Unit 3 Paying the Price（知识清单）英语沪教版2020选择性必修第一册

Unit 3 Paying the Price 单词 1. buffet：v. 连续猛击；打来打去 n. 自助餐 2. edge：n. 边；边缘；边线；刀刃 v. （使）徐徐移动；给……加边 3. vast：adj. 辽阔的；巨大的；庞大的 4. glacier：n. 冰川 5. territory：n. 领土；版图；领域；地盘 6. boundary：n. 边界；界限；分界线 7. cottage：n. 小屋；（尤指）村舍；小别墅 8. label：v. 用标签标明；贴标签 n. 标签；标记 9. enormous：adj. 巨大的；极大的 10. iron：n. 铁；铁器；铸铁；熨斗 v. （用熨斗）熨；烫平 11. polar：adj. （近）极地的；南极（或北极）的；磁极的 12. column：n. （书、报纸印刷页上的）栏；专栏；柱（形物） 13. accompany：v. 陪同；陪伴；伴随；（尤指用钢琴）为……伴奏 14. adopt：v. 采用；采取；采纳；领养 15. stretch：v. 延伸；延续；伸展；舒展 16. route：n. 路线；路途；途径 17. ahead：adv. 向前；在前面；提前 18. theme：n. 主题；主题思想 adj. 有特定主题的 19. wander：v. 闲逛；走神 n. 游荡闲逛 20. display：n. 展览；陈列；展览品 v. 显示；陈列 短语 1. on the move：在行进中；在移动中 2. set out：出发；启程；开始工作 3. live off：依靠……生活；以吃……为生 4. appeal to：呼吁；恳求；打动 5. up to：达到；直到；不多于；能胜任 6. upside down：颠倒；倒转；翻转 7. wake up：醒来 8. look after：照顾 9. pick up：拾起；捡起 10. be familiar with：对……熟悉 熟词生义 1. iron：常见义为“铁”“熨斗”，作动词时表示“（用熨斗）熨，烫平”，如“iron the clothes”（熨衣服）。 2. buffet：常见义为“自助餐”，作动词时表示“连续猛击”，如“The ship was buffeted by strong winds.”（船被强风猛烈撞击）。 3. edge：常见义为“边缘”，作动词可表示“（使）徐徐移动”，如“He edged his way through the crowd.”（他慢慢地从人群中挤过去）。 句型 1. Following the reindeer were the Sami people，who made this territory their home.：跟着驯鹿之后来的是萨米人，他们在这片土地上安家落户。（完全倒装句） 2. Though the Sami are allowed to continue their traditional way of life in the park，no one else can live here，and all new development is banned within park boundaries.：虽然萨米人可以在公园内继续其传统生活方式，其他人不能在此居住，而且公园边界内禁止一切开发活动。（though引导状语从句） 3. Whichever and whatever you like，there is an incredible theme park that will appeal to you！：无论你喜欢哪一个，无论你喜欢什么，总有一个奇妙无比的主题公园会让你流连忘返！（“疑问词＋-ever”引导的状语从句） 4. If you want to have fun and more than fun，come to Disneyland！：如果你想要的是好玩，而且不仅仅是好玩，那就来迪士尼乐园吧！（祈使句+if条件句） 5. It is no use waiting for other people to make decisions for you.：等别人替你作决定是没有用的。（It is no use doing sth.句型） 语法 本单元核心语法是动词 -ing形式作主语。动词 -ing形式作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首，谓语动词用单数。也可用形式主语it代替动词 -ing形式作主语，常见句式有“It's a waste of time doing sth.”“It's useless/useful doing sth.”等。此外，“There is no...”表示“不允许，禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动词 -ing形式作主语，如“There is no denying that...”（不能否认……）。 一、词汇清单 1. spot • 教材原句：We can recognize advertisements or billboards or in fashion magazines, but it’s difficult to spot stealth marketing—it just tricks us. • 用法搭配：spot sb. doing sth.（发现某人正在做某事），on the spot（当场，在现场）。 • 写作佳句：The police caught the thief on the spot when he was stealing a wallet. 2. billion • 教材原句：More than $500 billion a year is spent on advertising worldwide. • 用法搭配：billions of（数十亿的），hundreds of billions of（数千亿的）。 • 写作佳句：Billions of stars shine in the sky at night. 3. conventional • 教材原句：More than $500 billion a year is spent on advertising worldwide, but compared with conventional advertising campaigns, stealth marketing is cheap and effective. • 用法搭配：conventional method（传统方法），conventional wisdom（传统观念）。 • 写作佳句：We should not be limited by conventional thinking when solving problems. 4. launch • 教材原句：Company X wants to launch a new product for 20 - 25 - year - olds. • 用法搭配：launch a product（推出新产品），launch an attack（发动攻击），launch into（开始，着手进行）。 • 写作佳句：The company plans to launch a new series of smart phones next month. 5. contract • 教材原句：These people sign contracts where they agree to promote the company’s product. • 用法搭配：sign a contract（签订合同），break a contract（违反合同），contract with（与……签订合同）。 • 写作佳句：They signed a contract with a local company to supply raw materials. 6. hire • 教材原句：She’s been hired by an undercover marketing agency to promote brands in blogs and on social media. • 用法搭配：hire sb. to do sth.（雇佣某人做某事），be hired by（被……雇佣）。 • 写作佳句：The company hired a famous designer to design its new logo. 7. luxury • 教材原句：I can usually get people to buy everything from make - up to luxury goods, like designer jeans. • 用法搭配：luxury goods（奢侈品），a luxury hotel（豪华酒店）。 • 写作佳句：Some people like to buy luxury goods to show their status. 8. purchase • 教材原句：Other young marketers upload videos of themselves, which describe recent shopping trips and display their latest purchases. • 用法搭配：make a purchase（购买），purchasing power（购买力）。 • 写作佳句：Consumers should think twice before making a large - scale purchase. 9. psychologist • 教材原句：“You think a person is being helpful,” says a psychologist, “but that’s very different from someone telling us something because they are getting paid for it.”. • 用法搭配：consult a psychologist（咨询心理医生），a child psychologist（儿童心理专家）。 • 写作佳句：When you are under great pressure, you can consult a psychologist. 10. promote • 教材原句：These people sign contracts where they agree to promote the company’s product. • 用法搭配：promote sales（促进销售），promote sb. to（提升某人到……职位），promote the development of（促进……的发展）。 • 写作佳句：We should take measures to promote the development of environmental protection. 【经典练】单句语法填空 题目1：The company is planning to launch a new product ______ the market. 题目2：She was hired ______ (design) a new website for the company. 题目3：Many people are fond of buying luxury goods ______ (show) their wealth. 二、语法清单 【感知·语法规律】 （一）过去进行时的被动语态 1. 核心结构：主语 + was/were + being + 过去分词（done） 2. 核心用法：强调过去某一具体时刻/时间段内，主语正在被做某事，常与过去时间状语（如at 8 last night, from 3 to 5 yesterday afternoon）或上下文语境搭配。 3. 典型例句： ◦ The meeting was being held when I arrived at the office.（我到办公室时，会议正在被召开。） ◦ These books were being printed all night yesterday.（这些书昨晚一整晚都在被印刷。） （二）过去完成时的被动语态 1. 核心结构：主语 + had been + 过去分词（done） 2. 核心用法：强调过去某一动作发生之前，主语已被完成某事（即“过去的过去”），常与一般过去时动作搭配，体现动作先后顺序。 3. 典型例句： ◦ The task had been finished before the manager came back.（经理回来之前，任务已被完成。） ◦ All the letters had been sent by 5 o'clock yesterday afternoon.（到昨天下午5点，所有信件都已被寄出。） （三）两者核心区别 维度 过去进行时被动语态 过去完成时被动语态 时间逻辑 过去某时刻/时段“正在进行” 过去某动作前“已完成”（过去的过去） 关键标志 at 8 last night, from...to...yesterday before+过去时句子, by+过去时间点 语义侧重 动作的“进行状态” 动作的“完成结果” 【经典练】　 1. When I passed the classroom, the lesson ________ (teach) by Mr. Li. 2. By the end of last term, three new libraries ________ (build) in our school. 3. The old house ________ (repair) when the heavy rain came suddenly. 4. All the preparations for the party ________ (complete) before the guests arrived. 5. At 9 o'clock yesterday evening, my favorite song ________ (play) on the radio. 6. The problem ________ (solve) already before the teacher explained it again. 7. These old photos ________ (sort) out by my mom while I was doing homework. 8. By 10 last night, the report ________ (submit) to the leader via email. 9. The bridge ________ (construct) when the accident happened on the site. 10. All the tickets for the concert ________ (sell) out before the official sale started. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 1. 明确写作类型与目的：Unit 3 “Paying the Price”的写作常围绕环境问题、社会现象、代价与收获等主题，可能涉及议论文、书信、报告等文体。写议论文时，目的是清晰阐述观点，如探讨“经济发展与环境保护的平衡”，要明确表明立场，通过有力论证使读者信服。若是写书信，像给环保组织的建议信，需语言诚恳，明确表达建议内容和期望回复。 2. 构建清晰的文章结构： ◦ 议论文：采用“总-分-总”结构。开头提出主题和论点，如“Nowadays, the issue of environmental protection has become a hot - button topic. It is undeniable that economic development is important, but we should not sacrifice the environment at the expense of short - term economic gains” 。中间分点论述，用“firstly...secondly...lastly”等连接词，如“Firstly, environmental damage has a direct impact on our daily lives. The increasing air pollution, for example, leads to more respiratory diseases. Secondly, a healthy environment is the foundation for sustainable economic development in the long run. Without clean water and fertile soil, industries related to agriculture and tourism will be severely affected” 。结尾总结论点，提出呼吁或展望，“In conclusion, we must strike a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Only in this way can we ensure a better future for ourselves and the next generations” 。 ◦ 书信：开头称呼和问候，表明写信目的 ，如“Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to offer some suggestions regarding the environmental protection work in our community” 。中间主体部分详细阐述内容，如建议组织环保活动、设置垃圾分类设施等。结尾表达期待回复，“I look forward to your favorable reply. Yours sincerely, [Your Name]” 。 3. 运用有力的论证和实例：在议论文中，为支撑观点，可运用多种论证方法。举例论证能使观点更具体，如论述科技发展带来的负面影响时，“The over - reliance on smartphones is a case in point. Many people are so addicted to their phones that they neglect face - to - face communication, which has a negative impact on their social relationships” 。对比论证突出差异，“In some developed countries, strict environmental protection policies have been implemented, and as a result, the ecological environment has been greatly improved. In contrast, some developing countries, driven by rapid economic growth, have ignored environmental protection, leading to serious pollution problems” 。还可引用数据增强说服力，“According to a recent survey, about 80% of the rivers in this area are polluted to some extent due to industrial waste discharge” 。 4. 丰富语言表达： ◦ 词汇：积累与主题相关的高级词汇，如用“deteriorate”（恶化）代替“become worse”，“mitigate”（减轻）代替“reduce”，“sustainable”（可持续的）、“ecological”（生态的）等。 ◦ 句式：使用多样化句式提升文章档次。运用定语从句，“The factory, which discharges a large amount of untreated waste water into the river, has caused serious water pollution” ；状语从句，“If we do not take immediate actions to protect the environment, the consequences will be disastrous” ；倒装句，“Not only does environmental protection benefit our current lives, but it also secures the future of our descendants” 。 5. 检查与修改：完成初稿后，仔细检查语法错误，包括主谓一致（The problem is/are... ）、时态一致（讲述过去事件用一般过去时，阐述普遍事实用一般现在时）、词性误用（形容词和副词混淆等）。检查词汇拼写，注意一些易混淆词汇，如“affect”（影响，动词）和“effect”（影响，名词） 。同时，检查逻辑连贯性，确保段落之间过渡自然，连接词使用恰当，如“however”“therefore”“moreover”等 。 【积累·写作素材】 1. 词汇： ◦ 环境相关：pollution（污染），pollutant（污染物），deforestation（森林砍伐），recycle（回收利用），ecosystem（生态系统），habitat（栖息地） ◦ 社会现象相关：addiction（上瘾），isolation（孤立），urbanization（城市化），inequality（不平等），phenomenon（现象） ◦ 表达影响：impact（影响），influence（影响），affect（影响），consequence（后果），ramification（衍生物，结果） 2. 短语： ◦ 付出代价：pay the price，bear the cost ◦ 导致：lead to，result in，contribute to，give rise to ◦ 采取措施：take measures/actions/steps to do ◦ 关注：pay attention to，attach importance to，focus on ◦ 与……相关：be related to，be associated with，be linked to 3. 句式： ◦ It is + adj. + that...：It is urgent that we take immediate actions to address the environmental issues（我们迫切需要立即采取行动解决环境问题） 。 ◦ There is no doubt that...：There is no doubt that the overuse of plastic products has caused serious environmental pollution（毫无疑问，塑料制品的过度使用已经造成了严重的环境污染） 。 ◦ The reason why... is that...：The reason why we should protect the environment is that it is essential for our survival and well - being（我们应该保护环境的原因是它对我们的生存和福祉至关重要） 。 【示例·分步写作】 例题：Write an essay on the topic “The Price We Pay for Technological Advancements”. You should discuss the positive and negative aspects of technological advancements and express your own views.（写一篇关于“我们为技术进步付出的代价”的文章。你应该讨论技术进步的积极和消极方面，并表达自己的观点。） 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ Unit 3 Paying the Price 单词 1. buffet：v. 连续猛击；打来打去 n. 自助餐 2. edge：n. 边；边缘；边线；刀刃 v. （使）徐徐移动；给……加边 3. vast：adj. 辽阔的；巨大的；庞大的 4. glacier：n. 冰川 5. territory：n. 领土；版图；领域；地盘 6. boundary：n. 边界；界限；分界线 7. cottage：n. 小屋；（尤指）村舍；小别墅 8. label：v. 用标签标明；贴标签 n. 标签；标记 9. enormous：adj. 巨大的；极大的 10. iron：n. 铁；铁器；铸铁；熨斗 v. （用熨斗）熨；烫平 11. polar：adj. （近）极地的；南极（或北极）的；磁极的 12. column：n. （书、报纸印刷页上的）栏；专栏；柱（形物） 13. accompany：v. 陪同；陪伴；伴随；（尤指用钢琴）为……伴奏 14. adopt：v. 采用；采取；采纳；领养 15. stretch：v. 延伸；延续；伸展；舒展 16. route：n. 路线；路途；途径 17. ahead：adv. 向前；在前面；提前 18. theme：n. 主题；主题思想 adj. 有特定主题的 19. wander：v. 闲逛；走神 n. 游荡闲逛 20. display：n. 展览；陈列；展览品 v. 显示；陈列 短语 1. on the move：在行进中；在移动中 2. set out：出发；启程；开始工作 3. live off：依靠……生活；以吃……为生 4. appeal to：呼吁；恳求；打动 5. up to：达到；直到；不多于；能胜任 6. upside down：颠倒；倒转；翻转 7. wake up：醒来 8. look after：照顾 9. pick up：拾起；捡起 10. be familiar with：对……熟悉 熟词生义 1. iron：常见义为“铁”“熨斗”，作动词时表示“（用熨斗）熨，烫平”，如“iron the clothes”（熨衣服）。 2. buffet：常见义为“自助餐”，作动词时表示“连续猛击”，如“The ship was buffeted by strong winds.”（船被强风猛烈撞击）。 3. edge：常见义为“边缘”，作动词可表示“（使）徐徐移动”，如“He edged his way through the crowd.”（他慢慢地从人群中挤过去）。 句型 1. Following the reindeer were the Sami people，who made this territory their home.：跟着驯鹿之后来的是萨米人，他们在这片土地上安家落户。（完全倒装句） 2. Though the Sami are allowed to continue their traditional way of life in the park，no one else can live here，and all new development is banned within park boundaries.：虽然萨米人可以在公园内继续其传统生活方式，其他人不能在此居住，而且公园边界内禁止一切开发活动。（though引导状语从句） 3. Whichever and whatever you like，there is an incredible theme park that will appeal to you！：无论你喜欢哪一个，无论你喜欢什么，总有一个奇妙无比的主题公园会让你流连忘返！（“疑问词＋-ever”引导的状语从句） 4. If you want to have fun and more than fun，come to Disneyland！：如果你想要的是好玩，而且不仅仅是好玩，那就来迪士尼乐园吧！（祈使句+if条件句） 5. It is no use waiting for other people to make decisions for you.：等别人替你作决定是没有用的。（It is no use doing sth.句型） 语法 本单元核心语法是动词 -ing形式作主语。动词 -ing形式作主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首，谓语动词用单数。也可用形式主语it代替动词 -ing形式作主语，常见句式有“It's a waste of time doing sth.”“It's useless/useful doing sth.”等。此外，“There is no...”表示“不允许，禁止某种行为的发生或存在”时，需用动词 -ing形式作主语，如“There is no denying that...”（不能否认……）。 一、词汇清单 1. spot • 教材原句：We can recognize advertisements or billboards or in fashion magazines, but it’s difficult to spot stealth marketing—it just tricks us. • 用法搭配：spot sb. doing sth.（发现某人正在做某事），on the spot（当场，在现场）。 • 写作佳句：The police caught the thief on the spot when he was stealing a wallet. 2. billion • 教材原句：More than $500 billion a year is spent on advertising worldwide. • 用法搭配：billions of（数十亿的），hundreds of billions of（数千亿的）。 • 写作佳句：Billions of stars shine in the sky at night. 3. conventional • 教材原句：More than $500 billion a year is spent on advertising worldwide, but compared with conventional advertising campaigns, stealth marketing is cheap and effective. • 用法搭配：conventional method（传统方法），conventional wisdom（传统观念）。 • 写作佳句：We should not be limited by conventional thinking when solving problems. 4. launch • 教材原句：Company X wants to launch a new product for 20 - 25 - year - olds. • 用法搭配：launch a product（推出新产品），launch an attack（发动攻击），launch into（开始，着手进行）。 • 写作佳句：The company plans to launch a new series of smart phones next month. 5. contract • 教材原句：These people sign contracts where they agree to promote the company’s product. • 用法搭配：sign a contract（签订合同），break a contract（违反合同），contract with（与……签订合同）。 • 写作佳句：They signed a contract with a local company to supply raw materials. 6. hire • 教材原句：She’s been hired by an undercover marketing agency to promote brands in blogs and on social media. • 用法搭配：hire sb. to do sth.（雇佣某人做某事），be hired by（被……雇佣）。 • 写作佳句：The company hired a famous designer to design its new logo. 7. luxury • 教材原句：I can usually get people to buy everything from make - up to luxury goods, like designer jeans. • 用法搭配：luxury goods（奢侈品），a luxury hotel（豪华酒店）。 • 写作佳句：Some people like to buy luxury goods to show their status. 8. purchase • 教材原句：Other young marketers upload videos of themselves, which describe recent shopping trips and display their latest purchases. • 用法搭配：make a purchase（购买），purchasing power（购买力）。 • 写作佳句：Consumers should think twice before making a large - scale purchase. 9. psychologist • 教材原句：“You think a person is being helpful,” says a psychologist, “but that’s very different from someone telling us something because they are getting paid for it.”. • 用法搭配：consult a psychologist（咨询心理医生），a child psychologist（儿童心理专家）。 • 写作佳句：When you are under great pressure, you can consult a psychologist. 10. promote • 教材原句：These people sign contracts where they agree to promote the company’s product. • 用法搭配：promote sales（促进销售），promote sb. to（提升某人到……职位），promote the development of（促进……的发展）。 • 写作佳句：We should take measures to promote the development of environmental protection. 【经典练】单句语法填空 题目1：The company is planning to launch a new product ______ the market. 答案：into。 • 解析：launch...into...为固定搭配，意为“将……推向……”，这里表示将新产品推向市场，故填into。 题目2：She was hired ______ (design) a new website for the company. 答案：to design。 • 解析：hire sb. to do sth.是固定用法，意为“雇佣某人做某事”，此处用其被动形式，be hired to do sth.，所以填to design。 题目3：Many people are fond of buying luxury goods ______ (show) their wealth. 答案：to show。 • 解析：此处用动词不定式作目的状语，表示买奢侈品的目的是展示财富，故填to show。 二、语法清单 【感知·语法规律】 （一）过去进行时的被动语态 1. 核心结构：主语 + was/were + being + 过去分词（done） 2. 核心用法：强调过去某一具体时刻/时间段内，主语正在被做某事，常与过去时间状语（如at 8 last night, from 3 to 5 yesterday afternoon）或上下文语境搭配。 3. 典型例句： ◦ The meeting was being held when I arrived at the office.（我到办公室时，会议正在被召开。） ◦ These books were being printed all night yesterday.（这些书昨晚一整晚都在被印刷。） （二）过去完成时的被动语态 1. 核心结构：主语 + had been + 过去分词（done） 2. 核心用法：强调过去某一动作发生之前，主语已被完成某事（即“过去的过去”），常与一般过去时动作搭配，体现动作先后顺序。 3. 典型例句： ◦ The task had been finished before the manager came back.（经理回来之前，任务已被完成。） ◦ All the letters had been sent by 5 o'clock yesterday afternoon.（到昨天下午5点，所有信件都已被寄出。） （三）两者核心区别 维度 过去进行时被动语态 过去完成时被动语态 时间逻辑 过去某时刻/时段“正在进行” 过去某动作前“已完成”（过去的过去） 关键标志 at 8 last night, from...to...yesterday before+过去时句子, by+过去时间点 语义侧重 动作的“进行状态” 动作的“完成结果” 【经典练】　 1. When I passed the classroom, the lesson ________ (teach) by Mr. Li. 2. By the end of last term, three new libraries ________ (build) in our school. 3. The old house ________ (repair) when the heavy rain came suddenly. 4. All the preparations for the party ________ (complete) before the guests arrived. 5. At 9 o'clock yesterday evening, my favorite song ________ (play) on the radio. 6. The problem ________ (solve) already before the teacher explained it again. 7. These old photos ________ (sort) out by my mom while I was doing homework. 8. By 10 last night, the report ________ (submit) to the leader via email. 9. The bridge ________ (construct) when the accident happened on the site. 10. All the tickets for the concert ________ (sell) out before the official sale started. 答案： 1. was being taught 解析：时间状语when I passed（一般过去时），强调“路过时课正在被上”，用过去进行时被动语态，主语the lesson为单数，故填was being taught。 2. had been built 解析：时间状语by the end of last term（过去时间点），强调“上学期末前图书馆已被建成”，用过去完成时被动语态，主语three new libraries为复数，故填had been built。 3. was being repaired 解析：时间状语when the heavy rain came（一般过去时），强调“大雨突降时房子正在被维修”，用过去进行时被动语态，主语the old house为单数，故填was being repaired。 4. had been completed 解析：时间状语before the guests arrived（一般过去时句子），强调“客人到前准备已被完成”，用过去完成时被动语态，主语preparations为复数，故填had been completed。 5. was being played 解析：时间状语At 9 o'clock yesterday evening（过去具体时刻），强调“昨晚9点歌正在被播放”，用过去进行时被动语态，主语my favorite song为单数，故填was being played。 6. had been solved 解析：时间状语before the teacher explained（一般过去时句子），且有already（完成时标志），强调“老师再讲前问题已被解决”，用过去完成时被动语态，主语the problem为单数，故填had been solved。 7. were being sorted 解析：时间状语while I was doing（过去进行时），强调“我写作业时照片正在被整理”，用过去进行时被动语态，主语these old photos为复数，故填were being sorted。 8. had been submitted 解析：时间状语By 10 last night（过去时间点），强调“昨晚10点前报告已被提交”，用过去完成时被动语态，主语the report为单数，故填had been submitted。 9. was being constructed 解析：时间状语when the accident happened（一般过去时），强调“事故发生时桥正在被建造”，用过去进行时被动语态，主语the bridge为单数，故填was being constructed。 10. had been sold 解析：时间状语before the official sale started（一般过去时句子），强调“正式开售前票已被卖完”，用过去完成时被动语态，主语all the tickets为复数，故填had been sold。 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 1. 明确写作类型与目的：Unit 3 “Paying the Price”的写作常围绕环境问题、社会现象、代价与收获等主题，可能涉及议论文、书信、报告等文体。写议论文时，目的是清晰阐述观点，如探讨“经济发展与环境保护的平衡”，要明确表明立场，通过有力论证使读者信服。若是写书信，像给环保组织的建议信，需语言诚恳，明确表达建议内容和期望回复。 2. 构建清晰的文章结构： ◦ 议论文：采用“总-分-总”结构。开头提出主题和论点，如“Nowadays, the issue of environmental protection has become a hot - button topic. It is undeniable that economic development is important, but we should not sacrifice the environment at the expense of short - term economic gains” 。中间分点论述，用“firstly...secondly...lastly”等连接词，如“Firstly, environmental damage has a direct impact on our daily lives. The increasing air pollution, for example, leads to more respiratory diseases. Secondly, a healthy environment is the foundation for sustainable economic development in the long run. Without clean water and fertile soil, industries related to agriculture and tourism will be severely affected” 。结尾总结论点，提出呼吁或展望，“In conclusion, we must strike a balance between economic development and environmental protection. Only in this way can we ensure a better future for ourselves and the next generations” 。 ◦ 书信：开头称呼和问候，表明写信目的 ，如“Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to offer some suggestions regarding the environmental protection work in our community” 。中间主体部分详细阐述内容，如建议组织环保活动、设置垃圾分类设施等。结尾表达期待回复，“I look forward to your favorable reply. Yours sincerely, [Your Name]” 。 3. 运用有力的论证和实例：在议论文中，为支撑观点，可运用多种论证方法。举例论证能使观点更具体，如论述科技发展带来的负面影响时，“The over - reliance on smartphones is a case in point. Many people are so addicted to their phones that they neglect face - to - face communication, which has a negative impact on their social relationships” 。对比论证突出差异，“In some developed countries, strict environmental protection policies have been implemented, and as a result, the ecological environment has been greatly improved. In contrast, some developing countries, driven by rapid economic growth, have ignored environmental protection, leading to serious pollution problems” 。还可引用数据增强说服力，“According to a recent survey, about 80% of the rivers in this area are polluted to some extent due to industrial waste discharge” 。 4. 丰富语言表达： ◦ 词汇：积累与主题相关的高级词汇，如用“deteriorate”（恶化）代替“become worse”，“mitigate”（减轻）代替“reduce”，“sustainable”（可持续的）、“ecological”（生态的）等。 ◦ 句式：使用多样化句式提升文章档次。运用定语从句，“The factory, which discharges a large amount of untreated waste water into the river, has caused serious water pollution” ；状语从句，“If we do not take immediate actions to protect the environment, the consequences will be disastrous” ；倒装句，“Not only does environmental protection benefit our current lives, but it also secures the future of our descendants” 。 5. 检查与修改：完成初稿后，仔细检查语法错误，包括主谓一致（The problem is/are... ）、时态一致（讲述过去事件用一般过去时，阐述普遍事实用一般现在时）、词性误用（形容词和副词混淆等）。检查词汇拼写，注意一些易混淆词汇，如“affect”（影响，动词）和“effect”（影响，名词） 。同时，检查逻辑连贯性，确保段落之间过渡自然，连接词使用恰当，如“however”“therefore”“moreover”等 。 【积累·写作素材】 1. 词汇： ◦ 环境相关：pollution（污染），pollutant（污染物），deforestation（森林砍伐），recycle（回收利用），ecosystem（生态系统），habitat（栖息地） ◦ 社会现象相关：addiction（上瘾），isolation（孤立），urbanization（城市化），inequality（不平等），phenomenon（现象） ◦ 表达影响：impact（影响），influence（影响），affect（影响），consequence（后果），ramification（衍生物，结果） 2. 短语： ◦ 付出代价：pay the price，bear the cost ◦ 导致：lead to，result in，contribute to，give rise to ◦ 采取措施：take measures/actions/steps to do ◦ 关注：pay attention to，attach importance to，focus on ◦ 与……相关：be related to，be associated with，be linked to 3. 句式： ◦ It is + adj. + that...：It is urgent that we take immediate actions to address the environmental issues（我们迫切需要立即采取行动解决环境问题） 。 ◦ There is no doubt that...：There is no doubt that the overuse of plastic products has caused serious environmental pollution（毫无疑问，塑料制品的过度使用已经造成了严重的环境污染） 。 ◦ The reason why... is that...：The reason why we should protect the environment is that it is essential for our survival and well - being（我们应该保护环境的原因是它对我们的生存和福祉至关重要） 。 【示例·分步写作】 例题：Write an essay on the topic “The Price We Pay for Technological Advancements”. You should discuss the positive and negative aspects of technological advancements and express your own views.（写一篇关于“我们为技术进步付出的代价”的文章。你应该讨论技术进步的积极和消极方面，并表达自己的观点。） 【答案】 写作思路： 1. 开头：引出话题，表明技术进步是把双刃剑 。“In modern society, technological advancements have brought about profound changes in every aspect of our lives. Undoubtedly, they have brought us numerous benefits, but at the same time, we are also paying a certain price for this progress” 。 2. 中间 - 积极方面：列举技术进步的好处 。“Firstly, in the field of communication, the invention of the Internet and mobile phones has made it possible for people to connect with each other instantly across the globe. For instance, video conferencing allows business people to hold meetings remotely, saving a great deal of time and cost. Secondly, in the medical field, advanced technologies have led to the development of new drugs and treatment methods, which have significantly improved people's health and life expectancy. The discovery of vaccines against various diseases is a remarkable example” 。 3. 中间 - 消极方面：阐述技术进步带来的问题 。“However, technological advancements also have their dark sides. One of the most obvious problems is the environmental pollution caused by industrial production. The large - scale use of fossil fuels in factories and vehicles, which is a result of technological development, releases a huge amount of greenhouse gases, contributing to global warming. Moreover, the over - reliance on technology has led to a decline in some traditional skills and cultural heritages. For example, with the popularity of typing on keyboards, many people's handwriting skills have deteriorated” 。 4. 结尾：总结观点，提出建议 。“In conclusion, while technological advancements have brought us great convenience and progress, we cannot ignore the price we pay. We should make efforts to minimize the negative impacts, such as promoting clean energy and protecting traditional cultures. Only in this way can we ensure that technology serves us better without sacrificing our environment and cultural roots” 。 详解：开头简洁点明主题，说明技术进步有正负两面。中间部分条理清晰，用“firstly...secondly”阐述积极方面，通过具体例子增强说服力；用“however”转折，论述消极方面，从环境和文化角度分析。结尾总结全文，提出应对建议，使文章结构完整，逻辑连贯，符合议论文写作要求 。 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $