2025年英语中考语法：现在完成时讲义

中考语法复习：现在完成时 （十大重难点+专题训练+答案） 一、定义：（1）动作发生在过去对现在造成影响。 （2）动作或状态从过去持续到现在或将来。(动词用延续性动词) 二、结构：助动词（have/has） + 动词的过去分词 (done) 注意：第三人称单数作主语时用has, 其他人称用have。 第三人称单数包括：he, she, it ,一人，一物，一事 eg: 1. I have eaten lunch. 2. He has known Bob for three years. 三、标志词： ever, never, already, yet, just, recently, lately so far, up to now, until now since + 过去时间点 (自从...以来到现在) for + 时间段 (表示持续多久到现在) once, twice, several times (表示至今为止的次数) in the last/past few days/weeks/months/years (在最近的几天/周/月/年里 - 这个时间段持续到现在) before (在以前 - 不确定过去时间) 四、动词过去分词的变化情况 规则变化: 1.直接在动词后-ed：start-_______ 2. 辅音字母+y结尾的动词，要变为i再加ed：动词过去分词的变化情况 study-_____ carry-___________ try-________ cry-___________ copy-________ 3.双写：stop-_______ plan-_______ shop-_______ kid-________ 不规则变化： am/is-_______ are-____________ do/ does-______ have/has-______ 练习： 写出下列动词的过去分词。  am/is ________   do _______  go ________  have _______   are _______  spend________   buy_______ teach_______ has_______ take _______   ask ________  visit ________   tell _______   come _______  bring______ catch_______ 五、基本句型: · 陈述句: Sb. have/ has done sth. · 变为否定句：Sb. have/ has done sth. · 变为一般疑问句: Have/ Has sb. done sth.? · 肯定回答：Yes, sb. have/ has. · 否定回答：No, sb. haven’t/ hasn’t. 练习： 根据要求改写句子。  陈述句:Ms Chen has taught Chinese for 10 years. ①变为否定句：_________________________________________ ②变为一般疑问句:__________________________________________ ③肯定回答：Yes，____________ ④否定回答：No，____________ 六、have/has been to，have/has been in 和 have/has gone to 的区别 · have/has been to​：表示“去过某地（已经回来）”。例如：I have been to Beijing.（我去过北京。） · have/has been in​：表示“在某地待了多久（现在还在那里）”。例如：He has been in Shanghai for two years.（他在上海待了两年了。） · have gone to​：表示“去了某地（还没回来）”。例如：She has gone to Paris.（她去了巴黎，还没回来。） ​区别总结​： ​have/has been to​ 强调去过并返回； ​have/has been in​ 强调在某地持续了一段时间； ​have gone to​ 强调去了某地但尚未返回。 练习：用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。 1. —Where is Jack? — He __________ his country. 2. John __________ England since he came back. 3. How long __________ you __________this village? 4. The Smiths __________ Beijing for years. 5. — __________you ever __________ America? —Yes, I __________ there many times. 6. I __________this school since three years ago. 7. — When __________ he __________? — He __________ an hour ago. 8. —Would you like to __________ the zoo with me? —Yes, but I __________there before. 9. — Where __________ you __________ just now? —I __________ the zoo. 10. He often__________ swimming. 11. __________ you __________ there last year? 12. __________ they often __________skating in winter? 七、already与yet 的区别 · already：表示“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，强调动作或状态在某个时间点之前已经完成或存在。 · yet：表示“还（没）”，多用于否定句和疑问句中，询问动作是否已经发生或强调动作尚未发生。 练习: 用 already或 yet填空。 1. —Have they taken down the old pictures ______? —No, not ___________. 2. Most of us have finished our compositions ________ 3. He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition ________. 八、since与for 的区别 · since​：常与现在完成时连用，后接时间点（如since 2000）或从句（如since he came here）。 例句​：I have lived here since 2010.（我从2010年起就住在这里。） · for​：也常与现在完成时连用，但后接时间段（如for two hours，for three years）。 例句​：I have been studying English for five years.（我已经学了五年英语了。） 练习：用 since或 for填空。 1. We have learned five lessons ______ the beginning of this term. 2. Mrs. Liao has been in hospital ______last week. 3. I have stayed at my aunt’s _____two weeks. 九、短暂性动词和延续性动词转换 1. 什么情况要把短暂性动词转换成延续性表达？ ①描述持续状态​：当强调动作的持续性而非瞬间性时（如"I've known him for years"而非"I met him for years"）； ②搭配for/since时​：若时间状语表示持续段（如for 10 years），短暂性动词必须转换（如He has left→He has been away）。 ③完成时态中​：现在完成时/过去完成时需表示未结束的动作（如"She has been married for a decade"而非"She has married for a decade"）。 ④否定句例外​：短暂性动词在否定句中可直接用（如He hasn’t come back for days）。 2.怎样替换为延续性动词或结构？ 直接替换词汇或使用“be+形容词/副词/介词短语”结构： ① 动词替换​： buy（短暂）→ have（延续，如“I have had this book for a week”）。 borrow（短暂）→ keep（延续，如“He kept the book for months”）。 ② be+形容词​： die（短暂）→ be dead（延续，如“He has been dead for years”）。 marry（短暂）→ be married（延续，如“They have been married since 2020”）。 ③ be+副词/介词短语​： begin（短暂）→ be on（延续，如“The meeting has been on for an hour”）。 join the army（短暂）→ be in the army（延续，如“He has been in the army for 5 years”）。 3. 常见转换对照表 ​短暂性动词​ ​延续性结构​ 例句 buy have I have had this car since 2018. catch a cold have a cold She has had a cold for three days. fall asleep be asleep The baby has been asleep for an hour. close be closed The store has been closed since 9 PM. go to school be at school He has been at school all morning. 练习：短暂性动词和延续性动词转换 1. They died 10 years ago. —They ______________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago. 2. My sister borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. — My sister _____________the book for 2 weeks. 3. We bought the motorbike a month ago. —We ___________the motorbike for a month. 4. He arrived here three days ago. —He ____________here since three days ago. 5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. —The light __________for 2 hours. 6. He left here 2 years ago. —He ____________from here for 2 years. 7. The film began 30 minutes ago. —The film __________ for 30 minutes. 8. They opened the door an hour ago. —The door __________ for an hour. 9. They closed the door an hour ago. —The door ___________for an hour. 10. He joined the army last year. —He _____________ a _______ for a year. —He _____________ the army for a year. —It ____ a year ____ he joined the army. 十、现在完成时和一般过去时区别 二者是英语中最容易混淆的两个时态之一，它们的核心区别在于‌动作或状态与“现在”的关系‌。 1. ‌核心区别总结：‌ · ‌现在完成时：‌ 强调动作或状态发生在过去某个‌不确定的时间点‌，但其‌结果、影响或状态一直持续到现在‌，或者与‌现在有某种联系‌。 · ‌一般过去时：‌ 强调动作或状态发生在过去某个‌特定的、已结束的时间点‌，与‌现在没有直接联系‌。 2. ‌详细对比：‌ 特点 现在完成时 (Present Perfect) 一般过去时 (Simple Past) ‌关注点‌ ‌现在‌(对现在的影响、结果、经历、持续状态) ‌过去‌(过去发生的具体事件，本身已结束) ‌时间关联‌ ‌与现在有联系‌ ‌与现在无直接联系‌ ‌时间点‌ ‌不具体说明何时发生‌ (如果说明具体时间点，则不能用完成时) ‌通常说明具体发生时间‌或隐含在上下文中的特定过去时间点 ‌持续状态‌ ‌可以表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态‌ ‌表示在过去完全结束的动作或状态‌ ‌经历‌ ‌强调至今为止“有没有过”某种经历‌ ‌只是陈述过去发生了某事‌ 3. ‌关键区别详解与示例：‌ ①‌与现在的关联性：‌ · ‌现在完成时：‌ 动作虽然发生在过去，但其影响、结果、状态或相关性延续到了说话的这个“现在”。 ‌影响/结果：‌ I ‌have lost‌ my keys. (我钥匙丢了。 - ‌现在‌ 我没有钥匙，无法开门。) ‌经历：‌ She ‌has been‌ to Paris twice. (她去过巴黎两次。 - ‌至今为止‌的经历。) ‌持续状态：‌ We ‌have lived‌ here for ten years. (我们在这里住了十年了。 - ‌现在‌还住在这里。) ‌未完成事件：‌ He ‌hasn't finished‌ his homework yet. (他还没完成作业。 - ‌现在‌作业还没做完。) · ‌一般过去时：‌ 只单纯描述过去某个时间点发生的事情，这件事本身已经结束，不强调它对现在还有什么直接影响。 I ‌lost‌ my keys yesterday. (我昨天把钥匙丢了。 - 陈述昨天发生的一件事，可能现在找到了，也可能没找到，但焦点在“昨天丢了”这个事件本身。) She ‌went‌ to Paris in 2010. (她2010年去了巴黎。 - 陈述2010年发生的一件事。) We ‌lived‌ in London for five years. (我们在伦敦住了五年。 - ‌过去‌ 住过五年，现在‌已经不住‌那里了。) He ‌didn't finish‌ his homework last night. (他昨晚没完成作业。 - 描述昨晚的具体情况，现在可能补完了也可能还没，焦点在昨晚。) ② ‌时间的特定性：‌ · ‌现在完成时：‌ ‌不能‌与表示‌具体的、已结束的过去时间点‌的状语连用 (如 yesterday, last week, in 1999, two days ago, when I was a child 等)。 常与表示‌时间段至今‌或‌不确定时间‌的状语连用： ever, never, already, yet, just, recently, lately so far, up to now, until now since + 过去时间点 (自从...以来到现在) for + 时间段 (表示持续多久到现在) once, twice, several times (表示至今为止的次数) in the last/past few days/weeks/months/years (在最近的几天/周/月/年里 - 这个时间段持续到现在) before (在以前 - 不确定过去时间) · ‌一般过去时：‌ ‌必须或常常‌ 与表示‌具体的、已结束的过去时间点‌的状语连用： yesterday, last night/week/month/year ... ago (two minutes/hours/days/weeks/months/years ago) in + 年份 (in 2020, in 1999) when + 过去时间从句 (when I was young, when he arrived) on Monday/Tuesday/etc. (指过去的周一/二等) at + 钟点 (at 9 o'clock, at noon) (指过去的时间) the other day 4. ‌典型场景对比： ① ‌经历 (Experience) vs. 过去事件 (Past Event):‌ Have you ever seen a ghost? (你‌（这辈子）‌见过鬼吗？ - 询问‌至今为止‌的经历) Did you see a ghost last night? (你‌昨晚‌见到鬼了吗？ - 询问‌特定过去时间‌发生的具体事情) ② ‌未完成事件 (Unfinished Event) vs. 完成事件 (Finished Event): Jack has written three chapters of his book. (杰克写了三章书了。 - ‌现在‌ 可能还在写，强调已完成的进度和结果) Jack wrote three chapters of his book last month. (杰克上个月写了三章书。 - ‌上个月‌完成的动作，现在可能在做别的事) ③ ‌持续状态至今 (State Continuing to Now) vs. 过去状态 (Past State):‌ They have known each other since childhood. (他们从小就认识。‌现在‌还彼此认识) They knew each other when they were children. (他们小时候认识。‌过去‌认识，现在可能不认识或关系变了) ④ ‌刚发生 (Recent Past with Present Relevance) vs. 过去发生 (Simple Past Event): Oh no! I've broken the vase! (哦不！我把花瓶打碎了！ - ‌刚刚‌打碎，‌现在‌看着一地碎片这个结果) I broke that vase last week. (我上周打碎了那个花瓶。 - 陈述上周发生的具体事件，‌现在‌可能已经清理干净或换了新的) 5. ‌核心记忆点：‌ ‌现在完成时 = 过去发生的动作 + 现在的关联（影响、结果、经历、持续）‌ ‌一般过去时 = 过去发生的动作或状态（已结束，定格在过去）‌ ‌‌练习‌I. 单选填空。 1. My father ______ in this factory since 2010. A. works B. worked C. has worked D. will work 2. They ______ a party last night. A. have B. had C. have had D. will have 3. I ______ the book already. It’s very interesting. A. read B. have read C. will read D. am reading 4. She ______ her keys yesterday. She still can’t find them. A. lost B. has lost C. lose D. will lose 5. —Have you ever been to Beijing? —Yes, I ______ there twice. A. go B. went C. have been D. will go ‌‌练习‌II. 用动词正确形式填空 1. Lucy ______ (live) in Paris for two years. 2. We ______ (finish) our homework just now. 3. Tom ______ (start) learning piano in 2018. 4. The train ______ (leave) an hour ago. 5. They ______ (know) each other since 2020. 答案： 4、 动词过去分词的变化情况 started, studied，carried，tried，cried, copied，stopped, planned, shopped, kidded, been, been, done, had 练习： 写出下列动词的过去分词。 am/is  been   do  done   go gone    have  had    are  been   spend spent   buy bought teach taught has had take  taken    ask  asked   visit visited   tell told    come  come  bring brought catch caught 5、 基本句型练习： 根据要求改写句子。 ① Ms Chen hasn’t taught Chinese for 10 years. ② Has Ms Chen taught Chinese for 10 years ③ Yes, she has. ④No, she hasn’t. 六、练习：用have/has been to/in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。 1. has gone to 2. has been in 3. have; been in 4. have been in 5. Have; been to; have been 6. have been in 7. did; go; went 8. go; have been 9. did; go; went to 10. goes 11. Did; go 12. Do; go 七、练习: 用 already或 yet填空。 1. yet; yet 2. already 3. yet 八、练习：用 since或 for填空。 1. since 2. since 3. for 九、练习：短暂性动词和延续性动词转换 1.have been dead 2. has kept 3. have had 4. has been​ 5. has been off​ 6. has been away 7. has been on​ ​ 8. has been open​9. has been closed 10. has been, soldier​ has been in is,​since 10、 现在完成时和一般过去时区别 练习‌I. 单选答案‌ 1. ‌C‌（since 2010 → 动作持续至今，需用现在完成时 has worked） 2. ‌B‌（last night → 明确过去时间，用一般过去时 had） 3. ‌B‌（already → 强调对现在的影响“已读完”，用 have read）‌A‌（yesterday → 过去时间状语，动作本身已结束，用 lost；后半句“找不到钥匙”是结果，但时态需分开判断） 4. ‌C‌（ever询问经历 → 现在完成时 have been 表示“去过且已返回”） 练习‌II. 填空答案‌ 1. ‌has lived‌（for two years 强调持续到现在的状态） 2. ‌finished‌（just now 表示“刚才”，动作已结束）；‌started‌（in 2018 为具体过去时间点） 3. ‌left‌（an hour ago 明确过去时间）；‌have known‌（since 2020 需用现在完成时表示延续）‌ 专题训练 一、单项选择。 1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what’s happened to him . 　　A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know 2、He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he ? 　　A. already B. never C. ever D. still 3、Have you met Mr. Li ______？ 　　A. just B. ago C. before D. a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year. 　　A. is writing B. was writing C. wrote D. has written 5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . 　 —Yes. I hope it will be even ______ . 　　Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good 　　Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . 　　Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study 　　Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are; studying 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . 　　Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice. 　　Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see 9、—These farmers have been to the United States . 　　 —Really? When _____ there ? 　　Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go 　　Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone 10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ? 　　 —Yes. I _____ it a moment ago . 　　Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished 　　Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish 11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 . 　　Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in 12、—Do you know him well ? 　　— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago . 　　Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made 13、—How long have you ____ here ? 　　—About two months . 　　Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived 14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes . 　　Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun 　　Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began 15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army . 　　Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was 16、 Miss Green isn’t in the office. she_______ to the library . 　　Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been 17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years . 　　Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to 　　Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been 18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ? A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they 19、_____has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he _____ to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle ______ for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 二、 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. I____ already ____ (see) the film. I ___ (see) it last week. 2.___ he ____(finish) his work today ? Not yet. 3.___ you ____(be) to Hong Kong ? Yes, I _____ (be) there twice. 4.____ you ever ____(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? No, never. 5. My father ____ just ____ (come) back from work. He is tired now. 6. Where’s Li Ming? He ____ (go) to the teacher’s office. 6. Shanghai ___ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago. Now it ____ (become) a large city. 7. I ____ (work) here since I ____ (move) here in 1999. 8. So far I ____(make) quite a few friends here. 9. I________(be)to shanghai for several time. 10. What_______you ________(do)yesterday? 三、 汉译英。 1. 吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。 ____________________________________________________________________ 2. 他昨天收到一封信。 ____________________________________________________________________ 3. 我父亲以前到过长城。 ____________________________________________________________________ 4. 她还没有看过那部新电影。 ____________________________________________________________________ 5. 她去过上海。 ____________________________________________________________________ 四、句型转换，每空一词。 1. He has already gone home. He _________ __________ home ____________. (否定句) ____________ he __________ home ___________? (一般疑问句) 2. He has lunch at home. He __________ _____________ lunch at home. (否定句) ____________ he __________ lunch at home? (一般疑问句) 3. He has been there twice. (对划线部分提问) _________ _______ ________ __________ he been there? 4. I have lunch at school. (对划线部分提问) __________ __________ you ____________ lunch. 5. They have been here since 2000. __________ __________ have they been here? (对划线部分提问) 6. This factory opened twenty years ago.(改为同义句) This factory__________ __________ __________ for twenty years. 7. Miss Gao left an hour ago. (改为同义句) Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago. 8. Her mother has been a Party member for three years. (改为同义句) Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ . 9. The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (改为同义句) _______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France. 10. The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) ____________________________________________________________________ 专题训练答案： 一、单项选择。 BBCDC CCBBB DBACA AADCC 1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。 2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故应选B。 3、C 4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故应选D。 5、C 6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故6应选C。 7、C 8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。 9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连用。故正确答案为B。 10、B 11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为：D。 12、B 13、A 14、C 15、A。 16、“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故16的正确答案为A。 17、A 18、D 19、C 20、C 二、 用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1.have, seen, saw 2.Has finished 3.Have, been, have been 4.Have, eaten 5.has, come 6.has gone 6.was, has become 7.have worked, moved 8.have made 三、汉译英。 1. Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now. 2. He received a letter yesterday. 3. My father has been to the Great Wall before. 4. She hasn't seen the new film yet. 5. She has been to Shanghai. 四、句型转换，每空一词。 1. hasn’t gone; yet; Has; gone; yet 2. doesn’t have; Does; have 3. How many times has 4. Where do; have 5. How long 6. has been open 7. has been away since 8. joined; ago 9. It’s; since 10. The bus has been here for ten minutes. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$