2025-2026学年初高中衔接之基础语法（含构词法、句子成分分析、三大从句例句、句型转换）导学案

初高中衔接之基础语法 一、构词法 考点一 派生法 派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。词根是派生词的基础，而词缀起到决定派生词的词汇意义和语法属性的作用。 （一）形容词的后缀和前缀 1. 名词+-cial--形容词 benefit--beneficial 有益的 office--official 官方的 face--facial 面部的 race--racial 种族的 finance--financial 金融的 society--social 社会的 2.名词+-al(表示“有……属性或者与……有关”)--形容词 agriculture--agricultural 农业的 nature--national 国家的 education--educational教育的 3. 动词/名词+-able/-ible--形容词 accept--acceptable 可接受的 value--valuable love--lovable rely--reliable 4. 名词+-ful--形容词 care--careful 仔细的 beauty--beautiful 漂亮的 use--useful有用的 5. 名词+-y/-ly--形容词 wealth--wealthy 富裕的 friend--friendly 友好的 dead--deadly 致命的 rain--rainy多雨的 noise--noisy 吵闹的 luck--lucky幸运的 elder--elderly上年纪的 6. 动词+ive--形容词 act--active 积极的 create--creative有创造力的 7. 名词+-ous--形容词 anxiety--anxious 焦急的 variety--various 各种各样的 glory--glorious光荣的 8.名词+en(表示材料或质地)--形容词 gold--golden 金色的 wood--wooden 木制的 9. 动词+ent--形容词 differ--different 不同的 depend--dependent 依赖的 10.名词+less--形容词 home--homeless无家可归的 use--useless无用的 care--careless粗心的 11.以-some结尾的形容词 tiresome令人厌烦的 troublesome awesome 12.以a-开头的形容词 live--alive活着的 wake--awake醒着的 sleep--asleep睡着的 afraid害怕的 alone独自的 （二）动词的前缀和后缀 1前缀en-+形容词--动词 rich--enrich 使丰富 large--enlarge变大；扩大 2.前缀en-名词--动词 danger--endanger使危险 3.形容词/名词+后缀-en--动词 short--shorten缩短 sharp--sharpen使尖锐 deep--deepen加深 dark--darken变暗 strength--strengthen加强 4.形容词+-ify--动词 simple--simplify使简化 beauty--beautify使美化 clear-- clarify使净化 5.以-ize结尾的动词 real--realize意识到 memory--memorize记忆；识记 （三）名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ­-age (状态；集合) shortage缺少；marriage婚姻 ­-an/­ian (人，……家) American美国人； musician音乐家 ­-ence/­ency (构成抽象名词) dependence依靠；frequency频率 ­-ance (性质，状态) importance重要性 ­-ant/­ent (人) assistant助手；student学生 ­-cion/­sion/­tion/­ation (动作，状态) suspicion怀疑；tension紧张； repetition重复; expect--expectation 期望 ­-ee (动作承受者或受影响者) employee受雇者；refugee难民 ­-er/or (人或物) writer作家；actor演员 ­-ess (女性) actress女演员；waitress女服 务员；hostess女主人 ­-ism (主义，……教) communism共产主义 ­-ist (……主义者，……家) communist共产主义者 ­-ment (行为；结果；状态；性质) argument争论；government政府； development发展 ­-ship (关系，身份) friendship友谊 ­-hood (身份；性质) childhood童年 ­-th (结果，过程) growth成长 ­-ty (状态；性质) anxiety焦虑 ­-ure (结果；行为；状态；实物) pressure压力；picture图画； pleasure高兴 ­-al (动作过程；结果) arrival到达；approval同意 2.动词+-al--名词 arrive--arrival 到达 survive--survival 幸存 approve--approval 同意 （四）副词的后缀 1.形容词+-ly--副词（以某种方式） slow--slowly缓慢地 extreme--extremely极度地 complete--completely完全地 2.以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，改y为i，加-ly happy--happily高兴地 merry--merrily快乐地 3.去e加-ly true--truly真正地 4.以-le结尾的形容词去e加ly simple--simply简单地 gentle--gently温柔地 terrible--terribly糟糕地 possible--possibly可能地 （五）表示否定或相反意义的意义 1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不，非 able--unable不能够 cover--uncover揭露 polite--impolite不礼貌的 honest--dishonest不诚实的 patient--impatient不耐烦的 regular--irregular不规则的 legal--illegal非法的 2.mis-错误地 lead--mislead误导 take--mistake误会；误解 understand--misunderstand误解 3.-less表示否定或相反意义的后缀 use-useless无用的 hope--hopeless毫无希望的 home--homeless无家可归的 考点二 合成法 合成法就是把两个或两个以上的独立的词结合在一起构成新词，这样的词一般称为合成词或复合词。 （一）复合名词的主要构成方式 1.名词＋名词 silkworm蚕 classroom教室 daybreak佛晓 flashlight手电筒 necklace项链 haircut理发 2.合成形容词 good-looking好看的 hard-working勤奋的 cold-blooded冷血的 newborn新生的 bittersweet苦乐参半的 airsick晕飞机的 homesick想家的 easygoing随和的 3.合成动词 名词+动词 broadcast播送 babysit看孩子 副词+动词 overcome克服 undergo经历 downfall垮台；outbreak爆发 考点三 转化法 一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性，称之为转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与转化前的意义有密切联系，但其拼写形式不变。 名词转化为动词 face脸—face面对 形容词转化为动词 dirty脏的—dirty弄脏 动词转化为名词 design设计—design图案 形容词转化为名词 daily每日的—daily日报 形容词转化为副词 deep深的—deep深深地 2、 基础句法 成分 意义 充当词类 例句 主语 表示句子说的是什么人或什么事 名\代\数\不定式\动名词\短语或句子 We study in Nanning ASEAN High School. 谓语 说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样 动词或动词词组 She is dancing under the tree. 宾语 表示动作行为的对象 同主语 Both of us like English. 表语 系表结构构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征 同主语 That sounds great. He is handsome. 定语 用来修饰名词或代词 形\代\数\名,\副\介词短语或句子 We have eight lessons every day. He is an educated man from whom we can learn a lot. 状语 表示时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等 副词，介词短语或句子 He works very hard. They held a party in Hollywood. 宾语补足语 逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系 形容词\名词\介词短语等 She always keeps the house clean. 非谓语动词：以下句子结构不完整He singing now. I to go to college in three years. She written the article last week. (一) 划出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? ⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. (二) 划出下列句中的表语 -- The old man was feeling very tired. -- The leaves have turned yellow. -- Soon They all became interested in the subject. (三) 划出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (四) 划出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. (五) 划出下列句中的状语 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books. ⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 1.主语+谓语 The apple fell. Tom died. Great changes have taken place. 2. 主语+谓语+宾语 We like apples. They fell in love with each other last year. We set down what he said. 简单句 3. 主语+系动词+表语 The apple is red. The apple tastes delicious. That sounds great. I am a student. 4.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 He gave us an apple. He shows us a map. I bought him a gift. 5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 We found the apple delicious. We elected him monitor. 句 子 的 并列句 1.Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike and then she persuaded me to buy one. 2.Hurry up or you will be late. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. 3.I am fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming. 类型 主语从句What we do in our every day life makes big difference to the environment. It is reported that he got the first. 宾语从句I told her the air would be hard to breathe and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience. 名词性从句 表语从句This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. 同位语从句 The news that they won the match is true. I have no idea which one to buy. 复合句(含从句) 形容词性从句（定语从句）1.The number of people who were killed or injured reached more than 400,000. 2.The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. 副词从句（状语从句） 1.时间状从Ever since middle school, my sister Wang Wei and I have dreamed about taking a great bike trip. 2.地点状从Where there is a will, there is a way. There are plenty of sheep where I live. 3.原因状从India has a very large number of fluent English speakers because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947. 4.条件状从I would be grateful if you could give me some advice. 5.目的状从He works hard in order that he makes great progress. 6.结果状从He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him. 7.方式状从They are talking as if they had seen a ghost. 8.让步状从Although many Americans move a lot, they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects. 三、基础语法之句型转换 一、将下列句子改为复数形式： 1.There is a knife in the box. There _____ _____ ______ in the box. 2.She's a woman doctor. They're ______ ______. 3.Our teacher often tells us a story. Our ______ often ______ us _______. 4.The sheep is over there. The ______ ______ over there. 5.Please pass me a piece of bread. Please pass me some ______ of ______. 二、下列句子改为否定句： 1.He does some reading every day. He______ ______ _______ reading every day. 2.I have to wash the dishes. I ______ _______ ______wash the dishes. 3.Tell him the news. _______ _______ him the news. 4.She has brothers and sisters. She has_______ brothers _______ sisters. 5.I think she is right. I _______ _______she _______ right. 三、下列句子改为一般疑问句： 1.There is some fruit juice in the glass. _______ _______ _______ fruit juice in the glass? 2.He has to stay here. ______ he ______ to stay there? 3. We do eye exercises every day. ______ you ______ eye exercises every day? 4. She has something to eat. ______ she ______ ______ to eat? 5.I am good at singing and dancing. ______ you good at singing ______ dancing? 四、对划线部分提问： 1.My mother goes to work by bike. _______ _______ your mother _______ to work? 2.That is a map of France. _______ map is that? 3.The bag of rice is ten kilos. _______ _______ _______ the bag of rice? 4. I think Chinese food is very nice. _______ do you ______ _______ Chinese food? 5.The students like their teacher very much. ______ do the students______ their teacher? 6.His house is very big. ______ ______ his house _______? 7.There are six kites in the sky. ______ in the sky? 8.He lives in Room 306. ______ ______ ______ he ______ in? 9.She looks worried because she can't find her dog. ______ _______ she ______ worried? 10.It takes him half an hour to write the e-mail. ______ _______ _______ it ______ him to write the e-mail? 11.Classes begin at eight. ______ _______ _______classes ________? 12.I want to buy three kilos of meat. _______ ________ _______ do you want to buy? 13.His uncle is a businessman. _______ _______ his uncle ________? 14.The orange dress is Kate's. _______ _______ is Kate's? 15.It's Sunday today. _______ _______ is it today? 16.The cats are running up the tree. ________ are the cats _________? 17.Jim's plane is broken. ________ ________ _______ Jim's plane? 18.He would like five cakes. ________ ________ _______ would he like ? 19.They play football every Friday. ________ ________ they play football? 20.The man in brown is Tom's father. ________ ________ is Tom's father? 英语句型转换专项练习题 根据句后括号内的要求，填入句中所缺的词： 　　1.I know the answer.(一般疑问句) 　　______ ______ know the answer? 2.We can see some birds.(一般疑问句) 　　______ ______ see ______ birds? 3.There is a computer in my house.(一般疑问句) ______ ______ a computer in house? 4.There are some flowers on the teachers’ desk.(一般疑问句) 　　______ ______ ______ flowers on the teachers’ desk? 　　5.There are some apples on the tree.(否定式) 　　There ______ ______ ______ apples on the tree. 　　6.I think he is very old.(否定句) 　　I ______ think he ______ very old. 　　7.Please colour it green.(否定句) 　　______ ______ colour it green. 　　8.We can speak good English.(变否定句) 　　We ______ ______ speak good English. 　9.Thank you for helping me.(同义句) 　　Thank you for ______ ______ . 10.There aren’t any pears in the box.(同义句) 　　There are ______ pears in the box. 　11.Whose are these clothes?(同义句) 　　______ ______ are these? 　12.Let me look at your book.(同义句) 　　Let me ______ ______ ______ ______ your book. 　　13.Her sweater is red.(对划线部分提问) 　　______ ______ is her sweater? 　　14.My pencils are in the pencil-box.(对划线部分提问) 　　______ ______ your pencils? 　　15.I get up at six every day.(对划线部分提问) 　　______ ______ do you get up every day? 　　16.There are fifty students in my class.(对划线部分提问) 　　______ ______ students are there in your class? 　　17.These are cars.(用buses改写成选择疑问句) Are these cars______ ______ ? 　　18.The book is in my schoolbag.(变否定疑问句) 　　______ the book in your school-bag? 　　19.Two boys are in our house.(改为there be句型) 　　______ ______ two boys in our house. 　　20.Can’t you find the map?(作肯定回答) 　　______ ,I______ . 　　 参考答案： 一、1.are, some, knives 2.women doctors 3.teachers, tell, stories 4.sheep, are 5.pieces, bread 二、1.doesn't do any 2.don't have to 3.Don't tell 4.no,or 5.don't think, is 三、1.Is there any 2.Does, have 3.Do,do 4.Does have, anything 5.Are,and 四、1.How does, go 2.What 3.How heavy is 4.What, think of 5.How, like 6.What is, like 7.What's 8.Which room does, live 9.Why does, look 10.How long does, take 11.What time do, begin 12.How much meat 13.What does, do 14.Which dress 15.What day 16.Where,running 17.What's wrong with 18.How many cakes 19.When do 20.Which man 参考答案： 一、1.are, some, knives 2.women doctors 3.teachers, tell, stories 4.sheep, are 5.pieces, bread 二、1.doesn't do any 2.don't have to 3.Don't tell 4.no,or 5.don't think, is 三、1.Is there any 2.Does, have 3.Do,do 4.Does have, anything 5.Are,and 四、1.How does, go 2.What 3.How heavy is 4.What, think of 5.How, like 6.What is, like 7.What's 8.Which room does, live 9.Why does, look 10.How long does, take 11.What time do, begin 12.How much meat 13.What does, do 14.Which dress 15.What day 16.Where,running 17.What's wrong with 18.How many cakes 19.When do 20.Which man 参考答案： 一、1.are, some, knives 2.women doctors 3.teachers, tell, stories 4.sheep, are 5.pieces, bread 二、1.doesn't do any 2.don't have to 3.Don't tell 4.no,or 5.don't think, is 三、1.Is there any 2.Does, have 3.Do,do 4.Does have, anything 5.Are,and 四、1.How does, go 2.What 3.How heavy is 4.What, think of 5.How, like 6.What is, like 7.What's 8.Which room does, live 9.Why does, look 10.How long does, take 11.What time do, begin 12.How much meat 13.What does, do 14.Which dress 15.What day 16.Where,running 17.What's wrong with 18.How many cakes 19.When do 20.Which man 参考答案： 　　1.Do you 2.Can you,any 3.Is there,your 4.Are there any 5.are not any 　　6.don’t,is 7.Please don’t 8.can not 9.your help 10.no 　　11.Whose clothes 12.have a look at 13.What colour 14.Where are 15.What time 　　16.How many 17.or buses 18.Isn’t 19.There are 20.Yes,can 参考答案： 　　1.Do you 2.Can you,any 3.Is there,your 4.Are there any 5.are not any 　　6.don’t,is 7.Please don’t 8.can not 9.your help 10.no 　　11.Whose clothes 12.have a look at 13.What colour 14.Where are 15.What time 　　16.How many 17.or buses 18.Isn’t 19.There are 20.Yes,can 参考答案： 　　1.Do you 2.Can you,any 3.Is there,your 4.Are there any 5.are not any 　　6.don’t,is 7.Please don’t 8.can not 9.your help 10.no 　　11.Whose clothes 12.have a look at 13.What colour 14.Where are 15.What time 　　16.How many 17.or buses 18.Isn’t 19.There are 20.Yes,can 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$