内容正文:
SECTION Ⅲ GRA MMA R
GRAMMAR1——过去将来时
语境美文
语法感悟
1.I got a letter from my sister yesterday. 2.She lives in a foreign country. 3.In her letter, she said that she would come to England the next year. 4.If she comes, she will get a surprise. 5.We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country. 6.Work on it had begun before my sister left. The house was completed almost a year ago. 7.It has been the only modern house in the district ever since.
I still remember that 8.so many of us were living in a very small house when my sister left home. B ut now the new house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden. Though it looks strange to some people, it is really very comfortable.
美文中出现了高考必考点中的8种时态。
(1)1句中为一般过去时(did)
(2)2句中为一般现在时(do/does/be)
(3)3句中为过去将来时(would do)
(4)4句中为一般将来时(will do)
(5)5句中为现在进行时(be doing)
(6)6句中为过去完成时(had done)
(7)7句中为现在完成时(have/has done)
(8)8句中为过去进行时(was/were doing)
过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。过去将来时常用“should/would+动词原形”或“was/were going to+动词原形”来表达。
过去将来时的基本特征,即“立足过去,着眼未来”。它表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的某个动作或存在的某种状态。但这个“将来”时间绝不会延伸到“现在”,而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。
时态
构成
过去
将来时
would do
was/were going to do
was/were about to do
was/were doing
was/were to do
was/were supposed to do/
was/were meant to do
1.过去将来时可以表示从过去某时看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。
He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop.
他说他要在车站等我们的。
I didn't know when she would come,but when she comes I will let you know.
我不知道她什么时候来,但她来了我会告诉你。
2.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didn't work hard.
老师说,如果我不努力学习的话,就很难取得进步。
3.was/were going to do表示准备、计划做某事或将要发生某事。
We were going to go to the cinema when the phone rang.
我们正准备去电影院,这时电话铃声响了。
4.was/were about to do这种结构表示“正要、即将做某事”;was/were on the point of doing这种结构表示“正要……时”。
I couldn't go to Tom's birthday party as I was about to go to hospital.
我不能参加汤姆的生日晚会,因为我要去医院。
He was on the point of leaving when we came in.
我们进来时,他正要动身离开。
5.go,come,leave,take off等少数动词可用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的情况;was/were to do表示曾计划做某事。
A lot of people were coming to watch the fireworks.有许多人要来观看焰火。
She told her mother that she was going to a dance ball with Tom.
她告诉母亲,她要和汤姆一起去参加一个舞会。
She said she was to take up the position.
她说她将接受这个职位。
6.was/were supposed to do和was/were meant to do可以表示过去计划做,但没有做的事。
The train was supposed to arrive half an hour ago.
火车本应在半小时之前到达。
What was meant to be a funny story fell completely flat.
原本是一个有趣的故事变得索然无味。
◆[即学活用1]
单句语法填空
①Li Ming said he would be (be) happy if Brian came (come) to China next month.
②He was fiftysix.In two years he would be (be) fiftyeight.
③Miss Zhang said she would visit (visit) the Great Wall the next summer.
④She told him that she would not stay (not stay) here for long.
⑤The scientists said the world's population would slow (slow) down in future.
⑥She said the bus was leaving (leave) at five the next morning.
⑦I wasn't sure whether he would lend (lend) me his book the next morning.
◆[即学活用2]
完成句子
①He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。
②She said that the meeting was about to begin .
她说会议就要开始了。
③I was meant to/supposed arrive at my home before 5:00.
我本来应该在5点前到家。
④I was on the point of going out when you came in.
我正要出去你来了。
⑤She hoped that they would meet again someday.
她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。
⑥She didn't tell me where she would go .
她没有告诉我她要去哪儿。
⑦Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall ,but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的,但却下雨了。
GRA MMA R 2——复合词
一、语法概念
复合词是由一些词汇复合形成的;复合词的词性多由该词的后半部分决定,复合词包括复合名词、复合动词、复合形容词、复合介词及复合副词。
二、复合词的书写形式
1.一般情况下在词与词之间要加连字符号,如:goodlooking好看的,seasick晕船的,worldfamous闻名世界的,sevenyearold七岁的, threehour三小时的,等等。
2.有些复合词已经完全融为一体,不用加连字符号,如:textbook教科书, schoolmate校友, spokesman发言人, salesgirl女售货员, notebook笔记本, greenhouse温室, breakthrough突破, download下载,policewoman女警察,等等。
3.还有一些情况直接用词组的形式,如:air conditioner空调机,clothes shop服装店,alarm clock闹钟,girl student女学生,等等。
三、复合形容词的构成方法
1.名词+形容词,如:oilrich含油量多的,dutyfree免税的,carefree无忧无虑的,homesick想家的,等等。
2.形容词+形容词,如:bittersweet又苦又甜的,lightgreen浅绿色的,darkbrown深棕色的,freezingcold寒冷的,burninghot炎热的,等等。
3.名词+现在分词,如:troublemaking制造麻烦的,lawbreaking犯法的,painstaking费力的,timeconsuming耗时的,peaceloving热爱和平的, laborsaving省力的,recordbreaking破纪录的,等等。
4.名词+过去分词,如:manmade人造的,povertystricken贫困的, heartbroken伤心的,snowcovered被雪覆盖的,taskbased任务型的, 等等。
5.形容词+现在分词,如:goodlooking好看的,easygoing随和的,nicesounding好听的,等等。
6.形容词+过去分词,这里的过去分词大多是名词加ed构成的假分词,如:simpleminded头脑简单的,kindhearted心地善良的,blackeyed黑眼睛的,warmhearted热心肠的,等等。
7.数词+名词(+形容词),如:fourhour四小时的,100metre一百米的,fourday为期四天的,fiveyearold五岁的,等等。
8.副词+现在分词,如:everlasting持续的,farreaching深远的,oncoming迎面而来的,outgoing外向的,等等。
9.副词+过去分词,如:wellknown著名的,newlybuilt新建的,overloaded超载的,outspoken直言不讳的,等等。
10.由其他词类或结构转化而来, 如:onceaweek每周一次的,allround全方位的,roundtheclock二十四小时的,fulltime全职的,secondhand二手的,followup后继的,underpaid报酬过低的,underweight重量过轻的,hearttoheart交心的,outofwork失业的,等等。
四、复合名词的构成方法
1.加连字符,如:babysitter保姆,letterbox信箱,firstaid急救,Xray X射线,fatherinlaw岳父,crosstalk相声,等等。
2.不加连字符,如:haircut理发,repairman修理工,outbreak爆发,outcome结果,outlook前景,rainbow彩虹,等等。
3.以词组形式出现,如:bank account银行账户,birth control节制生育,blood pressure血压,book case书柜,bus stop公共汽车站,credit card信用卡,generation gap代沟,greenhouse effect温室效应,heart attack心脏病发作,pen friend笔友,pocket money零用钱,post office邮局,sign language手语,natural resources自然资源,mother tongue母语,等等。
五、复合动词
1.副词+动词,如:offload卸车,outgrow长得太大不适宜,overhear无意中听到,oversleep睡过头,overlook忽略,update更新,download下载,等等。
2.其他形式:broadcast广播,withdraw撤退,skateboard用滑板滑行,等等。
六、复合副词和复合介词
1.复合副词:afterwards后来,alongside与……并肩,outside外面,indoors室内,nowadays如今,meanwhile同时,maybe可能,nevertheless仍然(还),sideways向一侧地,等等。
2.复合介词:within在……之内,without没有,onto到……上,into进入,upon在……之上,behind在……之后,等等。
七、构成复合词时要注意以下几点
1.由数词+名词(+形容词)构成形容词时,名词不用复数,如:a nineyearold boy 一个九岁的男孩,a fourday trip 一次四天的旅行,the 100metre dash 百米赛跑, an 800metrelong bridge一座八百米长的桥, 等等。
2.由形容词+名词ed构成的形容词,该名词必须是中心词的一部分,否则不加ed,如: a whitehaired woman 一位白头发的妇女,a warmhearted girl一个热心肠的女孩,a nearsighted boy 一个眼睛近视的男孩,two middleaged men 两个中年男人,等等。
3.由形容词+分词构成的合成形容词,要注意中心词与分词的主动或被动关系,例如:an ordinarylooking man 一个相貌普通的男人,an easygoing man 一个随和的人,freshbaked bread 刚烤好的面包,readymade goods 现成的货物,等等。
4.由副词+分词构成的合成形容词,副词是修饰分词的状语,用现在分词还是过去分词是由它与中心词的主动或被动关系而定,如:hardworking people 勤劳的人们,bravelyfighting soldiers 勇敢战斗的战士,a wellknown singer 一个有名的歌唱家,the newlymarried couple那对新婚夫妇,等等。
在英语中把两个(或更多)独立的单词合在一起构成一个新词,其意义为原来单词意义的叠加,如blackboard“黑板” 就是由black“黑色的”和board“板子”合在一起构成的新词。用这种方式构成的单词叫作复合词(compound words)。
◆[名师点津]
现在分词与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系,例如:an ordinarylooking man=a man who looks ordinary。
而过去分词和所修饰的名词是被动关系,形容词相当于补语,例如:cleanwashed clothes=clothes which are washed clean。
请比较: these hardworking people=these people who are working hard
the justwasheddown house=the house which has just been washed down
请比较:peaceloving people =people who love peace
a manmade satellite=a satellite which is made by man
◆[即学活用]
用复合词完成句子
① Her easygoing nature made her popular.
她个性随和,大家都很喜欢她。
②She burst into tears at the heartbreaking news .
听到这令人心碎的消息,她嚎啕大哭起来。
③He returned home emptyhanded .
他两手空空回了家。
④She was not going to give up her hardwon freedom so easily.
她不会这么轻易地放弃来之不易的自由。
⑤I'm only parttime at the moment .
现在我只是兼职。
⑥This matter has attracted worldwide attention .
这件事已经引起了全世界的关注。
⑦We managed to overcome all the difficulties .
我们设法克服了所有的困难。
翻译下列短语
⑧an Englishspeaking country 一个讲英语的国家
⑨a family gettogether 一个家庭聚会
⑩hardworking students 刻苦读书的学生
⑪handmade goods 手工制品
⑫a wellknown university 一所著名的大学
⑬a secondhand camera 一个二手相机
⑭outoftown stores 郊区商店
⑮afterclass activities 课外活动
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