高中英语阅读理解之主旨大意题解题技巧点拨 导学案-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

高中英语阅读理解之主旨大意题解题技巧 主旨大意题是阅读理解中最难的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、提取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。因此，遇到主旨大意题时切勿草率作答，一定要读完、读懂文章后再作判断，建议学生将此类题目放到最后来做。 探究高考寻规律 一、主旨大意题命题特征 （一）熟知题型特点与设问方式 1.命题解读 （1）主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解、概括能力，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。 （2）标题归纳题要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意题和段落大意题考查文章或段落的主旨大意。 2.题型特点 （1）把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式 What is the best title for the text？ What is the passage mainly about？ Which of the following is the best title for the passage？ Which is the most suitable title for the text？ What is the first paragraph mainly about？ （2）掌握主旨大意题的考查角度 ①标题归纳题、文章大意题； ②段落大意题。 （二）明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征 正确选项特征 1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。 2.确定的范围恰当，既不能太大，也不能太小。 3.精确性强，不会改变原文语言表意的程度及感情色彩。 4.含有文章关键词或者有象征意义的事物。 干扰选项特征 以偏概全 只阐述了局部信息或文章内容的某一个方面 主题过大 归纳概括过于宽泛，超出了文章实际所讨论的内容 断章取义 以次要的事实或细节代替全文的主要观点 无中生有 与文章内容毫不相干或与文章内容相悖 洞悉题型找技巧 类型（一）　标题归纳题 　　标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：概括性强，言简而意赅；精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文内容并提炼文章主旨。 理解标题的3大特点 巧用3大方法确定文章标题 1.正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。 2.反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们作标题写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。 3.研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等，排除过于具体化、细节化、绝对化的选项。 【典例】　（2024·1月浙江卷阅读D篇） 　　The Stanford marshmallow （棉花糖） test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s.Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room.A single sugary treat， selected by the child， was placed on a table.Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat， they would be given a second treat.Then they were left alone in the room.Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. 　　As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day.We’re not tempted （诱惑） by sugary treats， but by our computers， phones， and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. 　　We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world， and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction.But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. 　　A similar process is at work in our response to information.Our formative environment as a species was information-poor， so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information.But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment.We are now ceaselessly bombarded （轰炸） with new information.Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 35.Which of the following is the best title for the text？ A.Eat Less， Read More　　　　　　　　B.The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C.The Later， the Better D.The Marshmallow Test for Grown-ups 解题导引 第一步　读文章，理清结构 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断 A 少吃多读。不符合全文立意 断章取义，理解片面 B 早期人类痛苦的真相。 本文提及人类祖先的生存环境和大脑反应机制只是为下文服务，并非全文主旨 断章取义，理解片面 C 越晚越好。 本文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套 D 成年人面临的棉花糖实验。 本文围绕棉花糖实验展开，先从针对孩子的测试引入，再类比到成年人面临的信息轰炸和不良信息带来的诱惑，因此全文着重介绍了成年人面临的棉花糖实验 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 第三步　对比选项得出答案 参考答案　　D　 类型（二）　文章大意题 　　文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。掌握寻找文章主题的3个小技巧，可以快速确定文章大意。解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。 主题 句法 1.根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句 2.根据行文标志来定位主题句 转折词 段落中出现表示转折的词语，如but、 however、 in fact、 actually等，转折词后的句子很可能是主题句 总结词 表示总结或结论的词语，如therefore、 thus、 in short、 conclude 等，总结词后的内容往往是文章的主题句 疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题句 高频 词法 若全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中出现的高频词找出文章主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫作主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心 逆向思 维法 在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项 【典例】　（2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C篇） 　　We all know fresh is best when it comes to food.However， most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table.While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey， Babylon Micro-Farm （BMF） shortens it even more. 　　BMF is an indoor garden system.It can be set up for a family.Additionally， it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital， restaurant or school.The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. 解题导引 第一步　读文章，概括文意 　　Specifically， it’s a farm that relies on new technology.By connecting through the Cloud， BMF is remotely monitored.Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time.Because the system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants.Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides just the right amount to each plant.After harvest， users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod （容器） to get the next growth cycle started. 　　Moreover， having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions （排放） from transporting plants from soil to salad.In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. 　　BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives.About half of them walk or bike to work.Inside the office， they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.“We are passionate about reducing waste， carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee. 31.What does the text mainly talk about？ A.BMF’s major strengths. B.BMF’s general management. C.BMF’s global influence. D.BMF’s technical standards. 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断 A BMF的主要优势。 本文第一段介绍BMF缩短了食物到餐桌的运输过程，第二至第四段介绍BMF的创新设计系统及其相关优势，最后一段介绍员工的可持续发展理念，该选项符合文意 涵盖性强，覆盖全文 B BMF的综合管理。 文中仅简要提及BMF的自动化系统，目的是介绍BMF的优点，本选项以偏概全，不符合文意 以偏概全，断章取义 C BMF的全球影响力。 文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套 D BMF的技术标准。 文中未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套 第三步　对比选项得出答案 参考答案　　A　 类型（三）　段落大意题 　　段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的提炼和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。 定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意 常用的写作架构 　　每一文段都要围绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高 【典例】　（2024·新课标Ⅰ卷阅读B篇节选） 　　“I am not crazy，” says Dr.William Farber， shortly after performing acupuncture （针灸） on a rabbit.“I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive， it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh.He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians （兽医） now practicing “holistic” medicine — combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture， chiropractic （按摩疗法） and herbal medicine. 　　Farber， a graduate of Colorado State University， started out as a more conventional veterinarian.He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief.Then he tried acupuncture， an ancient Chinese practice， and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments.What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients.So， after studying the techniques for a couple of years， he began offering them to pets. 　　Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition.After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months.And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. 26.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about？ A.Steps of a chiropractic treatment.　　　　B.The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C.Examples of rare animal diseases. D.The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 解题导引 第一步　首尾兼顾定段意 本文第三段主要介绍两位主人的宠物经过Farber的治疗后，病情有所好转。通过这两个案例，第三段侧面表达了Farber中西医结合的“整体医学”取得了显著成果。 第二步　析选项，斟酌判断 A 按摩疗法的步骤。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套 B 兽医工作的复杂性。原文未提及相关内容 无中生有，生搬硬套 C 罕见动物疾病示例。不符合原文文意 偷换概念，歪曲文意 D 整体医学的有效性。精确概括本段核心主旨 涵盖性强，覆盖全段 第三步　对比选项得出答案 参考答案　　D　 　 随堂演练 A 　　For lots of kids， toddlerhood （幼儿期） is an important time for friendship.Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships， the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.Playing together also helps these kids practice social behaviors， such as kindness， sharing， and cooperation. 　　Even so， how quickly your child develops into a social creature may also depend on his temperament （性格）.Some toddlers are very social， but others are shy.In addition， the way that toddlers demonstrate that they like other children is markedly different from what adults think of as expressions of friendship.Research at The Ohio State University in Columbus found that a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior. 　　This seemingly unusual way of demonstrating fondness can result in unpleasant behavior.Regardless of how much they like a playmate， they may still grab his toys， refuse to share， and get bossy.But experts say that this is a normal and necessary part of friendship for kids of this age.Through play experiences， toddlers learn social rules.That’s why it’s so important to take an active role in your toddler’s social encounters by setting limits and offering frequent reminders of what they are.When you establish these guidelines， explain the reasons behind them. 　　Begin by helping your child learn sympathy （“Ben is crying.What’s making him so sad？”）， then suggest how he could resolve the problem （“Maybe he would feel better if you let him play the ball.”）.When your child shares or shows empathy （同理心） toward a friend， praise him （“Ben stopped crying！You made him feel better.”）. 　　Another way to encourage healthy social interaction is by encouraging kids to use words — not fists — to express how they feel.It’s also important to be mindful of how your child’s personality affects playtime.Kids are easy to get angry when they’re sleepy or hungry， so schedule playtime when they’re refreshed. 1.What does it indicate when toddlers copy their playmates’ behavior？（　　） A.They are interested in acting. B.They are shy with the strangers. C.They are fond of their playmates. D.They are tired of playing games. 2.What does the author suggest parents do for their kids？（　　） A.Design games for them. B.Find them suitable playmates. C.Play together with them. D.Help them understand social rules. 3.What is the function of the quoted statements in Paragraph 4？（　　） A.Giving examples. B.Explaining concepts. C.Providing evidence. D.Making comparisons. 4.Which of the following is the best title for the text？（　　） A.How Children Adapt to Changes B.How to Be a Role Model for Children C.How Your Baby Learns to Love D.How to Communicate with Your Kid B 　　One year ago， the Colorado State Fair made the headlines for unknowingly awarding first place to an artwork created with help from artificial intelligence （AI）.Now， officials with the 152-year-old fair have revised the contest’s rules：Artists must claim whether they used AI to make their entries， reports The Denver Post’s John Wenzel. 　　The saga （一长串事件） began last August， when game designer Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair’s digital arts competition.When he shared his victory online， he mentioned that he’d used Midjourney — an AI program that turns text into images — to help create his piece， titled Théâtre D’opéra Spatial. 　　Allen maintains he was open about using AI from the beginning， though judges say they didn’t know until after the fact.Either way， a claim wasn’t necessary at the time， meaning Allen never broke any rules. 　　His victory was controversial — and as a result， officials decided to tweak the submission requirements.At last year’s fair， which took place in Pueblo between 25 August and 4 September， artists needed to tell if art or artwork was created by using an Artificial Intelligence Generator， according to the new requirements. 　　Allen wasn’t happy about the new requirement， telling The Denver Post that it was essentially a “discriminatory mark” against AI artworks.Despite the change， he decided to submit his work once again to the digital arts category. 　　The fair’s leaders say they plan to continue adapting as technology advances.As Scott Stoller， the fair’s general manager， tells The Denver Post， the digital arts category itself has only been around for a few decades.In the future， officials may even decide to add a separate AI category， depending on how popular tools like Midjourney become. 　　“That’s the beauty of art — it’s always evolving，” says Stoller.“Art can be anything， and anything can be made into art.”　　 5.What can be learnt about Jason Allen？（　　） A.He designed an AI game program. B.He opposed the use of AI programs. C.He made the rules of an art contest. D.He won first place in an art competition. 6.What does the underlined word “tweak” in Paragraph 4 mean？（　　） A.Select. B.Revise. C.Continue. D.Create. 7.What’s Stoller’s attitude towards the AI artworks？（　　） A.Unclear. B.Doubtful. C.Approving. D.Dismissive. 8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text？（　　） A.AI Artworks， Rock the World B.AI Artworks， Lead the Trend C.AI Artworks， Face New Challenges D.AI Artworks， Bring New Rules C 　　The first model of Apple’s iPhone was launched 17 years ago. Since then， many different smartphones have been introduced. The devices now influence our daily lives in many ways. 　　One thing that has changed is that many people now use their phones to easily take pictures anywhere， anytime， without the need for a camera. Not surprisingly， this change has caused major business problems for camera manufacturers. 　　Today， many smartphones have high-quality cameras designed to produce better pictures than the ones most people used in the past for personal photographs. And some news photographers， for example， have found advantages in using them in their work. The Associated Press recently asked some of its photographers who use iPhones to describe how they use the devices. 　　Brynn Anderson is based in the AP in Atlanta， Georgia. She said：“Sometimes being a photographer with a larger camera can be intimidating to the person being photographed. Using a phone makes it easier for me to get intimate （亲密的） moments that might not happen.” 　　Dita Alangkara covers Jakarta， Indonesia for the AP. He said shooting with a smartphone opens up more possibilities on the streets of Jakarta. “People are so used to seeing others taking photos with their gadgets that they just ignore me. This gives me a whole new perspective to explore ...” 　　Khalil Hamra is an AP photographer in Istanbul， Turkey. He said：“Truth be told， every time I take a nice picture with my phone， I feel that something is missing and could have been better if I took it with my professional camera.” 　　Oded Balilty is based in Tel Aviv， Israel. “It is a different tool that definitely has changed what we do，” he said of the iPhone. But， he added：“It’s the photographer， not the device， that determines the quality of a photo.” 9.What has caused major business problems for camera industry？（　　） A.Higher production cost. B.Lack of technical progress. C.Fewer news photographers. D.Decrease in market demand. 10.Which of the following most probably likes seeking perfection？ （　　） A.Brynn Anderson. B.Dita Alangkara. C.Khalil Hamra. D.Oded Balilty. 11.How does the author develop the passage？（　　） A.By analyzing some facts. B.By giving some examples. C.By providing some reasons. D.By making some comparisons. 12.What’s the main idea of the passage？（　　） A.The sales of cameras are dropping. B.Smartphones can take better photos. C.Smartphones are replacing cameras. D.Cameras are needed by photographers. D 　　Humans have sailed the oceans’ surfaces for millennia， but their depths remain effectively uncharted.Only about a quarter of the seafloor has been mapped at high resolution.Maps of most regions display only approximate depths and often miss entire underwater mountains or canyons （峡谷）. 　　So researchers have introduced some deep-diving experts：Elephant Seals.Scientists have been placing trackers on them around Antarctica for years， gathering data on ocean temperature.For a new study， the researchers compared these divers’ location and depth data with some of the less detailed seafloor maps.They spotted places where the seals dove deeper than should have been possible according to the maps — meaning the existing depth estimates were inaccurate. 　　In eastern Antarctica’s Vincennes Bay， the diving seals helped the scientists find a large hidden underwater canyon of more than a mile in depth.An Australian research ship called the RSV Nuyina later measured the canyon’s exact depth using sonar （声呐）， and the researchers have proposed naming their find the Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon — honoring both the ship and the involved Elephant Seals， genus Mirounga. 　　But seals can’t chart the entire ocean floor.The trackers used in the study could pinpoint a seal’s geographical location only within about 1.5 miles， which allows for useful but not exactly high-resolution data.Plus， because the seals don’t always dive to the bottom of the ocean， they can reveal only where the bottom is deeper than in existing maps — not shallower.Deep-sea research experts suggest improving on these data by using more precise tracking devices and analyzing the seals’ diving patterns to determine whether they have reached the seafloor or simply stopped going down. 　　The potential use of the current seal-dive data is to gather information about the deep ocean around Antarctica， specifically regarding the location and depth of seafloor canyons.This data can be valuable for predicting how Antarctica’s ice will melt.By understanding the presence and characteristics of these canyons， scientists can better assess how warmer water from the deep ocean flows towards the ice along the continent’s coast.This knowledge is crucial for accurately modeling and predicting the future behavior of Antarctica’s ice sheets and their contribution to the sea-level rise. 13.How did the researchers find out the depth inaccuracies？（　　） A.By gathering temperature data. B.With the help of seals’ diving. C.By improving resolution of maps. D.With the trackers placed on canyons. 14.Why is the discovery of Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon mentioned？（　　） A.To provide more reference data. B.To introduce a new topic. C.To give supporting evidence. D.To make a comparison. 15.What can we infer from the last paragraph？（　　） A.Researchers can assess ocean features. B.Data can be used to track ice location. C.Underwater flow can be controlled. D.Scientists can monitor ice melting. 16.What is the text mainly about？（　　） A.Seals assist scientists in charting ocean floor. B.Seals advance tracking devices’ precision. C.Scientists draw inspiration from seals. D.Scientists uncover seals’ diving patterns. E 　　A pair of researchers of Leibniz University Hannover has demonstrated the means by which robots might be programmed to experience something similar to pain in animals.As part of their demonstration at last week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation held in Stockholm， Johannes Kuehn and Sami Haddadin showed how pain might be used in robots， by interacting with a BioTac fingertip sensor on the end of a Kuka robotic arm that had been programmed to react differently to differing amounts of pain. 　　The idea of developing an artificial robot nervous system may seem contrary to all expectations， but Kuehn says doing so is important in the same way that it is good for humans to feel pain.“Pain is a system that protects us，” says Kuehn.“When we avoid the source of pain， it helps us not get hurt.” So when robots can feel and react to pain， they will become smart enough to avoid it.The more dangerous the robot registers the threat to be， the faster it will withdraw and avoid the source of danger.Additionally， Kuehn and Haddadin say humans working alongside robots that feel pain， especially those in heavy machinery， will be protected around them. 　　They have tested out some of their ideas using a robotic arm with a fingertip sensor that can detect pressure and temperature.It uses a robot-tissue patch （小片） modeled on human skin to decide how much pain should be felt and thus what action to take.For example， if the arm feels light pain， it slowly withdraws until the pain stops， and then returns to its original task.Severe pain， meanwhile， causes the arm to go into a kind of lockdown mode until it can get help from a human operator. 　　Such robots are likely to raise a host of questions， of course， if they become more common — if a robot acts the same way a human does when touching a hot plate， are we to believe it is truly experiencing pain？Only time will tell， of course， but one thing is evident： Kuehn and Haddadin’s work could lead to robots that are more human-like than ever. 17.What can we learn about the robots in the demonstration？（　　） A.They can learn skills like animals. B.They can communicate with people. C.They have the ability to feel pain. D.They respond differently to requests. 18.What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？（　　） A.The significance of teaching robots to feel pain. B.The principle of robots’ avoiding injuries. C.The analysis of the artificial robot nervous system. D.The value of protecting human workers from injuries. 19.What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 3？（　　） A.The robot is smart enough to carry out different tasks. B.The robot can hardly work as well as a human operator. C.The robot can react differently based on degrees of pain. D.The robot is tolerant of changes in pressure and temperature. 20.What is the author’s attitude toward Kuehn and Haddadin’s study？（　　） A.Dismissive.　　　　 B.Doubtful. C.Unclear. D.Optimistic. F 　　The Asch Conformity （从众） Experiments， conducted by psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s， demonstrated the power of conformity in groups and showed that even simple objective facts cannot resist the pressure of group influence. 　　In the experiments， groups of university students were asked to participate in a perception test.In reality， all but one of the participants were “confederates”， cooperators with the experimenter who only pretended to be participants.The study was about how the remaining student would react to the behavior of the other “participants”. 　　The participants of the experiments were presented with a card with a simple vertical （垂直的） black line on it.Then， they were given a second card with three lines of varying length labeled A， B， and C.One line on the second card was the same length as that on the first， and the other two lines were obviously longer and shorter. 　　Participants were asked to state out loud in front of each other which line， A， B， or C， matched the length of the line on the first card.In each experimental case， the confederates answered first， and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last.In some cases， the confederates answered correctly， while in others， they answered incorrectly. 　　Asch intended to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the confederates did so， or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members. 　　Asch found that one-third of real participants gave the same wrong answers as the confederates at least half the time.Forty percent gave some wrong answers， and only one-fourth gave correct answers in defiance of the pressure to conform to the wrong answers provided by the group. 　　In interviews following the trials， Asch found that for those who answered incorrectly， in conformance with the group， some believed that the answers given by the confederates were correct， some thought that they were suffering a lapse （失误） in perception when they originally had the answer different from the group， and others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer， but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority. 21.What are the participants asked to do in the experiments？（　　） A.Label the cards with different letters. B.Pick out two lines of the same length. C.State the reason for matching the cards. D.Identify the longest vertical black line. 22.What’s Paragraph 5 mainly about？（　　） A.The result of the experiments. B.The design of the experiments. C.The purpose of the experiments. D.The procedure of the experiments. 23.What does the underlined part “in defiance of” in Paragraph 6 mean？（　　） A.In spite of.　　　 B.For fear of. C.In response to. D.On account of. 24.Why did the real participants give a wrong answer？（　　） A.They misunderstood the question. B.They believed their own judgment. C.They failed to resist group influence. D.They wanted to be different from others. 随堂演练答案 A 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了幼儿时期友谊对儿童社交能力发展的重要性，探讨了幼儿表达友谊的方式和可能出现的问题。 1.C　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的a toddler’s way of saying “I like you” during play is likely to come in the form of copying a friend’s behavior可知，当蹒跚学步的孩子模仿玩伴的行为时，这意味着他在说“我喜欢你”。 2.D　细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句可知，作者建议父母在孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色，通过设置限制和频繁地提醒他们的身份是非常重要的，即作者建议父母帮助孩子理解社交规则。 3.A　推理判断题。根据第四段内容尤其是括号内引用的表述可知，首先要帮助孩子学会共情，然后建议他如何解决这个问题。再结合生活常识和逻辑关系可推断，每个引用的表述都起到了举例的作用。 4.C　标题归纳题。第一段指出儿童越早学会培养积极的人际关系，他们长大后就会越擅长与人交往；第二段讲述儿童的性格特征和表达差异；第三段讲述在你家孩子的社交活动中扮演一个积极的角色是很重要的；第四、五段讲述鼓励孩子积极交际的方式。综上所述，文章主要讲述了父母要在孩子成长的过程中教会孩子如何与人建立积极的人际关系。因此，C项为文章最佳标题。 【熟词生义】 schedule　熟义：n.工作计划；日程安排 生义：v.安排；为……安排时间 例句：A presidential election is scheduled for December. 一场总统大选计划在12月举行。 【难句分析】 译文：此外，蹒跚学步的孩子展示他们喜欢其他孩子的方式明显不同于成年人所认为的友谊的表达方式。 B 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。Jason Allen使用人工智能创作自己的作品并在比赛中取得了胜利，但他的胜利引发了争议，最终博览会的官员修改了比赛的规则。 5.D　细节理解题。根据第二段中的Jason Allen won the top spot in the fair’s digital arts competition可知，Jason Allen在博览会的数字艺术比赛中赢得了第一名。 6.B　词义猜测题。根据第一段中的Now， officials with the 152-year-old fair have revised the contest’s rules尤其是revised可知，博览会的官员已经修改了比赛规则。此处tweak与revise同义，均表示“修改”。 7.C　观点态度题。根据第六段最后一句可知，官员们未来甚至可能决定增加一个单独的人工智能类别，这取决于像Midjourney这样的工具的流行程度。由此推断，Stoller对人工智能艺术作品的态度是支持的。 8.D　标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了Jason Allen使用人工智能创作的作品在比赛中取得了胜利，却由此引发了争议，博览会的官员们最终制定出了新的规则。由此可知，D项为文章最佳标题。 C 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。随着智能手机拍照功能的不断完善，它正在严重威胁相机的销售，甚至有越来越多的新闻摄影者也开始选择用手机来拍照。 9.D　推理判断题。根据第二段可知，如今越来越多的人选择用手机来拍照，他们不再需要相机。这说明相机的市场需求在不断下降。 10.C　细节理解题。根据最后四段可知，这四个人中，Khalil Hamra的讲话体现出他有追求完美主义的倾向。他每次用手机拍完照后，都会后悔——觉得如果用专业相机拍的话效果会更好。 11.B　篇章结构题。综合全文尤其是后半部分可知，作者主要通过举例的方式来揭示文章的主题（作者主要列举了四位新闻摄影者）。 12.C　主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文主要告诉我们，越来越多的人正在用智能手机代替相机来拍照，甚至连新闻摄影者也不例外。由此可知，智能手机正在取代相机。 D 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。装备有跟踪器的象海豹协助研究人员绘制未被探索的海洋深处，揭示南极洲的Mirounga-Nuyina峡谷等的隐藏特征。 13.B　细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，研究人员将这些潜水海豹的位置和深度数据与一些不太详细的海底地图进行了比较，他们发现海豹下潜的深度超出了地图上所标的深度。这意味着现有的深度评估是不准确的。 14.C　目的意图题。根据第二段最后一句可知，研究人员发现了误差；通读第三段可知，该段主要介绍佐证这一发现的示例，即通过Mirounga-Nuyina Canyon的具体例子来进一步确定峡谷的准确深度。 15.D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中This data can be valuable for predicting how Antarctica’s ice will melt.可知，科学家们可以利用海豹在南极洲深海搜集的数据来监控冰的融化。 16.A　主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了装备有跟踪器的象海豹协助研究人员绘制未被探索的海洋深处，揭示南极洲的Mirounga-Nuyina峡谷等的隐藏特征，继而助力科学家预测气候变化。 E 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科研人员为机器人开发了类似动物的“痛感”系统，并论述了此研究的重要性和可能带来的问题。 17.C　推理判断题。根据第一段中的showed how pain might be used in robots ...to differing amounts of pain可知，在演示中的机器人被编程以感受不同程度的“痛感”，类似于动物的痛感。由此推断，演示中的机器人有感受疼痛的能力。 18.A　段落大意题。第二段解释了开发能够感受疼痛的机器人神经系统的重要性。Kuehn指出：“疼痛是一个保护我们的系统，当我们避开疼痛源头时，它帮助我们不受伤。”这说明了教机器人感受疼痛的重要性。 19.C　推理判断题。第三段谈到了一个实际的例子：如果手臂感到轻微疼痛，它会缓慢撤回直到疼痛停止，然后返回到它原来的任务。同时，剧烈的痛感会导致手臂进入一种锁定模式，直到它能够得到操作员的帮助。由此推断，机器人可以根据疼痛的不同程度作出不同反应。 20.D　观点态度题。最后一段中作者指出，只有时间才能告诉我们（答案），但有一件事是显而易见的，Kuehn和Haddadin的工作可能会导致机器人变得比以往任何时候都更像人类。这表示作者对Kuehn和Haddadin的研究持乐观态度。 【难句分析】 译文：汉诺威莱布尼茨大学的两名研究人员展示了机器人可能被编程为体验类似动物疼痛的方法。 F 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了20世纪50年代美国心理学家所罗门·阿希对大学生做的从众实验的过程。 21.B　细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，参与者被要求说出A、B、C哪一条线与第一张卡片中线的长度一样。 22.C　段落大意题。根据第五段内容可知，本段主要讲述了阿希设计这些实验的目的。 23.A　词义猜测题。根据画线部分所在段第一句可知，三分之一的真实参与者至少有一半的时间给出了与实验的托相同的错误答案，这就说明托给参与者带去了压力。据此推断，“四分之一给出正确答案的人”抵挡住了托的压力。A项（不管，不顾）与画线部分的意思最为接近。 24.C　细节理解题。根据最后一段中的others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer， but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didn’t want to break from the majority可知，一些真正的参与者之所以回答错误是因为他们不愿意脱离大众，也就是说，他们受到了群体的影响。 【难句分析】 译文：阿希打算看看，在托回答错误的情况下，真正的参与者是否会被迫回答错误，或者他们对自己的感知和正确性的信念是否会超过其他群体成员的反应所提供的社会压力。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$