥挥手，他示意我进去，他微笑时眼角的皱纹似乎更深了。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)I wonder if you could allow us to pair up freely and you could make adjustments if_necessary. 我想知道您是否能允许我们自由分组，必要时，您可以做出调整。 3．(2023·浙江1月高考写作)Content and joyful, she flew about 2 meters above the ground, turning her head from side to side as_if_expressing_her_gratitude_to_me for saving her life. 它满足又快乐，飞离地面约2米高，左右转动着脑袋，好像在感谢我救了它的命。 4．(2022·全国乙卷写作)What's more, 12% of the students choose to visit English learning websites when_strengthening_English_learning. 此外，12%的学生在加强英语学习时选择浏览英语学习网站。 [系统归纳] 1．状语从句中的省略 当时间、条件、让步、方式等状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或其主语是it，且从句谓语含有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。 Children, when accompanied by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. 当有父母陪伴的时候，孩子们才被允许进入体育场。 2．不定式的省略 (1)为了避免重复，可以省去不定式中和前面句子中相同的动词(短语)，只保留不定式符号to。常用在expect, hope, intend, mean, try, want, wish等词后。 Firstly, people may feel forced when asked to do things that they don't want to. 首先，当人们被要求去做他们不想做的事情时，可能会感到是被迫的。 (2)but用作介词，意为“除……之外”且前面有实义动词do的某种形式，后接不定式时，常省略不定式符号to；但前面没有实义动词do的某种形式，后接不定式时，不定式符号to不能省略。 ①The students could do nothing but wait quietly. 学生们别无选择只能静静地等候。 ②If he takes this work, he will have no choice but to meet an even greater challenge. 如果他接受这份工作，除了迎接更大的挑战之外他将别无选择。 (3)在使役动词let, have, make等和感官动词后面作宾补的动词不定式常省去to。 考点4　there be句型 [高考体验] 1．(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)Thankfully, there_was_a_long_queue still waiting to board the bus. 谢天谢地，还有很长的队伍在等着上车。 2．(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷写作)A few weeks later, when I almost forgot the contest, there_came_the_news. 几周后，当我几乎忘记比赛的时候，传来了消息。 3．(2023·全国甲卷写作)There_used_to_be_a_famous_educator,_who left a profound impact on Chinese society. 曾经有一位著名的教育家，他给中国社会留下了深远的影响。 [系统归纳] 1．there be结构可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用，并且该结构中的be有时可用 live, remain, stand, lie, exist, seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, used to be等替换。 Once upon a time there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 从前，在海边的一个村庄里住着一位老渔夫。 There stands a big tall apple tree in front of my house. 我家屋前有一棵高大的苹果树。 2．there be结构的常考句型： There is no point/sense (in) doing sth.做某事没有意义 There is no doubt that ... 毫无疑问…… There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)没有必要做某事 This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.这并不意味着我们正变得比以前更聪明或是不如以前聪明，但是毫无疑问，我们记忆的方式正在变化。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Only when your identity has been checked will you be allowed in. 2．Between rows of trees stands (stand) a new building, which is supposed to be our new library. 3．Not until recently did I realize that I had made so big a mistake. 4．It's not doing the things we like, but liking the things we have to do that makes life happy. 5．China employs an effective approach to protecting its environment while feeding (feed) its citizens and offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide. Ⅱ.语篇填空(用特殊句式完成短文) My favorite proverb is “Where there's a will, there's a way.” It means that only if we stick to our dreams and never give up 1.will_we_be_able_to_get_over_all_kinds_of_challenges (我们才能克服各种各样的挑战)． Memories rushed to my mind when I saw this topic.2.When_in_high_school (当在高中的时候), I had great enthusiasm for English and intended to take part in an English speech contest.However, 3.when_preparing_for_it (当在准备比赛的时候), I found it very challenging to collect information and use the language correctly.I was about to give up when my dad noticed it and offered this proverb to me.Thanks to my father's encouragement, I spared no effort to solve every problem with confidence.If it hadn't helped me, I couldn't have won the prize finally.Only then 4.did_I_realize_how_important_a_strong_will_is (我才意识到坚强的意志是多么重要)! In a word, 5.not_only_does_the_proverb_enable_me_to_face_the_difficulties_bravely (这句谚语不仅使我勇敢地面对困难), but it also contributes much to keeping confident all the time.Therefore, keep in mind — Where there's a will, there's a way.Success comes to those who never give up. Ⅲ.单句写作 1．Never_had_I_expected_that_my acts could make such a difference to him.我从来没有想到我的行为会对他产生如此大的影响。 2．Here_lies_the_secret_to_success:_perseverance and a never­give­up attitude. 成功的秘诀就在于此：坚持不懈和永不放弃的态度。 3．There_is_no_doubt_that she will come to your birthday party this Friday. 毫无疑问，这个星期五她会来参加你的生日聚会。 4．It was at this urgent moment that Gunter stretched his arm and signaled me to take down his phone number.就在这个紧急时刻，Gunter伸出手臂，示意我记下他的电话号码。 5．When_asked_about_how_I_felt,_I really had a wonderful sense of fulfillment and got a taste for writing.当被问及我的感受时，我真的有一种奇妙的成就感，并对写作产生了兴趣。 专题一　应用文写作技法指导 应用文写作的评分原则和写作流程 一、命题动态分析 1．写作任务情景 新高考应用文写作通常是考查考生在真实语境中传递与沟通信息、再现生活经历和表达观点的能力。话题贴近考生的生活实际，涉及范围很广泛，命题形式以提纲型和半开放型为主。大部分的题目设置会给出简明的提示，不会禁锢考生的思维，让考生有一定的自由发挥空间。 2．考查能力素养 加强对语言表达能力的考查，同时深化对应用性和创造性能力的考查，引导考生创造性地表达自己的观点和想法。 3．常见体裁形式 应用文常见的考查形式有书信、电子邮件、新闻报道、投稿、发言稿、根据提纲或图表写短文、日记和通知等。写作形式灵活多变，内容适当、开放。 二、高考评分原则 1．本题总分为15分，按五个档次进行评分。 2．评分时，应主要从内容组织、词汇语法和篇章结构三个方面考虑，具体为： (1)对内容要点的覆盖情况以及表述的清楚程度和合理性。 (2)使用词汇和语法结构的准确性、恰当性和多样性。 (3)上下文的衔接和全文的连贯性。 3．评分时，先根据作答的整体情况初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来综合衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。 4．评分时还应注意： (1)词数少于60，从总分中减去2分； (2)单词拼写和标点符号是写作规范的重要方面，评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受； (3)书写较差以致影响交际的，将分数降低一个档次。 附：五档作文的评分细则 档次 描述 第五档(13－15分) 1.覆盖所有要点，表达清楚、合理； 2．使用了多样且恰当的词汇和语法结构； 3．语法或词汇方面有很少错误，但完全不影响理解，是为尽力使用较复杂结构或词汇所致，具备较强的语言运用能力； 4．有效地使用了语句间的衔接手段，全文结构清晰，意义连贯； 5．完全达到了预期的写作目的。 三、五步写作流程 第一步：审题 审题是应用文写作的前提。考生应通读应用文写作的文字说明，尤其注意所给要点提示或图表，进而判断体裁、选定格式、确定人称及时态。 第二步：构思 根据文章体裁构思文章结构。考生构思文章结构时应考虑文章布局，根据要点提示确定分几段以及每段的写作内容，根据文章体裁确定交流的语气和写作风格等。 第三步：拟纲 根据交际对象选用得体的语言，根据写作要点列出关键词汇及核心短语，确保要点齐全，紧扣主旨，同时列出拟选用句式。 第四步：撰写 $$