专题05 说明文+议论文（北京专用）-【好题汇编】5年（2021-2025）中考1年模拟英语真题分类汇编

专题05 说明文+议论文（原卷版） 目录 1.（2025·北京·中考真题）可生物降解机器人的研究进展及其潜在应用，同时指出该技术仍处于早期阶段 2 2.（2025·北京·中考真题）主要讨论了人工智能如何反映人类社会中的偏见和不公平现象，并强调人类在塑造AI时需要承担的责任 3 3.（2024·北京·中考真题）辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因 5 4.（2024·北京·中考真题）人们在生活中会遇到很多实际行动违背自己内心价值观的情况，这会让我们感到不舒服，甚至带来严重后果，但只要通过反思、理解和有目的的实践，我们就可以弥合这种分歧，踏上自我发现之旅 6 5.（2023·北京·中考真题）食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法 7 6.（2023·北京·中考真题）快乐和享受的联系和对比 9 7.（2022·北京·中考真题）讨论是什么让生活变得有意义 10 1 9.（2021·北京·中考真题）自然和文化是人类物种发展的一部分................................................................13 4 一年模拟 10 一年模拟 16 1.（2025·北京东城·二模）“boomerang”交流现象、例子及其含义 16 2.（2025·北京东城·二模）人类活动导致的气候变化正在加速土地退化，并对粮食安全和生态系统造成严重影响，但通过改进土地利用方式、调整饮食结构和减少浪费，可以缓解这一问题 17 3.（2025·北京东城·一模）本文主要通过Cindy改善拖延症的故事告诉我们改变是缓慢且有波折的，但改变是一个持续的过程，我们应当正视缓慢而持久的改变..........................................................................19 4.（2025·北京东城·一模）一些人喜欢独处的原因及如何缓解的方法 20 5.（2025·北京西城·二模）倒着走的好处 22 6.（2025·北京西城·二模）内向者可能比外向者更能从容应对老龄化的挑战 23 7.（2025·北京朝阳·二模）职业选择需平衡热情与目的，尤其在困难时期，目的感是持续的动力 25 8.（2025·北京朝阳·二模）规律性体育活动对身心健康的综合益处............................................................26 9.（2025·北京朝阳·一模）通过“剧场效应”理论解释了人们为何会陷入无意义的竞争 28 10.（2025·北京朝阳·一模）介绍了“零浪费厨房”的概念及其重要性，并提供了减少厨房浪费的实用建议 29 11.（2025·北京丰台·二模）自我欺骗的现象和危害 30 12.（2025·北京丰台·二模）本文介绍中国成功获取月球背面样本的过程及其科学价值，介绍样本采集地点的选择原因、研究意义及未来太空任务规划 32 13.（2025·北京丰台·一模）人工智能的发展，以及能给人类带来的影响 33 14.（2025·北京丰台·一模）通过介绍“跳出固有思维模式”的重要性，鼓励人们打破常规、进行创造性思考，从而获得成长与进步 35 15.（2025·北京海淀·三模）数字时代对人类注意力造成的影响 37 16.（2025·北京海淀·三模）文章解释了JOMO的含义，即享受当下，对自己目前的生活状态感到满足，并探讨了JOMO在不同人身上的表现方式 38 17.（2025·北京海淀·模拟预测）重新装饰卧室的几种省钱的方法 40 18.（2025·北京海淀·二模）探讨了人类对新技术的恐惧与适应，通过历史案例和辩证分析，揭示技术与人类关系的本质 41 19.（2025·北京海淀·二模）飞行汽车的技术可行性，包括垂直起降、螺旋桨和飞机翼的结合设计，以及当前面临的挑战，如高昂成本、电池续航和安全规范等问题，预计未来 42 1.（2025·北京·中考真题） Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation. B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. 2.（2025·北京·中考真题） People are talking a lot about artificial intelligence (AI), viewing it as a force that could reshape how society works. But there is something important missing from this discussion. It isn’t enough to ask how it will change us. We also need to understand how we shape AI and what it can tell us about ourselves. Every AI model we develop mirrors our rules and expresses our beliefs. A few years ago, while looking for new workers, a famous company gave up an AI-powered tool after finding it unfavorable to women. The AI was not designed to behave this way, instead, it was influenced by the historical data (数据) favoring men. Similarly, a recent study found that lending algorithms (算法) often offer less favorable terms to colored people, worsening long-standing unfairness in money-lending business. In both cases, AI isn’t creating new biases (偏见), it is mirroring the ones that are already present. These reflections (反映) give us an important chance to take a close look at ourselves. By making these problems seen and more pressing, AI challenges us to recognize and address what causes algorithmic bias. As AI continues to develop, we must ask ourselves how we as average people want to shape its role in society. We should not only improve AI models, but also make sure that AI is developed and used responsibly. A number of companies are already taking action. They are judging the data, rules, and beliefs that shape the behavior of AI models. Still, we cannot expect the companies to do all the work. As long as AI is trained on human data, it will reflect human behavior. That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world. I may value privacy, but if I give it up in a heartbeat to visit a website, the algorithms may make a very different judgment of what I really want and what is good for me. If I want meaningful human connections yet spend more time on social media and less time in the physical company of my friends, I am indirectly training AI models about the true nature of humanity. As AI becomes more powerful, we need to take increasing care to read our principles (原则) into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge. Recognizing this allows us to make better decisions, but only when we are prepared to look closely and take responsibility for what we see. 1．Why does the writer introduce the two examples in Paragraph 2? A．To suggest a solution. B．To stress a difference. C．To challenge a practice. D．To support a viewpoint. 2．What does the word “diverge” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Improve. B．Appear. C．Separate. D．Repeat. 3．According to the passage, what is a good example of shaping AI responsibility? A．Guarding one’s privacy against AI models. B．Being mindful of our feeds into AI models. C．Training algorithms to favor the latest data. D．Designing algorithms to deal with unfairness. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．AI Isn’t the Problem; We Are B．AI: A Tool to Reshape Our Society C．More Open algorithms for Better AI? D．Building Trust in Human-AI Relationships 3.（2024·北京·中考真题） Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. 4.（2024·北京·中考真题） Almost everyone has experienced the feeling of discomfort when their actions do not agree with their inner values. A man, for example, values work-life balance yet works 80 hours every week, caring little about his own health and family. Another example is a boy who holds his parents’ love dear but gets angry at them in a moment of stress; or a woman who hopes to live healthily but gives in to the attraction of fast food during moments of weakness. This disagreement can lead to serious results, such as worsening relationships, limited personal growth, and self-doubt. The emotional effects of feeling out of control and unable to live up to our own standards can also be deeply harmful. The shame and upset that go along with these feelings often force us into silence, resulting in more self-doubt. One reason for this silence might be that admitting (承认) to these behaviors can feel like showing a weakness or mistake that society tells us should be kept hidden. What’s more, recognizing this disagreement requires coming face to face with uncomfortable truths about ourselves—a process that is as discouraging as it is necessary for growth. Recognizing and addressing these behaviors can provide a possibility of change. By looking into the causes of our behaviors, we can begin to understand our actions more easily and work toward sticking to our beliefs. Research supports the idea that recognizing this disagreement, together with mindfulness and open communication, can help with this process. These methods help us slow down, reflect (反思), and choose behaviors that follow our values more closely, even in the face of old habits or immediate needs. The key to dealing with this disagreement lies in compassion (同情) for ourselves and others. By developing a culture of openness and by understanding the challenges of aligning behaviors with beliefs, we can begin to break down what prevents us from having conversation and change. Admitting that this disagreement is a shared part of the human experience can enable us to speak openly, find support, and take necessary steps toward the agreement between our inner world and our actions. While the disagreement between our inner values and actions may be common, through reflection, understanding and purposeful practice, we can bridge the divide and set out on a journey of self-discovery. 1．Why does the writer use the examples in Paragraph 1? A．To stress an unavoidable need. B．To show a result of the wrong values. C．To describe a common human experience. D．To introduce a change in people’s relationships. 2．What does the word “aligning” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Matching. B．Comparing. C．Mixing. D．Confusing. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Discomfort forces us to give up our beliefs. B．Our behaviors weaken our understandings of life. C．Open communication makes it possible for us to change. D．Keeping silent allows us time to live up to our standards. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stay true to their beliefs. B．To prove the importance of having the right values. C．To compare different ways to deal with discomfort. D．To discuss the influence of people’s improper actions. 5.（2023·北京·中考真题） Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered. Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 1．According to the passage, what is a possible result of food waste? A．The problem of worldwide hunger. B．A big increase in food production. C．The speed-up of climate change. D．A sudden drop in population. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food recycling has been hugely successful. B．Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C．Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D．Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．Benefits of reducing food waste. B．Solutions to the food waste problem. C．The importance of fighting food waste. D．The attitude to the food waste problem. 6.（2023·北京·中考真题） When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 1．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 2．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 3．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life 7.（2022·北京·中考真题） A Pathway (路径) to Meaning in Life When it comes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. A life filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, what makes a meaningful life? Many researchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): having long-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s life fits together and “makes sense”. But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA). EA is about the person feeling connected to events and being able to appreciate the value within the connection. It shows the discovery of and admiration for life’s beauty. We recently set out to better understand EA in studies. We were interested in whether EA was also tied to general judgment of meaning in life. If so, it could be a factor for meaningfulness. In the first study, we had people rate (评估) their support for different methods of reducing stress. We found that people who managed stress by focusing on their appreciation for life’s beauty also reported experiencing life as highly meaningful. In the next study, we asked people to rate the degree to which they agreed with various statements, such as “I appreciate the beauty of life” and “I appreciate little things in life,” as well as other statements that related to the three factors and a general sense of meaning in life. Our results showed that the more people reported that they were “appreciating life” and its many experiences, the more they felt their life was valuable. In the following studies, we further looked at the connection between EA and meaningfulness. For example, we found that people who were asked to look back on the most meaningful event of the past week generally reported high EA in those moments. All the results proved our theory (假设) true. But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us. 1．You were most probably in the EA condition when _________. A．you made a travel plan for the coming holiday B．you hurried to serve the customers in the store C．you practiced hard to become the best violinist D．you stopped to admire the roses by the roadside 2．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in the passage? A．Thinking back to the past weakens our sense of meaning. B．Enjoying small things can influence our attitude toward life. C．Proper stress management is the key to living a satisfying life. D．Good judgment on beauty improves connections among people. 3．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A．It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success. B．We often turn a blind eye to the present moment. C．A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals. D．Future life will bring us many more surprises. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how to discover beauty in life. B．To discuss what the true meaning of life is. C．To introduce a new factor for a meaningful life. D．To compare different factors for meaningfulness. 8.（2022·北京·中考真题） What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy. 1．The writer would suggest choosing a product that is ________. A．over packaged B．delivered from abroad C．locally produced D．made of unnatural materials 2．The words “be taken with a grain of in salt” Paragraph 5 probably mean “________”. A．be easily understood B．not be completely believed C．be widely spread D．not be quickly forgotten 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Buying Green B．Recycling Waste C．Keeping Healthy D．Reducing Energy Use 9.（2021·北京·中考真题） Nature and culture are often seen as opposite ideas. What belongs to nature cannot be the result of human activities and on the other hand, cultural development is achieved against nature. However, this is not the only opinion on the relationship between nature and culture. Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species(物种). Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle(斗争) against human nature. We are born with wild natures, such as eating and behaving in a disorganized way or acting selfishly. Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures; it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt(适应) , progress and raise itself above and beyond other species. Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation. Consider, for example, hunting(打猎) . It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits. At the same time, the development of weapons(武器) is related to that adaptation-from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons. Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied. The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what’s in our blood.  Just as snails carry their shells, so do we bring along our culture.  However, culture is also passed on among people of the same time or among people belonging to different populations.  We can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris just as we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speak that language. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Culture belongs to human nature. B．Nature teaches humans how to adapt. C．Humans are supposed to be well organized. D．Education pushes the human species to progress. 2．Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3? A．To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits. B．To stress the importance of tools in humans’ struggle for life. C．To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment. D．To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons. 3．The word “transmission” in Paragraph 4 probably means “________”. A．system B．spread C．start D．spirit 4．What is the writer’s opinion on the nature-culture relationship? A．Culture and nature are separate yet balanced. B．Culture depends much on nature to progress. C．Nature and culture are different but connected. D．Nature follows the unwritten rules set by culture. 10.（2021·北京·中考真题） School Gardens Could Help Children Try More Vegetables It’s not always enjoyable for children to eat vegetables. But what if a garden is built in the school? New research suggests that a gardening program in schools can increase children’s vegetable intake(摄入量) . How the Study Was Carried Out The study was carried out in eight schools. Each school was in the gardening program for one school year. Every child in grades 3-5 received a total of eighteen 60-minute lessons across the school year. In the program, each school built a garden, where children learned to grow their own fresh produce, like fruit and vegetables. The Benefits Children Could Get The study found that vegetable intake if the children who grew their own produce increased greatly across the year. Related studies show that increased vegetable intake can improve health and cut the risk of chronic diseases(慢性疾病). Not only are there benefits to health, increasing the variety of vegetables children are exposed(接触)to may also make mealtimes much easier.” Children who are often exposed to a variety of vegetables are more likely to try new foods,” explains Dr. Kerry Jones. For children, growing their own food is a powerful tool to increase their intake of the food. ____________________ Any opportunity to expose children to more vegetables is meaningful. “If children are learning about vegetables at school, it’s important to encourage this interest,” says Jones. Parents can listen to their children about what they have learned and read the handouts they bring home from school. Parents and children can also read books together.  Younger children can enjoy reading stories about vegetables with parents who offer useful messages. Older children may enjoy searching through cookbooks with parents to find new dinner ideas to cook vegetables in a tasty way. Besides, a small planter box in a sunny part at home can encourage children to understand more about where their food comes from. Teaching children to grow their own produce is a great way to increase their preference for the produce. If children are taught to enjoy vegetables early in life, they will probably continue eating vegetables in the long term. 1．What did children do in the gardening program? A．They did research on new plants. B．They grew fresh produce at school. C．They took home green vegetables D．They built gardens for their classes. 2．Which of the following would be the best heading for Paragaph4? A．Ideas to Encourage Children to Cook at Home B．Ways to Expose Children to Vegetables at Home C．Reasons Why Parents Should Understand Children D．Suggestions Which Children Could Get from Parents 3．What can we learn from the program? A．Parents’ support might improve children’s reading. B．School programs could develop students’ creativity. C．Doing studies can prepare students for future learning. D．Hands-on experience may influence children’s preference. 1.（2025·北京东城·二模） Does this sound familiar? A workmate asks, “What are you up to this weekend?” You tell her you’re not sure. She replies with her own exciting plan. “I’m going to my lake house to have a big party.” I call this “boomerasking”. Like a boomerang, boomeraskers ask a question, let their partner answer and then immediately bring the focus of the conversation back to themselves. They try to both show interest in their partner and disclose something about themselves, but they fail to achieve either goal. We know it is good to show interest in our partners during conversations in many ways—by asking questions, supporting a different opinion, or saying something that relates to what the other person just said. However, self-centredness is tricky to outrun. As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves—their feelings, opinions, and personal experiences. On social media, it’s even worse—80% of communication is self-related. For many people, self-disclosure simply feels great. A willingness to open up to others is an important sign of liking and closeness: it shows that you trust someone to know things about you. It’s also the primary way people shape how others think of them. By carefully choosing what to share, we try to seem kind, smart, confident and interesting in our partners’ eyes. And we show off or complain, hoping to receive admiration or understanding. Still, we recognise that social rules discourage overly self-centred behaviour and try to deal with this problem with some indirect habits. People who want others to admire them might pretend (假装) to complain while actually showing off, like saying, “I’m tired from all the interviews about my new book.” Others wanting to seem higher position might give mixed praise, like “Your ideas were pretty good, for a beginner.” But compared with these ways we try to hide our self-centredness, boomerasking may be worse because it reduces the benefits of asking questions. Asking heartfelt questions, listening to others’ answers and following up on those answers may be the easiest and most powerful pathway to shared understanding and interpersonal connection. Boomerasking breaks the magic. Failing to follow up on your partner’s answer, and answering the question yourself instead, makes others feel like you don’t care about them. So don’t boomerask! When another person shares their views, focus on them. We should all aim to be more interested in our partners before we go back to proving how interesting we are ourselves. 1．What will boomeraskers do after they ask a question about your hobbies? A．Stay quiet and give you space to talk freely. B．Stop you when you talk and discuss a different topic. C．Listen to your answer carefully and ask follow-up questions. D．Pay little attention to your answer and talk about their hobbies. 2．The words “tricky to outrun” in Paragraph 3 probably mean “________”. A．hard to shake off B．unusual to see C．pleasant to accept D．simple to deal with 3．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．boomerasking balances caring about others and opening up B．self-centredness is unwelcome even when expressed indirectly C．mixed praise is a straight and honest way to express admiration D．it’s wise to shape others’ opinions by sharing a lot about yourself 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To guide people in building interesting conversations. B．To prove the effect of self-centredness in conversations. C．To encourage better listening and replying in conversations. D．To explore the reasons for people’s showing off in conversations. 2.（2025·北京东城·二模） A United Nations scientific report states that human-caused climate change is greatly reducing land quality worldwide. It also warns that the way humans use land is causing the Earth to warm faster and could harm food production. About 30 percent of the Earth’s surface is land, but the land is warming two times faster than the planet as a whole. While greenhouse gases are causing global (全球的) warming, land has been less talked about as a part of climate change. In-fact, the way we use land is both part of the problem and part of the solution. Climate change has caused serious harm to the land. It has caused deserts to spread and made forests more easily harmed by fire, disease and shortage of water. Meanwhile, farming and forestry together account for about 23 percent of the greenhouse gases. Scientists have long believed that one of the few good things about higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is that plants grow well in such conditions. But many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe). The report also warns of more harmful effects of climate change on the global food supply (供应). It predicts a rise of 7.6 percent in cereal (谷物) prices by 2050. Higher food prices will lead to an increased risk of hunger. The report suggests that we can change the way we farm and eat to slow down the temperature rise. It notes that better, smarter farming methods can reduce carbon levels by up to 18 percent of present emission (排放) levels by 2050. Carbon emissions can be reduced further if we eat less red meat and more plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables and seeds. That will also free up several million square kilometres of land by 2050. Reducing food waste is also an important part of fighting climate change. The report notes that almost one-third of food produced is lost or wasted. Reducing food waste would reduce emissions and help feed more people. However, the report warns that “the window for making these changes is closing fast.” 1．According to the report, what is one cause of climate change? A．Forest fires. B．Improper land use. C．Low rainfalls. D．Large areas of deserts. 2．What does the example of wheat in Paragraph 4 show? A．The reason for the increase of food prices. B．The disadvantage of wheat as a cereal crop. C．The effect of climate change on food quality. D．The importance of wheat in crop production. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Smarter farming will increase carbon emissions. B．Worldwide hunger is mainly caused by food waste. C．Cereal production mostly depends on farming methods. D．Eating less red meat can slow down the temperature rise. 3.（2025·北京东城·一模） Cindy, an office worker, has fought against procrastination (拖延) for years. She expects that one day she’ll wake up different, ready to deal with her to-do list effectively. But change doesn’t come overnight. Instead, Cindy notices small changes in her habits—choosing to complete a task right away rather than putting it off, setting short-term goals like finishing a report by the end of the week, and celebrating small achievements like meeting a deadline. These seemingly unimportant steps lead to a far-reaching change in her productivity and mindset over time. Like Cindy’s journey, real change is a slow and often unnoticeable process (过程). We live in a world that values quick fixes and immediate results, but actual growth happens little by little. Change is like a path with ups and downs and twists and turns. The key lies in the willingness to respond (回应) differently to each situation, make adjustments (调整), and learn from our mistakes. If you try to change something at once, probably the change doesn’t last very long. Instead, working on one habit at a time provides a more sustainable method. It helps to avoid burnout and ensures that each positive change has time to take root and grow stronger, leading to meaningful change. Purposefulness is important in the process of change. Setting clear, realistic goals connected with personal values can provide a powerful sense of direction and drive. For example, if you want to improve your communication skills, you might start by practicing active listening during conversations. At the beginning, the changes may be small—a bit more patience here, a better choice of words there—but these purposeful acts gradually build stronger, more effective communication habits. It’s also necessary to recognize and celebrate small victories. Each step forward, no matter how small, is proof to your promise and effort. No journey of change is without its missteps. Mistakes are an unavoidable part of the process and should be viewed as chances for growth rather than failures. For example, if someone learning to manage stress gives in to anxiety in a high-pressure situation, it uncovers areas needing further development. Embracing (拥抱) mistakes and learning from them can help you continually make progress. Next time you feel discouraged by the speed of change, remember Cindy’s story and find comfort in the continuous progress of your own journey. Change is an ongoing process that is never finished but can be celebrated along the way. 1．Why does the writer use Cindy’s story in Paragraph 1? A．To show the actual way change happens. B．To explain the difficulty in changing habits. C．To prove the commonness of procrastination. D．To give suggestions on improving productivity. 2．What does the word “sustainable” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Challenging. B．Popular. C．Special. D．Lasting. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Quick fixes are more valuable than long-term changes. B．Effective changes result from nonstop purposeful efforts. C．Celebrating small victories prevents us from making progress. D．Avoiding mistakes can help us improve ourselves more quickly. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Setting Realistic Goals for Continuous Change B．Embracing the Slow Journey of Real Change C．Change: How Can We Control the Process? D．Change: How Does It Benefit Our Growth? 4.（2025·北京东城·一模） In our lively world, where there are crowds everywhere, there’s a group of people who prefer the quiet, less populated environments. But what is it that drives this preference? For some people who don’t like crowds, spending time alone brings peace and safety. Imagine standing in a busy market, with people moving and talking nonstop. The sensory input—all the sounds, smells, and the movements around them—can be difficult for these people to deal with. They often find comfort in calm spaces such as libraries, parks, or their bedrooms. In a crowded environment, it’s easy for them to get lost and forget about themselves. But they can focus on their thoughts and feelings when they’re alone. However, not all who avoid crowds do so out of choice. A recent study at a famous university found that some people experience great fear and anxiety (焦虑) in crowded places. Their hearts beat fast, they sweat (出汗), and they have a strong wish to get away. This condition influences how they behave in social situations. For these people, avoiding crowds is a necessary way to manage their anxiety. Interestingly, the study also showed that people who don’t like crowds aren’t necessarily unsociable. In fact, they often enjoy smaller, closer gatherings (聚会). Whether it’s a dinner with close friends or a family reunion, these smaller settings allow them to focus on the conversation, communicate with others, and build deeper relationships. Without the distractions (干扰) of a crowd, they can truly enjoy the company of their loved ones. For people who dislike crowds, dealing with social situations can be a challenge. However, there are ways to make these experiences more manageable. For example, they can choose to attend smaller, closer gatherings rather than large parties or events. They can also take breaks from social interactions when needed, stepping away to a quieter area to relax. Additionally, it’s important for these people to communicate their needs and preferences to others. By doing so, they can help others understand their dislike of crowds and find ways to meet their needs. Remember, everyone’s comfort levels and preferences are different. What might feel energizing to some can feel tiring to others. The key is empathy (共情), understanding, and respect for each other’s personal spaces and comfort zones. 1．What do we know about people who dislike crowds? A．They are in poor physical condition. B．They have little interest in social activities. C．They feel troubled by too much sensory input. D．They dislike building relationships with others. 2．How can people who dislike crowds manage social situations? A．By taking an active part in large events. B．By avoiding telling others their real feelings. C．By taking a break in a quieter area when necessary. D．By pushing themselves to talk with people all around. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．People’s different choices in social situations. B．Reasons for crowd discomfort and ways to ease it. C．Problems in dealing with social situations and solutions. D．People’s different preferences for crowds and the reasons. 5.（2025·北京西城·二模） Walking is one of the simplest ways to stay fit, but taking a few steps backward could unlock even greater benefits. The practice isn’t new—records suggest that backward walking has been part of traditional exercise in China for centuries. Athletes and coaches later used it to improve sports performance. Now, researchers are uncovering just how powerful this small change in movement can be. Unlike forward walking, which primarily uses the ankles, walking backward changes the workload to the hips and knees. This small change in movement activates different muscle (肌肉) groups, offering benefits for strength and mobility. Walking backward changes the mechanical load on the body and challenges the brain with a novel task. Janet Dufek, a professor at the University of Nevada, found that backward walking increases low back flexibility (灵活性), reduces low back pain, and improves balance—key reasons why it’s often used in physical treatment. Moreover, backward walking burns 40% more calories per minute than forward walking. A 2014 study found that women between the ages of 20 and 40 who followed a six-week backward walking program lost body fat and improved their overall fitness. What’s more, walking backward is also a workout for the brain. A 2019 study found that people who walked backward for 10 to 15 minutes three to four times a week showed greater improvements of spatial (空间的) awareness than those who walked forward. Doing activities that require more focus and attention can also help improve your brain’s ability to plan and make decisions. Studies have even connected the practice with faster reaction times and improved short-term memory. However, not everyone is fully convinced (信服) about the benefits of backward walking. “The proof of the effectiveness for backward walking training mostly comes from physical treatment, where very small studies show that this type of training may help people with knee problems when added to a regular (规律的) physical treatment program,” says Jonathan Jarry, a researcher in McGill University. “For the rest of us, we are left with an exercise that is unlikely to be better than regular workouts, and that comes with the added danger of tripping over ourselves.” Still, safety is key for those willing to try it. Just be careful that your walking space is safe, so you will not trip. You can always use a walking partner to be your “eye” when you cannot see. 1．What are the benefits of backward walking? ①speeding up reaction time    ②activating different muscle groups ③enabling people to burn fat and keep fit    ④helping people improve long-term memory A．①③④ B．①②③ C．①②④ D．②③④ 2．What does Jonathan Jarry think of backward walking? A．It isn’t a workout that is fit for everyone. B．It is a workout that can be done anywhere. C．It isn’t effective in treating knee problems. D．It has a much higher physical requirement. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．A walking partner can help you understand backward walking better. B．Backward walking is a good brain workout because it requires focus. C．Ancient Chinese people hardly walked backward as a regular workout. D．Backward walking is used in physical treatment because it is easy to do. 6.（2025·北京西城·二模） An interesting finding has been discovered from psychological research: Introverts may manage the challenges of aging better. While extroverts have long been celebrated for their social butterfly abilities, it turns out that the introvert’s natural inclinations (倾向) may serve as a built-in buffer against some of aging’s most common challenges. The very qualities of introverts—preference for quieter environments, comfort with being alone, and deeper but fewer social connections—appear to match well with the natural development of the social world as they grow older. The key lies in what is known as “positive disengagement”. Laura Carstensen. the founding director of Stanford’s Center of Longevity, suggests that as people grow older, they naturally become more selective (有选择的) about their social interactions. preferring quality over quantity (数量). The change that extroverts may feel uncomfortable with often comes more naturally to introverts. Another interesting work by Helene Fung at the Chinese University of Hong Kong found that introverts experience less worry about the social changes accompanying aging. While extroverts may have trouble with the decreased energy for socializing. introverts often find that such changes match with pre-existing (已存在的) preferences. Robert McCrae’s research at the National Institute on Aging supports this “introvert advantage”. His team’s findings show that introverts may deal with the big questions of aging better because they naturally think deeply about life. While extroverts might look for outside activities that can pull their attention away from aging-related worries, introverts’ natural inclinations to turn inward often result in better adjustment (调整) and acceptance of life’s changes. The most convincing research comes from Klaus Rothermund, who studies how people manage emotions as they age. His work shows that introverts often develop better coping skills earlier in life. Such skills as the ability to think deeply about themselves and the ability to form one-on-one connections become increasingly valuable as they grow older. It’s as if introverts have been unknowingly practicing for their elder years all along. The meanings of the findings go beyond just research interest. Understanding how different personality types deal with change becomes increasingly important as people age. For extroverts reading this, don’t feel disappointed—awareness is half the job done, and many coping skills that come naturally to introverts can be learned and trained. And for introverts? You might want to add this to your list of quiet victories. Your personality may have prepared you for a more beautiful journey into your later years. Sometimes, it seems that the tortoise doesn’t just win the race. It may also enjoy the journey more. 1．What does the word “buffer” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Weakness. B．Warning. C．Monitor. D．Protector. 2．Which behavior probably matches Carstensen’s findings? A．Refusing to choose friends according to personality. B．Spending less time alone to make time for social activities. C．Staying away from relationships that are not worthwhile. D．Joining in group discussions instead of thinking independently. 3．What can we learn about introverts and extroverts as they age? A．Introverts need to find ways to stop worrying about their age. B．Extroverts can learn from introverts about ways to slow aging down. C．Extroverts have the ability to deal with personal problems earlier in life. D．Introverts’ qualities better suit the natural changes of the social world. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Introverts: A More Popular Personality B．Introverts: Practice to Fight Against Aging C．Introverts: Feel Better When Getting Older D．Introverts: Social Advantages Over Extroverts 7.（2025·北京朝阳·二模） If you’re thinking about what job you want in the future, it’s likely you’ve heard this one before: “Just do what you enjoy!” In today’s world, making money isn’t easy no matter what you do, so why not do something you truly enjoy? That may sound like a smart plan: You move somewhere with a low cost of living, and even if the thing you love doesn’t make much money, you can still live well. But in reality, things aren’t that simple. Passion (热情) alone can’t always carry you through. Doing the job you love can bring you great feelings when life is easy and you are in a cheerful state. However, things can go wrong when you feel tired, feel lonely or get sick. Passion alone may not be enough. At those times, you may begin to ask yourself: “Is this really the right life for me?” Thinking about the job opportunities you passed by, you might even wonder if giving up that better job you could have had was a smart choice. I completely understand how that feels. As a writer, I truly enjoy my work. But there are days—like today—when it’s outside, I haven’t slept well, and all I want is to stay in bed. Still, even when I don’t feel like it, I still sit down and write. Why? Because passion isn’t the only thing that drives me. I also have a sense of purpose. I know that my writing helps people, and that keeps me going—even when passion fades. Actually, I have been through it many times—when I sit at my desk, staring (盯着) at the empty screen, feeling lost or tired. Writing doesn’t always feel fun. But because I have a purpose, I get through it every time. Over time, I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard. If you know your work helps others, even in a small way, it feels more meaningful. To find your purpose, you need to try different things. Do different jobs, talk to new people, explore new places, and see what makes you feel happy and useful. You don’t need to know all the answers right now, but you do need to keep learning and keep exploring. One day, you may find the place where your passion and your purpose come together. And when that happens, I hope you build a life and a job that you truly enjoy. 1．You will most probably enjoy your work in the long run if you ________. A．move to a place with an affordable cost of living B．choose a job that makes you feel excited every day C．enjoy your work while knowing why it matters to you D．follow your heart without caring about others’ opinions 2．What does the word “fades” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Grows slowly. B．Becomes weaker. C．Moves quickly. D．Stays the same. 3．What do you know about passion and purpose from the passage? A．Purpose usually comes before passion in jobs. B．Purpose is the key for people to lead a rich life. C．People make a smart plan with purpose and passion. D．People need purpose more than passion at hard times. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show how people can find their purpose in jobs. B．To explain why passion alone is not enough at work. C．To compare different ways of choosing jobs in modern times. D．To introduce the challenge of making good job choices in life. 8.（2025·北京朝阳·二模） Everyone has their own way to get back their energy, even if they don’t really notice it. For me, a walk around the block or a few push-ups can always make me feel better quickly. A walk in the forest is even better if I have time. It’s not simply that I enjoy these activities but also that they really help clear my mind. Studies have shown that mental (心理的) health and body health are closely connected. It’s true—what is good for the body is often good for the mind. Knowing that may change your day and even your life. Physical activity has many mental health benefits, and these have been written in Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, including improved brain health, better thinking ability, a lower chance of feeling nervous, better sleep, and overall improved quality of life. Although it cannot solve every problem, doing more physical activity clearly helps to improve our overall well-being. However, people are not always able to stay active all year round. When the weather changes, for example, when the days become shorter and the air turns colder, it is easy to stop doing exercise. Holidays can also break our daily exercise habits, because people may be busy, tired, or just want to relax. At these times, people’s healthy habits may face disruptions (扰乱). So how should we exercise? What kind of exercise can really help us? The answer is to take part in real sports, rather than just doing some light and simple activities. Sports with a certain level of strength (力量) can bring all the good results mentioned above. They can also help us feel more confident, and have better selfrespect. Researches show that teenagers who often do sports from a young age are more likely to grow up with a stronger body and better spirit, like teamwork and never giving up. No matter whether it is during the holidays or at any time of the year, as long as we choose to move, every step we take can bring good changes to our body and mind. So, choose the way that fits you best! Move your way! 1．Why does the writer mention activities in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce different kinds of exercise. B．To encourage people to do some outdoor exercise. C．To suggest exercise is a cost-effective way to stay healthy. D．To prove exercise is a good way to renew people’s energy. 2．According to the passage, who is most likely to stay healthy in both body and mind? A．A woman who takes a walk slowly for half an hour twice a week. B．A girl who does guided light sports at the gym on weekends. C．A man who often plays football in a team and trains hard. D．A boy who sometimes runs fast for 5 minutes at school. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Keeping up with exercising is good for your well-being. B．Sports with strength are the key to improving our health. C．People prefer to do more exercise during happy holidays. D．Doing too much exercise may make our body less healthy. 9.（2025·北京朝阳·一模） In many areas of life, people compete even when it does not benefit them. Office workers stay late at work to avoid looking lazy. On social media, people feel pressured to post perfect photos. These situations all come from a problem called the theater effect, which explains why people find it hard to stop competing, even when it is unnecessary. The theater effect happens when one person tries to do better, forcing others to follow. In the end, everyone works harder, but no one truly benefits. Imagine watching a movie—if the people in front stand up, those behind must stand too. Finally, everyone is standing, but the view remains the same. A well-known experiment at Stanford University tested this idea. Researchers invited 200 people to bid (竞标) for a $100 bill. The highest bidder won, but the second-highest still had to pay. At first, bids were small, but as the price neared $100, people refused to stop. Some even bid more than $100 just to avoid losing their earlier bids. This irrational behavior shows that once competition begins, people realize that it’s hard to stop competing, even when it no longer makes sense. The theater effect comes from early human survival instincts (本能). Back then, the dopamine system (多巴胺系统) in our brain made us feel good about short-term success, like catching food, because it ensured survival. Today, this same system drives us to aim for victory in competitions—even when the results are meaningless. However, modern life is different. Today, while basic needs are no longer a big problem for us, we should learn to think clearly. Then how can we stop this kind of useless competition? First, we should know that we don’t need to win all the time to prove our value. Real growth means doing better than before, not better than others. Second, we should take a moment to ask ourselves, “Are we doing it because we truly enjoy it, or just because we are afraid to be left behind?” Another important point is to aim for meaningful goals, not just to win. Focus on what truly matters, and feel peace in your heart—that is how we find real happiness. So next time you feel pressured to “stand up”, just because others do, ask yourself: Is this really the best choice for me? 1．According to the passage, which is probably the example of the theater effect? A．A family enjoys a quiet dinner without surfing the internet. B．A company gives praise to workers for their continual efforts. C．People set a long-term goal to exercise more for better health. D．Students sign up for more classes because others are doing so. 2．What does the word “irrational” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Unreasonable. B．Worthless. C．Meaningful. D．Beneficial. 3．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．joining in competitions is a good way to show your value B．it is wise to stop and think before joining in a competition C．competition is important and always helps us move forward D．following others is a safe way to avoid making wrong choices 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To compare research findings on over-competition. B．To guide people to go for more successful achievements. C．To encourage people to care less about their basic needs. D．To advise readers to make choices that truly suit themselves. 10.（2025·北京朝阳·一模） Every year, a lot of food is wasted, and kitchens are one of the biggest causes. The Zero-Waste Kitchen aims to change this by helping people cook and manage food with as little waste as possible. This concept (概念) can go back to the 1980s in the United States, but it was Bea Johnson’s 2013 book, Zero Waste Home, that made it widely popular. Why is the Zero-Waste Kitchen important? Food waste is more than throwing away leftovers (剩饭). It also includes wasting the water, energy, and work used to grow, move, and make food. Cutting down on kitchen waste not only saves money but also helps the environment and makes better use of natural resources (资源). Many experts believe that small changes in cooking and shopping habits can help people practice a zero-waste lifestyle. Here are some simple ways to start. Plan before you shop. Buy only what you need. A famous Chef, Massimo Bottura says, “Cooking is an act of love, but it requires planning to avoid waste.” We can make a shopping list according to the planned meals. Then we will buy only what is necessary, reducing the chance of food going bad. Store food properly. As a food storage expert, Karen Kingston notes, “Proper storage can make the life of food longer and keep its good value for health. For example, using the right boxes and knowing how to keep different kinds of food can help stop food from going bad.” Make good use of leftovers. “Leftovers are an opportunity for creativity,” says Chef Dan Barber. Instead of throwing them away, we can use leftovers to create new meals. For example, leftover vegetables can be used to make soup, and overripe (熟透的) fruit can be used for juice. If leftovers cannot be eaten, they can be composted (制成堆肥) to improve soil and reduce waste. All in all, the Zero-Waste Kitchen is a simple and practical way to protect our planet. By making small changes in daily life, we can all help make the future cleaner and greener. Next time you cook, can you find one way to waste less? 1．According to the passage, why is cutting down on kitchen waste important? A．Because it is an easy task to complete in our everyday life. B．Because kitchen waste is the main cause of resource shortage. C．Because it helps to save on costs and benefits the environment. D．Because kitchen waste is responsible for most of the water waste. 2．Why does the writer use the example of Chef Massimo Bottura in Paragraph 4? A．To teach readers how to make a shopping list. B．To explain why shopping needs better planning. C．To encourage people to cook more often at home. D．To show us how famous chefs cook delicious meals. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．How the Zero-Waste Kitchen concept developed over time. B．Why it is important for us to live a zero-waste lifestyle. C．How we can practice a zero-waste kitchen in daily life. D．What effect food waste has on today’s environment. 11.（2025·北京丰台·二模） No one wants to be seen as a liar. Liars are considered untrustworthy at best and immoral at worst. And yet, we keep lying to ourselves all the time. “I’ll enjoy this sleeve of Oreos today because my diet starts tomorrow,” I might tell myself. Or even — ironically — “I am always honest with myself.” Few people are completely honest with others. Research from the University of Massachusetts on undergraduate students found that 60 percent lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation, and many lied several times. No one is completely honest with themselves, because, the truth hurts. Sometimes, people engage in (参与) self-deception to protect their ego (自尊) or gather courage. For example, if you are not good at public speaking, you might try to increase your courage before a scary presentation by talking to yourself, “I am a great public speaker!” However, to fake it till you make it is one thing; to fake it forever, even to yourself, is entirely different. Such is the case if your success at work or school is the result of cheating but you choose to chalk it up to your own merit (优秀品质). All that self-deception takes a lot of work to maintain (保持). It is costly not only because avoiding problems can make them worse but also because the procrastinator (拖延者) must do the mental work of a task over and over, without reaping (获得) the rewards of actually getting it done. Why write “Change banks” on your to-do list for months on end instead of doing it once and being free of the task? Self-deception will never lead you to the deepest kind of satisfaction. That contentment can be found only within the true version of yourself. Personal integrity (正直) is absolutely necessary for personal progress, which psychologists show is a central element of happiness. Progress requires knowing honestly where you are compared with where you have been. If you ignore your flaws (缺点), you can’t correct them. Research shows that self-deception is connected with an inability to see our own flaws, which makes self-improvement harder. Refusing to admit that I am a bit neurotic(神经质的) might make me feel better in the moment, but it also discourages me from undertaking efforts to change for the long-term good of myself and those around me. 1．Why does the author use the example of Oreos in Paragraph 1? A．To prove that eating snacks affects people’s dieting plans. B．To show a common form of self-deception in daily life. C．To stress the popularity of Oreos among dieters. D．To explain why lying to others is harmful. 2．What does the underlined phrase “chalk it up to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Add it up to. B．Think of it as. C．Take it away from. D．Write it down as. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Making a to-do-list helps avoid lying to yourself. B．Never-ending satisfaction results in self-deception. C．Self-deception is a harmless way to protect their ego. D．Admitting our flaws is important for self-improvement. 4．What is the writer’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stop lying to themselves. B．To introduce a new study about self-deception. C．To tell people to see and correct their flaws. D．To show the bad effects of self-deception. 12.（2025·北京丰台·二模） On 25 June, 2024, Li Chunlai watched eagerly as a capsule carrying the first pieces of the far side of the Moon landed on Earth. “Samples, I finally got you,” he thought. The lander spent two days digging and collecting material on the lunar surface before sending the samples back to Earth. After arriving on Earth, the capsule was in Li’s lab at the National Astronomical Observatories in Beijing. It took Li and his team several days to get out the precious material from its sealed vault (密封舱), using various tools. To protect the material, they stored it in a nitrogen-filled (充满氮气的) box. The powder within was “fluffy” (松软的) and “very fresh”, says Li. The samples are lighter in colour than those from the Moon’s near side. “It’s very special,” says Li. The rocks and dust were collected from the deepest part of the South Pole-Aitken Basin, which is thought to be the largest and oldest impact crater (撞击坑) on the Moon. The site was chosen because of the variety of the material it might contain. The samples are “like a recorder of all these historical events”, says Yi Xu, a planetary scientist at Macau University of Science and Technology. Studying them will help to uncover “lots of secrets of the Moon”, says Yuqi Qian, a planetary geologist at the University of Hong Kong. Top among them is why the lunar far side looks so different from the near side— the crust (月壳) is thicker and not as enriched with radioactive elements (放射性元素). “Understanding the Moon’s history is key to learning about the pasts of other planets such as Mars, Venus and Mercury,” says James Head, a planetary geoscientist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, who has collaborated extensively with Li. “The Moon is a keystone to planetary evolution (演化) in general.” Planetary scientists all over the world now want to get their gloves on the samples. Li’s lab has distributed (分发) some pieces to teams across China. But it will be a few years before researchers outside the country get access, says Li, to give Chinese researchers priority. A flood of scientific findings are expected in the coming months. Li is already looking ahead to China’s next sample-return missions—to a near-Earth asteroid (近地小行星) in 2025, and to Mars several years later. “The insight generated so far from this year’s Moon mission,” he says, “is just the beginning”. 1．Why did scientists choose the South Pole-Aitken Basin to collect samples? A．Because it is the closest area to Earth. B．Because it has the freshest powder on the Moon. C．Because it is the easiest place to land a spacecraft. D．Because it may contain various types of materials. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The samples may help scientists understand other planets’ history. B．The far side of the Moon has a thinner crust than the near side. C．The Moon samples will only be studied by Chinese scientists. D．The lander collected samples for over a week on the Moon. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．China’s Moon samples’ return and their importance. B．The celebration of China’s space mission success. C．The differences between the Moon’s two sides. D．The tools used to collect lunar samples. 13.（2025·北京丰台·一模） It’s looking increasingly likely that 2025 will be the year “My people will talk to your people” becomes “My AI will talk to your AI.” Are you ready? OpenAI recently introduced an artificial intelligence model that emulates (模仿) human-like reasoning about complex (复杂的) problems. It even shows the steps in its reasoning, so that humans can check its work. This development was quickly emulated by other AI developers. What then followed was “agentic AI (代理式人工智能),” where AI agents (AI智能体) can be given a complex goal, and use their new reasoning power to work out the complex steps necessary to achieve that goal. Google, OpenAI and Anthropic had already made such agents available to their customers, at a cost. Then, the Chinese startup DeepSeek launched (上市) AI models that compete with the best US models and come free of charge. This has shocked AI companies in the US. DeepSeek isn’t just new competition for established players; it created its model without the latest processors (处理器) and at a low cost of its competitors. Moreover, the model is open, allowing other AI developers to understand how it works, emulate it and use it in novel ways. Most importantly, DeepSeek AI’s entry into a previously closed market will speed up the presence of AI agents, greatly affecting humans and human society. It isn’t hard to see how agentic AI will make businesses more efficient (效率高的). But AI is sure to disrupt (打乱) social systems. Humans are social creatures. While AI models are designed for problem solving, human minds are far more focused on human relationships. Some people are happy solving problems alone, but most of us eventually end up around the coffee bar or water cooler socializing. But as AI agents become agentic, they will increasingly shape our self-understanding. With robots or androids, we might begin to see an ever more machine-like understanding of ourselves. The more we treat technology like a human partner, the more we will understand ourselves as a form of technology. AI agents will quicken that process. Before this goes further, we should stop and take stock of (仔细审视) our own humanity. We will not find our humanity in our AI companions. It can only be found within our fellow humans, and only by doing what we humans alone are known to do: imagining together fuller and richer humanity than any technology could emulate or create. 1．What started the connected reactions in AI development? A．OpenAI’s explainable reasoning model. B．DeepSeek’s problems. C．DeepSeek’s low-cost strategy. D．Human’s love for video games. 2．According to the passage, what do you know about DeepSeek? A．It uses the latest processors to create its AI model. B．Its AI model is more expensive than US models. C．Its AI model is available to users without cost. D．It doesn’t compete with US AI companies. 3．What warning does the author give about AI agents? A．They may change the way humans act. B．They cannot understand scientific concepts. C．They need expensive processors to function. D．They will destroy traditional business models. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To introduce the development of AI. B．To show the advantages of AI agents. C．To encourage people to develop better AI agents. D．To call on people to think about humanity when using AI. 14.（2025·北京丰台·一模） Thinking Outside the Box What if, whenever we face any challenge, we stopped and asked, “what if?” What if we challenged the rules and started thinking outside the box? Thinking outside the box is a metaphor (隐喻) often used to describe different, or creative thinking. It shows up in simple things like using paper to make crafts— instead of just writing on them—for example. According to Fast Company, the term came into use in the 1970s. Management consultants (顾问) would give clients a 9-dot puzzle and ask them to connect the dots with only 4 lines. Naturally, this task requires some lateral thinking (跨界思维), so the consultants would encourage their clients to “think outside the box.” In this case, in order to come up with an innovative solution, they needed to look beyond the box and create something else. One thing stands out for us from this exercise. At first, you see a box. To draw those 4 lines, you have to first use up all the ways within the box. Only then can you realize that the problem is the box itself. You come to that realization after understanding the box and uncovering its limitations. To think outside the box is to fully understand the current situation—then challenge it. Thinking outside the box helps you to solve challenging problems. It allows you to look beyond a narrow view to find answers that would not exist otherwise. Thinking outside the box also forces you to widen your horizon. And when you widen your horizon, you become aware of opportunities. Diversity of experience, divergent thinking (发散思维), and a willingness to take risks encourages people to grow. Thinking small keeps us small. When we stay within our comfort zone, taking risks, growing, and challenging the norm all seem much more frightening. To become an effective leader, or a team member, think outside the box. Whatever you do, think twice: First in the box, then outside the box. Outside-the-box thinking often breaks the routines and may sound ridiculous (荒谬的). But without thinking outside the box, these people, like Thomas Edison, Isaac Newton, wouldn’t have changed the world in the way they did. Master the established rules of your craft, apply them and if they’re not bringing results, allow yourself to start thinking outside the box. You’ll be glad you did. 1．Which of the following is an example of the “lateral thinking”? A．Using a plastic bottle as a bird feeder. B．Buying milk at a grocery store. C．Taking an elevator to the office. D．Watching TV in the evening. 2．What does the sentence “Thinking small keeps us small.” mean in paragraph 5? A．Small thinking helps achieve big goals. B．Avoiding challenges and risks limits personal growth. C．Big thinking leads to unnecessary risks and problems. D．Small thinking is key to staying safe and comfortable. 3．What’s the main purpose in writing this passage? A．To discuss unusual methods. B．To criticize creative thinking. C．To explain ways to avoid risks. D．To encourage us to break routines. 15.（2025·北京海淀·三模） We are in the midst of (处于……之中) a battle for our attention. Our devices have affected our brains and destroyed our collective ability to concentrate. Journalist Johann Hair’s new book, Stolen Focus, has just joined the voices complaining about the great influence of the digital age. His and other recent books reflect a public idea that our focus is under attack. Indeed, in our new research, we found some clear concerns. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets (渠道). There has long been a worry about the threat to attention brought by new cultural forms, whether that’s social media or the cheap paperback sensation (煽情) novels of the 19th century. Even as far back as ancient Greece, the philosopher Socrates complained that the written words created “forgetfulness in our souls.” There has always been a tendency to fear the effects that new media and technologies will have on our minds. The reality is that we simply don’t have long-term studies that tell us whether our attention spans have actually shrunk (缩短). What we do know from our study is that people overestimate (高估) some of the problems. There’s no such thing as an average attention span. Our ability to focus varies hugely depending on the individual and the task at hand. It’s also important not to ignore the many benefits that technology brings to our life. Much of the public surveyed recognized these, so while half thought big tech and social media were ruining young people’s attention spans, roughly another half felt that being easily distracted was more to do with people’s personalities than any negative influence that technology may or may not have. Also, half of the public believed multitasking at work and switching frequently between emails, phone calls, and other tasks can create a more efficient and satisfactory work experience. 1．What can we know about some of the participants in the new research? A．They were frequently disturbed by digital devices. B．They felt it hard to acquire useful information online. C．They had shorter attention spans than average people. D．They felt challenged by fierce competition from others. 2．Why does the author mention Socrates in Paragraph 3? A．To stress new cultural forms have limitations. B．To show worry about attention is an age-old problem. C．To prove the important role he played in literary history. D．To explain cultural differences between the past and the present. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．People tend to overestimate their abilities. B．Digital distractions might have potential benefits. C．Technology’s benefits have been largely ignored. D．Switching between different tasks frequently is difficult. 4．What message does the author want to convey? A．Digital devices can benefit our work. B．We should say “No” to digital devices. C．Digital distractions really affect us so much. D．We should think highly of new cultural forms. 16.（2025·北京海淀·三模） If you’re missing an amazing party for your aunt’s birthday that you promised your mum you would attend you’ll probably get “FOMO” — the fear of missing out. It’s impossible to attend every social event in the calendar, but sometimes it really annoys you when you have prior (先前的) engagements (约定) and you know you’re missing out on something great. But some people feel the opposite. Rather than feeling FOMO, they take joy in missing out. They don’t feel the need to attend everything, and instead find comfort in either sticking to their original plans or staying at home alone. In a blog post, Kristen Fuller said “JOMO” is basically the emotionally intelligent antidote to “FOMO” and it is “about being present and being satisfied with where you are in life”. Some people are born with it, others learn to accept it. Here are the different ways JOMO can show itself: ①Living in the moment If you constantly worry about missing out on something, you cannot enjoy yourself wherever you are. This isn’t a healthy way to live your life, and Fuller wrote that you shouldn’t compare yourself to other people’s lives or experiences. “JOMO allows us to be who we are in the present moment, which is the secret to finding happiness,” she said. “When you free up that competitive and anxious space in your brain, you have so much more time, energy and emotion to realize your true priorities (首要事情). ” ② Switching off In an article, writer Justin Bariso discovered JOMO after he published his first book. He found it hard to switch off, worrying that his editor would contact him for rewrites, or he would miss an important email. It wasn’t until he was abroad with his family and his daughter asked him to play that he thought: “What am I doing?” “Did I really want to go to Starbucks to sit in front of my computer, responding to emails from people I barely know, when instead I could be spending time with my family on a beautiful beach?” he wrote. ③Enjoying your own company Some people are simply born with the ability to switch off, and not worry about what they could be missing out on. For them, being alone is important, and it doesn’t matter if they’re missing out on the party of the year. Others don’t necessarily need the space on a biological level, but they don’t feel the need to compare their lives to others. These are the people who aren’t involved in social media, and find joy in what they have, rather than focusing on what they don’t. 1．Which of the following proves that you feel JOMO? A．You cancel your original appointment and attend a party later. B．You always work hard in order to create a better future for your family. C．You spare a day for yourself every week to do some reading and writing. D．You constantly check your emails to make sure you keep up with your work. 2．What does the underlined word “antidote” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．A requirement to improve the situation. B．A way to take away the bad effects of something. C．An experiment to test the effect of something. D．A method to keep a balance between two things. 3．Which is the best title of this article? A．Differences between FOMO and JOMO B．Your Choice: FOMO or JOMO C．JOMO: A Way to Deal with Fear D．JOMO: Find Happiness in Not Being Involved 17.（2025·北京海淀·模拟预测） Whether you’ve got sick of the theme of your bedroom or just want to make a few changes to give it a modern look, you don’t need a lot of money to make it happen. With a few smart methods, you can give your room a whole new feel. Here’s how you can get started. ① Before you start freshening up your space, take a look around to see what you have that you could give away to someone who could use it. Ask an adult for two bags or boxes, one for things you want to donate and one for anything that can go directly into the rubbish. Once your room is neat, you can see what kinds of changes you might want to make. ② One simple room update that has a big influence is changing your lighting. One idea is to hang inexpensive LED string lights on a wall. Or you could try neon lights (霓虹灯) or a lamp on a bedside table or desk. Moving a lamp from another part of the house to your room, with agreement from an adult, can also add soft lighting to your space. ③ ________ Ask an adult if they want to help you paint a theme (主题) wall in your room. A theme wall is a good chance to take a risk with color since it’s only one wall. You can choose to paint the wall behind your headboard (床头板) or even a closet door. If you don’t want to paint, you could check out peel-and-stick wallpaper (可撕贴壁纸) or decals (贴花纸) with fun pictures or sayings. ④ Ask a parent whether there are free blankets, throw pillows, or small rugs you could use in your room. They will add new colors and patterns (式样) that will soon liven up (使有生气) the look and feel of your space. ⑤ Personalize your room with photos of family and friends. You can ask a parent for any spare picture frames (相框) or pick some up together at a shop or store. Print out photos and frame them for a display (展示). You could also frame your own artwork to hang on a wall or put it on a dresser. 1．Match the title with each part. a.Think About Light b.Clear out the Mess c.Consider Color d.Add Personal Touches e.Layer Your Space A．①—b ②—a ③—c ④—e ⑤—d B．①—b ②—c ③—d ④—e ⑤—a C．①—a ②—b ③—c ④—d ⑤—e D．①—a ②—e ③—d ④—c ⑤—b 2．What does the underlined word “neat” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．New. B．Tidy. C．Bright. D．Empty. 3．Which of the following can be put in ________ in Paragraph 4? A．Different colors will bring you different feelings. B．The adult has a better sense of color and is good at painting. C．Another inexpensive change that can have big results is painting. D．The first step is to make sure there is a theme wall in your room. 18.（2025·北京海淀·二模） Do we use technology, or does it use us? Do our gadgets (设备) improve our lives or just make us weak and lazy? These are old questions, maybe older than you think. Back in 370 BC, Socrates warned that writing could hurt memory. After all, if we write things down, do we still need to remember them? We’ve always greeted new technologies with a mixture of fascination and fear. In 1931, John Bakeless wrote that it was time to ask, “How far is the use of machines something calling for vigorous resistance; and how far is it a good thing, to which we may willingly give in?” The technology that alarmed him might seem, to us, laughably low-tech: printing machines. “It is a curious fact,” he wrote, “we have overlooked the machine’s deep influence on the human mind.” He was particularly worried about how technology was used by the media to control what people thought and talked about. For the first time, he believed, a world-wide public opinion was becoming possible. About 50 years later, as telephone answering machines became common, some people worried that machines, while useful, were encouraging self-centered thoughts and actions, resulting in social isolation (隔绝). In 2017, musician and thinker David Byrne said that social media allowed us to stay “connected” without meeting face-to-face. But he also stressed it would increase divisions by strengthening echo effects—people only hear ideas they already believe. Just last year, Will Douglas warned that AI tools would destroy children’s critical thinking skills. But maybe it’s time we pause and ask: do our fears about new technologies come to pass? Most of the time, no. Throughout history, we’ve shifted between “Wow, this is amazing!” and “It’s scary—this is going to change us in some negative way.” And then, something interesting happens—we get used to it and life goes on. Maybe the problem isn't technology at all; maybe it’s us. Technology doesn’t make us weak, lazy or foolish. It’s our fear of it that holds us back. The printing press, the telephone, and the Internet all seemed scary at first. Now, they’re just part of everyday life. If we are to ever create the ideal human society—one with enough time for art, music and science—it was unlikely we’d get it done without technology. We just need to make sure that technology serves us instead of the other way around. Just as Bakeless wrote back in 1931, “We must put the machine in its place.” 1．The words “vigorous resistance” in Paragraph 2 are closest in meaning to “________”. A．active attention B．strong opposition C．careful planning D．rapid spread 2．What is Bakeless’s opinion on the printing machines? A．They would cause a world-wide discussion. B．They were important tools for the news industry. C．They might help the media control people's minds. D．They encouraged self-centered thoughts and actions. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Socrates was right in warning about the effect of writing. B．Social media is sure to influence people in negative ways. C．AI tools have improved children's critical thinking ability. D．Worries about new technologies are actually unnecessary. 4．What’s the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To argue that technology is harmful to humans by nature. B．To remind people not to fear technology but to use it wisely. C．To teach us to create an ideal society with modern machines. D．To show the role of technology in the development of society. 19.（2025·北京海淀·二模） In a 2015 sci-fi movie, “Mad scientist” Doctor Brown brought wide-eyed teenager Marty to the future in style: aboard a flying car. Now, 10 years have passed and there are still no flying cars. But the technology to make flying cars already exists, says Xiaosong Du, an aerospace engineer at Missouri University. A real-world flying car would most likely be a cross between an airplane and a helicopter. Airplanes need runways, so it would be more practical for a flying car to take off vertically (垂直地) like a helicopter. Propellers (螺旋桨) would produce lift to bring the car off the ground. “Once it’s completed takeoff,” Du says, “it can fly like a normal airplane.” Airplane wings would come out from the body of the car, allowing for flight with less air friction (空气摩擦力) than a helicopter does. Another choice is to fix propellers to a flying car’s wings. At first, the wings would be tilted (倾斜) upward, so that the propellers could lift the car. Once it takes off, the wings would tilt to lay flat, like those on an airplane, says aerospace engineer Pat Anderson, former director of the Eagle Flight Research Center. “It’s like a Transformer.” One of the biggest challenges to people commuting in flying cars is expense. The U.S. company Alef Aeronautics, for instance, plans to sell personal cars that can drive on roads and take off into the skies. These cars look and function similarly to those in many sci-fi movies, but come with a high price. When they go into production sometime this year, the cars are expected to cost about $300,000 each. For people with less to spend, a rideshare service for flying cars—something like taxis for the skies—may be a better choice. Flying taxis may become common in 10 or 20 years, Anderson predicts. Flying cars need to be tested over and over for safety. Besides, rules should be created for them. Flying also takes a lot of power, especially during takeoff. The rechargeable batteries nowadays would power a flying-car ride for only 20 to 30 minutes, Du says. And while a car that runs out of charge can simply pull over, a flying car would fall out of the sky. So Du and many other researchers are trying to improve battery efficiency before flying cars take off. 1．According to the passage, a flying car ________. A．depends on propellers to take off B．tilts its wings upward while landing C．needs a runway to complete takeoff D．flies higher than a helicopter in the sky 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Flying cars cause serious noise pollution. B．Most people can afford private flying cars. C．Flying taxis have passed necessary safety tests. D．Battery performance for flying cars remains a problem. 3．Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A．Flying Cars: Are They Worth So Much Effort? B．Flying Cars: Can They Meet People's Needs? C．From Movies to Reality: Flying Cars Are Arriving D．From Land to Sky: A Great Change in Lifestyle / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 说明文+议论文（解析版） 目录 1.（2025·北京·中考真题）可生物降解机器人的研究进展及其潜在应用，同时指出该技术仍处于早期阶段 2 2.（2025·北京·中考真题）主要讨论了人工智能如何反映人类社会中的偏见和不公平现象，并强调人类在塑造AI时需要承担的责任 4 3.（2024·北京·中考真题）辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因 6 4.（2024·北京·中考真题）人们在生活中会遇到很多实际行动违背自己内心价值观的情况，这会让我们感到不舒服，甚至带来严重后果，但只要通过反思、理解和有目的的实践，我们就可以弥合这种分歧，踏上自我发现之旅 7 5.（2023·北京·中考真题）食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法 9 6.（2023·北京·中考真题）快乐和享受的联系和对比 11 7.（2022·北京·中考真题）讨论是什么让生活变得有意义 13 5 9.（2021·北京·中考真题）自然和文化是人类物种发展的一部分................................................................16 8 一年模拟 10 一年模拟 20 1.（2025·北京东城·二模）“boomerang”交流现象、例子及其含义 20 2.（2025·北京东城·二模）人类活动导致的气候变化正在加速土地退化，并对粮食安全和生态系统造成严重影响，但通过改进土地利用方式、调整饮食结构和减少浪费，可以缓解这一问题 22 3.（2025·北京东城·一模）本文主要通过Cindy改善拖延症的故事告诉我们改变是缓慢且有波折的，但改变是一个持续的过程，我们应当正视缓慢而持久的改变..........................................................................24 4.（2025·北京东城·一模）一些人喜欢独处的原因及如何缓解的方法 26 5.（2025·北京西城·二模）倒着走的好处 28 6.（2025·北京西城·二模）内向者可能比外向者更能从容应对老龄化的挑战 30 7.（2025·北京朝阳·二模）职业选择需平衡热情与目的，尤其在困难时期，目的感是持续的动力 32 8.（2025·北京朝阳·二模）规律性体育活动对身心健康的综合益处............................................................34 9.（2025·北京朝阳·一模）通过“剧场效应”理论解释了人们为何会陷入无意义的竞争 36 10.（2025·北京朝阳·一模）介绍了“零浪费厨房”的概念及其重要性，并提供了减少厨房浪费的实用建议 38 11.（2025·北京丰台·二模）自我欺骗的现象和危害 39 12.（2025·北京丰台·二模）本文介绍中国成功获取月球背面样本的过程及其科学价值，介绍样本采集地点的选择原因、研究意义及未来太空任务规划 41 13.（2025·北京丰台·一模）人工智能的发展，以及能给人类带来的影响 43 14.（2025·北京丰台·一模）通过介绍“跳出固有思维模式”的重要性，鼓励人们打破常规、进行创造性思考，从而获得成长与进步 46 15.（2025·北京海淀·三模）数字时代对人类注意力造成的影响 47 16.（2025·北京海淀·三模）文章解释了JOMO的含义，即享受当下，对自己目前的生活状态感到满足，并探讨了JOMO在不同人身上的表现方式 49 17.（2025·北京海淀·模拟预测）重新装饰卧室的几种省钱的方法 52 18.（2025·北京海淀·二模）探讨了人类对新技术的恐惧与适应，通过历史案例和辩证分析，揭示技术与人类关系的本质 53 19.（2025·北京海淀·二模）飞行汽车的技术可行性，包括垂直起降、螺旋桨和飞机翼的结合设计，以及当前面临的挑战，如高昂成本、电池续航和安全规范等问题，预计未来 55 1.（2025·北京·中考真题） Imagine a robot. What comes to your mind first? A machine stronger than the human body? However, this same quality is now causing a big problem—it’s creating tons of long-lasting e-waste that could flood our planet. What if, instead, the machines we use were designed to break down and disappear—just as living things do? For a study published in Science Advances, researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks. Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature. “This field started in materials science and chemistry rather than traditional robots that come from mechanical (机械的) engineering.” says Florian Hartmann, a materials scientist from Germany. However, many early soft robotics models still used man-made materials that cause pollution. Wei, a scientist who studies natural materials in Hangzhou, worked together with his friend Zhang, a robotics engineer in Shanghai, to build robots for the new study. They started with cellulose (纤维素) taken from cotton. Then, they added glycerol (甘油) to make a new material that is soft and easy to change shapes. After that they allowed it to dry so it became strong, “Cellulose is cheap and easy to work with,” says Wei. They found that the controller and the robotic arm stood up to both heavy use and a week of inactivity. Finally, they buried (埋) them both in a hole. Within eight weeks these two parts were almost completely gone. Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body. However, it’s important to note that the technology is still in very early stages. “If we truly want to have a biodegradable robot,” Hartmann says, “we also need to make sure its electronics and power parts are biodegradable.” 1．What is special about the robotic arm and the controller in Paragraph 2? A．They are green. B．They are hard. C．They are intelligent. D．They are affordable. 2．What is mentioned in Paragraph 5 about soft robots? A．Their operation. B．Their applications. C．Their challenges. D．Their performance. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Soft robots are widely used to clean up e-waste. B．Soft robots have to rest for a week after heavy use. C．The designing of soft robots borrows ideas from nature. D．Mechanical engineering offers new ways to run soft robots. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 【导语】本文主要介绍了可生物降解机器人的研究进展及其潜在应用，同时指出该技术仍处于早期阶段。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“...researchers made a robotic arm and a controller using materials from animals and plants. These materials are strong enough to work but can easily break down in a natural environment. After testing, both parts were gone in soil within weeks.”可知，研究人员用动植物材料制作了机械臂和控制器，这些材料足够坚固，但可以在自然环境中轻松分解。由此可推知这些机械臂和控制器的特点是环保。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第五段“Wei and Zhang expect that robots like these can be used to deal with dangerous waste and then disappear naturally. They also hope that such robots can aid doctors in operations and then safely break down inside the body.”可知，段主要讨论软体机器人的应用。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Biodegradable (可生物降解的) robotics often falls under the umbrella of soft robotics, which takes ideas from nature.”可知，可生物降解机器人通常属于软体机器人范畴，其灵感来自自然。故选C。 2.（2025·北京·中考真题） People are talking a lot about artificial intelligence (AI), viewing it as a force that could reshape how society works. But there is something important missing from this discussion. It isn’t enough to ask how it will change us. We also need to understand how we shape AI and what it can tell us about ourselves. Every AI model we develop mirrors our rules and expresses our beliefs. A few years ago, while looking for new workers, a famous company gave up an AI-powered tool after finding it unfavorable to women. The AI was not designed to behave this way, instead, it was influenced by the historical data (数据) favoring men. Similarly, a recent study found that lending algorithms (算法) often offer less favorable terms to colored people, worsening long-standing unfairness in money-lending business. In both cases, AI isn’t creating new biases (偏见), it is mirroring the ones that are already present. These reflections (反映) give us an important chance to take a close look at ourselves. By making these problems seen and more pressing, AI challenges us to recognize and address what causes algorithmic bias. As AI continues to develop, we must ask ourselves how we as average people want to shape its role in society. We should not only improve AI models, but also make sure that AI is developed and used responsibly. A number of companies are already taking action. They are judging the data, rules, and beliefs that shape the behavior of AI models. Still, we cannot expect the companies to do all the work. As long as AI is trained on human data, it will reflect human behavior. That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world. I may value privacy, but if I give it up in a heartbeat to visit a website, the algorithms may make a very different judgment of what I really want and what is good for me. If I want meaningful human connections yet spend more time on social media and less time in the physical company of my friends, I am indirectly training AI models about the true nature of humanity. As AI becomes more powerful, we need to take increasing care to read our principles (原则) into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge. Recognizing this allows us to make better decisions, but only when we are prepared to look closely and take responsibility for what we see. 1．Why does the writer introduce the two examples in Paragraph 2? A．To suggest a solution. B．To stress a difference. C．To challenge a practice. D．To support a viewpoint. 2．What does the word “diverge” in the last paragraph most probably mean? A．Improve. B．Appear. C．Separate. D．Repeat. 3．According to the passage, what is a good example of shaping AI responsibility? A．Guarding one’s privacy against AI models. B．Being mindful of our feeds into AI models. C．Training algorithms to favor the latest data. D．Designing algorithms to deal with unfairness. 4．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．AI Isn’t the Problem; We Are B．AI: A Tool to Reshape Our Society C．More Open algorithms for Better AI? D．Building Trust in Human-AI Relationships 【答案】D C B A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了人工智能如何反映人类社会中的偏见和不公平现象，并强调人类在塑造AI时需要承担的责任。文章通过具体案例说明AI并非独立产生偏见，而是反映了人类社会已有的问题，并呼吁人们通过自身行为来影响AI的发展方向。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“In both cases, AI isn’t creating new biases (偏见), it is mirroring the ones that are already present.”可知，作者认为AI并没有创造新的偏见，而是反映了已经存在的偏见。第二段中提到的招聘时由AI驱动的工具对女性更不利，贷款算法对有色人种更为不利，这两个例子印证了作者的观点，是为了支持“AI反映人类社会偏见”这一观点。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据“we need to take increasing care to read our principles (原则) into the record of our actions rather than allowing the two to diverge.”可知，在人工智能发展的过程中，我们需要将我们的原则融入到我们的行动记录中，而不是让两者背道而驰。划线部分diverge意为“分歧，背离”，与Separate表达的意思相近。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“As long as AI is trained on human data, it will reflect human behavior. That means we have to think carefully about the footprints of ourselves we leave in the world.”可知，只要AI是基于人类数据训练的，它就会反映人类行为。这意味着我们必须认真思考我们在世界上留下的足迹。作者认为人类应谨慎对待自身行为对AI的影响，即“注意我们对AI模型的输入”。故选B。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，文章核心观点是AI并非问题的根源，而是人类社会偏见的反映，因此人类需要为AI的发展负责。选项A“AI Isn’t the Problem; We Are”最贴合主旨。故选A。 3.（2024·北京·中考真题） Sam Hill is really bad at finding his way from place to place. The world is full of people like Hill—and their opposites, who always seem to know exactly where they are and how to get where they want to go. It has proved hard to explain why. However, with the development of technology, there’s new excitement happening in the research world. An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability. Researchers developed an online game in which players travel by boat to find where a lot of checkpoints lie. The game asked players to provide basic background information , and nearly four million people worldwide did so. Through the game, the researchers were able to judge navigational (辨识方向的) ability by looking at how far each person traveled to reach all the checkpoints. Then they compared players’ performance with their background information. The researchers found that Northern Europeans seemed to be better navigations, perhaps because they love orienteering (定向越野), a sport which involves cross- country running and navigation. And those from cities with more disorganized street networks (网状系统) did better than those from cities with orderly ones. Perhaps people of planned cities don’t need to build complex (复杂的) maps in their minds. Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way. In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. Northern Europeans, for example, show almost no gender (性别) difference in navigation. However, men do much better than women in places where women face cultural limits on exploring their environment on their own. That finding is also supported by studies on the Tsimane, a community living in a forest in South America. Researchers put GPS units on 305 Tsimane people to check their daily movements over a three-day period, and found no difference between men and women in navigational ability. Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest. 1．Why was an experiment carried out in 2022? A．To develop an online way finding game. B．To improve the players’ way finding ability. C．To pick out people who are weak in way finding. D．To find out why people are different in way finding ability. 2．According to the passage, who is probably the best at finding their way? A．A woman who often explores nature. B．A girl who studies South American culture. C．A man who runs on a sports ground every morning. D．A boy who lives in a city with an orderly street network. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Good navigators are mostly made, not born. B．Navigation skills differ between the genders. C．Navigation skills are passed down, never lost. D．Good navigators bring developments in technology. 【答案】D A A 【导语】本文主要探讨了人们在辨识方向能力上的差异及其原因。研究表明，生活经验决定了人们的辨识方向能力，文化和经验比天生能力更重要。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“An experiment was carried out in 2022 to find out what might influence way finding ability.”可知，2022年进行实验的目的是找出人们认路能力不同的原因。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“Research results like these suggest that people’s life experience decides how well they find their way.”可知，人们的生活经历决定了他们在认路方面的表现，结合最后一段最后一句“Even children performed very well—a result, researchers think, of growing up in an environment that encourages children to explore the forest.”可知，A选项“一个经常探索自然的女性”最为符合。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, experience may even explain a popular belief that men are more likely to perform better than women. It turns out that this difference is more a question of culture and experience than of in born ability. ”可知，事实上，经验甚至可以解释一种普遍的观点——男性比女性更有可能表现得更好。事实证明，这种差异与其说是天生的能力问题，不如说是文化和经验的问题。由此推知，好的领航员大多是培养出来的，而不是天生的。故选A。 4.（2024·北京·中考真题） Almost everyone has experienced the feeling of discomfort when their actions do not agree with their inner values. A man, for example, values work-life balance yet works 80 hours every week, caring little about his own health and family. Another example is a boy who holds his parents’ love dear but gets angry at them in a moment of stress; or a woman who hopes to live healthily but gives in to the attraction of fast food during moments of weakness. This disagreement can lead to serious results, such as worsening relationships, limited personal growth, and self-doubt. The emotional effects of feeling out of control and unable to live up to our own standards can also be deeply harmful. The shame and upset that go along with these feelings often force us into silence, resulting in more self-doubt. One reason for this silence might be that admitting (承认) to these behaviors can feel like showing a weakness or mistake that society tells us should be kept hidden. What’s more, recognizing this disagreement requires coming face to face with uncomfortable truths about ourselves—a process that is as discouraging as it is necessary for growth. Recognizing and addressing these behaviors can provide a possibility of change. By looking into the causes of our behaviors, we can begin to understand our actions more easily and work toward sticking to our beliefs. Research supports the idea that recognizing this disagreement, together with mindfulness and open communication, can help with this process. These methods help us slow down, reflect (反思), and choose behaviors that follow our values more closely, even in the face of old habits or immediate needs. The key to dealing with this disagreement lies in compassion (同情) for ourselves and others. By developing a culture of openness and by understanding the challenges of aligning behaviors with beliefs, we can begin to break down what prevents us from having conversation and change. Admitting that this disagreement is a shared part of the human experience can enable us to speak openly, find support, and take necessary steps toward the agreement between our inner world and our actions. While the disagreement between our inner values and actions may be common, through reflection, understanding and purposeful practice, we can bridge the divide and set out on a journey of self-discovery. 1．Why does the writer use the examples in Paragraph 1? A．To stress an unavoidable need. B．To show a result of the wrong values. C．To describe a common human experience. D．To introduce a change in people’s relationships. 2．What does the word “aligning” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Matching. B．Comparing. C．Mixing. D．Confusing. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Discomfort forces us to give up our beliefs. B．Our behaviors weaken our understandings of life. C．Open communication makes it possible for us to change. D．Keeping silent allows us time to live up to our standards. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stay true to their beliefs. B．To prove the importance of having the right values. C．To compare different ways to deal with discomfort. D．To discuss the influence of people’s improper actions. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文介绍了人们在生活中会遇到很多实际行动违背自己内心价值观的情况，这会让我们感到不舒服，甚至带来严重后果，但只要通过反思、理解和有目的的实践，我们就可以弥合这种分歧，踏上自我发现之旅。 1．推理判断题。通读第一段可知，本段第一句提出了一个观点：几乎每个人都会经历实际行动违背内心价值观带来的不适感，下文列举了三个具体的例子。由此可推知，作者在第一段中举例子是为了具体描述这种普遍的人类经历。故选C。 2．词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“By developing a culture of openness and by understanding the challenges of aligning behaviors with beliefs, we can begin to break down what prevents us from having conversation and change.”可知，这里指通过发展一种开放的文化，通过理解使行为与信念保持一致的挑战，人们能够开始突破那些不利于我们进行对话和改变的障碍。上文一直在说行为与信念的“不一致”，由此可推知，此处的“挑战”应指使行为与信念保持一致。画线词应意为“使一致”，与A项意思相近。故选A。 3．推理判断题。通读第三段尤其是第三句“Research supports the idea that recognizing this disagreement, together with mindfulness and open communication, can help with this process.”可知，作者认为意识到这种分歧，再加上保持警觉，进行坦诚的沟通，可以使人们发生改变。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了人们在生活中会遇到很多实际行动违背内心价值观的情况，这会让我们感到不舒服，甚至带来严重后果，但只要通过反思、理解和有目的的实践，我们就可以弥合这种分歧，踏上自我发现之旅。由此可推知，作者写本文的目的是鼓励人们忠于自己的信仰，坚守本心。故选A。 5.（2023·北京·中考真题） Do you know that over 1/3 of all food produced in the world goes to waste? According to the United Nations (UN), every year around the world, about one billion (十亿) tons of food is wasted. At the same time, there are nearly one billion people who go hungry. Simply 1/4 of the food wasted is enough to keep them out of hunger. In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate (气候) change. What can we do to solve this food waste problem? One effective solution is balancing food production with demand (需求). In hotels and other similar places, special instruments should be used so that cooking specialists just prepare and cook food as it is ordered. Another effective solution is starting programs to reduce (减少) food waste. Stores and buyers can try their best to be creative in food waste reduction. For example, stores can provide customers with instructions telling them how to make full use of food. Buyers can try not fixing their eyes only on food of the best quality (质量). Sometimes, the food of non-top quality is also good enough to eat, or can be bought and then used to make delicious dishes. One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted. Challenging as it is, the use of meal plans in preparing food can play an important role in ending food waste in the family. Food recycling is one of the known solutions. Efforts are now already in progress. Food that is not safe for humans to eat is recycled into other products such as animal feeds and clothing. Yet, there is still a long way to go and much for improvement in this area. In a word, food waste has been one of the biggest problems in the world that have influenced us greatly. Many solutions have been found and many more are yet to be worked out. If each of us can put in more efforts, food waste is sure to be reduced for the good of our future. 1．According to the passage, what is a possible result of food waste? A．The problem of worldwide hunger. B．A big increase in food production. C．The speed-up of climate change. D．A sudden drop in population. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food recycling has been hugely successful. B．Buyers should give up non-top quality food. C．Stores should train people to make delicious dishes. D．Meal plans in the family are hard to put into practice. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．Benefits of reducing food waste. B．Solutions to the food waste problem. C．The importance of fighting food waste. D．The attitude to the food waste problem. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了食物浪费的现状以及四个解决食物浪费问题的方法，并得出结论：如果我们每个人都做出努力，食物浪费问题一定会有所改善。 1．细节理解题。根据“In addition, the wasted food produces over three billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), which speeds up climate change.”可知食物浪费可能造成的一个结果是气候变化的加速。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“One of the hardest solutions to achieve is for each and every one to buy and prepare food with a plan of their own so that less food is wasted.”可知家庭的膳食计划很难付诸实施。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“What can we do to solve this food waste problem?”以及通读全文可知主要介绍了四种解决食物浪费问题的方法。故选B。 6.（2023·北京·中考真题） When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness depends on experiencing pleasure: good food, good jobs, all the comforts that money can buy. If we couldn’t have these, we might as well sit in front of the television on a quiet evening. Pleasure is an important part of the quality of life, but by itself it doesn’t bring happiness. When people think further about what makes a worthy life, they tend (倾向于) to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap (有重叠) pleasurable ones but fall into a group with a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events take place when people have not only satisfied a need or met some earlier expectation, but also achieved something unexpected. Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement. Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had. None of these experiences may be especially pleasurable when they are taking place, but when we think back on them afterwards, we would say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, and grown. Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different. For example, everybody takes pleasure in eating. However, to enjoys food is more difficult — you have to pay enough attention to a meal, so as to sense and tell its various tastes. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, as long as certain parts in his brain are stimulated (刺激). But it’s impossible to enjoy a tennis game or a book without full attention. It’s for this reason that pleasure does not last long, nor does it make us grow. Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging. Without enjoyment, life will go on, and it can even be pleasant. But it depends heavily on luck and the external (外部的) environment. To achieve personal control over the quality of experience, however, we need to learn how to build enjoyment into what happens day in, day out. 1．You will most probably experience enjoyment when you ________. A．buy expensive shoes B．order a delicious meal C．talk with friends for new ideas D．sit quietly in front of a television 2．What do you know about pleasure and enjoyment from the passage? A．Enjoyment grows out of pleasure. B．Pleasure and enjoyment come hand in hand. C．Pleasurable experiences are part of enjoyable ones. D．Some experiences provide both pleasure and enjoyment. 3．The words “psychic energy” in Paragraph 4 are closest in meaning to ________. A．attention B．interest C．ability D．knowledge 4．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．feeling pleasure stops people from achieving growth B．feeling enjoyment comes with achieving growth C．a worthy life depends on luck and environment D．pleasure is the key to a happy and worthy life 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文主要讲述了快乐和享受的联系和对比。 1．推理判断题。根据“Playing a tennis game that improves one’s ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that shows things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn’t know we had.”可知打一场能提高一个人能力的网球是令人愉快的，就像读一本从新的角度看待事物的书一样，就像进行一场能让我们表达自己不知道自己拥有的想法的谈话一样。由此推出当你和朋友谈论新想法时，你很可能会体验到乐趣。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据“Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two feelings are quite different.”可知有些经历既能带来愉悦，又能带来享受。故选D。 3．词义猜测题。根据“As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any psychic energy, while enjoyment happens only as a result of full attention.”可知正如这个例子所表明的，我们可以在没有任何精神能量的情况下体验快乐，而享受只有在全神贯注的情况下才会发生。psychic energy与attention意思相近。故选A。 4．观点态度题。根据“Enjoyment is characterized by a sense of curiosity, of achievement.”以及“Growth requires full attention to goals that are new, that are relatively challenging.”可知作者会赞成“感到快乐与得到成长是相辅相成的”这一观点。故选B。 7.（2022·北京·中考真题） A Pathway (路径) to Meaning in Life When it comes to a meaningful life, we might think of love, happiness and health. A life filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. Then, what makes a meaningful life? Many researchers agree that a meaningful life comes down to three factors (因素): having long-term goals, believing that one’s life matters, and feeling that one’s life fits together and “makes sense”. But we believe there is more to consider. Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA). EA is about the person feeling connected to events and being able to appreciate the value within the connection. It shows the discovery of and admiration for life’s beauty. We recently set out to better understand EA in studies. We were interested in whether EA was also tied to general judgment of meaning in life. If so, it could be a factor for meaningfulness. In the first study, we had people rate (评估) their support for different methods of reducing stress. We found that people who managed stress by focusing on their appreciation for life’s beauty also reported experiencing life as highly meaningful. In the next study, we asked people to rate the degree to which they agreed with various statements, such as “I appreciate the beauty of life” and “I appreciate little things in life,” as well as other statements that related to the three factors and a general sense of meaning in life. Our results showed that the more people reported that they were “appreciating life” and its many experiences, the more they felt their life was valuable. In the following studies, we further looked at the connection between EA and meaningfulness. For example, we found that people who were asked to look back on the most meaningful event of the past week generally reported high EA in those moments. All the results proved our theory (假设) true. But putting it into practice can be difficult. Our fast-paced lifestyles fill the day with goals. We try to get the highest output both at work and in spare time. This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. We should slow down and let life surprise us. 1．You were most probably in the EA condition when _________. A．you made a travel plan for the coming holiday B．you hurried to serve the customers in the store C．you practiced hard to become the best violinist D．you stopped to admire the roses by the roadside 2．What can we learn from the studies mentioned in the passage? A．Thinking back to the past weakens our sense of meaning. B．Enjoying small things can influence our attitude toward life. C．Proper stress management is the key to living a satisfying life. D．Good judgment on beauty improves connections among people. 3．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A．It is easier for results-driven people to achieve success. B．We often turn a blind eye to the present moment. C．A fast-paced lifestyle helps us reach our goals. D．Future life will bring us many more surprises. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To explain how to discover beauty in life. B．To discuss what the true meaning of life is. C．To introduce a new factor for a meaningful life. D．To compare different factors for meaningfulness. 【答案】D B B C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讨论是什么让生活变得有意义。 1．推理判断题。根据“When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life. We call this experiential appreciation (EA).”可知，当人们乐于欣赏这样的经历时，这些时刻可能会改善他们对自己生活的看法，我们称之为体验欣赏。选项D“你停下来欣赏路边的玫瑰”符合，故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Sometimes life enables us to experience small moments of beauty. When people are open to appreciating (欣赏) such experiences, these moments may improve how they see their own life.”可知，生活让我们体验到美丽的小瞬间，当人们乐于欣赏这样的经历时，这些时刻可能会改善他们对自己生活的看法。故选B。 3．段落大意题。根据“This focus on future outcomes makes it all too easy to miss what is happening right now. ”可知，我们经常忽略当下正在发生的一切。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据第三段“But we believe there is more to consider.”本文主要讨论有意义的生活的一个新的要素，故选C。 8.（2022·北京·中考真题） What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a color. It also means taking special steps to protect the environment. Buying a green product is a small step everyone can take. Deciding whether a product is green, however, isn’t always easy. We need to consider the whole life cycle of the product even after it’s of no use. Here is what we may keep in mind. The materials of a product are usually our first focus (关注). What is it made of? Are there any harmful chemicals in it? Green products are made of more natural materials which are free from harmful chemicals, so they can be good for our physical health. Packaging is important. How is a product packaged? Is it over packaged? We’d better choose glass, metal and paper packaging, as these can be reused or more easily recycled (回收利用). We can also look for less packaging or even choose unbagged products whenever possible. Location (地点) matters. Where was a product produced? Where are we buying it? Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, shop at markets and buy fruits in season. Buying from stores near our houses is also a good choice, because we can go there without driving a car. Look into what the company tells us about their product. It’s easy to say that a product is “green” or “all natural” but the words may be too good to be true. So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible. The greenest thing is certainly the one we don’t buy. Things like food and clothing are necessary for life. But many others are not. Better than buying is choosing to leave an unnecessary product in the store and doing without. It sends a message to the producer, keeps money in our pockets, reduces (减少) waste and keeps the planet healthy. 1．The writer would suggest choosing a product that is ________. A．over packaged B．delivered from abroad C．locally produced D．made of unnatural materials 2．The words “be taken with a grain of in salt” Paragraph 5 probably mean “________”. A．be easily understood B．not be completely believed C．be widely spread D．not be quickly forgotten 3．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Buying Green B．Recycling Waste C．Keeping Healthy D．Reducing Energy Use 【答案】C B A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。 1．推理判断题。根据“Think about how much energy was used to get it to us try to choose local products. When it comes to food, it is a good idea to order directly from local farmer, ...”可知，作者建议选择当地生产的产品，故选C。 2．词句猜测题。分析“So, much of the information about a product should be taken with a grain of salt. After all, companies try to make us believe that their products are environmentally responsible.”可知，公司试图让我们相信他们的产品对环境负责，但是我们应该秉持一个怀疑的态度，此处“be taken with a grain of salt”的意思是“不被完全相信”，故选B。 3．最佳标题题，本文作者通过解释“Green”这个词，呼吁大家保护环境。选项A“Buying Green”符合主题，故选A。 9.（2021·北京·中考真题） Nature and culture are often seen as opposite ideas. What belongs to nature cannot be the result of human activities and on the other hand, cultural development is achieved against nature. However, this is not the only opinion on the relationship between nature and culture. Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species(物种). Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle(斗争) against human nature. We are born with wild natures, such as eating and behaving in a disorganized way or acting selfishly. Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures; it is thanks to culture that the human species could learn to adapt(适应) , progress and raise itself above and beyond other species. Over the past century and a half, however, studies in the history of human development have shown that the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation. Consider, for example, hunting(打猎) . It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits. At the same time, the development of weapons(武器) is related to that adaptation-from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons. Hunting also seems to be responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities, such as balancing on one foot. Just think of how this very simple thing is closely related to dance, a key expression of human culture. It is then clear that biological development and cultural development are closely tied. The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what’s in our blood.  Just as snails carry their shells, so do we bring along our culture.  However, culture is also passed on among people of the same time or among people belonging to different populations.  We can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris just as we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speak that language. 1．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Culture belongs to human nature. B．Nature teaches humans how to adapt. C．Humans are supposed to be well organized. D．Education pushes the human species to progress. 2．Why does the writer talk about hunting in Paragraph 3? A．To suggest some possible ways of changing living habits. B．To stress the importance of tools in humans’ struggle for life. C．To show how culture develops as humans adapt to the environment. D．To explain why there is a need to call for the proper use of weapons. 3．The word “transmission” in Paragraph 4 probably means “________”. A．system B．spread C．start D．spirit 4．What is the writer’s opinion on the nature-culture relationship? A．Culture and nature are separate yet balanced. B．Culture depends much on nature to progress. C．Nature and culture are different but connected. D．Nature follows the unwritten rules set by culture. 【答案】D C B C 【分析】本文是一篇议论文，自然和文化常常被视为对立的观点，但是人类发展的研究表明，文化，无论是作为一种反对自然的努力还是自然的努力，都是人类物种发展的一部分。生物的发展和文化的发展是紧密相连的，文化的传播似乎与我们血液中的东西直接相关。 1．段落大意题。根据“Several modern writers saw the process of education as a struggle(斗争) against human nature.”和“Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures”可知，人们把教育的过程看作是一场与人性的斗争，教育把文化作为一种方式，让我们摆脱最广泛的天性。所以本段想说明教育推动人类进步。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Consider, for example, hunting(打猎) . It seems to be an adaptation, which allowed humans to move into new and different areas, opening up the opportunity to change living habits.”可知，打猎似乎是一种适应，使人类能够进入新的和不同的地区，打开改变生活习惯的机会。文章提到打猎是为了展示文化是如何随着人类适应环境而发展的。故选C。 3．词义猜测题。分析“The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what’s in our blood. Just as snails carry their shells, so do we bring along our culture.”可知，文化的传播似乎与我们血液中的东西直接相关。就像蜗牛带着它们的壳一样，我们也带着我们的文化。所以此处transmission的意思是“传播”，故选B。 4．观点态度题。根据“Studies in the development of humans suggest that culture, whether taken as an effort against nature or a natural effort, is part of the development of the human species(物种).”可知，作者认为文化，无论是作为一种反对自然的努力还是自然的努力，都是人类物种发展的一部分，作者认为自然和文化之间是对立且密切联系的。故选C。 10.（2021·北京·中考真题） School Gardens Could Help Children Try More Vegetables It’s not always enjoyable for children to eat vegetables. But what if a garden is built in the school? New research suggests that a gardening program in schools can increase children’s vegetable intake(摄入量) . How the Study Was Carried Out The study was carried out in eight schools. Each school was in the gardening program for one school year. Every child in grades 3-5 received a total of eighteen 60-minute lessons across the school year. In the program, each school built a garden, where children learned to grow their own fresh produce, like fruit and vegetables. The Benefits Children Could Get The study found that vegetable intake if the children who grew their own produce increased greatly across the year. Related studies show that increased vegetable intake can improve health and cut the risk of chronic diseases(慢性疾病). Not only are there benefits to health, increasing the variety of vegetables children are exposed(接触)to may also make mealtimes much easier.” Children who are often exposed to a variety of vegetables are more likely to try new foods,” explains Dr. Kerry Jones. For children, growing their own food is a powerful tool to increase their intake of the food. ____________________ Any opportunity to expose children to more vegetables is meaningful. “If children are learning about vegetables at school, it’s important to encourage this interest,” says Jones. Parents can listen to their children about what they have learned and read the handouts they bring home from school. Parents and children can also read books together.  Younger children can enjoy reading stories about vegetables with parents who offer useful messages. Older children may enjoy searching through cookbooks with parents to find new dinner ideas to cook vegetables in a tasty way. Besides, a small planter box in a sunny part at home can encourage children to understand more about where their food comes from. Teaching children to grow their own produce is a great way to increase their preference for the produce. If children are taught to enjoy vegetables early in life, they will probably continue eating vegetables in the long term. 1．What did children do in the gardening program? A．They did research on new plants. B．They grew fresh produce at school. C．They took home green vegetables D．They built gardens for their classes. 2．Which of the following would be the best heading for Paragaph4? A．Ideas to Encourage Children to Cook at Home B．Ways to Expose Children to Vegetables at Home C．Reasons Why Parents Should Understand Children D．Suggestions Which Children Could Get from Parents 3．What can we learn from the program? A．Parents’ support might improve children’s reading. B．School programs could develop students’ creativity. C．Doing studies can prepare students for future learning. D．Hands-on experience may influence children’s preference. 【答案】B B D 【分析】本文介绍了在学校花园里让学生自己种植蔬菜的好处。 1．细节理解题。根据“In the program, each school built a garden, where children learned to grow their own fresh produce, like fruit and vegetables”可知，在该项目中，每一所学校都建了一个花园，孩子们在那里学会种植自己的新鲜农产品，故选B。 2．句意猜测题。根据“Any opportunity to expose children to more vegetables is meaningful”及整段的内容可知，本段主要介绍了从不同方面鼓励孩子们多吃蔬菜的方法，故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“Teaching children to grow their own produce is a great way to increase their preference for the produce”可知，教孩子们自己种植农产品是增加他们对农产品偏好的一个很好的方法，所以实践经验可能会影响孩子的偏好，故选D。 1.（2025·北京东城·二模） Does this sound familiar? A workmate asks, “What are you up to this weekend?” You tell her you’re not sure. She replies with her own exciting plan. “I’m going to my lake house to have a big party.” I call this “boomerasking”. Like a boomerang, boomeraskers ask a question, let their partner answer and then immediately bring the focus of the conversation back to themselves. They try to both show interest in their partner and disclose something about themselves, but they fail to achieve either goal. We know it is good to show interest in our partners during conversations in many ways—by asking questions, supporting a different opinion, or saying something that relates to what the other person just said. However, self-centredness is tricky to outrun. As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves—their feelings, opinions, and personal experiences. On social media, it’s even worse—80% of communication is self-related. For many people, self-disclosure simply feels great. A willingness to open up to others is an important sign of liking and closeness: it shows that you trust someone to know things about you. It’s also the primary way people shape how others think of them. By carefully choosing what to share, we try to seem kind, smart, confident and interesting in our partners’ eyes. And we show off or complain, hoping to receive admiration or understanding. Still, we recognise that social rules discourage overly self-centred behaviour and try to deal with this problem with some indirect habits. People who want others to admire them might pretend (假装) to complain while actually showing off, like saying, “I’m tired from all the interviews about my new book.” Others wanting to seem higher position might give mixed praise, like “Your ideas were pretty good, for a beginner.” But compared with these ways we try to hide our self-centredness, boomerasking may be worse because it reduces the benefits of asking questions. Asking heartfelt questions, listening to others’ answers and following up on those answers may be the easiest and most powerful pathway to shared understanding and interpersonal connection. Boomerasking breaks the magic. Failing to follow up on your partner’s answer, and answering the question yourself instead, makes others feel like you don’t care about them. So don’t boomerask! When another person shares their views, focus on them. We should all aim to be more interested in our partners before we go back to proving how interesting we are ourselves. 1．What will boomeraskers do after they ask a question about your hobbies? A．Stay quiet and give you space to talk freely. B．Stop you when you talk and discuss a different topic. C．Listen to your answer carefully and ask follow-up questions. D．Pay little attention to your answer and talk about their hobbies. 2．The words “tricky to outrun” in Paragraph 3 probably mean “________”. A．hard to shake off B．unusual to see C．pleasant to accept D．simple to deal with 3．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．boomerasking balances caring about others and opening up B．self-centredness is unwelcome even when expressed indirectly C．mixed praise is a straight and honest way to express admiration D．it’s wise to shape others’ opinions by sharing a lot about yourself 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To guide people in building interesting conversations. B．To prove the effect of self-centredness in conversations. C．To encourage better listening and replying in conversations. D．To explore the reasons for people’s showing off in conversations. 【答案】D A B C 【导语】本文主要讲述了“boomerang”这种交流现象，并在文中列举了例子解释其含义。呼吁人们通过真诚倾听和回应建立更好的人际连接。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Like a boomerang, boomeraskers ask a question, let their partner answer and then immediately bring the focus of the conversation back to themselves.”可知，当被问起爱好时，他们不会关注你的回答，而是转而谈论自己的爱好。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据第三段“As humans, we mostly think about our own viewpoint. Between 40% and 60% of what people say in conversations is about themselves”可知，解释人类大多关注自身观点，对话中40%-60% 的内容与自身相关。由此推断，“tricky to outrun”意为“难以摆脱”，与“hard to shake off难以摆脱”语义一致。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段指出，人们通过“假装抱怨式炫耀” 或 “混合式赞美” 等间接方式掩盖自我中心，但作者认为“boomerasking 比这些方式更糟糕”，暗示任何形式的自我中心行为都不受欢迎，故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文通过分析“boomerasking”现象，揭示了对话中自我中心的问题，呼吁人们通过真诚倾听和回应建立更好的人际连接。故选C。 2.（2025·北京东城·二模） A United Nations scientific report states that human-caused climate change is greatly reducing land quality worldwide. It also warns that the way humans use land is causing the Earth to warm faster and could harm food production. About 30 percent of the Earth’s surface is land, but the land is warming two times faster than the planet as a whole. While greenhouse gases are causing global (全球的) warming, land has been less talked about as a part of climate change. In-fact, the way we use land is both part of the problem and part of the solution. Climate change has caused serious harm to the land. It has caused deserts to spread and made forests more easily harmed by fire, disease and shortage of water. Meanwhile, farming and forestry together account for about 23 percent of the greenhouse gases. Scientists have long believed that one of the few good things about higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is that plants grow well in such conditions. But many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe). The report also warns of more harmful effects of climate change on the global food supply (供应). It predicts a rise of 7.6 percent in cereal (谷物) prices by 2050. Higher food prices will lead to an increased risk of hunger. The report suggests that we can change the way we farm and eat to slow down the temperature rise. It notes that better, smarter farming methods can reduce carbon levels by up to 18 percent of present emission (排放) levels by 2050. Carbon emissions can be reduced further if we eat less red meat and more plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables and seeds. That will also free up several million square kilometres of land by 2050. Reducing food waste is also an important part of fighting climate change. The report notes that almost one-third of food produced is lost or wasted. Reducing food waste would reduce emissions and help feed more people. However, the report warns that “the window for making these changes is closing fast.” 1．According to the report, what is one cause of climate change? A．Forest fires. B．Improper land use. C．Low rainfalls. D．Large areas of deserts. 2．What does the example of wheat in Paragraph 4 show? A．The reason for the increase of food prices. B．The disadvantage of wheat as a cereal crop. C．The effect of climate change on food quality. D．The importance of wheat in crop production. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Smarter farming will increase carbon emissions. B．Worldwide hunger is mainly caused by food waste. C．Cereal production mostly depends on farming methods. D．Eating less red meat can slow down the temperature rise. 【答案】B C D 【导语】本文讲述了人类活动导致的气候变化正在加速土地退化，并对粮食安全和生态系统造成严重影响，但通过改进土地利用方式、调整饮食结构和减少浪费，可以缓解这一问题。 1．细节理解题。根据“It also warns that the way humans use land is causing the Earth to warm faster and could harm food production.”可知，人类对土地的使用方式是导致地球变暖更快的原因之一，也就是气候变化的一个原因是土地使用不当。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据“many studies show that the high levels of carbon dioxide reduce protein (蛋白质) and nutrients (营养物) in many crops. For example, they cause wheat to have 6 to 13 percent less protein, 4 to 7 percent less zinc (Zn) and 8 percent less iron (Fe).”可知，以小麦为例是为了说明二氧化碳含量高会降低许多作物的蛋白质和营养物质，即展示了气候变化对食物质量的影响。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“Carbon emissions can be reduced further if we eat less red meat and more plant - based foods like fruits, vegetables and seeds.”可知，少吃红肉可以进一步减少碳排放，从而减缓气温上升。故选D。 3.（2025·北京东城·一模） Cindy, an office worker, has fought against procrastination (拖延) for years. She expects that one day she’ll wake up different, ready to deal with her to-do list effectively. But change doesn’t come overnight. Instead, Cindy notices small changes in her habits—choosing to complete a task right away rather than putting it off, setting short-term goals like finishing a report by the end of the week, and celebrating small achievements like meeting a deadline. These seemingly unimportant steps lead to a far-reaching change in her productivity and mindset over time. Like Cindy’s journey, real change is a slow and often unnoticeable process (过程). We live in a world that values quick fixes and immediate results, but actual growth happens little by little. Change is like a path with ups and downs and twists and turns. The key lies in the willingness to respond (回应) differently to each situation, make adjustments (调整), and learn from our mistakes. If you try to change something at once, probably the change doesn’t last very long. Instead, working on one habit at a time provides a more sustainable method. It helps to avoid burnout and ensures that each positive change has time to take root and grow stronger, leading to meaningful change. Purposefulness is important in the process of change. Setting clear, realistic goals connected with personal values can provide a powerful sense of direction and drive. For example, if you want to improve your communication skills, you might start by practicing active listening during conversations. At the beginning, the changes may be small—a bit more patience here, a better choice of words there—but these purposeful acts gradually build stronger, more effective communication habits. It’s also necessary to recognize and celebrate small victories. Each step forward, no matter how small, is proof to your promise and effort. No journey of change is without its missteps. Mistakes are an unavoidable part of the process and should be viewed as chances for growth rather than failures. For example, if someone learning to manage stress gives in to anxiety in a high-pressure situation, it uncovers areas needing further development. Embracing (拥抱) mistakes and learning from them can help you continually make progress. Next time you feel discouraged by the speed of change, remember Cindy’s story and find comfort in the continuous progress of your own journey. Change is an ongoing process that is never finished but can be celebrated along the way. 1．Why does the writer use Cindy’s story in Paragraph 1? A．To show the actual way change happens. B．To explain the difficulty in changing habits. C．To prove the commonness of procrastination. D．To give suggestions on improving productivity. 2．What does the word “sustainable” in Paragraph 2 most probably mean? A．Challenging. B．Popular. C．Special. D．Lasting. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Quick fixes are more valuable than long-term changes. B．Effective changes result from nonstop purposeful efforts. C．Celebrating small victories prevents us from making progress. D．Avoiding mistakes can help us improve ourselves more quickly. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Setting Realistic Goals for Continuous Change B．Embracing the Slow Journey of Real Change C．Change: How Can We Control the Process? D．Change: How Does It Benefit Our Growth? 【答案】A D B B 【导语】本文主要通过Cindy改善拖延症的故事告诉我们改变是缓慢且有波折的，但改变是一个持续的过程，我们应当正视缓慢而持久的改变。 1．推理判断题。根据“Cindy, an office worker, has fought against procrastination for years. She expects that one day she’ll wake up different, ready to deal with her to-do list effectively. But change doesn’t come overnight. Instead, Cindy notices small changes in her habits”可知，Cindy希望一夜之后她的拖延症就能改变，但实际是改变在微妙地发生着变化，则作者在第一段使用Cindy的故事是为了展示变化发生的实际方式。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据“If you try to change something at once, probably the change doesn’t last very long…It helps to avoid burnout and ensures that each positive change has time to take root and grow stronger, leading to meaningful change.”及语境可知，作者认为一次改变一些事情可能不会持续很长时间，则作者认为一次培养一个习惯的方法更持久，则划线部分应为“持久的”，与D选项lasting“持续的”意思相近。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据“Purposefulness is important in the process of change. Setting clear, realistic goals connected with personal values can provide a powerful sense of direction and drive.…Change is an ongoing process that is never finished…”可知，作者认为在改变的过程中，目的性很重要，这样可以提供强大的方向感和动力，且变化是一个持续的过程，永远不会结束。选项B“有效的改变源于不间断的、有目的的努力”符合。故选B。 4．最佳标题题。通读全文，本文主要通过Cindy改善拖延症的故事告诉我们改变是缓慢且有波折的，但改变是一个持续的过程，我们应当正视缓慢而持久的改变。选项B“拥抱真正改变的缓慢旅程”符合。故选B。 4.（2025·北京东城·一模） In our lively world, where there are crowds everywhere, there’s a group of people who prefer the quiet, less populated environments. But what is it that drives this preference? For some people who don’t like crowds, spending time alone brings peace and safety. Imagine standing in a busy market, with people moving and talking nonstop. The sensory input—all the sounds, smells, and the movements around them—can be difficult for these people to deal with. They often find comfort in calm spaces such as libraries, parks, or their bedrooms. In a crowded environment, it’s easy for them to get lost and forget about themselves. But they can focus on their thoughts and feelings when they’re alone. However, not all who avoid crowds do so out of choice. A recent study at a famous university found that some people experience great fear and anxiety (焦虑) in crowded places. Their hearts beat fast, they sweat (出汗), and they have a strong wish to get away. This condition influences how they behave in social situations. For these people, avoiding crowds is a necessary way to manage their anxiety. Interestingly, the study also showed that people who don’t like crowds aren’t necessarily unsociable. In fact, they often enjoy smaller, closer gatherings (聚会). Whether it’s a dinner with close friends or a family reunion, these smaller settings allow them to focus on the conversation, communicate with others, and build deeper relationships. Without the distractions (干扰) of a crowd, they can truly enjoy the company of their loved ones. For people who dislike crowds, dealing with social situations can be a challenge. However, there are ways to make these experiences more manageable. For example, they can choose to attend smaller, closer gatherings rather than large parties or events. They can also take breaks from social interactions when needed, stepping away to a quieter area to relax. Additionally, it’s important for these people to communicate their needs and preferences to others. By doing so, they can help others understand their dislike of crowds and find ways to meet their needs. Remember, everyone’s comfort levels and preferences are different. What might feel energizing to some can feel tiring to others. The key is empathy (共情), understanding, and respect for each other’s personal spaces and comfort zones. 1．What do we know about people who dislike crowds? A．They are in poor physical condition. B．They have little interest in social activities. C．They feel troubled by too much sensory input. D．They dislike building relationships with others. 2．How can people who dislike crowds manage social situations? A．By taking an active part in large events. B．By avoiding telling others their real feelings. C．By taking a break in a quieter area when necessary. D．By pushing themselves to talk with people all around. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．People’s different choices in social situations. B．Reasons for crowd discomfort and ways to ease it. C．Problems in dealing with social situations and solutions. D．People’s different preferences for crowds and the reasons. 【答案】C C B 【导语】本文介绍了一些人喜欢独处的原因及如何缓解的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The sensory input—all the sounds, smells, and the movements around them—can be difficult for these people to deal with.”可知，不喜欢人群的人会因过多的感官输入而感到困扰。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“For people who dislike crowds, dealing with social situations can be a challenge…They can also take breaks from social interactions when needed”可知，不喜欢人群的人会在必要的时候去一个安静的地方休息。故选C 3．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了一些人喜欢独处的原因及如何缓解的方法，选项B“人群不适的原因和缓解方法”符合。故选B。 5.（2025·北京西城·二模） Walking is one of the simplest ways to stay fit, but taking a few steps backward could unlock even greater benefits. The practice isn’t new—records suggest that backward walking has been part of traditional exercise in China for centuries. Athletes and coaches later used it to improve sports performance. Now, researchers are uncovering just how powerful this small change in movement can be. Unlike forward walking, which primarily uses the ankles, walking backward changes the workload to the hips and knees. This small change in movement activates different muscle (肌肉) groups, offering benefits for strength and mobility. Walking backward changes the mechanical load on the body and challenges the brain with a novel task. Janet Dufek, a professor at the University of Nevada, found that backward walking increases low back flexibility (灵活性), reduces low back pain, and improves balance—key reasons why it’s often used in physical treatment. Moreover, backward walking burns 40% more calories per minute than forward walking. A 2014 study found that women between the ages of 20 and 40 who followed a six-week backward walking program lost body fat and improved their overall fitness. What’s more, walking backward is also a workout for the brain. A 2019 study found that people who walked backward for 10 to 15 minutes three to four times a week showed greater improvements of spatial (空间的) awareness than those who walked forward. Doing activities that require more focus and attention can also help improve your brain’s ability to plan and make decisions. Studies have even connected the practice with faster reaction times and improved short-term memory. However, not everyone is fully convinced (信服) about the benefits of backward walking. “The proof of the effectiveness for backward walking training mostly comes from physical treatment, where very small studies show that this type of training may help people with knee problems when added to a regular (规律的) physical treatment program,” says Jonathan Jarry, a researcher in McGill University. “For the rest of us, we are left with an exercise that is unlikely to be better than regular workouts, and that comes with the added danger of tripping over ourselves.” Still, safety is key for those willing to try it. Just be careful that your walking space is safe, so you will not trip. You can always use a walking partner to be your “eye” when you cannot see. 1．What are the benefits of backward walking? ①speeding up reaction time    ②activating different muscle groups ③enabling people to burn fat and keep fit    ④helping people improve long-term memory A．①③④ B．①②③ C．①②④ D．②③④ 2．What does Jonathan Jarry think of backward walking? A．It isn’t a workout that is fit for everyone. B．It is a workout that can be done anywhere. C．It isn’t effective in treating knee problems. D．It has a much higher physical requirement. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．A walking partner can help you understand backward walking better. B．Backward walking is a good brain workout because it requires focus. C．Ancient Chinese people hardly walked backward as a regular workout. D．Backward walking is used in physical treatment because it is easy to do. 【答案】B A B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了倒着走的好处。 1．细节理解题。根据“This small change in movement activates different muscle (肌肉) groups, offering benefits for strength and mobility.”、“Studies have even connected the practice with faster reaction times and improved short-term memory.”和“backward walking burns 40% more calories per minute than forward walking. A 2014 study found that women between the ages of 20 and 40 who followed a six-week backward walking program lost body fat and improved their overall fitness.”可知，倒着走的好处包括增加反应速度、激活不同的肌肉群和使得人们燃烧脂肪并保持健康。故选B。 2．观点态度题。根据“... says Jonathan Jarry, a researcher in McGill University. ‘For the rest of us, we are left with an exercise that is unlikely to be better than regular workouts, and that comes with the added danger of tripping over ourselves.’ ”可知，这一运动并不适合每个人。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据“A 2019 study found that people who walked backward for 10 to 15 minutes three to four times a week showed greater improvements of spatial (空间的) awareness than those who walked forward. Doing activities that require more focus and attention can also help improve your brain’s ability to plan and make decisions.”可知，倒着走是一项很好的脑锻炼，因为它需要集中注意力。故选B。 6.（2025·北京西城·二模） An interesting finding has been discovered from psychological research: Introverts may manage the challenges of aging better. While extroverts have long been celebrated for their social butterfly abilities, it turns out that the introvert’s natural inclinations (倾向) may serve as a built-in buffer against some of aging’s most common challenges. The very qualities of introverts—preference for quieter environments, comfort with being alone, and deeper but fewer social connections—appear to match well with the natural development of the social world as they grow older. The key lies in what is known as “positive disengagement”. Laura Carstensen. the founding director of Stanford’s Center of Longevity, suggests that as people grow older, they naturally become more selective (有选择的) about their social interactions. preferring quality over quantity (数量). The change that extroverts may feel uncomfortable with often comes more naturally to introverts. Another interesting work by Helene Fung at the Chinese University of Hong Kong found that introverts experience less worry about the social changes accompanying aging. While extroverts may have trouble with the decreased energy for socializing. introverts often find that such changes match with pre-existing (已存在的) preferences. Robert McCrae’s research at the National Institute on Aging supports this “introvert advantage”. His team’s findings show that introverts may deal with the big questions of aging better because they naturally think deeply about life. While extroverts might look for outside activities that can pull their attention away from aging-related worries, introverts’ natural inclinations to turn inward often result in better adjustment (调整) and acceptance of life’s changes. The most convincing research comes from Klaus Rothermund, who studies how people manage emotions as they age. His work shows that introverts often develop better coping skills earlier in life. Such skills as the ability to think deeply about themselves and the ability to form one-on-one connections become increasingly valuable as they grow older. It’s as if introverts have been unknowingly practicing for their elder years all along. The meanings of the findings go beyond just research interest. Understanding how different personality types deal with change becomes increasingly important as people age. For extroverts reading this, don’t feel disappointed—awareness is half the job done, and many coping skills that come naturally to introverts can be learned and trained. And for introverts? You might want to add this to your list of quiet victories. Your personality may have prepared you for a more beautiful journey into your later years. Sometimes, it seems that the tortoise doesn’t just win the race. It may also enjoy the journey more. 1．What does the word “buffer” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean? A．Weakness. B．Warning. C．Monitor. D．Protector. 2．Which behavior probably matches Carstensen’s findings? A．Refusing to choose friends according to personality. B．Spending less time alone to make time for social activities. C．Staying away from relationships that are not worthwhile. D．Joining in group discussions instead of thinking independently. 3．What can we learn about introverts and extroverts as they age? A．Introverts need to find ways to stop worrying about their age. B．Extroverts can learn from introverts about ways to slow aging down. C．Extroverts have the ability to deal with personal problems earlier in life. D．Introverts’ qualities better suit the natural changes of the social world. 4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A．Introverts: A More Popular Personality B．Introverts: Practice to Fight Against Aging C．Introverts: Feel Better When Getting Older D．Introverts: Social Advantages Over Extroverts 【答案】D C D C 【导语】本文介绍了一项心理学研究发现：内向者可能比外向者更能从容应对老龄化的挑战，因为他们的性格特质（如偏好安静环境、享受独处、建立深度社交关系等）更契合伴随年龄增长的自然社会变化，这种“内向者优势”体现在情绪调节、社交选择和生活适应等方面。 1．词句猜测题。根据“Introverts may manage the challenges of aging better... the introvert’s natural inclinations may serve as a built-in buffer against some of aging’s most common challenges”可知，内向者的天性能够帮助他们应对衰老带来的挑战，“buffer”在此处表示对挑战的“缓冲”或“保护”作用，与“Protector（保护者）”含义最接近。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Laura Carstensen... suggests that as people grow older, they naturally become more selective about their social interactions, preferring quality over quantity”可知，Carstensen认为老年人会更倾向于选择高质量的社交关系，而非数量。“远离无价值的人际关系”体现了 “重质量、轻数量”的选择性社交，符合其研究结论。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“The very qualities of introverts—preference for quieter environments, comfort with being alone, and deeper but fewer social connections—appear to match well with the natural development of the social world as they grow older”可知，内向者偏好安静环境、享受独处、注重深度社交等特质，与衰老过程中社交世界的自然变化（如社交选择性增强）高度契合。故选D。 4．最佳标题题。通读文章可知，全文围绕多项研究展开，核心论点是内向者的特质（如深度思考、选择性社交、擅长独处）使其更能适应衰老带来的社交变化和心理挑战，从而在老年阶段表现出更好的心理调整能力。C选项 “内向的人：年龄越大感觉越好”最为适合。故选C。 7.（2025·北京朝阳·二模） If you’re thinking about what job you want in the future, it’s likely you’ve heard this one before: “Just do what you enjoy!” In today’s world, making money isn’t easy no matter what you do, so why not do something you truly enjoy? That may sound like a smart plan: You move somewhere with a low cost of living, and even if the thing you love doesn’t make much money, you can still live well. But in reality, things aren’t that simple. Passion (热情) alone can’t always carry you through. Doing the job you love can bring you great feelings when life is easy and you are in a cheerful state. However, things can go wrong when you feel tired, feel lonely or get sick. Passion alone may not be enough. At those times, you may begin to ask yourself: “Is this really the right life for me?” Thinking about the job opportunities you passed by, you might even wonder if giving up that better job you could have had was a smart choice. I completely understand how that feels. As a writer, I truly enjoy my work. But there are days—like today—when it’s outside, I haven’t slept well, and all I want is to stay in bed. Still, even when I don’t feel like it, I still sit down and write. Why? Because passion isn’t the only thing that drives me. I also have a sense of purpose. I know that my writing helps people, and that keeps me going—even when passion fades. Actually, I have been through it many times—when I sit at my desk, staring (盯着) at the empty screen, feeling lost or tired. Writing doesn’t always feel fun. But because I have a purpose, I get through it every time. Over time, I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard. If you know your work helps others, even in a small way, it feels more meaningful. To find your purpose, you need to try different things. Do different jobs, talk to new people, explore new places, and see what makes you feel happy and useful. You don’t need to know all the answers right now, but you do need to keep learning and keep exploring. One day, you may find the place where your passion and your purpose come together. And when that happens, I hope you build a life and a job that you truly enjoy. 1．You will most probably enjoy your work in the long run if you ________. A．move to a place with an affordable cost of living B．choose a job that makes you feel excited every day C．enjoy your work while knowing why it matters to you D．follow your heart without caring about others’ opinions 2．What does the word “fades” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Grows slowly. B．Becomes weaker. C．Moves quickly. D．Stays the same. 3．What do you know about passion and purpose from the passage? A．Purpose usually comes before passion in jobs. B．Purpose is the key for people to lead a rich life. C．People make a smart plan with purpose and passion. D．People need purpose more than passion at hard times. 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To show how people can find their purpose in jobs. B．To explain why passion alone is not enough at work. C．To compare different ways of choosing jobs in modern times. D．To introduce the challenge of making good job choices in life. 【答案】C B D B 【导语】本文主要通过个人经历和说理，指出职业选择需平衡热情与目的，尤其在困难时期，目的感是持续的动力。 1．细节理解题。根据“I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard.”和“One day, you may find the place where your passion and your purpose come together. And when that happens, I hope you build a life and a job that you truly enjoy.”可知，此处说明如果工作能同时满足激情和目标才能让人真正长期享受。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据“I know that my writing helps people, and that keeps me going—even when passion fades.”可知，我知道我的写作帮助了人们，这让我继续下去——即使激情消失了，故fade意为“消失”与选项B“变得更弱”意思相同。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“Over time, I’ve learned that passion makes you excited at first, but purpose helps you keep going when things get hard.”可推知，此处强调困难时期目标更重要。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据“Passion (热情) alone can’t always carry you through.”和“Passion alone may not be enough.”及通读全文可知，全文围绕“仅凭热情不足，需结合目标感”展开，选项B“解释在工作中为何仅靠热情是不够的。”准确概括主旨。故选B。 8.（2025·北京朝阳·二模） Everyone has their own way to get back their energy, even if they don’t really notice it. For me, a walk around the block or a few push-ups can always make me feel better quickly. A walk in the forest is even better if I have time. It’s not simply that I enjoy these activities but also that they really help clear my mind. Studies have shown that mental (心理的) health and body health are closely connected. It’s true—what is good for the body is often good for the mind. Knowing that may change your day and even your life. Physical activity has many mental health benefits, and these have been written in Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, including improved brain health, better thinking ability, a lower chance of feeling nervous, better sleep, and overall improved quality of life. Although it cannot solve every problem, doing more physical activity clearly helps to improve our overall well-being. However, people are not always able to stay active all year round. When the weather changes, for example, when the days become shorter and the air turns colder, it is easy to stop doing exercise. Holidays can also break our daily exercise habits, because people may be busy, tired, or just want to relax. At these times, people’s healthy habits may face disruptions (扰乱). So how should we exercise? What kind of exercise can really help us? The answer is to take part in real sports, rather than just doing some light and simple activities. Sports with a certain level of strength (力量) can bring all the good results mentioned above. They can also help us feel more confident, and have better selfrespect. Researches show that teenagers who often do sports from a young age are more likely to grow up with a stronger body and better spirit, like teamwork and never giving up. No matter whether it is during the holidays or at any time of the year, as long as we choose to move, every step we take can bring good changes to our body and mind. So, choose the way that fits you best! Move your way! 1．Why does the writer mention activities in Paragraph 1? A．To introduce different kinds of exercise. B．To encourage people to do some outdoor exercise. C．To suggest exercise is a cost-effective way to stay healthy. D．To prove exercise is a good way to renew people’s energy. 2．According to the passage, who is most likely to stay healthy in both body and mind? A．A woman who takes a walk slowly for half an hour twice a week. B．A girl who does guided light sports at the gym on weekends. C．A man who often plays football in a team and trains hard. D．A boy who sometimes runs fast for 5 minutes at school. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Keeping up with exercising is good for your well-being. B．Sports with strength are the key to improving our health. C．People prefer to do more exercise during happy holidays. D．Doing too much exercise may make our body less healthy. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．A 【导语】本文通过科学依据和个人经历，论证了规律性体育活动对身心健康的综合益处，并强调选择适合的运动方式的重要性。 1．细节理解题。根据“For me, a walk around the block or a few push-ups can always make me feel better quickly. A walk in the forest is even better if I have time. It’s not simply that I enjoy these activities but also that they really help clear my mind.”可知，作者通过这些活动来迅速恢复精力，并清除头脑中的杂念。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据“Sports with a certain level of strength (力量) can bring all the good results mentioned above. They can also help us feel more confident, and have better selfrespect. Researches show that teenagers who often do sports from a young age are more likely to grow up with a stronger body and better spirit, like teamwork and never giving up.”可知，较高强度且持续的运动更能带来身体和心理双方面的益处，比如参加团队运动并且一直坚持下去。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据“No matter whether it is during the holidays or at any time of the year, as long as we choose to move, every step we take can bring good changes to our body and mind.”可知，文章强调了“无论何时何地只要选择运动，就能给身体和心理都带来好处”的主旨，即坚持锻炼对个人幸福感非常重要。故选A。 9.（2025·北京朝阳·一模） In many areas of life, people compete even when it does not benefit them. Office workers stay late at work to avoid looking lazy. On social media, people feel pressured to post perfect photos. These situations all come from a problem called the theater effect, which explains why people find it hard to stop competing, even when it is unnecessary. The theater effect happens when one person tries to do better, forcing others to follow. In the end, everyone works harder, but no one truly benefits. Imagine watching a movie—if the people in front stand up, those behind must stand too. Finally, everyone is standing, but the view remains the same. A well-known experiment at Stanford University tested this idea. Researchers invited 200 people to bid (竞标) for a $100 bill. The highest bidder won, but the second-highest still had to pay. At first, bids were small, but as the price neared $100, people refused to stop. Some even bid more than $100 just to avoid losing their earlier bids. This irrational behavior shows that once competition begins, people realize that it’s hard to stop competing, even when it no longer makes sense. The theater effect comes from early human survival instincts (本能). Back then, the dopamine system (多巴胺系统) in our brain made us feel good about short-term success, like catching food, because it ensured survival. Today, this same system drives us to aim for victory in competitions—even when the results are meaningless. However, modern life is different. Today, while basic needs are no longer a big problem for us, we should learn to think clearly. Then how can we stop this kind of useless competition? First, we should know that we don’t need to win all the time to prove our value. Real growth means doing better than before, not better than others. Second, we should take a moment to ask ourselves, “Are we doing it because we truly enjoy it, or just because we are afraid to be left behind?” Another important point is to aim for meaningful goals, not just to win. Focus on what truly matters, and feel peace in your heart—that is how we find real happiness. So next time you feel pressured to “stand up”, just because others do, ask yourself: Is this really the best choice for me? 1．According to the passage, which is probably the example of the theater effect? A．A family enjoys a quiet dinner without surfing the internet. B．A company gives praise to workers for their continual efforts. C．People set a long-term goal to exercise more for better health. D．Students sign up for more classes because others are doing so. 2．What does the word “irrational” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A．Unreasonable. B．Worthless. C．Meaningful. D．Beneficial. 3．The writer probably agrees that ________. A．joining in competitions is a good way to show your value B．it is wise to stop and think before joining in a competition C．competition is important and always helps us move forward D．following others is a safe way to avoid making wrong choices 4．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage? A．To compare research findings on over-competition. B．To guide people to go for more successful achievements. C．To encourage people to care less about their basic needs. D．To advise readers to make choices that truly suit themselves. 【答案】D A B D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，通过“剧场效应”理论解释了人们为何会陷入无意义的竞争，并结合实验和进化心理学分析其根源，最后提出避免无效竞争的建议。 1．细节理解题。根据第1段“people compete even when it does not benefit them”及第2段“forcing others to follow”可知，该现象的核心是“因他人行为而被迫跟随”。故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第3段实验描述“Some even bid more than $100 just to avoid losing…”，结合下划线词“irrational”的语境，可知这种行为是“不理智的”。选项A“Unreasonable”与之匹配。故选A。 3．观点态度题。根据第5段“we should take a moment to ask ourselves, “Are we doing it because we truly enjoy it, or just because we are afraid to be left behind?””和第6段“Is this really the best choice for me?”可知，作者支持审慎选择。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，全文通过分析“剧场效应”的弊端，最终呼吁读者“关注自身真实需求”。选项D“建议读者做出真正适合自己的选择”最契合写作目的。故选D。 10.（2025·北京朝阳·一模） Every year, a lot of food is wasted, and kitchens are one of the biggest causes. The Zero-Waste Kitchen aims to change this by helping people cook and manage food with as little waste as possible. This concept (概念) can go back to the 1980s in the United States, but it was Bea Johnson’s 2013 book, Zero Waste Home, that made it widely popular. Why is the Zero-Waste Kitchen important? Food waste is more than throwing away leftovers (剩饭). It also includes wasting the water, energy, and work used to grow, move, and make food. Cutting down on kitchen waste not only saves money but also helps the environment and makes better use of natural resources (资源). Many experts believe that small changes in cooking and shopping habits can help people practice a zero-waste lifestyle. Here are some simple ways to start. Plan before you shop. Buy only what you need. A famous Chef, Massimo Bottura says, “Cooking is an act of love, but it requires planning to avoid waste.” We can make a shopping list according to the planned meals. Then we will buy only what is necessary, reducing the chance of food going bad. Store food properly. As a food storage expert, Karen Kingston notes, “Proper storage can make the life of food longer and keep its good value for health. For example, using the right boxes and knowing how to keep different kinds of food can help stop food from going bad.” Make good use of leftovers. “Leftovers are an opportunity for creativity,” says Chef Dan Barber. Instead of throwing them away, we can use leftovers to create new meals. For example, leftover vegetables can be used to make soup, and overripe (熟透的) fruit can be used for juice. If leftovers cannot be eaten, they can be composted (制成堆肥) to improve soil and reduce waste. All in all, the Zero-Waste Kitchen is a simple and practical way to protect our planet. By making small changes in daily life, we can all help make the future cleaner and greener. Next time you cook, can you find one way to waste less? 1．According to the passage, why is cutting down on kitchen waste important? A．Because it is an easy task to complete in our everyday life. B．Because kitchen waste is the main cause of resource shortage. C．Because it helps to save on costs and benefits the environment. D．Because kitchen waste is responsible for most of the water waste. 2．Why does the writer use the example of Chef Massimo Bottura in Paragraph 4? A．To teach readers how to make a shopping list. B．To explain why shopping needs better planning. C．To encourage people to cook more often at home. D．To show us how famous chefs cook delicious meals. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．How the Zero-Waste Kitchen concept developed over time. B．Why it is important for us to live a zero-waste lifestyle. C．How we can practice a zero-waste kitchen in daily life. D．What effect food waste has on today’s environment. 【答案】C B C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了“零浪费厨房”的概念及其重要性，并提供了减少厨房浪费的实用建议。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Cutting down on kitchen waste not only saves money but also helps the environment and makes better use of natural resources.”可知，减少厨房浪费既节约成本又对环境有益。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Plan before you shop. Buy only what you need. A famous Chef, Massimo Bottura says, ‘Cooking is an act of love, but it requires planning to avoid waste.’”可知，作者引用名厨的话是为了说明购物需要更好的规划。故选B。 3．主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了“零浪费厨房”的概念、重要性以及如何在日常生活中实践（如购物计划、食物储存、利用剩菜等）。因此，文章的核心内容是“如何在日常生活中实践零浪费厨房”。故选C。 11.（2025·北京丰台·二模） No one wants to be seen as a liar. Liars are considered untrustworthy at best and immoral at worst. And yet, we keep lying to ourselves all the time. “I’ll enjoy this sleeve of Oreos today because my diet starts tomorrow,” I might tell myself. Or even — ironically — “I am always honest with myself.” Few people are completely honest with others. Research from the University of Massachusetts on undergraduate students found that 60 percent lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation, and many lied several times. No one is completely honest with themselves, because, the truth hurts. Sometimes, people engage in (参与) self-deception to protect their ego (自尊) or gather courage. For example, if you are not good at public speaking, you might try to increase your courage before a scary presentation by talking to yourself, “I am a great public speaker!” However, to fake it till you make it is one thing; to fake it forever, even to yourself, is entirely different. Such is the case if your success at work or school is the result of cheating but you choose to chalk it up to your own merit (优秀品质). All that self-deception takes a lot of work to maintain (保持). It is costly not only because avoiding problems can make them worse but also because the procrastinator (拖延者) must do the mental work of a task over and over, without reaping (获得) the rewards of actually getting it done. Why write “Change banks” on your to-do list for months on end instead of doing it once and being free of the task? Self-deception will never lead you to the deepest kind of satisfaction. That contentment can be found only within the true version of yourself. Personal integrity (正直) is absolutely necessary for personal progress, which psychologists show is a central element of happiness. Progress requires knowing honestly where you are compared with where you have been. If you ignore your flaws (缺点), you can’t correct them. Research shows that self-deception is connected with an inability to see our own flaws, which makes self-improvement harder. Refusing to admit that I am a bit neurotic(神经质的) might make me feel better in the moment, but it also discourages me from undertaking efforts to change for the long-term good of myself and those around me. 1．Why does the author use the example of Oreos in Paragraph 1? A．To prove that eating snacks affects people’s dieting plans. B．To show a common form of self-deception in daily life. C．To stress the popularity of Oreos among dieters. D．To explain why lying to others is harmful. 2．What does the underlined phrase “chalk it up to” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Add it up to. B．Think of it as. C．Take it away from. D．Write it down as. 3．Which of the following would the writer most probably agree with? A．Making a to-do-list helps avoid lying to yourself. B．Never-ending satisfaction results in self-deception. C．Self-deception is a harmless way to protect their ego. D．Admitting our flaws is important for self-improvement. 4．What is the writer’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To encourage people to stop lying to themselves. B．To introduce a new study about self-deception. C．To tell people to see and correct their flaws. D．To show the bad effects of self-deception. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，讨论了自我欺骗的现象和危害。 1．细节理解题。根据“And yet, we keep lying to ourselves all the time”可知，本段是讨论人们在生活中经常自己骗自己，因此举出吃完奥利奥再减肥的事例，是为了说明在生活中，自我欺骗的现象很常见。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据“Such is the case if your success at work or school is the result of cheating but you choose to chalk it up to your own merit”可知，如果你在工作或学习上的成功是作弊的结果，那么把作弊取得的成功记成自己的功劳，也是一种自我欺骗。chalk it up to表示“当做是，被认为是”，意思与think of it as一致。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据“Research shows that self-deception is connected with an inability to see our own flaws, which makes self-improvement harder.”可知，研究表明，自我欺骗与认识不到自己的缺点有关，这使得自我完善变得更加困难。因此，只有承认自己的缺点对于获得自我完善很重要。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文讨论了自我欺骗的现象和危害，意在劝诫人们不要继续自我欺骗，鼓励人们正视缺点，实现自我提升。故选A。 12.（2025·北京丰台·二模） On 25 June, 2024, Li Chunlai watched eagerly as a capsule carrying the first pieces of the far side of the Moon landed on Earth. “Samples, I finally got you,” he thought. The lander spent two days digging and collecting material on the lunar surface before sending the samples back to Earth. After arriving on Earth, the capsule was in Li’s lab at the National Astronomical Observatories in Beijing. It took Li and his team several days to get out the precious material from its sealed vault (密封舱), using various tools. To protect the material, they stored it in a nitrogen-filled (充满氮气的) box. The powder within was “fluffy” (松软的) and “very fresh”, says Li. The samples are lighter in colour than those from the Moon’s near side. “It’s very special,” says Li. The rocks and dust were collected from the deepest part of the South Pole-Aitken Basin, which is thought to be the largest and oldest impact crater (撞击坑) on the Moon. The site was chosen because of the variety of the material it might contain. The samples are “like a recorder of all these historical events”, says Yi Xu, a planetary scientist at Macau University of Science and Technology. Studying them will help to uncover “lots of secrets of the Moon”, says Yuqi Qian, a planetary geologist at the University of Hong Kong. Top among them is why the lunar far side looks so different from the near side— the crust (月壳) is thicker and not as enriched with radioactive elements (放射性元素). “Understanding the Moon’s history is key to learning about the pasts of other planets such as Mars, Venus and Mercury,” says James Head, a planetary geoscientist at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, who has collaborated extensively with Li. “The Moon is a keystone to planetary evolution (演化) in general.” Planetary scientists all over the world now want to get their gloves on the samples. Li’s lab has distributed (分发) some pieces to teams across China. But it will be a few years before researchers outside the country get access, says Li, to give Chinese researchers priority. A flood of scientific findings are expected in the coming months. Li is already looking ahead to China’s next sample-return missions—to a near-Earth asteroid (近地小行星) in 2025, and to Mars several years later. “The insight generated so far from this year’s Moon mission,” he says, “is just the beginning”. 1．Why did scientists choose the South Pole-Aitken Basin to collect samples? A．Because it is the closest area to Earth. B．Because it has the freshest powder on the Moon. C．Because it is the easiest place to land a spacecraft. D．Because it may contain various types of materials. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．The samples may help scientists understand other planets’ history. B．The far side of the Moon has a thinner crust than the near side. C．The Moon samples will only be studied by Chinese scientists. D．The lander collected samples for over a week on the Moon. 3．What is the passage mainly about? A．China’s Moon samples’ return and their importance. B．The celebration of China’s space mission success. C．The differences between the Moon’s two sides. D．The tools used to collect lunar samples. 【答案】D A A 【导语】本文介绍中国成功获取月球背面样本的过程及其科学价值，介绍样本采集地点的选择原因、研究意义及未来太空任务规划。 1．细节理解题。根据“The site was chosen because of the variety of the material it might contain.”可知，选择南极—艾特肯盆地是因其可能蕴含多样物质。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Understanding the Moon’s history is key to learning about the pasts of other planets such as Mars, Venus and Mercury”可知，月球样本有助于科学家理解其他行星的历史。故选A。 3．主旨大意题。文章围绕中国月球样本返回任务展开，介绍样本采集、分析及其对行星演化研究的重要性。选项A“中国月球样本的返回及其重要性”全面概括文章内容。故选A。 13.（2025·北京丰台·一模） It’s looking increasingly likely that 2025 will be the year “My people will talk to your people” becomes “My AI will talk to your AI.” Are you ready? OpenAI recently introduced an artificial intelligence model that emulates (模仿) human-like reasoning about complex (复杂的) problems. It even shows the steps in its reasoning, so that humans can check its work. This development was quickly emulated by other AI developers. What then followed was “agentic AI (代理式人工智能),” where AI agents (AI智能体) can be given a complex goal, and use their new reasoning power to work out the complex steps necessary to achieve that goal. Google, OpenAI and Anthropic had already made such agents available to their customers, at a cost. Then, the Chinese startup DeepSeek launched (上市) AI models that compete with the best US models and come free of charge. This has shocked AI companies in the US. DeepSeek isn’t just new competition for established players; it created its model without the latest processors (处理器) and at a low cost of its competitors. Moreover, the model is open, allowing other AI developers to understand how it works, emulate it and use it in novel ways. Most importantly, DeepSeek AI’s entry into a previously closed market will speed up the presence of AI agents, greatly affecting humans and human society. It isn’t hard to see how agentic AI will make businesses more efficient (效率高的). But AI is sure to disrupt (打乱) social systems. Humans are social creatures. While AI models are designed for problem solving, human minds are far more focused on human relationships. Some people are happy solving problems alone, but most of us eventually end up around the coffee bar or water cooler socializing. But as AI agents become agentic, they will increasingly shape our self-understanding. With robots or androids, we might begin to see an ever more machine-like understanding of ourselves. The more we treat technology like a human partner, the more we will understand ourselves as a form of technology. AI agents will quicken that process. Before this goes further, we should stop and take stock of (仔细审视) our own humanity. We will not find our humanity in our AI companions. It can only be found within our fellow humans, and only by doing what we humans alone are known to do: imagining together fuller and richer humanity than any technology could emulate or create. 1．What started the connected reactions in AI development? A．OpenAI’s explainable reasoning model. B．DeepSeek’s problems. C．DeepSeek’s low-cost strategy. D．Human’s love for video games. 2．According to the passage, what do you know about DeepSeek? A．It uses the latest processors to create its AI model. B．Its AI model is more expensive than US models. C．Its AI model is available to users without cost. D．It doesn’t compete with US AI companies. 3．What warning does the author give about AI agents? A．They may change the way humans act. B．They cannot understand scientific concepts. C．They need expensive processors to function. D．They will destroy traditional business models. 4．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To introduce the development of AI. B．To show the advantages of AI agents. C．To encourage people to develop better AI agents. D．To call on people to think about humanity when using AI. 【答案】A C A D 【导语】本文主要介绍了人工智能的发展，以及人工智能给人类带来的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据“OpenAI recently introduced an artificial intelligence model that emulates human-like reasoning about complex problems.”可知，OpenAI推出的可解释推理模型引发了AI开发的一系列连锁反应。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“Then, the Chinese startup DeepSeek launched (上市) AI models that compete with the best US models and come free of charge.”可知中国初创公司DeepSeek推出了与美国最佳模型竞争的AI模型，并且免费提供。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“Moreover, the model is open, allowing other AI developers to understand how it works, emulate it and use it in novel ways. Most importantly, DeepSeek AI’s entry into a previously closed market will speed up the presence of AI agents, greatly affecting humans and human society.”可知最重要的是，DeepSeek AI进入一个以前封闭的市场将加速人工智能代理的出现，这对人类和人类社会产生重大影响。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“The more we treat technology like a human partner, the more we will understand ourselves as a form of technology. AI agents will quicken that process. Before this goes further, we should stop and take stock of (仔细审视) our own humanity.”可知作者是呼吁人们在人工智能时思考人性，故选D。 14.（2025·北京丰台·一模） Thinking Outside the Box What if, whenever we face any challenge, we stopped and asked, “what if?” What if we challenged the rules and started thinking outside the box? Thinking outside the box is a metaphor (隐喻) often used to describe different, or creative thinking. It shows up in simple things like using paper to make crafts— instead of just writing on them—for example. According to Fast Company, the term came into use in the 1970s. Management consultants (顾问) would give clients a 9-dot puzzle and ask them to connect the dots with only 4 lines. Naturally, this task requires some lateral thinking (跨界思维), so the consultants would encourage their clients to “think outside the box.” In this case, in order to come up with an innovative solution, they needed to look beyond the box and create something else. One thing stands out for us from this exercise. At first, you see a box. To draw those 4 lines, you have to first use up all the ways within the box. Only then can you realize that the problem is the box itself. You come to that realization after understanding the box and uncovering its limitations. To think outside the box is to fully understand the current situation—then challenge it. Thinking outside the box helps you to solve challenging problems. It allows you to look beyond a narrow view to find answers that would not exist otherwise. Thinking outside the box also forces you to widen your horizon. And when you widen your horizon, you become aware of opportunities. Diversity of experience, divergent thinking (发散思维), and a willingness to take risks encourages people to grow. Thinking small keeps us small. When we stay within our comfort zone, taking risks, growing, and challenging the norm all seem much more frightening. To become an effective leader, or a team member, think outside the box. Whatever you do, think twice: First in the box, then outside the box. Outside-the-box thinking often breaks the routines and may sound ridiculous (荒谬的). But without thinking outside the box, these people, like Thomas Edison, Isaac Newton, wouldn’t have changed the world in the way they did. Master the established rules of your craft, apply them and if they’re not bringing results, allow yourself to start thinking outside the box. You’ll be glad you did. 1．Which of the following is an example of the “lateral thinking”? A．Using a plastic bottle as a bird feeder. B．Buying milk at a grocery store. C．Taking an elevator to the office. D．Watching TV in the evening. 2．What does the sentence “Thinking small keeps us small.” mean in paragraph 5? A．Small thinking helps achieve big goals. B．Avoiding challenges and risks limits personal growth. C．Big thinking leads to unnecessary risks and problems. D．Small thinking is key to staying safe and comfortable. 3．What’s the main purpose in writing this passage? A．To discuss unusual methods. B．To criticize creative thinking. C．To explain ways to avoid risks. D．To encourage us to break routines. 【答案】A B D 【导语】本文通过介绍“跳出固有思维模式”的重要性，鼓励人们打破常规、进行创造性思考，从而获得成长与进步。 1．推理判断题。根据“In this case, in order to come up with an innovative solution, they needed to look beyond the box and create something else.”可知，跨界/发散思维强调将已有事物用在新场景或新用途上，A项“将塑料瓶用作鸟食器”正体现了这种创新用法。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据“Diversity of experience, divergent thinking (发散思维), and a willingness to take risks encourages people to grow. Thinking small keeps us small. ”可知，句中“Thinking small keeps us small.”意为“过于谨小慎微只能让我们停滞不前”，因此所表达的核心含义是回避挑战与风险会限制个人发展。故选B。 3．推理判断题。文章通过介绍“跳出固有思维模式”的重要性，鼓励人们打破常规、进行创造性思考，从而获得成长与进步。故选D。 15.（2025·北京海淀·三模） We are in the midst of (处于……之中) a battle for our attention. Our devices have affected our brains and destroyed our collective ability to concentrate. Journalist Johann Hair’s new book, Stolen Focus, has just joined the voices complaining about the great influence of the digital age. His and other recent books reflect a public idea that our focus is under attack. Indeed, in our new research, we found some clear concerns. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets (渠道). There has long been a worry about the threat to attention brought by new cultural forms, whether that’s social media or the cheap paperback sensation (煽情) novels of the 19th century. Even as far back as ancient Greece, the philosopher Socrates complained that the written words created “forgetfulness in our souls.” There has always been a tendency to fear the effects that new media and technologies will have on our minds. The reality is that we simply don’t have long-term studies that tell us whether our attention spans have actually shrunk (缩短). What we do know from our study is that people overestimate (高估) some of the problems. There’s no such thing as an average attention span. Our ability to focus varies hugely depending on the individual and the task at hand. It’s also important not to ignore the many benefits that technology brings to our life. Much of the public surveyed recognized these, so while half thought big tech and social media were ruining young people’s attention spans, roughly another half felt that being easily distracted was more to do with people’s personalities than any negative influence that technology may or may not have. Also, half of the public believed multitasking at work and switching frequently between emails, phone calls, and other tasks can create a more efficient and satisfactory work experience. 1．What can we know about some of the participants in the new research? A．They were frequently disturbed by digital devices. B．They felt it hard to acquire useful information online. C．They had shorter attention spans than average people. D．They felt challenged by fierce competition from others. 2．Why does the author mention Socrates in Paragraph 3? A．To stress new cultural forms have limitations. B．To show worry about attention is an age-old problem. C．To prove the important role he played in literary history. D．To explain cultural differences between the past and the present. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．People tend to overestimate their abilities. B．Digital distractions might have potential benefits. C．Technology’s benefits have been largely ignored. D．Switching between different tasks frequently is difficult. 4．What message does the author want to convey? A．Digital devices can benefit our work. B．We should say “No” to digital devices. C．Digital distractions really affect us so much. D．We should think highly of new cultural forms. 【答案】A B B C 【导语】本文主要探讨数字时代对人类注意力造成的影响。通过调查数据、历史案例和辩证分析，文章指出公众普遍担忧注意力危机，但实际缺乏长期研究数据。同时强调技术带来的益处，主张客观看待注意力问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 2, 093 UK adults last year. Half of those surveyed felt their attention spans were shorter than they used to be, compared with a quarter who didn’t. And three quarters of participants agreed we’re living through a time when there’s non-stop competition for our attention between a variety of media channels and information outlets.”可知，一半的被调查者认为他们的注意力持续时间比以前短了，相比之下，四分之一的人不这么认为。四分之三的参与者同意，我们生活在一个各种媒体渠道和信息渠道之间无休止地争夺我们注意力的时代。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“There has long been a worry about the threat to attention brought by new cultural forms, whether that’s.”可知，人们一直担心新的文化形式会威胁到人们的注意力，作者提及苏格拉底是为了表明对注意力的担忧是古老的问题。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s also important not to ignore the many benefits that technology brings to our life.”可推知，该段落介绍的是数字干扰给我们生活带来的好处。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“We are in the midst of a battle for our attention.”及全文内容可知，本文主要探讨数字时代对人类注意力造成的影响。通过调查数据、历史案例和辩证分析，文章指出公众$$