语法写作 第1板块 语法奠基课——学好语法，从厘清句子成分开始（课件）-【创新方案】2026年高考英语一轮复习（人教版）

1 语法奠基课—— 学好语法，从厘清句子成分开始 一个句子由若干个句子成分组成，它们分别起着不同的作用。一般情况下，英语句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attributive)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种。 一、主语 在句子中，主语是谓语动作的发出者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里(如疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等)，主语可以置于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的有代词(含作形式主语的it)、名词(短语)、数词(短语)、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句等。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)The entire experience was incredibly refreshing.(名词作主语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)What further astonished and touched me was that he handed me some cash for taking bus.(从句作主语) 二、谓语 谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词(短语)、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词＋实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)We chatted happily on the way to the airport.(实义动词作谓语) ②(2025·1月八省联考卷)You couldn't imagine how frightened I was at that moment！(“情态动词＋实义动词”作谓语) 三、宾语 宾语表示谓语动作的承受对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词(含作形式宾语的it) 、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)或从句充当。有些谓语动词后可以接双宾语，即直接宾语(一般是物)和间接宾语(一般是人)。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Finally，I attended my conference as planned.(名词短语作宾语) ②(2023·全国甲卷)Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home.(动词不定式短语作宾语) ③(2023·全国甲卷)I was about 13 when an uncle gave me a copy of Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World.(me为间接宾语，a copy of ...World为直接宾语) 四、表语 1．表语位于连系动词后，用来说明主语的身份、特征、状态、性质等。常见的系动词有： (1)“状态”类：be (am, is, are, was, were)； (2)“持续”类：keep, stay, remain, lie等； (3)“表象”类：seem, appear等； (4)“感官”类：look, sound, smell, taste, feel等； (5)“变化”类：grow, turn, get, go, become, come, fall； (6)其他：prove等。 2．名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、分词或以这些词为中心词的短语、介词短语或从句等均可作表语。 ①(2025·1月浙江高考)Some students get so addicted to shooting short videos that they can't concentrate on their studies.(形容词短语作表语) ②(2023·全国乙卷)That is why I learned how to cook during the May Day holiday.(从句作表语) ③(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥)．(动词不定式短语作表语) 五、定语 修饰或限定名词或代词的修饰语被称为定语。定语由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况。短语、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后，即作后置定语。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)It was a refreshing experience to create art surrounded by nature's beauty.(现在分词作定语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)We were tasked to draw or paint something that impressed us most.(从句作定语) 六、状语 1．状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句等充当。  2．状语在句子中的位置比较灵活： (1)通常位于句首或句尾；谓语动词之前或之后； (2)修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前； (3)地点状语一般放在时间状语之前； (4)一些频度副词(如often, almost等)通常位于系动词、助动词、情态动词之后及实义动词之前。 ①(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Beaming a warm smile at him, I gave him a big hug the moment I saw him.(现在分词短语作状语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend.(when引导的从句作状语) 七、补语 补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、介词短语或从句等充当。 ①(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)The good news made me happy and shocked.(形容词短语作宾语补足语) ②(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)In the art class，we were asked to create artwork inspired by nature.(不定式短语作主语补足语) 八、同位语 对句子中的名词(短语)或代词作进一步解释说明，且与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。可以用作同位语的有名词(短语)、数词(短语)、代词或从句等。 ①(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)To everyone's surprise, I, an immigrant, won the first place in the writing contest.(名词短语作同位语) ②(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷)This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same.(that引导的从句作同位语) Ⅱ.指出下列句子属于方框内的哪种基本句式 A．S V(主＋谓) B．S V P(主＋系＋表) C．S V O(主＋谓＋宾) D．S V O C(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补) E．S V O O(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾) 1．That surely gave us a great sense of achievement.(　　) 2．You can feel the beauty of Chinese by learning Tang Poetry.(　　) 3．Indeed, many students find it a great challenge to get used to senior English learning.(　　) 4．Now I'm glad to tell you there will be a Chinese paper­-cutting exhibition to be held by our school.(　　) 5．The lesson will be given from 3 pm to 5 pm on the afternoon of next Tuesday in the classroom 502.(　　) E C D B A Ⅲ.单句写作 1．I ______________________________ with you. 我迫不及待地想和你分享我的建议。 2．In the story, the king _____________________ him a beautiful horse. 在这个故事中，国王让画家给他画一匹漂亮的马。 3．First, _____________________________________ of making dough figurines. 首先，他向我们展示了制作面人的基本步骤和技巧。 can't wait to share my suggestion asked the artist to draw he showed us the basic steps and skills 4．_____________________________________________________ and traditional Chinese instruments. 可供选择的主题是中医和中国传统乐器。 5．I _____________ along the Yangtze, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization. 我更喜欢沿着长江游览，长江是(中国)最长的河流，也是中华文明的母亲河之一。 The alternative topics are traditional Chinese medicine prefer the tour Ⅰ.用以下符号划分句子成分 主语用___，谓语用 ，宾语用 ，定语用( )，状语用〈 〉，补语用{ }，同位语用[ ]。 1．Over_80%_of_the_population supports the (new) policy. 2．Showing_your_dedication_and_responsibility might convince them {to give it a try}． 3．I painted a (natural) landscape (of the park), 〈capturing the (vibrant) colors (of the flowers) and the (tranquil) atmosphere〉． 4．〈Even now〉 reading_(my_favorite)_column — [the Success Stories of Youth], 〈still〉 gives me a (strong) power 〈to strengthen my heart〉． 5．〈Looking at me with smile〉， my_teacher gave me a warm hug, 〈saying that he was proud of me〉． $$