Unit 5 Human and Nature（知识清单）英语北大师版2019必修第二册

Unit 5 Human and Nature 单词 1. adj. 好奇的 2. n. 观察；观察结果 3. adj. 相等的；相同的 4. n. 面积；长度；范围；程度 5. n. 海浪；波涛 6. vi.&vt. 逃离；逃避 7. vi.&vt. 活下来；幸存 8. adj. 受惊的，害怕的 9. n. 爆发 10. n. 生态；生态学 11. vt. 使震惊；使难以置信 12. n. 讲座，讲课；演讲 13. n. 百万 14. n. 评论；意见 15. adj. 拥挤的；挤满人的 16. adj. 活的，活着的 17. n. 旱灾，干旱 18. adj. 火山的；由火山作用引起的 19. n. 伤害，损伤，损害 20. vt. 估量，衡量；测量 21. n. 行动，活动；手术；操作 22. vi.&vt. 实施；进行；执行；指挥 23. vi.&vt. 呼吸 24. n.&vt. 努力，尝试，企图 25. vt. 困住；使陷于危险中 26. vt. 打断讲话 27. n. 死，死亡 28. n. 丧失；死亡 29. n. 抱负，雄心；追求，夙愿 30. n. 探险；探索 31. adj. 高兴的，兴高采烈的 32. vt. 证明；证实 33. adj. 久远的；遥远的 34. n. 探险者；勘察者 35. n. 预备，准备 36. adj. 极地的，地极的 37. n. 基地，大本营；基础； vt. 以…… 为基地 38. adv. 焦虑地；不安地 39. vt. 观察；注意 40. adj. 可怕的，恐怖的 41. adj. 无害的 42. n. 独创性；创造力 43. n. 消亡；消失 短语 1. 挤满了 2. 在某方面与某人匹敌 3. 对……感到震惊 4. 在某种程度上 5. 对……好奇 6. 逃脱做某事 7. 被困住 8. 试图做某事 9. 对…… 置之不理，对…… 撒手不管 10. 对……造成破坏/损害 11. 不知所措 12. 在…… 边缘；某事快要发生（尤指不好的事） 13. 吸气 14. 用完；耗尽 15. 停止运转，出故障 16. 采取措施做某事 熟词生义 1. n．洪水，水灾；大批，大量 v．淹没；(使)泛滥；(洪水般地)涌进/出；挤满，拥满；使大受感动，充满 2. n．讲座，讲课；演讲　v．训斥；讲课；教导 3. vi. & vt.逃离；逃避　n．逃跑；逃避；泄露 4. vi. & vt.活下来；幸存；艰难度过；比……活得长 5. n．伤害，损伤，损害，损失；损害赔偿金(pl.) v．损害；毁坏 6. vt.估量，衡量；测量 n．措施；办法；度量单位；尺度；程度　linking v．(指尺寸、长短、数量等)量度为 7. vt.实施；进行；执行；带领；引导；传导　vi. & vt.指挥　n．行为；举止 句型 1.the moment引导时间状语从句 The moment I heard the word I became very frightened. 2.过去分词短语作后置定语 The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down more rapidly; and the third, between two objects of the same size, objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly. 3.than引导比较状语从句 Now I have told you, and I cannot expect you to believe me any more than the fishermen did. 4.with＋宾语＋补足语 That leaves the wolves with nothing to eat, so they start attacking the farmers' animals. 5.as...as sb. can尽可能……地 The most important thing is to protect yourself as much as you can. 6.when引导的定语从句 I still remember the day when we met for the first time. 7.where引导的定语从句 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. 8.why引导的定语从句 We didn't know the reason why he refused our help. 语法 1.关系副词引导的定语从句 2.英语词汇中的后缀 一、词汇清单 知识点1 crowded adj.拥挤的；挤满人的 【教材原句】Actually, the whole city is quite crowded. 事实上，整个城市都很拥挤。(教材P28) 【拓展】 (1)be crowded with... 挤满…… (2)crowd n．人群；大众；一伙；一堆 vt. & vi.挤；把……塞进 (3)crowd into 涌入，大批涌入 (4)crowd...out (因空间或时间不够而)将……挤出；挤掉；排挤 (5)follow the crowd 跟大家一样；随大溜 (6)a crowd of＝crowds of 一群；一堆；许多 【写作佳句】They noticed a crowd of/crowds of people shouting and cheering. 他们看到一大群人在喊叫欢呼。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Would you like to go to a theatre ________ (crowd) with audience? ②Stop ________ (crowd) me—there's plenty of room. ③The previous train __________________________ (挤满了游客). ④__________________________ (一小群人) gathered outside the castle, waiting to see the King. 知识点2 shock vt.使震惊，使难以置信 n．震惊 【教材原句】The two students were shocked at the lecture on nature.这两个学生对关于自然的讲座感到震惊。(教材P29) 【拓展】 (1)It shocks sb. to see/hear... 看到/听到……使某人震惊 (2)shock vt. 使震惊 shocked adj. 惊愕的，震惊的 shocking adj. 令人震惊的 (3)be shocked at/by 对……感到震惊 be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊 shocked look/expression/voice 震惊的表情/声音 (4)be in a state of shock 处于震惊的状态 a great shock to sb. 对某人来说是个极大的震惊(抽象名词具体化) 【写作佳句】 It shocks you when something like that happens. 发生那样的事情，你会觉得难以置信。 【经典练】单句语法填空 完成句子/单句语法填空 ①____________________________ (听到……让我震惊) that the hospital was closing down. ②The parents ________________________ (对……感到震惊) the news that their son needed an operation on his knee. ③People were ________ (shock) to see that the little girl was often beaten by her stepmother. The ______ (shock) news ________ (shock) all the people around, which was also ________ shock to her father who was working abroad. ④This is ________ news; it ________ everyone, and everyone is ________ at the news. (shock) 知识点3 overuse vt.过度使用；滥用 n．过度的使用 【教材原句】They learnt that we overused nature.他们知道我们过度利用自然。(教材P29) 【拓展】 (1)overuse是由前缀over­加use而成，前缀over­含有“过度”之意，所以overuse有“过度使用，滥用”的意思。类似的词还有： overpopulation 人口过多 overcooked 煮过头的 overweight 超重的 (2)over作前缀的用法: 1．表示“过度；过分”。如：overwork, overcoat 例句：We don't like the actor because we believe he has overacted in this film. 2．表示“越过；在……之上”。如：overlook 例句：Jane overlooks all her boyfriend's faults because she love him so much. 3．表示“颠倒；反转”如：overthrow 例句：Can you believe that they want to overthrow the government? It's too crazy. 【写作佳句】Which words or phrases do you most overuse? 你最为常用的词或词组有哪些？ 【经典练】完成句子 ①学生往往会滥用某些词语。 Students tend to ________certain words. ②有些科学家担心世界人口过多。 Some scientists are concerned about ________ in the world. ③牛排做得太老了，蔬菜做得有点生。 The steak is a little ________， and the vegetables are a little undercooked. ④我不知道这个包裹是否超重。 I wonder if the parcel is ________． 知识点4 turn one's back (on sb./sth.)对……置之不理；对……撒手不管 【教材原句】Nature got hurt, felt pain, and finally turned its back on us.大自然受到伤害，感到痛苦，最终背弃了我们。(教材P29) 【拓展】 (1)in turn 依次；轮流 (2)by turns 轮流 (3)turn into 变成 (4)turn in 上交(物品) (5)turn down 拒绝(建议、要求等)；(把音量)调小 (6)turn out (to be)＋n./adj. 结果是…… (7)turn over 翻转；仔细考虑；移交(工作)；转让(公司) (8)turn to 求助于；查阅；转向；翻到(书的某页) (9)turn up 调大，开大(热度、音量等)；突然露面；(机会等)不期而至 【写作佳句】She turned her head away, feeling too ashamed to meet his gaze.因害羞而不敢和他对视，她转过头去。 【经典练】完成句子/用turn短语填空 ①How can you ________________________ (拒绝) your own mother? ②How could you ________ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months? ③I'm upset because I had my proposal ________ again. ④He promised to be here at one o'clock, but he didn't ________． ⑤He got his first book published. It ________ to be a best­seller. ⑥Tom had to ________ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy. ⑦Don't worry. I'm sure your missing glasses will ________ sooner or later. 知识点5 frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的 【教材原句】The moment I heard the word I became very frightened.我一听到这个词就非常害怕。(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)be frightened (2)be frightened at... 对……感到恐惧 (3)frighten v. 使惊吓，使惊恐 (4)v.­ed形容词多用来说明人的感觉、音容笑貌等，意为“(人)感到……的”。 v.­ing形容词多用来说明事物给人造成的某种感觉，意为“令人……的”。 【写作佳句】I am frightened to go out alone at night.我不敢晚上一个人出去。 【经典练】 单句语法填空/完成句子/一句多译 ①A sudden stop can be a very ________ (frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed. ②The graduate had her bag robbed and she still sounded ________ (frighten). ③They were ________ to hear the ________ sound.(frighten) ④With no one to turn to in such a ________ (frighten) situation, she felt very helpless. ⑤The ________ (frighten) expression on the boy's face showed that he was frightened ________ (look) down from the top of the building. ⑥He respected his father very much but sometimes he ________________________ (害怕) him. ⑦这个女孩害怕在黑夜里一个人走回家。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 知识点6 edge n．边缘 vt.慢慢移动；侧着移动；给……镶边；使锋利/开刃 【教材原句】We went round and round, nearer and nearer to the horrible edge of the whirlpool.我们一直旋转，越来越靠近那可怕的漩涡边缘。(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)at the edge of... 在……边上 (2)be on edge 焦躁不安 (3)have the edge on/over... 比……有利 (4)take the edge off 减弱；减轻 (5)edge sth. into... 侧着慢慢移进…… (6)edge toward... 挤向…… (7)edge in 插入；慢慢进入 (8)edge out 排挤出去 (9)词语辨析：at the edge of VS on the edge of at the edge of靠近……的边缘 at the edge of the desert/woods/forest在沙漠/树林/森林边缘 on the edge of在……边缘；某事快要发生(尤指不好的事) I was on the edge of a mental breakdown at that time.那时我正处在精神崩溃的边缘。 【写作佳句】He has the edge on the other students in English because he spent a year abroad.他在国外住过一年，所以英语比其他学生都强。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Billy sat ________ the edge of the bed, reading a storybook. ②She is ________ the edge of despair. ③The businessman is ________________________ (濒临) failure. ④He stood ________________________ (在……边缘上) the lake staring into space. ⑤Although the old man was ________________________ (在死亡的边缘上), he still fought with the disease bravely. 知识点7 curious adj.好奇的 curiosity n. 好奇；好奇心 【教材原句】After a while, I became curious about the whirlpool itself.过了一会儿，我对漩涡本身产生了好奇。(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)be curious about... 对……感到好奇 (2)become curious about... 对……变得好奇 (3)be curious to do sth. 很想做某事 (4)It is curious that... ……真是奇怪 (5)out of curiosity 出于好奇 【写作佳句】If a boy is curious, he is always asking questions.一个好奇的孩子总是要不断地提出问题。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子/单句写作 ①The little boy stared at the creature ________ (curious). ②Out of ________ (curious), I looked at the house up close and noticed a light on upstairs. ③All the people aboard the plane were worried and they ________________________ (很想知道) what had happened. ④________________________ (……真是奇怪) she hasn't shown up since then. ⑤He decided to travel through the desert by camel ________________________ (出于好奇). ⑥I'm ________________ (对……好奇) my grandpa's past life. ⑦真奇怪，电脑无缘无故死机了。 ________________________________________________________________________ 知识点8 equal adj.相等的；相同的 n．同等的人；相等物 v．等于；比得上；敌得过 【教材原句】..the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down less rapidly....……第二，在两个相同大小的物体之间，圆形物体下降得不太快……(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)be equal in 在……方面相等 (2)be equal to 与……相等；能胜任/应付 (3)be equal to the task 有能力承担这项任务 (4)equal opportunities/rights 平等的机会/权利 (5)be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比，无敌 (6)equal the world record 平了世界纪录 (7)equal sb. in sth. 在某方面与某人匹配 (8)词语积累：equal＋­ity→equality n. 平等 equal＋­ly→equally adv.相等地；同样地 【写作佳句】No one equals him in spelling.在拼写方面，无人能和他相比。 【经典练】完成句子/单句语法填空 ①They are of ________________ (一样高), but I think Jack ________________ (胜任) the job. ②They receive an income equal ________ the value of the goods they produce. ③I don't think Jim is equal to ________ (transport) these valuable goods. ④None of us can equal her, either ________ beauty or as a dancer. ⑤The island is ________ (equal) attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant weather in both seasons. ⑥I think he is the best painter. His paintings are ________ equal. 知识点9 duty n．职责；义务；责任 【教材原句】But it's our duty to try our best to reduce suffering and the loss of life.但我们有责任尽最大努力减少痛苦和生命的损失。(教材P102) 【拓展】 (1)on duty 值班，上班 (2)off duty 下班 (3)out of duty 出于责任 (4)It's one's duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的责任 (5)feel it one's duty to do sth. 感觉做某事是某人的责任 (6)duty表示“职责”时，是可数名词；表示义务时，是不可数名词。 E.g.:She was ashamed to admit that she hadn't done her duty.她羞愧地承认她没有尽到自己的义务。 【写作佳句】Do your own duty first of all.首先要尽自己的义务。 【经典练】完成句子 ①____________________________ (是我们的责任) to defend our country. ②____________________________ (出于责任), the development consultant blamed the factory leaders for the pollution they had caused. ③Only one doctor is ________________________ (值班) today—the other doctor is off. ④I ____________________________________ (感觉是我们的职责) to study English well. 知识点10 run out (of)用完；耗尽 【教材原句】Well, I'd love to know more, but, unfortunately, we've run out of time.好吧，我很想知道更多，但是，不幸的是，我们已经没有时间了。(教材P103) 【拓展】 (1)短语辨析：run out of VS run out run out of为及物动词短语，可接宾语，也可用于被动语态，其主语为人；run out为不及物动词短语，不能接宾语，也不能用于被动语态，其主语为物。run out (of) 用于进行时，表示“将要用完”。 Her money has run out and she is also running out of patience.她的钱已经用完了，她的耐心也快耗尽了。 (2)ran across 偶然遇到 (3)run after 追赶 (4)run away 突然离开；逃离 (5)run over 撞倒，撞翻 【写作佳句】When the thief ran across a policeman, he ran away.当小偷看到警察的时候，他立刻逃走了。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①—I'm still working on my project. —Oh, you'll miss the deadline. Time is ________(run) out. ②Our money had been run out ________. What was more, our car broke down just in the north of Paris. ③Food supplies in the flood­stricken area ____________________ (要用光了). We must act immediately before there's none left. ④So much of interest does Beijing offer that most visitors simply ________________________ (用光时间) before seeing it all. ⑤Be quick, please. I'm ________________________ (要用完) patience. 知识点11 base n．基地，大本营；基础 vt.以……为基地 【教材原句】During the polar summer of 1910—1911, both teams organised food bases in preparation for their journeys the next year.在1910—1911年的极地夏季，两队人都为下一年的探险做了食物储备。(教材P36) 【拓展】 (1)basic adj.基本的，基础的；初级的；必需的→basically adv.基本上；从根本上说 (2)at the base of... 在……底部 (3)an air base 空军基地 (4)have a broad base of the masses 有广泛的群众基础 (5)base...on/upon...＝be based on 以……为基础/根据 (6)base one's opinions on facts 以事实为依据发表观点 (7)be based on facts 以事实为依据 【写作佳句】You should base your conclusion on/upon careful research.你应该以审慎的研究为基础而下结论。 【经典练】完成句子/单句语法填空 ①我们在山脚下露营。 We camped ________________________ the mountain. ②这个故事是基于历史事实创作的。 The story ____________________ historical facts. ③我们的观点应该以事实为依据。 We should ________________________________． ④They settled down ________ the base of the mountain. ⑤The research group produced two reports ________ (base) on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions. ⑥________ (base) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. ⑦He ________ (basic) just sits there and does nothing all day. 知识点12 anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地 anxious adj.忧患的，担心的，渴望的 【教材原句】Scott and Amundsen waited anxiously for spring.斯科特和阿蒙森焦急地等待春天的到来。(教材P36) 【拓展】 (1)wait anxiously for 焦急地等待…… (2)look anxiously at 忧虑地看着…… (3)be anxious about sth.为……担心 (4)be anxious that...担心…… (5)be anxious for渴望得到……/为某人担心 (6)be anxious to do sth.渴望/急于做某事 【写作佳句】She was anxious to finish school and get a job.她渴望毕业找份工作。 【经典练】完成句子/单句语法填空 ①I ________________________ (急盼) your reply to my email. ②Tom ________________________ (担忧地望着) her to see if she was upset, but she remained calm. ③Students are waiting ________ (anxious) for the result of the final exam. ④She is anxious ________ not passing the college entrance examination. ⑤Those anxious ________ reform say that the present system is too narrow. ⑥She was anxious ________ (finish) school and get a job. 知识点13 prove vt.证明；证实 【教材原句】Later, these rocks proved that at one time in the distant past, the continent of Antarctica was covered by plants.后来，这些岩石证明，在遥远的过去，南极洲大陆曾一度被植物覆盖。(教材P37) 【拓展】 (1)prove sth. to sb. 向某人证明某事 (2)prove oneself (to be)... 证明自己是…… (3)prove (to be)＋n./adj. 原来是；证明是 (4)It is proved that... 据证明…… (5)prove作“证明是；结果是；事实说明”解时，用作连系动词，无被动语态。可用于以下句型： prove＋形容词 prove＋名词 prove＋介词短语或副词 prove＋动词不定式 【写作佳句】It is proved that this method is effective.据证明这种方法是行之有效的。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She proved ________ (her) to be an able secretary. ②By 1914 Einstein's theory proved ________ (be) correct. ③It has been proved again and again ________ what is said in the ads greatly affects people's impression of the products. ④Can you prove your theory ________ us？ 知识点14 varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的；富有变化的 vary vi.变化；（大小、形状等）相异；不同（differ） vt. 改变 【教材原句】New Zealand has a varied climate that changes a lot from place to place.新西兰气候多样，各地气候差异很大。(教材P43) 【拓展】 (1)vary v．变化，相异→varied adj.→variety n．多样→various adj.各种各样的 各种各样的/种类繁多的…… (2)a varied diet 丰富多样的饮食 (3)varied needs of... 不同的需求 (4)vary from...to... ……与……不同；在……到……之间变化 【写作佳句】In China, she lived a varied life and experienced varied types of happiness.在中国，她过着丰富多彩的生活，体验着各种各样的幸福。 【经典练】完成句子 ①The dining room offers us students ____________________ (丰富多样的饮食). ②A good teacher is aware of the extremely ____________________ (……不同的需求) each student. ③The newspaper China Daily supplies us with ____________________ (各种各样的) news every day. ④He planted ________________ (各种各样的) flowers in the garden. 知识点15 harmless adj.无害的 harm n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害 harmful adj.有害的 【教材原句】It looks like a big, scary grasshopper, but it is actually harmless.它看起来像一只可怕的大蚱蜢，但实际上是无害的。(教材P43) 【拓展】 (1)do harm to sb./sth.＝do sb./sth. harm＝be harmful to sb./sth. 对……有害 (2)be harmless to sb./sth. 对……无害 (3)与harm类似的单词： care→careful (小心的)→careless (粗心的)→carelessness (n.粗心) hope→hopeful (有希望的)→hopeless (没有希望的)→hopelessness (n.绝望) help→helpful (有帮助的)→helpless (无助的)→helplessness (n.无能为力) 【写作佳句】Reading in dim light does harm to our eyes.＝Reading in dim light is harmful to our eyes.在昏暗的光线下阅读伤害眼睛。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The drug contains something ________ (harm), and it may do harm ________ the human body. If you take a small amount of it, it will be ________ (harm). ②This experiment was ________ (harm) to the animals, so you needn't worry. ③Smoking is ________ (harm) to your health, so you should give it up or at least cut down on it. ④Running ____________________ (对……无害) your children. Instead, it will build them up. ⑤Many lifestyles ______________________ (对……有害) health nowadays. ⑥We tried to stop the flames from spreading, but we knew ________________________________ (那是没有希望的). 知识点16 be home to （＝be the home of...）是……的产地/栖息地/发源地 【教材原句】New Zealand is home to 4.7 million people, 31 million sheep and 10 million cows.新西兰是470万人民，3 100万绵羊和1 000万奶牛的家园。(教材P43) 【拓展】 (1)be a home for...对于……来说，是一个家、故乡、栖息地。如：This place is an ideal home for many animals.这个地方对于许多动物来说是一个理想的栖息地。 (2)at home and abroad 国内外 (3)feel at home 感觉舒适，不拘束 (4)make oneself at home 别客气，别拘束 (5)be home for...回家做……如：He will be home for dinner.他要回家吃晚饭。 【写作佳句】Changbaishan is home to a great diversity of plants and animals.长白山是多种多样动植物的生长地。 【经典练】完成句子 ①The wetlands ________________________ (是……的栖息地) a large variety of wildlife. ②Have you ever heard of the trees that ________________________ (是……的栖息地) animals both on land and sea? ③I began to ________________________ (无拘无束) in the new school when I saw some familiar faces. ④We will do our best to provide you with good services, and ________________________ (让你们感觉像在家里一样). 知识点17 protect...from/against...保护……不受……（危害） 【教材原句】If you are near objects that can fall, find a shelter to protect yourself from them.如果你离可能坠落的物体很近，找个地方躲避它们。(教材P41) 【拓展】 (1)“阻止……做某事”常见表达法：keep...from doing sth.; stop...(from) doing sth.; prevent...(from) doing sth. (2)注意： 1　 keep...from doing sth.中的from不能省略，因为如果省略，意思会发生变化：keep...doing sth.使……一直做某事。 2　 在被动语态中，keep/stop/prevent...from doing sth.结构中的from都不能省略。 【写作佳句】We should take some measures to protect trade with foreigners.我们应采取一些措施来保护对外贸易。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①They set up a wildlife reserve to protect animals from ________ (hunt). ②What can we do to prevent these animals (from) ________ (die) out? ③As you know, it is my duty to ______ my younger sisters ______ (保护……免受) being hurt when they are in danger. ④You'd better wear a pair of sunglasses __________________ (以保护眼睛免受伤害). ⑤We ________________________ (被阻止出去) by the heavy rain. 二、语法清单 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 【感知·语法规律】 ①But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers. ②Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. ③Do you know the reason why he has been late? 【精讲·语法知识】 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。 上述三个关系副词很多情况下都可以用介词＋关系代词来替换。where＝in/at/to＋which; when＝in/on/at＋which; why＝for＋which。 1．when引导的定语从句 I still remember the day when we met for the first time.我仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天。 It was an exciting moment for the Spanish fans, when for the first time their team won the World Cup.对于西班牙球迷来说，那是一个激动人心的时刻，因为在那一刻，他们的球队第一次赢得了世界杯。 [注意]先行词是指时间的名词，如：time, day, year, month, moment, week, hour, minute等，when在从句中作时间状语。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I can never forget the day ________ I first saw you. ②He came at the time ________ we needed him most. ③I'll never forget the days ________ we spent together. ④Almost every teenager will experience a period in their life ________ they aren't satisfied with their parents. ⑤We live in an age ________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 2．where引导的定语从句 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了儿时成长的那个小镇。 She is teaching at the university where her mother once studied.她在母亲曾经学习过的大学执教。 [注意]先行词是指地点的名词，如：place, factory, farm, station, town, meeting­room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 Today we'll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.(先行词是cases)今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的例子。 He wants to find a job where his skills can be put to good use. (先行词是job)他想找一份能将他的技能派上用场的工作。 [注意]当先行词表示抽象的地点或带有地点的意味且在从句中充当类似于地点状语的作用时，定语从句用where引导。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The accident has reached to the point ________ both their parents are to be called in. ②You would get into a situation ________ you have to decide immediately. ③The next day, my brother and I went to the beach ________ we watched some people play volleyball. ④Students should involve themselves in community activities ________ they can gain experience for growth. 3．why引导的定语从句 We didn't know the reason why he refused our help.我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。 The mother can't accept the reason that/which the son gives for his absence from school.这位母亲不能接受儿子为没上学给出的理由。 [注意]先行词是reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that/which。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Unsuccessful people can always find reasons ________ they're not doing well. ②I don't believe the reason ________ he gave me for his being late. ③That was the reason ________ he gave for his absence. ④Do you know the reason ________ he didn't attend the meeting yesterday? 二、后缀 当我们的单词积累到一定词汇量的时候，通过前缀后缀的对比可以帮助我们理解记忆这些单词，比如通过构词法产生的新单词可以帮助背诵基本的单词，从而避免一些记了新单词而忘记老单词的情况。 【感知·语法规律】体会后缀的用法 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 reader 读者 inventor 发明家 Chinese 中国人 Indian 印度人 artist 艺术家 kindness 和蔼 operation 手术 这些单词是在各自的词根后加了不同的后缀，如­er, ­or, ­ese, ­ian等。 【精讲·语法知识】 有些英语单词由三部分组成，即：前缀、词根及后缀。单词中位于词根前面的部分就是前缀，位于词根后面的部分就是后缀。如：unacceptable中un是前缀，accept是词根，able是后缀。后缀词是指在一个词根的后面附加一个或几个字母构成的一个新词。如：snowy中y就是后缀。通常，后缀改变单词的词性，不改变词根的含义。 常见的后缀见下表： 分类 举例 名词后缀 ­er/­or(从事……的人)，­ese(某地人)，­ess(雌性)，­ian(……的人)，­ist(专业人员)，­ism(主义)，­ment(性质；状态)，­ness(性质)，­tion/­ation(动作；过程)，­dom(状态；区域) 动词后缀 ­en(多用于形容词之后)，­fy(使……化)，­ize(使……成为) 形容词后缀 ­al，­able，­an，­ble，­ern，­ful，­ive，­less，­like，­ly，­y，­ous，­some 副词后缀 ­ly(用于形容词后表示方式或程度)，­ward(s)(表示方向) 数词后缀 ­teen，­th，­ty 【经典练】1．画出下列单词的名词后缀 ①teacher教师 ②Japanese日本人 ③musician音乐家 ④artist艺术家 2．画出下列单词的动词后缀 ①widen加宽 ②beautify美化 3．画出下列单词的形容词后缀 ①American美国的 ②careful细心的 ③active有活力的 4．画出下列单词的副词后缀 ①quickly迅速地 ②angrily生气地 5．画出下列单词的数词后缀 ①thirteen十三 ②fourth第四 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 地震安全建议 地震安全建议类文稿（如安全手册、宣讲文案等），面向大众（普通居民、学生等），核心是清晰传递地震避险知识，让受众快速理解、掌握。语言需准确易懂、逻辑清晰，像给家人、同学讲安全要点一样亲切实用，同时要把专业避险知识转化为日常可操作的行动指南。 【积累·写作素材】 一、点明主题（Opening the Topic） 1. Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters, so it’s crucial to know how to protect yourself. 地震是不可预测的自然灾害，因此知晓如何保护自己至关重要。 2. This guide aims to offer you practical safety tips for earthquakes. 本指南旨在为你提供实用的地震安全建议。 3. To stay safe during an earthquake, here are some key recommendations. 为在地震中确保安全，以下是一些关键建议。 二、地震发生时的做法（Actions During an Earthquake） 室内（Indoors） 1. If you’re inside a building, quickly take cover under a sturdy desk or table. 若在建筑物内，迅速躲到坚固的书桌或桌子下方。 2. Stay away from windows, glass walls, and heavy furniture that might topple over. 远离窗户、玻璃墙以及可能倾倒的重型家具。 3. Crouch down, keep your head low, and cover your neck and head with your arms. 蹲下，低头，用手臂护住颈部和头部。 室外（Outdoors） 1. When outside, move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines immediately. 若在室外，立即转移到远离建筑物、树木和电线的开阔地带。 2. Avoid standing near structures like walls or fences that could collapse. 切勿站在可能坍塌的围墙、栅栏等建筑旁。 三、地震后注意事项（After an Earthquake） 1. Check for injuries and provide first-aid if necessary. 检查是否有人员受伤，如有需要进行急救。 2. Be cautious of aftershocks and stay away from damaged buildings. 警惕余震，远离受损建筑物。 3. Listen to the radio or follow official announcements for updates and instructions. 收听广播或关注官方公告，了解最新情况和指示。 四、日常准备（Daily Preparation） 1. Prepare an emergency kit with essentials like water, food, a flashlight, and a first-aid box. 准备应急包，包含水、食物、手电筒、急救箱等必需品。 2. Develop a family emergency plan and practice earthquake drills regularly. 制定家庭应急计划，定期开展地震演练。 五、表达愿望（Expressing Wishes） 1. Hopefully, these suggestions will help you and your loved ones stay safe in case of an earthquake. 希望这些建议能帮助你和你爱的人在地震发生时确保安全。 2. May everyone be well-prepared and protected from the harm of earthquakes. 愿每个人都做好充分准备，免受地震危害 。 【示例·分步写作】 写作题目 　　当今世界地震频发, 如何才能避免伤亡并把损失降到最低呢?假如你是李华,请给你的朋友Tom写一封信,简要谈一下应对地震时的具体做法。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3.开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。 Dear Tom, An earthquake may hit our area at any time. Do you know what to do in an earthquake? 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 第一步：审题谋篇 主题 地震安全建议 体裁 应用文 布局 第一部分:点明主题; 第二部分:介绍应对地震的做法; 第三部分:表达愿望。 人称 以第二人称为主 + 以一般现在时为主 第二步：要点翻译 Ⅰ.用本单元所学单词或短语填空 1.　　　　adj.镇静的  2.　　　　　　被困在……  3.　　　　　　救援队  4.　　　　　　远离  第三步：本单元语块、语法运用 1.完成句子 第一部分:点明主题 (1)让我告诉你做什么才能把地震的损失降到最低。 Let me tell you 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　the losses of an earthquake to the minimum.  第二部分:介绍应对地震的做法 (2)地震时,你在室外。 　　　　 　　　　　　　　, you are outside.  (3)你必须远离建筑物、树木和其他可能掉落的东西。 You must keep away from buildings, trees and 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.  (4)如果你在室内,你必须待在角落里,或者钻到桌子下面。 If you are inside, you must 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, or get under a table.  (5)如果你被困在废墟中,请保持冷静,等待救援队的救助。 If you 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, please be calm and wait for the rescue team to help.  (6)地震后,你应该检查你家里的每样东西,包括天然气管道、水管和电线。 After an earthquake, you should 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, including gas pipes, water pipes and electric wires.  第三部分:表达愿望 (7)你都学会了吗?相信只要你记住上面的方法,就能够把损失降到最低。 Have you learned it? I believe that 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, you will be able to minimize the losses.  2.句式升级 (8)把句(2)和句(3)合并为含有条件状语从句的句子 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  (9)把句(6)改写为含有whether引导的宾语从句的句子 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  第四步：连句成篇 写作积累 1.natural disasters 自然灾害 2.wipe out 彻底消灭,全部摧毁 3.Many houses were destroyed.许多房屋被毁。 4.Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods and droughts occur now and then.地震、洪水和旱灾等自然灾害时而发生。 5.The snowstorm will last till tomorrow afternoon. 暴风雪将持续到明天下午。 6.The crops died during the drought.旱灾期间庄稼都枯死了。 7.Some disasters can’t be avoided now, but we can certainly reduce the loss they cause.虽然有些灾难现在是无法避免的,但我们肯定能减少它们造成的损失。 $$Unit 5 Human and Nature 单词 1. curious adj. 好奇的 2. observation n. 观察；观察结果 3. equal adj. 相等的；相同的 4. extent n. 面积；长度；范围；程度 5. wave n. 海浪；波涛 6. escape vi.&vt. 逃离；逃避 7. survive vi.&vt. 活下来；幸存 8. frightened adj. 受惊的，害怕的 9. outbreak n. 爆发 10. ecology n. 生态；生态学 11. astonish vt. 使震惊；使难以置信 12. lecture n. 讲座，讲课；演讲 13. million n. 百万 14. comment n. 评论；意见 15. crowded adj. 拥挤的；挤满人的 16. alive adj. 活的，活着的 17. drought n. 旱灾，干旱 18. volcanic adj. 火山的；由火山作用引起的 19. injury n. 伤害，损伤，损害 20. measure vt. 估量，衡量；测量 21. operation n. 行动，活动；手术；操作 22. conduct vi.&vt. 实施；进行；执行；指挥 23. breathe vi.&vt. 呼吸 24. attempt n.&vt. 努力，尝试，企图 25. trap vt. 困住；使陷于危险中 26. interrupt vt. 打断讲话 27. death n. 死，死亡 28. loss n. 丧失；死亡 29. ambition n. 抱负，雄心；追求，夙愿 30. exploration n. 探险；探索 31. delighted adj. 高兴的，兴高采烈的 32. prove vt. 证明；证实 33. remote adj. 久远的；遥远的 34. explorer n. 探险者；勘察者 35. preparation n. 预备，准备 36. polar adj. 极地的，地极的 37. base n. 基地，大本营；基础；vt. 以…… 为基地 38. anxiously adv. 焦虑地；不安地 39. observe vt. 观察；注意 40. terrifying adj. 可怕的，恐怖的 41. harmless adj. 无害的 42. creativity n. 独创性；创造力 43. disappearance n. 消亡；消失 短语 1. be crowded with挤满了 2. equal sb in sth在某方面与某人匹敌 3. be shocked at对……感到震惊 4. to some extent在某种程度上 5. be curious about对……好奇 6. escape doing sth逃脱做某事 7. be/get trapped in被困住 8. attempt to do sth试图做某事 9. turn one's back (on sb /sth) 对…… 置之不理，对…… 撒手不管 10. do/cause damage to...对……造成破坏/损害 11. at a loss不知所措 12. on the edge of 在…… 边缘；某事快要发生（尤指不好的事） 13. breathe in 吸气 14. run out 用完；耗尽 15. break down 停止运转，出故障 16. take measures to do sth采取措施做某事 熟词生义 1. flood n．洪水，水灾；大批，大量 v．淹没；(使)泛滥；(洪水般地)涌进/出；挤满，拥满；使大受感动，充满 2. lecture n．讲座，讲课；演讲　v．训斥；讲课；教导 3. escape vi. & vt.逃离；逃避　n．逃跑；逃避；泄露 4. survive vi. & vt.活下来；幸存；艰难度过；比……活得长 5. damage n．伤害，损伤，损害，损失；损害赔偿金(pl.) v．损害；毁坏 6. measure vt.估量，衡量；测量 n．措施；办法；度量单位；尺度；程度　linking v．(指尺寸、长短、数量等)量度为 7. conduct vt.实施；进行；执行；带领；引导；传导　vi. & vt.指挥　n．行为；举止 句型 1.the moment引导时间状语从句 The moment I heard the word I became very frightened. 2.过去分词短语作后置定语 The first, the larger the bodies were, the more rapidly they fell; the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down more rapidly; and the third, between two objects of the same size, objects shaped like a tube fell down more slowly. 3.than引导比较状语从句 Now I have told you, and I cannot expect you to believe me any more than the fishermen did. 4.with＋宾语＋补足语 That leaves the wolves with nothing to eat, so they start attacking the farmers' animals. 5.as...as sb. can尽可能……地 The most important thing is to protect yourself as much as you can. 6.when引导的定语从句 I still remember the day when we met for the first time. 7.where引导的定语从句 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child. 8.why引导的定语从句 We didn't know the reason why he refused our help. 语法 1.关系副词引导的定语从句 2.英语词汇中的后缀 一、词汇清单 知识点1 crowded adj.拥挤的；挤满人的 【教材原句】Actually, the whole city is quite crowded. 事实上，整个城市都很拥挤。(教材P28) 【拓展】 (1)be crowded with... 挤满…… (2)crowd n．人群；大众；一伙；一堆 vt. & vi.挤；把……塞进 (3)crowd into 涌入，大批涌入 (4)crowd...out (因空间或时间不够而)将……挤出；挤掉；排挤 (5)follow the crowd 跟大家一样；随大溜 (6)a crowd of＝crowds of 一群；一堆；许多 【写作佳句】They noticed a crowd of/crowds of people shouting and cheering. 他们看到一大群人在喊叫欢呼。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Would you like to go to a theatre ________ (crowd) with audience? ②Stop ________ (crowd) me—there's plenty of room. ③The previous train __________________________ (挤满了游客). ④__________________________ (一小群人) gathered outside the castle, waiting to see the King. 答案：①crowded　②crowding　③was crowded with visitors④A small crowd 知识点2 shock vt.使震惊，使难以置信 n．震惊 【教材原句】The two students were shocked at the lecture on nature.这两个学生对关于自然的讲座感到震惊。(教材P29) 【拓展】 (1)It shocks sb. to see/hear... 看到/听到……使某人震惊 (2)shock vt. 使震惊 shocked adj. 惊愕的，震惊的 shocking adj. 令人震惊的 (3)be shocked at/by 对……感到震惊 be shocked to do sth. 对做某事感到震惊 shocked look/expression/voice 震惊的表情/声音 (4)be in a state of shock 处于震惊的状态 a great shock to sb. 对某人来说是个极大的震惊(抽象名词具体化) 【写作佳句】 It shocks you when something like that happens. 发生那样的事情，你会觉得难以置信。 【经典练】单句语法填空 完成句子/单句语法填空 ①____________________________ (听到……让我震惊) that the hospital was closing down. ②The parents ________________________ (对……感到震惊) the news that their son needed an operation on his knee. ③People were ________ (shock) to see that the little girl was often beaten by her stepmother. The ______ (shock) news ________ (shock) all the people around, which was also ________ shock to her father who was working abroad. ④This is ________ news; it ________ everyone, and everyone is ________ at the news. (shock) 答案：①It shocked me to hear　②were shocked by/at　③shocked; shocking; shocked; a　④shocking; has shocked; shocked 知识点3 overuse vt.过度使用；滥用 n．过度的使用 【教材原句】They learnt that we overused nature.他们知道我们过度利用自然。(教材P29) 【拓展】 (1)overuse是由前缀over­加use而成，前缀over­含有“过度”之意，所以overuse有“过度使用，滥用”的意思。类似的词还有： overpopulation 人口过多 overcooked 煮过头的 overweight 超重的 (2)over作前缀的用法: 1．表示“过度；过分”。如：overwork, overcoat 例句：We don't like the actor because we believe he has overacted in this film. 2．表示“越过；在……之上”。如：overlook 例句：Jane overlooks all her boyfriend's faults because she love him so much. 3．表示“颠倒；反转”如：overthrow 例句：Can you believe that they want to overthrow the government? It's too crazy. 【写作佳句】Which words or phrases do you most overuse? 你最为常用的词或词组有哪些？ 【经典练】完成句子 ①学生往往会滥用某些词语。 Students tend to ________certain words. ②有些科学家担心世界人口过多。 Some scientists are concerned about ________ in the world. ③牛排做得太老了，蔬菜做得有点生。 The steak is a little ________， and the vegetables are a little undercooked. ④我不知道这个包裹是否超重。 I wonder if the parcel is ________． 答案：①overuse　②overpopulation　③overcooked　④overweight 知识点4 turn one's back (on sb./sth.)对……置之不理；对……撒手不管 【教材原句】Nature got hurt, felt pain, and finally turned its back on us.大自然受到伤害，感到痛苦，最终背弃了我们。(教材P29) 【拓展】 (1)in turn 依次；轮流 (2)by turns 轮流 (3)turn into 变成 (4)turn in 上交(物品) (5)turn down 拒绝(建议、要求等)；(把音量)调小 (6)turn out (to be)＋n./adj. 结果是…… (7)turn over 翻转；仔细考虑；移交(工作)；转让(公司) (8)turn to 求助于；查阅；转向；翻到(书的某页) (9)turn up 调大，开大(热度、音量等)；突然露面；(机会等)不期而至 【写作佳句】She turned her head away, feeling too ashamed to meet his gaze.因害羞而不敢和他对视，她转过头去。 【经典练】完成句子/用turn短语填空 ①How can you ________________________ (拒绝) your own mother? ②How could you ________ such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months? ③I'm upset because I had my proposal ________ again. ④He promised to be here at one o'clock, but he didn't ________． ⑤He got his first book published. It ________ to be a best­seller. ⑥Tom had to ________ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy. ⑦Don't worry. I'm sure your missing glasses will ________ sooner or later. 答案：①turn your back on　②turn down　③turned down　④turn up　⑤turned out　⑥turn down　⑦turn up 知识点5 frightened adj. 受惊的；害怕的 【教材原句】The moment I heard the word I became very frightened.我一听到这个词就非常害怕。(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)be frightened (2)be frightened at... 对……感到恐惧 (3)frighten v. 使惊吓，使惊恐 (4)v.­ed形容词多用来说明人的感觉、音容笑貌等，意为“(人)感到……的”。 v.­ing形容词多用来说明事物给人造成的某种感觉，意为“令人……的”。 【写作佳句】I am frightened to go out alone at night.我不敢晚上一个人出去。 【经典练】 单句语法填空/完成句子/一句多译 ①A sudden stop can be a very ________ (frighten) experience, especially if you are travelling at high speed. ②The graduate had her bag robbed and she still sounded ________ (frighten). ③They were ________ to hear the ________ sound.(frighten) ④With no one to turn to in such a ________ (frighten) situation, she felt very helpless. ⑤The ________ (frighten) expression on the boy's face showed that he was frightened ________ (look) down from the top of the building. ⑥He respected his father very much but sometimes he ________________________ (害怕) him. ⑦这个女孩害怕在黑夜里一个人走回家。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 答案：①frightening　　②frightened　③frightened; frightening　④frightening　⑤frightened; to look　⑥was frightened of ⑦The girl was frightened of walking home alone in the dark./The girl was frightened that she would walk home alone in the dark. 知识点6 edge n．边缘 vt.慢慢移动；侧着移动；给……镶边；使锋利/开刃 【教材原句】We went round and round, nearer and nearer to the horrible edge of the whirlpool.我们一直旋转，越来越靠近那可怕的漩涡边缘。(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)at the edge of... 在……边上 (2)be on edge 焦躁不安 (3)have the edge on/over... 比……有利 (4)take the edge off 减弱；减轻 (5)edge sth. into... 侧着慢慢移进…… (6)edge toward... 挤向…… (7)edge in 插入；慢慢进入 (8)edge out 排挤出去 (9)词语辨析：at the edge of VS on the edge of at the edge of靠近……的边缘 at the edge of the desert/woods/forest在沙漠/树林/森林边缘 on the edge of在……边缘；某事快要发生(尤指不好的事) I was on the edge of a mental breakdown at that time.那时我正处在精神崩溃的边缘。 【写作佳句】He has the edge on the other students in English because he spent a year abroad.他在国外住过一年，所以英语比其他学生都强。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①Billy sat ________ the edge of the bed, reading a storybook. ②She is ________ the edge of despair. ③The businessman is ________________________ (濒临) failure. ④He stood ________________________ (在……边缘上) the lake staring into space. ⑤Although the old man was ________________________ (在死亡的边缘上), he still fought with the disease bravely. 答案：①at/on　②on　③on the edge of　④at the edge of　⑤on the edge of death 知识点7 curious adj.好奇的 curiosity n. 好奇；好奇心 【教材原句】After a while, I became curious about the whirlpool itself.过了一会儿，我对漩涡本身产生了好奇。(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)be curious about... 对……感到好奇 (2)become curious about... 对……变得好奇 (3)be curious to do sth. 很想做某事 (4)It is curious that... ……真是奇怪 (5)out of curiosity 出于好奇 【写作佳句】If a boy is curious, he is always asking questions.一个好奇的孩子总是要不断地提出问题。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子/单句写作 ①The little boy stared at the creature ________ (curious). ②Out of ________ (curious), I looked at the house up close and noticed a light on upstairs. ③All the people aboard the plane were worried and they ________________________ (很想知道) what had happened. ④________________________ (……真是奇怪) she hasn't shown up since then. ⑤He decided to travel through the desert by camel ________________________ (出于好奇). ⑥I'm ________________ (对……好奇) my grandpa's past life. ⑦真奇怪，电脑无缘无故死机了。 ________________________________________________________________________ 答案：①curiously　②curiosity　③were curious to know　④It is curious that　⑤out of curiosity　⑥curious about　⑦It is curious that the computer breaks down with no reason. 知识点8 equal adj.相等的；相同的 n．同等的人；相等物 v．等于；比得上；敌得过 【教材原句】..the second, between two objects of equal extent, round objects fell down less rapidly....……第二，在两个相同大小的物体之间，圆形物体下降得不太快……(教材P31) 【拓展】 (1)be equal in 在……方面相等 (2)be equal to 与……相等；能胜任/应付 (3)be equal to the task 有能力承担这项任务 (4)equal opportunities/rights 平等的机会/权利 (5)be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比，无敌 (6)equal the world record 平了世界纪录 (7)equal sb. in sth. 在某方面与某人匹配 (8)词语积累：equal＋­ity→equality n. 平等 equal＋­ly→equally adv.相等地；同样地 【写作佳句】No one equals him in spelling.在拼写方面，无人能和他相比。 【经典练】完成句子/单句语法填空 ①They are of ________________ (一样高), but I think Jack ________________ (胜任) the job. ②They receive an income equal ________ the value of the goods they produce. ③I don't think Jim is equal to ________ (transport) these valuable goods. ④None of us can equal her, either ________ beauty or as a dancer. ⑤The island is ________ (equal) attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant weather in both seasons. ⑥I think he is the best painter. His paintings are ________ equal. 答案：①equal height; is equal to　②to　③transporting　④in　⑤equally　⑥without 知识点9 duty n．职责；义务；责任 【教材原句】But it's our duty to try our best to reduce suffering and the loss of life.但我们有责任尽最大努力减少痛苦和生命的损失。(教材P102) 【拓展】 (1)on duty 值班，上班 (2)off duty 下班 (3)out of duty 出于责任 (4)It's one's duty to do sth. 做某事是某人的责任 (5)feel it one's duty to do sth. 感觉做某事是某人的责任 (6)duty表示“职责”时，是可数名词；表示义务时，是不可数名词。 E.g.:She was ashamed to admit that she hadn't done her duty.她羞愧地承认她没有尽到自己的义务。 【写作佳句】Do your own duty first of all.首先要尽自己的义务。 【经典练】完成句子 ①____________________________ (是我们的责任) to defend our country. ②____________________________ (出于责任), the development consultant blamed the factory leaders for the pollution they had caused. ③Only one doctor is ________________________ (值班) today—the other doctor is off. ④I ____________________________________ (感觉是我们的职责) to study English well. 答案：①It's our duty　②Out of duty　③on duty　④feel it our duty 知识点10 run out (of)用完；耗尽 【教材原句】Well, I'd love to know more, but, unfortunately, we've run out of time.好吧，我很想知道更多，但是，不幸的是，我们已经没有时间了。(教材P103) 【拓展】 (1)短语辨析：run out of VS run out run out of为及物动词短语，可接宾语，也可用于被动语态，其主语为人；run out为不及物动词短语，不能接宾语，也不能用于被动语态，其主语为物。run out (of) 用于进行时，表示“将要用完”。 Her money has run out and she is also running out of patience.她的钱已经用完了，她的耐心也快耗尽了。 (2)ran across 偶然遇到 (3)run after 追赶 (4)run away 突然离开；逃离 (5)run over 撞倒，撞翻 【写作佳句】When the thief ran across a policeman, he ran away.当小偷看到警察的时候，他立刻逃走了。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①—I'm still working on my project. —Oh, you'll miss the deadline. Time is ________(run) out. ②Our money had been run out ________. What was more, our car broke down just in the north of Paris. ③Food supplies in the flood­stricken area ____________________ (要用光了). We must act immediately before there's none left. ④So much of interest does Beijing offer that most visitors simply ________________________ (用光时间) before seeing it all. ⑤Be quick, please. I'm ________________________ (要用完) patience. 答案：①running　②of　③are running out　④run out of time　⑤running out of 知识点11 base n．基地，大本营；基础 vt.以……为基地 【教材原句】During the polar summer of 1910—1911, both teams organised food bases in preparation for their journeys the next year.在1910—1911年的极地夏季，两队人都为下一年的探险做了食物储备。(教材P36) 【拓展】 (1)basic adj.基本的，基础的；初级的；必需的→basically adv.基本上；从根本上说 (2)at the base of... 在……底部 (3)an air base 空军基地 (4)have a broad base of the masses 有广泛的群众基础 (5)base...on/upon...＝be based on 以……为基础/根据 (6)base one's opinions on facts 以事实为依据发表观点 (7)be based on facts 以事实为依据 【写作佳句】You should base your conclusion on/upon careful research.你应该以审慎的研究为基础而下结论。 【经典练】完成句子/单句语法填空 ①我们在山脚下露营。 We camped ________________________ the mountain. ②这个故事是基于历史事实创作的。 The story ____________________ historical facts. ③我们的观点应该以事实为依据。 We should ________________________________． ④They settled down ________ the base of the mountain. ⑤The research group produced two reports ________ (base) on the survey, but neither contained any useful suggestions. ⑥________ (base) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. ⑦He ________ (basic) just sits there and does nothing all day. 答案：①at the base of　②is based on　③base our opinions on facts　④at　⑤based　⑥Basing　⑦basically 知识点12 anxiously adv.焦虑地；不安地 anxious adj.忧患的，担心的，渴望的 【教材原句】Scott and Amundsen waited anxiously for spring.斯科特和阿蒙森焦急地等待春天的到来。(教材P36) 【拓展】 (1)wait anxiously for 焦急地等待…… (2)look anxiously at 忧虑地看着…… (3)be anxious about sth.为……担心 (4)be anxious that...担心…… (5)be anxious for渴望得到……/为某人担心 (6)be anxious to do sth.渴望/急于做某事 【写作佳句】She was anxious to finish school and get a job.她渴望毕业找份工作。 【经典练】完成句子/单句语法填空 ①I ________________________ (急盼) your reply to my email. ②Tom ________________________ (担忧地望着) her to see if she was upset, but she remained calm. ③Students are waiting ________ (anxious) for the result of the final exam. ④She is anxious ________ not passing the college entrance examination. ⑤Those anxious ________ reform say that the present system is too narrow. ⑥She was anxious ________ (finish) school and get a job. 答案：①wait anxiously for　②looked anxiously at　③anxiously　④about　⑤for　⑥to finish 知识点13 prove vt.证明；证实 【教材原句】Later, these rocks proved that at one time in the distant past, the continent of Antarctica was covered by plants.后来，这些岩石证明，在遥远的过去，南极洲大陆曾一度被植物覆盖。(教材P37) 【拓展】 (1)prove sth. to sb. 向某人证明某事 (2)prove oneself (to be)... 证明自己是…… (3)prove (to be)＋n./adj. 原来是；证明是 (4)It is proved that... 据证明…… (5)prove作“证明是；结果是；事实说明”解时，用作连系动词，无被动语态。可用于以下句型： prove＋形容词 prove＋名词 prove＋介词短语或副词 prove＋动词不定式 【写作佳句】It is proved that this method is effective.据证明这种方法是行之有效的。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①She proved ________ (her) to be an able secretary. ②By 1914 Einstein's theory proved ________ (be) correct. ③It has been proved again and again ________ what is said in the ads greatly affects people's impression of the products. ④Can you prove your theory ________ us？ 答案：①herself　②to be　③that　④to 知识点14 varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的；富有变化的 vary vi.变化；（大小、形状等）相异；不同（differ） vt. 改变 【教材原句】New Zealand has a varied climate that changes a lot from place to place.新西兰气候多样，各地气候差异很大。(教材P43) 【拓展】 (1)vary v．变化，相异→varied adj.→variety n．多样→various adj.各种各样的 各种各样的/种类繁多的…… (2)a varied diet 丰富多样的饮食 (3)varied needs of... 不同的需求 (4)vary from...to... ……与……不同；在……到……之间变化 【写作佳句】In China, she lived a varied life and experienced varied types of happiness.在中国，她过着丰富多彩的生活，体验着各种各样的幸福。 【经典练】完成句子 ①The dining room offers us students ____________________ (丰富多样的饮食). ②A good teacher is aware of the extremely ____________________ (……不同的需求) each student. ③The newspaper China Daily supplies us with ____________________ (各种各样的) news every day. ④He planted ________________ (各种各样的) flowers in the garden. 答案：①a varied diet　②varied needs of　③a variety of　④varieties of 知识点15 harmless adj.无害的 harm n．害，伤害，危害 vt.对……有害；伤害 harmful adj.有害的 【教材原句】It looks like a big, scary grasshopper, but it is actually harmless.它看起来像一只可怕的大蚱蜢，但实际上是无害的。(教材P43) 【拓展】 (1)do harm to sb./sth.＝do sb./sth. harm＝be harmful to sb./sth. 对……有害 (2)be harmless to sb./sth. 对……无害 (3)与harm类似的单词： care→careful (小心的)→careless (粗心的)→carelessness (n.粗心) hope→hopeful (有希望的)→hopeless (没有希望的)→hopelessness (n.绝望) help→helpful (有帮助的)→helpless (无助的)→helplessness (n.无能为力) 【写作佳句】Reading in dim light does harm to our eyes.＝Reading in dim light is harmful to our eyes.在昏暗的光线下阅读伤害眼睛。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①The drug contains something ________ (harm), and it may do harm ________ the human body. If you take a small amount of it, it will be ________ (harm). ②This experiment was ________ (harm) to the animals, so you needn't worry. ③Smoking is ________ (harm) to your health, so you should give it up or at least cut down on it. ④Running ____________________ (对……无害) your children. Instead, it will build them up. ⑤Many lifestyles ______________________ (对……有害) health nowadays. ⑥We tried to stop the flames from spreading, but we knew ________________________________ (那是没有希望的). 答案：①harmful; to; harmless　②harmless　③harmful　④is harmless to　⑤do harm to/are harmful to　⑥it was hopeless 知识点16 be home to （＝be the home of...）是……的产地/栖息地/发源地 【教材原句】New Zealand is home to 4.7 million people, 31 million sheep and 10 million cows.新西兰是470万人民，3 100万绵羊和1 000万奶牛的家园。(教材P43) 【拓展】 (1)be a home for...对于……来说，是一个家、故乡、栖息地。如：This place is an ideal home for many animals.这个地方对于许多动物来说是一个理想的栖息地。 (2)at home and abroad 国内外 (3)feel at home 感觉舒适，不拘束 (4)make oneself at home 别客气，别拘束 (5)be home for...回家做……如：He will be home for dinner.他要回家吃晚饭。 【写作佳句】Changbaishan is home to a great diversity of plants and animals.长白山是多种多样动植物的生长地。 【经典练】完成句子 ①The wetlands ________________________ (是……的栖息地) a large variety of wildlife. ②Have you ever heard of the trees that ________________________ (是……的栖息地) animals both on land and sea? ③I began to ________________________ (无拘无束) in the new school when I saw some familiar faces. ④We will do our best to provide you with good services, and ________________________ (让你们感觉像在家里一样). 答案：①are home to　②are home to　③feel at home　④make you feel at home 知识点17 protect...from/against...保护……不受……（危害） 【教材原句】If you are near objects that can fall, find a shelter to protect yourself from them.如果你离可能坠落的物体很近，找个地方躲避它们。(教材P41) 【拓展】 (1)“阻止……做某事”常见表达法：keep...from doing sth.; stop...(from) doing sth.; prevent...(from) doing sth. (2)注意： 1　 keep...from doing sth.中的from不能省略，因为如果省略，意思会发生变化：keep...doing sth.使……一直做某事。 2　 在被动语态中，keep/stop/prevent...from doing sth.结构中的from都不能省略。 【写作佳句】We should take some measures to protect trade with foreigners.我们应采取一些措施来保护对外贸易。 【经典练】单句语法填空/完成句子 ①They set up a wildlife reserve to protect animals from ________ (hunt). ②What can we do to prevent these animals (from) ________ (die) out? ③As you know, it is my duty to ______ my younger sisters ______ (保护……免受) being hurt when they are in danger. ④You'd better wear a pair of sunglasses __________________ (以保护眼睛免受伤害). ⑤We ________________________ (被阻止出去) by the heavy rain. 答案：①being hunted　②dying　③protect; from/against　④to protect your eyes from/against being harmed或to prevent/stop your eyes (from) being harmed或to keep your eyes from being harmed　⑤were prevented/stopped/kept from going out 二、语法清单 一、关系副词引导的定语从句 【感知·语法规律】 ①But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers. ②Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. ③Do you know the reason why he has been late? 【精讲·语法知识】 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。 上述三个关系副词很多情况下都可以用介词＋关系代词来替换。where＝in/at/to＋which; when＝in/on/at＋which; why＝for＋which。 1．when引导的定语从句 I still remember the day when we met for the first time.我仍然记得我们第一次相遇的那一天。 It was an exciting moment for the Spanish fans, when for the first time their team won the World Cup.对于西班牙球迷来说，那是一个激动人心的时刻，因为在那一刻，他们的球队第一次赢得了世界杯。 [注意]先行词是指时间的名词，如：time, day, year, month, moment, week, hour, minute等，when在从句中作时间状语。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①I can never forget the day ________ I first saw you. ②He came at the time ________ we needed him most. ③I'll never forget the days ________ we spent together. ④Almost every teenager will experience a period in their life ________ they aren't satisfied with their parents. ⑤We live in an age ________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 答案：①when　②when　③that/which　④when　⑤when 2．where引导的定语从句 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.在巴黎生活了50年后，他回到了儿时成长的那个小镇。 She is teaching at the university where her mother once studied.她在母亲曾经学习过的大学执教。 [注意]先行词是指地点的名词，如：place, factory, farm, station, town, meeting­room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 Today we'll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.(先行词是cases)今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的例子。 He wants to find a job where his skills can be put to good use. (先行词是job)他想找一份能将他的技能派上用场的工作。 [注意]当先行词表示抽象的地点或带有地点的意味且在从句中充当类似于地点状语的作用时，定语从句用where引导。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①The accident has reached to the point ________ both their parents are to be called in. ②You would get into a situation ________ you have to decide immediately. ③The next day, my brother and I went to the beach ________ we watched some people play volleyball. ④Students should involve themselves in community activities ________ they can gain experience for growth. 答案：①where　②where　③where　④where 3．why引导的定语从句 We didn't know the reason why he refused our help.我们不知道他拒绝我们帮助的原因。 The mother can't accept the reason that/which the son gives for his absence from school.这位母亲不能接受儿子为没上学给出的理由。 [注意]先行词是reason时，定语从句的引导词需根据定语从句缺少的成分而定，如果缺少状语，用why；如果缺少主语或宾语，则用that/which。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Unsuccessful people can always find reasons ________ they're not doing well. ②I don't believe the reason ________ he gave me for his being late. ③That was the reason ________ he gave for his absence. ④Do you know the reason ________ he didn't attend the meeting yesterday? 答案：①why　②that/which　③that/which　④why 二、后缀 当我们的单词积累到一定词汇量的时候，通过前缀后缀的对比可以帮助我们理解记忆这些单词，比如通过构词法产生的新单词可以帮助背诵基本的单词，从而避免一些记了新单词而忘记老单词的情况。 【感知·语法规律】体会后缀的用法 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 reader 读者 inventor 发明家 Chinese 中国人 Indian 印度人 artist 艺术家 kindness 和蔼 operation 手术 这些单词是在各自的词根后加了不同的后缀，如­er, ­or, ­ese, ­ian等。 【精讲·语法知识】 有些英语单词由三部分组成，即：前缀、词根及后缀。单词中位于词根前面的部分就是前缀，位于词根后面的部分就是后缀。如：unacceptable中un是前缀，accept是词根，able是后缀。后缀词是指在一个词根的后面附加一个或几个字母构成的一个新词。如：snowy中y就是后缀。通常，后缀改变单词的词性，不改变词根的含义。 常见的后缀见下表： 分类 举例 名词后缀 ­er/­or(从事……的人)，­ese(某地人)，­ess(雌性)，­ian(……的人)，­ist(专业人员)，­ism(主义)，­ment(性质；状态)，­ness(性质)，­tion/­ation(动作；过程)，­dom(状态；区域) 动词后缀 ­en(多用于形容词之后)，­fy(使……化)，­ize(使……成为) 形容词后缀 ­al，­able，­an，­ble，­ern，­ful，­ive，­less，­like，­ly，­y，­ous，­some 副词后缀 ­ly(用于形容词后表示方式或程度)，­ward(s)(表示方向) 数词后缀 ­teen，­th，­ty 【经典练】1．画出下列单词的名词后缀 ①teacher教师 ②Japanese日本人 ③musician音乐家 ④artist艺术家 2．画出下列单词的动词后缀 ①widen加宽 ②beautify美化 3．画出下列单词的形容词后缀 ①American美国的 ②careful细心的 ③active有活力的 4．画出下列单词的副词后缀 ①quickly迅速地 ②angrily生气地 5．画出下列单词的数词后缀 ①thirteen十三 ②fourth第四 答案： 1.①er　②ese　③ian　④ist 2．①en　②fy 3．①an　②ful　③ive 4．①ly　②ly 5．①teen　②th 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 地震安全建议 地震安全建议类文稿（如安全手册、宣讲文案等），面向大众（普通居民、学生等），核心是清晰传递地震避险知识，让受众快速理解、掌握。语言需准确易懂、逻辑清晰，像给家人、同学讲安全要点一样亲切实用，同时要把专业避险知识转化为日常可操作的行动指南。 【积累·写作素材】 一、点明主题（Opening the Topic） 1. Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters, so it’s crucial to know how to protect yourself. 地震是不可预测的自然灾害，因此知晓如何保护自己至关重要。 2. This guide aims to offer you practical safety tips for earthquakes. 本指南旨在为你提供实用的地震安全建议。 3. To stay safe during an earthquake, here are some key recommendations. 为在地震中确保安全，以下是一些关键建议。 二、地震发生时的做法（Actions During an Earthquake） 室内（Indoors） 1. If you’re inside a building, quickly take cover under a sturdy desk or table. 若在建筑物内，迅速躲到坚固的书桌或桌子下方。 2. Stay away from windows, glass walls, and heavy furniture that might topple over. 远离窗户、玻璃墙以及可能倾倒的重型家具。 3. Crouch down, keep your head low, and cover your neck and head with your arms. 蹲下，低头，用手臂护住颈部和头部。 室外（Outdoors） 1. When outside, move to an open area away from buildings, trees, and power lines immediately. 若在室外，立即转移到远离建筑物、树木和电线的开阔地带。 2. Avoid standing near structures like walls or fences that could collapse. 切勿站在可能坍塌的围墙、栅栏等建筑旁。 三、地震后注意事项（After an Earthquake） 1. Check for injuries and provide first-aid if necessary. 检查是否有人员受伤，如有需要进行急救。 2. Be cautious of aftershocks and stay away from damaged buildings. 警惕余震，远离受损建筑物。 3. Listen to the radio or follow official announcements for updates and instructions. 收听广播或关注官方公告，了解最新情况和指示。 四、日常准备（Daily Preparation） 1. Prepare an emergency kit with essentials like water, food, a flashlight, and a first-aid box. 准备应急包，包含水、食物、手电筒、急救箱等必需品。 2. Develop a family emergency plan and practice earthquake drills regularly. 制定家庭应急计划，定期开展地震演练。 五、表达愿望（Expressing Wishes） 1. Hopefully, these suggestions will help you and your loved ones stay safe in case of an earthquake. 希望这些建议能帮助你和你爱的人在地震发生时确保安全。 2. May everyone be well-prepared and protected from the harm of earthquakes. 愿每个人都做好充分准备，免受地震危害 。 【示例·分步写作】 写作题目 　　当今世界地震频发, 如何才能避免伤亡并把损失降到最低呢?假如你是李华,请给你的朋友Tom写一封信,简要谈一下应对地震时的具体做法。 注意:1.词数80左右; 2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 3.开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。 Dear Tom, An earthquake may hit our area at any time. Do you know what to do in an earthquake? 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 第一步：审题谋篇 主题 地震安全建议 体裁 应用文 布局 第一部分:点明主题; 第二部分:介绍应对地震的做法; 第三部分:表达愿望。 人称 以第二人称为主 时态 以一般现在时为主 第二步：要点翻译 Ⅰ.用本单元所学单词或短语填空 1.　　　　adj.镇静的  2.　　　　　　被困在……  3.　　　　　　救援队  4.　　　　　　远离  答案：1.calm　2.be trapped in　3.rescue team　4.keep away from 第三步：本单元语块、语法运用 1.完成句子 第一部分:点明主题 (1)让我告诉你做什么才能把地震的损失降到最低。 Let me tell you 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　the losses of an earthquake to the minimum.  第二部分:介绍应对地震的做法 (2)地震时,你在室外。 　　　　 　　　　　　　　, you are outside.  (3)你必须远离建筑物、树木和其他可能掉落的东西。 You must keep away from buildings, trees and 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　.  (4)如果你在室内,你必须待在角落里,或者钻到桌子下面。 If you are inside, you must 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, or get under a table.  (5)如果你被困在废墟中,请保持冷静,等待救援队的救助。 If you 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, please be calm and wait for the rescue team to help.  (6)地震后,你应该检查你家里的每样东西,包括天然气管道、水管和电线。 After an earthquake, you should 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, including gas pipes, water pipes and electric wires.  第三部分:表达愿望 (7)你都学会了吗?相信只要你记住上面的方法,就能够把损失降到最低。 Have you learned it? I believe that 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　, you will be able to minimize the losses.  答案：(1)what to do to reduce　(2)During an earthquake　 (3)other things that can fall　(4)stay in a corner　 (5)are trapped in the ruins　(6)check everything in your house　(7)as long as you remember the above methods 2.句式升级 (8)把句(2)和句(3)合并为含有条件状语从句的句子 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  (9)把句(6)改写为含有whether引导的宾语从句的句子 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　  答案： (8)During an earthquake, if you are outside, you must keep away from buildings, trees and other things that can fall. (9)After an earthquake, you should check everything in your house, and see whether gas pipes, water pipes and electric wires are OK. 第四步：连句成篇 Dear Tom,   An earthquake may hit our area at any time. Do you know what to do in an earthquake? Let me tell you what to do to reduce the losses of an earthquake to the minimum.  During an earthquake, if you are outside, you must keep away from buildings, trees and other things that can fall. If you are inside, you must stay in a corner, or get under a table. If you are trapped in the ruins, please be calm and wait for the rescue team to help. After an earthquake, you should check everything in your house, and see whether gas pipes, water pipes and electric wires are OK. Have you learned it? I believe that as long as you remember the above methods, you will be able to minimize the losses. Yours, Li Hua  写作积累 1.natural disasters 自然灾害 2.wipe out 彻底消灭,全部摧毁 3.Many houses were destroyed.许多房屋被毁。 4.Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods and droughts occur now and then.地震、洪水和旱灾等自然灾害时而发生。 5.The snowstorm will last till tomorrow afternoon. 暴风雪将持续到明天下午。 6.The crops died during the drought.旱灾期间庄稼都枯死了。 7.Some disasters can’t be avoided now, but we can certainly reduce the loss they cause.虽然有些灾难现在是无法避免的,但我们肯定能减少它们造成的损失。 $$