高中英语语法知识点总结-定语从句 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项

2025-07-15
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 高三
章节 -
类型 教案-讲义
知识点 定语从句
使用场景 高考复习-一轮复习
学年 2025-2026
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 DOCX
文件大小 52 KB
发布时间 2025-07-15
更新时间 2025-07-27
作者 匿名
品牌系列 -
审核时间 2025-07-15
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定语从句 第一部分:定语从句-关系代词 知识要点: 知识点1:定语和定语从句 知识点2:定语从句的本质与三要素 知识点3:定语从句关系代词 知识点4:特殊考点 一、定语和定语从句 1.定语 定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的成分,通常由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、分词短语等构成,位置一般在被修饰词之前(少数情况在之后)。 作用:明确名词的特征、归属、数量等,让表达更具体。 This is a difficult problem.(“difficult” 修饰 “problem”,说明问题的难度。) He works in a car factory.(“car” 修饰 “factory”,说明工厂的类型。) The smiling girl is my sister.(“smiling” 修饰 “girl”,描述女孩的状态。) 2.定语从句 定语从句是一个完整的句子,由关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose) 或关系副词(when, where, why) 引导,修饰主句中的某个名词或代词(即 “先行词”)。 作用:用一句话详细描述先行词的特征、性质或背景,使表达更丰富。 This is the book that/which I bought yesterday. The boy who is standing there is my boyfriend. 类型 形式 功能 例子对比 定语 单词或短语(非句子) 简洁限定名词的特征(形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、分词短语) a beautiful flower(美丽的花) 定语从句 完整句子 用一句话详细描述先行词的背景、特征或动作,信息更复杂 the flower that blooms in spring(春天开花的花) 二、定语从句的本质与三要素 1.定语从句的本质:作为后置定语修饰名词或代词(即 “先行词”),需通过 “关系词” 连接主句与从句,关系词需同时指代先行词并在从句中充当成分。​ This is the book that/which I bought yesterday.(先行词是 “book”,定语从句 “that/which I bought yesterday” 修饰 “book”,说明是 “我昨天买的书”. The boy who is standing there is my boyfriend.(先行词 “boy” 被定语从句修饰,关系代词 who 在从句中作主语) 2.定语从句结构: 先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句(关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分) 先行词的判定:​ 常规位置:直接位于关系词前(如 “The book which I read is good.” 中先行词为 “the book”)。​ 特殊情况:间隔式定语从句(先行词与关系词被其他成分隔开,如 “I was the only person in my office who was invited.” 中先行词为 “the only person”)。​ 三、*定语从句关系代词​ 1. 关系代词分类及基本功能​ 指代对象 关系代词 在从句中可作成分​ 典型例句​ 人​ who/that 主语​ I want to marry woman who/that loves me. 人​ who/that/whom 宾语​ I want to marry woman who/that/whom I love.​ 物​ which/that​ 主语 / 宾语 The plant that/which the zombie ate is called garlic. 人的/物的 whose​ 定语(修饰名词) The little girl whose face had changed greatly surprised all of us. 2. 关系代词的省略规则​ 当关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面无介词时,可省略。 The plant (that/which) the zombie ate is called garlic.(Tips:名名之间藏小宾) 作主语、定语时不可省略(如 “The book that is on the desk is mine.” 中 that 作主语,不可省略)。​ 三、关系代词的特殊用法(高频考点)​ *1. 只用 that 不用 which 的情况​ 先行词既含人又含物(如 “We talked about the teachers and schools that we visited.”)。 先行词被限定词修饰:如 the only, the very, the last, 序数词(first/second)、最高级(best/worst)等(如 “This is the first book that I read.”)。​ 先行词为不定代词:如 all, everything, anything, nothing, something 等(如 “I will tell you everything that I know.”)。​ 记忆口诀: 人物:有人有物 唯一:the only/the very ... 最高:the best/worst... 序数:the first/second/third... 不定:anything/everything/any/all... 人物唯一不定 只用that的情况 2. whose 的灵活用法​ 修饰人或物的名词,构成 “whose + 名词” 结构,在从句中作定语(如 “This is the house whose windows are broken.” 中 whose 修饰 “windows”,指代 “the house’s”)。​ 第二部分:定语从句-关系副词 知识要点: 知识点1:关系副词本质 知识点2:3大关系副词考点 知识点3:2类关系词辨析 知识点4:定从写作应用 一、关系副词本质 关系副词是定语从句中作状语的引导词,本质上是 “介词 + 关系代词” 的简化形式,用于修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词,在从句中分别充当时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。 关系副词 对应先行词类型 本质 (= 介词 + 关系代词) 在从句中作用 when 表示时间的名词(time, day, year 等) =in/on/at which 作时间状语 where 表示地点的名词(place, city, school 等) =in/at/on which 作地点状语 why 表示原因的名词(reason) =for which 作原因状语 例: I still remember the day when I first came to school. (=I still remember the day on which I first came to school.) This is the school where I studied for 3 years. (=This is the school in which I studied for 3 years.) The reason why he was late is clear. (=The reason for which he was late is clear.) 二、3大关系副词考点 高考对关系副词的考查集中在以下三个核心方向,需重点突破: ★考点1:先行词的 “隐性判断” 关系副词的选择取决于先行词在从句中是否作状语,而非仅看先行词是否是时间/地点名词。 若先行词是时间名词,但从句中缺主语/宾语→用关系代词(that/which); 若先行词是地点名词,但从句中缺主语/宾语→用关系代词(that/which); *只有当先行词在从句中作状语时,才用关系副词。 例: 正确:I’ll never forget the day when we met. (从句 “we met” 完整,day作时间状语→用when) 正确:I’ll never forget the day that we spent together. (从句 “we spent” 缺宾语,day 作宾语→用 that/which) ★考点2:“介词+关系代词” 与关系副词的转换 高考常考 “介词+关系代词(which/whom)” 与关系副词的互换,需根据先行词搭配的介词确定介词。 时间先行词:when = in/on/at which(根据时间搭配,如 “在某天” 用 on which) 地点先行词:where = in/at/on which(根据地点搭配,如 “在学校” 用 in which) 常见的地点名词:park, restaurant, school, village, place, museum, gym, university 原因先行词:why = for which(固定搭配 “for the reason”) 高考真题示例: The house ______ we live is very small.( 答案:in which /where,因 “live in the house”→介词用 in) ★考点3:模糊化先行词的判断 先行词不直接是 “时间/地点名词”,但表示抽象的 “时间/地点概念” 时,仍用关系副词: 表抽象地点:job/work/position, situation, activity/case/stage, culture/environment, astomsphere 表示抽象时间:occasion We’ve reached a point where we need to make a decision.(我们到了需要做决定的阶段。) I’ll never forget the occasion when I won the first prize.(我永远忘不了获奖的那一刻。) 三、2类关系词辨析 ★辨析1:关系代词vs关系副词 核心区别:在从句中充当的成分不同。 类别 功能 常见词 从句中成分 关系代词 指代先行词,在从句中作 主语/宾语/定语 that, which, who, whom, whose 主语、宾语、定语 关系副词 指代先行词,在从句中作 状语 when, where, why 时间、地点、原因状语 判断方法: 若从句缺主语 / 宾语 / 定语→用关系代词; 若从句主谓宾完整,缺状语→ 用关系副词。 例: This is the factory which produces cars.(从句 “produces cars” 缺主语→关系代词 which) This is the factory where my father works.(从句 “my father works” 完整,缺地点状语→关系副词where) ★辨析2:限制性vs非限制性定语从句 核心区别:与先行词的关系及标点符号。 维度 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 作用 限定先行词,去掉后主句意思不明确 补充说明先行词,去掉后主句意思仍完整 标点 无逗号隔开 用逗号与主句隔开 引导词 可用 that 不可用that,可用which/who等 先行词范围 单个名词/代词 单个名词/代词,或整个主句内容 高考易错点: 非限制性定语从句中不能用that,指物用which,指人用who; 逗号是关键标志:看到逗号,优先排除 that。 例: 限制性:The girl that sits next to me is my friend.(无逗号,that可用) 非限制性:My sister, who is a teacher, works in Shanghai.(有逗号,用who不用 that) 四、定从写作应用 在高考书面表达(应用文、读后续写)中,恰当使用定语从句可提升句子丰富度和表达档次,需注意以下要点: 1. 用定从扩展简单句,丰富信息 简单句:I have a friend. He likes music. 定从升级:I have a friend who likes music.(增加朋友的特征) 简单句:We visited a village. The villagers are very kind. 定从升级:We visited a village where the villagers are very kind.(补充村庄的特点) 2. 避免3类常见写作错误 错误 1:重复先行词(从句中已含指代,无需重复) × I have a book that it is about history.(去掉 it,that已指代book) √ I have a book that is about history. 错误 2:错用关系词(混淆代词与副词) × This is the school which I studied 3 years ago.(studied后缺地点状语,用where) √ This is the school where I studied 3 years ago. 错误 3:非限制性从句用 that × My hometown, that is a small city, is very beautiful.(非限制性用which) √ My hometown, which is a small city, is very beautiful. 3. 高级表达:“介词 + 关系代词” 提升句式多样性 在写作中用 “介词 + which/whom” 替代关系副词,使表达更正式: 原句:This is the library where I often read. 升级:This is the library in which I often read. 原句:I’ll never forget the day when I met you. 升级:I’ll never forget the day on which I met you. 第三部分:定语从句-介词+关系代词 知识要点: 知识点1:“介词 + 关系代词” 定语从句的本质 知识点2:关系代词的选择 知识点3:介词的选择 知识点4:与关系副词的转换 一、“介词 + 关系代词” 定语从句的本质 “介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句是定语从句的一种特殊变体,其本质是将定语从句中原本位于动词后的介词提前至关系代词之前。 核心逻辑:关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语(即原本结构为 “动词/名词+介词 +关系代词”),为了强调介词所表达的逻辑关系或使句式更正式,将介词提前至关系代词前。 特征:此时关系代词在从句中仍承担“介词宾语”的语法功能,且关系代词不可省略(区别于普通定语从句中作宾语时可省略的情况)。 例: 原句:This is the book which I talked about yesterday. 转换后:This is the book about which I talked yesterday.(about提前至关系代词which前) 二、关系代词的选择 在 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构中,关系代词的选择受限于语法规则,只能用 which(指物)或 whom(指人),不可用 that、who 替代。 指代对象 关系代词 示例 物 which The house in which I grew up is gone. (我长大的房子不见了) 人 whom The teacher to whom I wrote a letter is very kind. (我写信的那位老师很和蔼) 禁忌:不可用 that 或 who!错误示例:The girl to that I gave a gift is my sister. (正确应为 to whom) 三、介词的选择 介词的选择需依据三大核心依据,确保逻辑合理、搭配正确: 1. 依据定语从句中动词的固定搭配 介词需与从句中的谓语动词构成固定短语(如 depend on, talk about, look for 等)。 例: He is the person on whom I depend.(depend on依赖) This is the topic about which we talked.(talk about谈论) 2. 依据先行词的固定搭配 介词需与先行词构成固定搭配(如 interest in, key to, solution to 等)。 例: She has a deep interest in which I also show interest.(interest in 对……的兴趣) This is the key to which the door can be opened.(key to……的钥匙) 3. 依据句子的语义逻辑 根据句意需要选择合适的介词,体现时间、地点、方式等逻辑关系。 例: The desk on which I put my books is new.(“把书放在桌上” 需用介词on,体现位置关系) I’ll never forget the year during which I studied abroad.(“在…… 期间” 用介词during,体现时间范围) 四、与关系副词的转换 关系副词(where/when/why)在定语从句中本质上是 “介词+关系代词” 的简化形式,二者可相互转换,转换的核心是明确关系副词隐含的介词。 1. where 与 “介词+ which” 的转换 where 在定语从句中表地点,相当于 “in/at/on+which” (具体介词由先行词的 “地点属性” 决定)。 例: This is the city where I was born. = This is the city in which I was born.(“在城市里” 用in) The desk where I put my bag is near the window. = The desk on which I put my bag is near the window.(“在桌上” 用on) 2. when 与 “介词+ which” 的转换 when在定语从句中表时间,相当于 “in/at/on/during+which” (具体介词由先行词的 “时间属性” 决定)。 例: I remember the day when we first met. = I remember the day on which we first met.(“在具体某天” 用 on) The years when I studied in college were happy. = The years during which I studied in college were happy.(“在…… 期间” 用 during) 3. why 与 “介词 + which” 的转换 why 在定语从句中表原因,仅用于先行词为 reason 的情况,相当于 “for+which”。 例: The reason why he was late is clear. = The reason for which he was late is clear.(“因…… 原因” 用 for) 第四部分:定语从句-非限制性定语从句 知识要点: 知识点1:非限制性定语从句的本质 知识点2:非限制性定语从句的关系词 知识点3:as与which 的区别 知识点4:非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别 一、非限制性定语从句的本质 非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行补充说明、附加解释的定语从句,与先行词之间逻辑关系松散,即使去掉也不影响主句意思的完整性。其核心特征如下: 语法标志:从句与主句之间必须用逗号隔开(区别于限制性定语从句无逗号)。 功能定位:提供额外信息,相当于插入语或并列分句的替代形式,增强句子丰富度。 语义逻辑:先行词通常是一个完整的句子或明确指代的人/物,从句不限制先行词的范围(限制性定语从句则起 “限定范围” 作用)。 限制性:The girl who wears a red coat is my sister. (穿红外套的女孩是我妹妹,限定 “哪一个女孩”) 非限制性:My sister, who wears a red coat, is a doctor. (我妹妹是医生,补充说明她穿红外套,去掉后主句 “我妹妹是医生” 仍成立) 二、非限制性定语从句的关系词 非限制性定语从句的关系词使用需遵循语法规则,部分关系词与限制性定语从句存在差异,具体如下: 指代对象 可用关系词 不可用关系词 示例 人 who(主格)、whom(宾格) that My mother, who is a teacher, loves her students. 物 which that The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting. 时间 when Last summer, when I visited Beijing, I met many friends. 地点 where Shanghai, where I was born, is a modern city. 原因(先行词为 reason) why(较少用,常用 for which 替代) The reason, why/for which he was late, is not clear. 整个主句内容 as、which that、what He passed the exam, which/as made his parents happy. 关键禁忌:非限制性定语从句中绝对不能用that,也不能省略关系词。 (即使关系词在从句中作宾语)。 错误示例:His father, that works in a factory, is very kind.(正确应为 who) × 三、as与which 的区别 在非限制性定语从句中,as 和 which 均可指代整个主句内容,但用法和语义侧重不同,高考高频考点如下: 区别维度 as which 位置特征 可位于主句前、中、后 只能位于主句后(逗号后) 语义侧重 表示 “正如、正像”,符合预期 表示 “这一点、这件事”,引出结果 固定搭配 常用于 as is known(众所周知)、as we all know(正如我们所知)、as often happens(正如常发生的那样)等固定表达 无固定搭配,需根据句意判断 否定转移 不可用于否定意义的从句 可用于否定意义的从句 例: As is known to all, the earth is round.(as 位于句首,“正如所知”) The earth is round, as/which is known to all. (as/which 均可位于句后,as强调 “符合常识”,which强调 “这件事”) He failed the exam, which made his parents angry.(which 表结果,不可用as) He didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us.(which可接否定意义,as不可) 四、非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别 非限制性定语从句与并列句(由 and、but、so 等并列连词连接)易混淆,需从连接方式、逻辑关系、语法功能三方面区分: 区别维度 非限制性定语从句 并列句 连接标志 用关系词(who/which/as等)+ 逗号 用并列连词(and/but/so 等)+ 逗号(可选) 逻辑关系 从句对主句/先行词进行补充说明 分句之间是并列、转折、因果等平等关系 语法独立性 从句依赖主句,不能独立成句 两个分句均可独立成句 改错题常见错误 误将关系词换成并列连词 (如用and which) 误将并列连词换成关系词(如用 which 连接并列关系) 非限制性定语从句:He has a new car, which cost him a lot of money. (which连接,补充说明车的花费) 并列句:He has a new car, and it cost him a lot of money. (and连接两个独立分句,表并列关系) 错误辨析:He likes reading, which he often goes to the library. (错误,从句与主句是并列关系,应改为 and he often goes to the library) 1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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高中英语语法知识点总结-定语从句 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
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高中英语语法知识点总结-定语从句 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
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高中英语语法知识点总结-定语从句 讲义-2026届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项
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