选择性必修第3册 UNIT 4 ADVERSITY AND COURAGE(Word练习)-【精讲精练】2026年高考英语一轮复习（人教版）

[对应学生用书P535] (限时：35分钟) Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2025·河南郑州模拟)Melissa Sevigny，a science journalist for Arizona Public Radio，recounts the details of the 1938 river journey of Elzada Clover and Lois Jotter，who，along with their guide，Norm Nevills，and a few other crew members，traveled down the Colorado River with the goal of cataloging (登记) undiscovered plants in the area.The Colorado River was known as the most dangerous river in the world.But for Clover and Jotter，it held a great appeal: no one had surveyed the Grand Canyon's plants，and they were determined to be the first. As women scientists，Clover and Jotter faced scrutiny (监督) even before their trip began.They started in Green River，Utah，and then traveled through Cataract Canyon，Glen Canyon，and the Grand Canyon before ending at Lake Mead.For Clover，the trip fit perfectly with her dream of cataloging all the Southwest's cacti (a kind of plant)，but，more than that，it was a chance to make her mark on the field of botany.As they made their way down the river，they continued to face challenges，including navigating intense rapids，losing one of their three boats，and dealing with aggressive reporters and inaccurate and imaginary news reports.When Clover and Jotter finally reached the entrance of the Grand Canyon，they felt apprehensive，but they decided they had no choice now but to brave the wild river. Drawing information from the crew's letters and journals，Sevigny brings us directly into the boats and introduces us to many of the plants that Clover and Jotter surveyed and collected.The author also includes a map of the route and photographic images of the crew at different points along the way.Woven (编织) throughout the narrative of Clover and Jotter is the early history of travel on the Colorado River as well as how Indigenous peoples，Europeans，and the Park Service have shaped the ecology of the river over time. As the author notes，women in science still face challenges and barriers; Sevigny hopes that recalling the past will lead to a fairer future. [语篇解读]　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了植物学家梅丽莎·塞维尼在亚利桑那州公共广播电台上回顾了克拉弗和乔特在1938年与导游诺姆·内维尔斯以及其他几名船员一起沿着科罗拉多河进行的探险之旅。 1．What motivated Clover and Jotter to make the journey? A．The native cultures. B．The plants of the Grand Canyon. C．The scenery along the river. D．The Southwest's cactus species. 解析　B　细节理解题。根据第一段中“The Colorado River was known as the most dangerous river in the world.But for Clover and Jotter，it held a great appeal: no one had surveyed the Grand Canyon's plants，and they were determined to be the first.”可知，大峡谷的植物促使克拉弗和乔特踏上这段旅程。故选B。 2．What does the underlined word “apprehensive” mean in paragraph 2? A．Relieved. B．Guilty. C．Anxious. D．Pleased. 解析　C　词义猜测题。根据第二段中“When Clover and Jotter finally reached the entrance of the Grand Canyon...but they decided they had no choice now but to brave the wild river.”由此可知，此处为他们感到很担心。故可猜测画线单词apprehensive为“担心的”意思，与选项C.Anxious“担心的”意思一致。故选C。 3．What can we learn about Clover and Jotter's adventure? A．They were aided by reporters all the way. B．They ended their journey with losing three boats. C．They pioneered in surveying the Colorado River. D．They took many precious photos alongside the trip. 解析　D　细节理解题。根据第三段中“The author also includes a map of the route and photographic images of the crew at different points along the way.”可知，关于克拉弗和乔特的冒险，我们能了解到他们在旅途中拍了许多珍贵的照片。故选D。 4．What is the text? A．A diary entry. B．A book review. C．A news report. D．A travel journal. 解析　B　推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“As the author notes，women in science still face challenges and barriers; Sevigny hopes that recalling the past will lead to a fairer future.”可知，科学领域的女性仍然面临挑战和障碍；塞维尼希望通过回顾过去来引领一个更公平的未来。由此可推知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。 B (2025·重庆高三模拟)Three young American men were on a crowded train when they encountered a heavily armed terrorist.With little regard for their personal safety，they rushed the terrorist and controlled him.Only some people seem capable of this split­second form of heroism.Why some men rise to the occasion—and others don't—has been a bit tricky to explain.Psychologists have explored this question through biological and personality psychology. Of course，heroism and courage can appear in many forms，and men and women risk their reputations，health，and social standing to do what they think is right.When it comes to physically risky bravery，people assume that men will take the lead.There are sound biological reasons for this fixed image.One of the most common fears in men is that they'll be outed as a coward (懦夫)，and a man who fails to display physical courage will suffer damage to his reputation in a way that a woman will not.Throughout human history，attaining a position of high status or dominance among one's peers (同龄人) has been the ticket that needs to get punched for men to attract mates and father children. People tend to have an idea of what heroes are like.When rating the personalities of movie heroes，participants expected them to be more careful and hard­working，open to experience，agreeable，and emotionally stable than the average person.But some studies indicate that people who exhibit heroic behavior score high on personality usually associated with madmen: risk­taking，sensation seeking，coolness under stress，and a tendency to take over in social situations. The study of the relationship between personality and heroism is at an early stage.Psychologists are still at a loss to predict in advance who will heroically step up when needed.Often，the hero is an otherwise ordinary person who finds himself in extraordinary circumstances.Meanwhile，some individuals trained to behave heroically might hesitate during a crisis.Future disasters will cry out for further acts of true heroism.Hopefully，the right mix of circumstances and personalities enable courage to carry the day. [语篇解读]　这是一篇议论文。本文讨论了为什么有的人愿意冒着生命危险去救助他人。 5．How is the topic introduced in the first paragraph? A．By giving an example. B．By presenting a concept. C．By making a comparison. D．By drawing a conclusion. 解析　A　推理判断题。由第一段“Three young American men were on a crowded train when they encountered a heavily armed terrorist.With little regard for their personal safety，they rushed the terrorist and controlled him.”可知，作者描述了三个年轻的美国人在拥挤的列车上不顾个人安危，挺身而出，勇斗并制服全副武装的恐怖分子。这个具体的事例引出了本篇文章的主题——为什么有的人能成为英雄。故选A。 6．What do the underlined words “get punched” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Be bought. B．Be gifted. C．Be obtained. D．Be abandoned. 解析　C　词句猜测题。结合画线部分所在句中“attaining a position of high status or dominance among one's peers”可推知，在同辈中获得崇高或主导地位对男性来说应是一种荣誉、优势，故此处指在人类历史上，在同辈中获得崇高或主导地位一直是男性吸引伴侣和生育后代的必要条件。get punched指“获取入场券或通行证”。故选C。 7．Why is it difficult to predict who will act heroically in a crisis? A．Heroes and ordinary people are always difficult to tell apart. B．Heroism is a phenomenon influenced by numerous factors. C．Unknown circumstances play a crucial role in heroic acts. D．Individual personality is not a reliable indicator of heroism. 解析　B　推理判断题。根据最后一段“Psychologists are still at a loss to predict in advance who will heroically step up when needed.Often，the hero is an otherwise ordinary person who finds himself in extraordinary circumstances.Meanwhile，some individuals trained to behave heroically might hesitate during a crisis.”可知，心理学家们仍然无法提前预测谁会在需要时挺身而出，因为英雄主义是与复杂的个人特质有关， 往往是在极端压力和不确定性下表现出来。然而有些人可能接受过英雄主义行为的训练，但这并不意味着他们在所有情况下都能表现出英勇行为，他们可能会在危机中犹豫或失去勇气。 由于个体差异、 不确定情境、受训经历、心理情绪多种因素的影响，很难预测谁会在危机中英勇行动。故选B。 8．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．How Are Heroes Trained? B．Why Are Heroes Important? C．Who Are the True Heroes? D．What Makes a Person Heroic? 解析　D　主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Why some men rise to the occasion—and others don't—has been a bit tricky to explain.Psychologists have explored this question through biological and personality psychology.”可知，文章主要讲述心理学家通过生物心理学和人格心理学探讨了为什么有人愿意冒着生命危险去救助他人这个问题。故选D。 Ⅱ.完形填空 (2025·河北衡水中学检测)Borneo is home to some of the most extraordinary wildlife.Several years ago，I decided to go there for a visit.A local person offered to be my guide，which was a great bonus for me.One day，my guide turned off the smooth road and took me across a 1 hillside instead.We picked our way carefully when 2 a charming flower popped into my view among those stones.Oh，dear! More than 3 ，I bent down and put my nose practically inside the lower's core. 4 ，to my surprise，it was only one of the 5 during the trip.As I 6 the end of my trip，there was still something I had yet to see.We planned to 7 most feared creature there，the saltwater crocodile，which can grow to a 8 of 6 meters or more.When we shone a flashlight towards the muddy shore，little sounds 9 in the darkness as if something unseen underwater had broken the 10 ．Taking a second look，we spotted two greedy 11 just above the water line.As we drew near，it 12 and we saw clearly it was a crocodile.With great caution，we neared it and finally could 13 its true dimensions.It was a baby—no more than 0.6 meter long.Aha，whatever，I could now report to the 14 back home，who had never been to Borneo，that I had 15 a hungry crocodile in the wild and lived to tell the tale. The world out there is so fascinating.Why not step outdoors and enjoy the wonders nature offers to you? [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者在一名当地导游的陪同下去探索婆罗洲的野生动植物的经历。 1．A.rolling B．spectacular C．rough D．breathtaking 解析　C　句意：一天，我的导游离开了平坦的道路，带我穿过了一个崎岖的山坡。根据空前的“turned off the smooth road”和空后的“hillside instead”可知，他们走的是一个崎岖的山坡。故选C。 2．A.suddenly B．literally C．definitely D．intimately 解析　A　句意：我们小心地看着路行走，突然那些石头中有一朵迷人的花出现在我的视野中。根据句中的“popped into my view”可知，这里表示他们在行路的过程中突然看到了一朵迷人的花。故选A。 3．A.alarmed B．pleased C．concerned D．upset 解析　B　句意：我非常高兴，弯下腰，把鼻子凑近了花心。根据上文中的“a charming flower”和句中的“I bent down and put my nose practically inside the flower's core”可知，作者看到这朵花时非常高兴，忍不住把鼻子凑到花心去闻。故选B。 4．A.Nevertheless B．Besides C．Instead D．Therefore 解析　A　句意：然而，令我惊讶的是，这只是此行的亮点之一。根据句中的“to my surprise”和上下文语境可知，这里表示转折，虽然这朵花很迷人，但这只是旅途路上的亮点之一。故选A。 5．A.desires B．motivations C．destinations D．highlights 解析　D　句意：同上。根据空前的“one of”和下文中的“there was still something I had yet to see”可知，路上有许多精彩的事物，这朵花只是其中一个亮点。故选D。 6．A.summerized B．suspected C．approached D．valued 解析　C　句意：当我的旅程接近尾声时，还有一些东西我还没有看到。根据空后的“the end of my trip”可知，这里表示旅行接近尾声。故选C。 7．A.hold onto B．pick up C．reflect on D．hunt for 解析　D　句意：我们计划在那里寻找最可怕的生物——咸水鳄，它可以长到6米或更长的长度。根据上文中的“there was still something I had yet to see”可知，作者还有许多东西没看到，所以他们计划去寻找咸水鳄。故选D。 8．A.width B．length C．height D．size 解析　B　句意：同上。根据空后的“of 6 meters or more”并结合常识可知，这里指咸水鳄的长度。故选B。 9．A.emerged B．paused C．continued D．declined 解析　A　句意：当我们用手电筒照向泥泞的水岸时，黑暗中出现了一些微弱的声音，好像水下看不见的东西打破了水面。根据下文中的“we saw clearly it was a crocodile”可知，水里有咸水鳄，所以他们用手电筒照的时候听到了黑暗中发出的一些微弱声音。故选A。 10．A.mud B．surface C．ground D．shore 解析　B　句意：同上。根据句中的“something unseen underwater”和下文中的“above the water line”可知，他们听到了黑暗中发出的一些微弱声音，好像是水下看不见的东西打破水面的声音。故选B。 11．A.legs B．mouths C．eyes D．teeth 解析　C　句意：再看一眼，我们就在水线上方发现了两只贪婪的眼睛。 根据空前的“two greedy”并结合常识可知，鳄鱼在水中时常常将头露出水面观察，这里指他们看到了鳄鱼的两只贪婪的眼睛。故选C。 12．A.moved B．sank C．bid D．escaped 解析　A　句意：当我们走近时，它移动了，我们清楚地看到它是一条鳄鱼。 根据句中的“As we drew near”可知，当作者他们走近鳄鱼时，鳄鱼动了一下。故选A。 13．A.give out B．let out C．turn out D．make out 解析　D　句意：我们非常小心地走近它，终于可以辨认出它的真实大小。 根据句中的“we neared it”和空后的“its true dimensions”可知，作者他们走近看时才辨认出鳄鱼的真实大小。故选D。 14．A.victims B．opponents C．folks D．guides 解析　C　句意：啊哈，不管怎样，我现在可以向家里从未去过婆罗洲的人报告说，我在野外遇到了一条饥饿的鳄鱼，并活下来去讲述这个故事。 根据空后的“back home，who had never been to Borneo”可知，这里指的是家里从未去过婆罗洲的人。故选C。 15．A.challenged B．encountered C．terrified D．chased 解析　B　句意：同上。根据空后的“a hungry crocodile in the wild”可知，这里指在野外遇到一条饥饿的鳄鱼。故选B。 Ⅲ.语法填空 (2024·山西太原三模)As the source of all life，water plays a vital role in Chinese culture，influencing both Chinese civilization and philosophy.Many Chinese legends reflect the 1.________ (admire) for water and the spirit of bravely fighting natural disasters caused by water.Yu，the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty，2.________ (successful) controlled the floods by digging waterways so that the floodwater could flow into the sea smoothly.The Dujiangyan Irrigation System in Sichuan，first 3.________ (construct) in 256 BC，took advantage of the local natural features without 4.________ (damage) the environment.Additionally，water 5.________ (give) philosophical meanings to help nurture Chinese people and govern the country，inspiring the ancient rulers 6.________ (respect) the will of people and follow the laws of nature.Confucius believed water had diverse 7.________ (virtue) including justice，courage and righteousness，so 8.________ was suggested that people should learn from water and cultivate their sense of morality.Laozi gave birth to the idea of overcoming hardness with softness and non­action.Xunzi compared a ruler and his people 9.________ a boat and water to show the importance of the people in society.Water，being an essential clement in daily life，is a symbol in Chinese culture，10.________ flows through Chinese civilization. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了水作为生命之源，在中华文化中起着至关重要的作用，影响着中华文明和哲学。本文从历史传说和哲学层面阐述了水的重要性。 1．解析　admiration　句意：中国的许多传说反映了对水的崇拜和勇敢抵御水造成的自然灾害的精神。根据空前的the可知，空处应填入名词在句中作宾语。 故填admiration。 2．解析　successfully　句意：夏朝的第一任统治者——禹，通过开凿水道成功地控制了洪水，使洪水能够顺利流入大海。此处应用副词作状语，修饰动词 controlled。 故填successfully。 3．解析　constructed　句意：四川都江堰水利系统始建于公元前256年，充分利用了当地的自然特征，不破坏环境。空处应填入非谓语动词作定语。被修饰词The Dujiangyan Irrigation System与construct是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词，表示被动。故填constructed。 4．解析　damaging　句意：同上。根据空前的介词without可知，空格处应填入动名词作宾语。故填damaging。 5．解析　was given　句意：此外，水被赋予了滋养中国人民和治理国家的哲学意义，激励古代统治者尊重人民的意愿，遵循自然规律。空处缺少谓语动词。根据下文对孔子、荀子和老子的哲学思想的描述可知，此处句子应用一般过去时态。主语 water与动词give是逻辑上的动宾关系，故填was given。 6．解析　to respect　句意：同上。inspire sb to do sth意为“激励某人做某事”，故此处应用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to respect。 7．解析　virtues　句意：孔子认为水具有正义、勇气和正义等多种美德，建议人们学习水，培养道德意识。根据空前的diverse可知，这里的virtue应该用复数形式。故填virtues。 8．解析　it　句意：老子提出了以柔克刚、以柔克难的思想。空处为形式主语，句中that引导的从句是真正的主语，故用it作形式主语。故填it。 9．解析　to　句意：荀子把统治者和他的人民比作船和水，以表明人民在社会中的重要性。此处为固定搭配compare...to...，意为“把……比作成……”。故填to。 10．解析　which　句意：水作为日常生活中必不可少的元素，是中华文化中的一个象征，它贯穿于中华文明之中。分析句子可知，此处是非限定性定语从句。先行词为water，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语， 故填which。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$