内容正文:
高考总复习 英语
语法突破
专题二 “随机应变”的名词、
形容词和副词
第四讲 名词
themes
boundaries
warning
感悟高考真题
interviews
butterflies
感悟高考真题
感悟高考真题
感悟高考真题
感悟高考真题
感悟高考真题
突破核心考点
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reference
requirements
突破核心考点
celebration
arrival
completion
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differences
visibility
突破核心考点
self-awareness
depth
Curiosity
突破核心考点
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author's
families
突破核心考点
dishes
mine
studies
突破核心考点
disagreements
discussion
tips
importance
强化语言运用
argument
强化语言运用
advice
apology
respect
强化语言运用
谢谢观看!
1. (2024·新课标 Ⅱ 卷)Although they could never have met,there are common ________ (theme) in their works.
2. (2024·北京卷)To practise this,we need to establish clear ___________ (boundary) in our personal and professional life.
3. (2023·全国甲卷)However,Carson's theme is a more weighty ______________ (warn) about environmental destruction.
4. (2023·新课标 Ⅱ 卷)They also need to be ready to give_____________ (interview) in English with international journalists.
5. (2023·全国甲卷)The bees,____________ (butterfly) and many other insects looked lovely and beautiful on the stamps.
1.[解析]考查名词的数。句意:虽然他们从未见过面,但他们的作品有着共同的主题。分析句子结构可知,there are后的名词应用其复数形式。
2.[解析]考查名词的数。句意:为了实践这一点,我们需要在个人和职业生活中确立明确的界限。根据句意可知,空处应用名词的复数形式。
3.[解析]考查名词。句意:然而,卡森的主题是对环境破坏更严重的警告。根据形容词weighty后接名词形式和不定冠词a可知,用可数名词的单数形式。
4.[解析]考查名词的数。句意:他们还需要准备好用英语接受国际记者的采访。分析句子结构可知,空前是动词,所以空处应填名词作宾语。interview意为“采访”,是可数名词,不止一段采访,应用复数形式。
5.[解析]考查名词的数。句意:蜜蜂、蝴蝶和许多其他昆虫在邮票上看起来可爱而美丽。根据上文The bees可知,空处应用可数名词的复数形式。
一 看到标志词,判断名词形式
1.看到冠词、形容词或形容词性物主代词时,要想到用名词形式;
2.看到介词或及物动词时,要想到用名词形式;
3.看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时,要想到用名词形式。
二 牢记规则,确定名词单复数
1.如果空格处被these、several、many和数词等修饰时,要考虑用名词的复数形式;
2.如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式;
3.如果有information、advice、progress、knowledge等,要考虑用不可数名词。
一 名词的构词规律
考点1 动词变名词的后缀
1.-al表示人、物、行为或状态
approve赞成→approval 赞成
survive幸存→survival 幸存
arrive到达→arrival 到达;抵达
refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝
propose提议→proposal提议,建议
2.-ance/-ence表示性质、状态或行为
allow允许→allowance允许
appear出现→appearance出现;外貌
perform 表演→performance表演
guide指引→guidance引导,指导
exist存在→existence 存在
prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱
refer参考;查阅→reference参考;查阅
3.-ion/-tion/-ation表示状态或行为
direct指挥;指导→direction方向;指示,说明
invite邀请→invitation邀请;请柬
expect期待→expectation预料;期望
solve解决→solution解决
explain解释→explanation解释
compete竞争→competition比赛;竞争
pronounce发音→pronunciation发音
describe描述→description描写
graduate毕业→graduation毕业
imagine想象→imagination想象力
predict预测→prediction预言
4.-s(s)ion 表示行为或状态
discuss讨论→discussion讨论
admit承认→admission承认;准许加入
decide决定→decision决定
impress使印象深刻→impression印象
conclude下结论→conclusion结论
express表达→expression表达方式
5.-ing具有……(特征)的
hear听→hearing听力;听觉
begin开始→beginning开始部分;起点
mean意思是→meaning意义
bathe沐浴→bathing游泳;沐浴
say说→saying谚语
train培训→training训练
6.-ment表示行为或结果
achieve达到;完成→achievement成就
develop发展→development 发展
argue争论→argument争论;论据
amuse逗乐→amusement娱乐
agree同意→agreement同意
commit承诺→commitment承诺
manage管理→management管理
7.-ure/-ture表示行为或状态
fail失败→failure失败
press压;挤→pressure压力
mix混合→mixture混合物
expose暴露→exposure面临;暴露
depart离开→departure离开;出发
8.-y表示动作或过程
recover恢复→recovery恢复;痊愈
discover发现→discovery发现
9.其他常见变化
choose选择→choice选择
vary相异→variety 多样化;品种
tend倾向→tendency倾向;趋势
grow生长→growth生长
marry结婚→marriage婚姻
store贮存→storage 贮存
[即时训练1] 单句语法填空
1. (2024·新课标 Ⅰ 卷)I keep two ___________ (refer) books close-by on my desk: dictionary and thesaurus(同义词词典).
2. (2024·新课标 Ⅰ 卷)Training and tools will be provided. Fulfills(满足) community service ______________ (require).
3. (2024·全国甲卷)Each ARTS FIRST festival is a unique annual _________ (celebrate) of the Harvard community's artistic creativity.
4. (2024·全国甲卷)The annual _________ (arrive) of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation.
5. (2024·全国甲卷)They all agreed and vowed(承诺) to promote the idea at the ____________ (complete) of their journey.
考点2 形容词变名词的后缀
1.-cy表示性质或状态
fluent流利的→fluency流利,流畅
accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)
private私有的→privacy隐私
efficient效率高的→efficiency效率
urgent紧急的→urgency紧急
2.-dom 表示地位或状态等
free自由的→freedom自由
wise明智的→wisdom智慧
3.-ness表示性质或状态
dark黑的→darkness黑暗
weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱
kind友好的→kindness善良
aware意识到的→awareness觉悟;意识
sad悲伤的→sadness悲伤
4.-th表示结果、过程、性质或状态
warm温暖的→warmth温暖
true真的→truth 真相
deep深的→depth 深(度)
strong强壮的→strength力量
long长的→length 长度
wide宽的→width宽度
5.-y/-ty/-ity 表示性质或状态
difficult困难的→difficulty困难
honest诚实的→honesty诚实
safe安全的→safety安全
cruel残忍的→cruelty残忍
responsible负责的→responsibility责任
able有能力的→ability能力
6.-ent变为-ence,-ant变为-ance,-nd变为-nse
silent沉默的;无声的→silence寂静
respond回应→response响应
patient有耐心的→patience耐心
absent缺席的→absence缺席
present出席的→presence 出席
confident自信的→confidence信心
convenient方便的→convenience便利
important重要的→importance重要(性)
[即时训练2] 单句语法填空
1. (2024·新课标 Ⅰ 卷)The _____________ (different) between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper's physical properties.
2. (2024·新课标 Ⅱ 卷)Those cultural elements have increased Stratford's international ____________ (visible),said Edmondson.
3. (2024·北京卷)Taking the time to rest allows us to develop a deeper sense of ________________ (self-aware).
4.Some of the microfiber was found at a _______ (deep) of 1,500 meters,but why they could travel a long distance was still unknown.
5.____________ (curious) is part of children's nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.
二 名词的数、名词的所有格与名词作定语
考点1 名词的数
1.可数名词变复数的规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加-s
students,teachers,doctors,tables
以s、x、ch、sh结尾
加-es(如果词尾-ch发音为/k/,要加-s,如stomachs)
glasses,dishes,boxes,watches
情况
方法
例词
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i再加-es
families,babies,armies,bodies
以“元音字母+y”结尾
加-s
boys,toys,days,rays
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v,再加-es
thieves,wives,knives,shelves,lives
少数加-s
beliefs,proofs,roofs,chiefs
以o结尾
通常加-s
radios,videos,zoos,tobaccos
有的加-es
heroes,potatoes,tomatoes
2.可数名词变复数的不规则变化
(1)单复数同形:deer、sheep、Chinese、means(方式,方法)、series、species。
(2)词形变化:man→men、woman→women、child→children、tooth→teeth、foot→feet、mouse→mice、ox→oxen。
(3)合成名词的复数:passer-by→passers-by、looker-on→lookers-on、grown-up→grown-ups、stand-by→stand-bys。
(4)名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。如:woman doctor→women doctors、man waiter→men waiters。
(5)常以复数形式出现的名词:thanks、congratulations、trousers、works(作品;工厂)、manners(礼貌)、spirits(情绪)、instructions(操作说明)、directions(用法说明)、papers(试卷,文件)、times(时代)等。
3.一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式
常见的有make friends with (与……交朋友)、shake hands with(与……握手)、take measures(采取措施)、make preparations for(为……做准备)、in high spirits(情绪高涨)、burst into tears(放声大哭)等。
4.常考的不可数名词
(1)表物质的不可数名词:baggage/luggage(行李)、cash(现金)、paper(纸张)等。
(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词:work(工作)、knowledge(知识)、luck(运气)、scenery(风景)、traffic(交通)等。
(3)永远不可数的重点名词:advice(建议)、equipment(设备)、fun(乐趣)、furniture(家具)、progress(进步)、news/word(消息)等。
考点2 名词的所有格与名词作定语
1.'s所有格
's所有格主要用于表示有生命的人或物的名词的所有关系。如:
John's home约翰的家
students' textbooks学生的课本
Children's Park儿童乐园
anybody else's works其他人的作品
2.of所有格
表示无生命事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格表示所有关系。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那个女孩的名字
3.双重所有格
双重所有格的构成为“名词+of+名词's”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。双重所有格主要用于下列两种情况中。
(1)表示“其中之一”或“其中一部分”可用a、any、some、a few、two等修饰of短语前面的名词,但不能用the。
a picture of my mother's我母亲(拥有)的一张照片
some inventions of Edison's爱迪生的一些发明
(2)常用来表示赞赏、厌恶等爱憎褒贬的情感,此时of短语前面的名词有this、that、these、those等指示代词修饰。
That dog of Tom's is really clever.
汤姆的那只狗真聪明。(比 Tom's dog更有赞叹意味)
Get away those dirty hands of yours!
快把你的脏手拿开!(比 your dirty hands有更强的厌恶情绪)
名词作定语可以用来修饰另一个名词,表示材料、类别、用途等。作定语的名词有以下三种形式:
①一般用单数形式。如a stone bridge(一座石桥)、a meeting room(一间会议室)、morning exercises(早操)、London Airport(伦敦机场)、a shoe shop(一家鞋店)。
②man、woman要与所修饰的名词的数保持一致。如a woman teacher(一名女教师)、two women teachers(两名女教师)。
③sports、sales、clothes、goods、arts、customs等一般用复数形式。如a sports meeting(一场运动会)、a goods train(一列货运火车)、a customs officer(一名海关官员)、a sales manager(一名销售部经理)。
[即时训练3] 单句语法填空
1. (2024·北京卷)The adviser considered the _________ (author) experience in the lab a groundbreaking success because publishable data had been produced.
2. (2024·全国甲卷)Like in typical __________ (family), where boys were favored much more than girls, my grandma had to stay at home to do housework.
3. (2024·全国甲卷)While the adults were busy with their serious talk outside,I was left alone in the kitchen to help my grandmother wash ________ (dish).
4. (2024·全国甲卷)I was curious and planned a special one-day trip there with a friend of ______ (me).
5.Recent _________ (study) have suggested that loneliness could be as significant a health risk as smoking or being overweight,according to the researchers.
(侧重考查名词词形变化)
Sometimes we have 1._______________ (agreement) with people. When this happens,the important thing is to try not to let a calm 2.____________ (discuss) turn into a heated quarrel. Here are my 3.______ (tip) for you.
The first thing I would say is that the way you begin the conversation is of great 4.____________ (important).
Imagine you are a student and you share a flat with another student who you think isn't doing her share of the housework. If you say,“Look,you never do your share of the housework. What are you going to do about it?”,the talk will very soon turn into an 5.__________ (argue). It's more beneficial to say something like,“I think we had better discuss how we share the housework. Maybe there is a better way of dealing with it.”
My second piece of 6.________ (advise) is simple. If you're the person who is in the wrong,just admit it!This is the easiest and best way to avoid a quarrel. Just make an 7._________ (apologize),and move on. The other person will have more 8._________ (respect) for you in the future if you do that.
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