内容正文:
定语从句
第一部分:定语从句-关系代词
知识要点:
知识点1:定语和定语从句
知识点2:定语从句的本质与三要素
知识点3:定语从句关系代词
知识点4:特殊考点
一、定语和定语从句
1.定语
定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的成分,通常由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、分词短语等构成,位置一般在被修饰词之前(少数情况在之后)。
作用:明确名词的特征、归属、数量等,让表达更具体。
This is a difficult problem.(“difficult” 修饰 “problem”,说明问题的难度。)
He works in a car factory.(“car” 修饰 “factory”,说明工厂的类型。)
The smiling girl is my sister.(“smiling” 修饰 “girl”,描述女孩的状态。)
2.定语从句
定语从句是一个完整的句子,由关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose) 或关系副词(when, where, why) 引导,修饰主句中的某个名词或代词(即 “先行词”)。
作用:用一句话详细描述先行词的特征、性质或背景,使表达更丰富。
This is the book that/which I bought yesterday.
The boy who is standing there is my boyfriend.
类型
形式
功能
例子对比
定语
单词或短语(非句子)
简洁限定名词的特征(形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、分词短语)
a beautiful flower(美丽的花)
定语从句
完整句子
用一句话详细描述先行词的背景、特征或动作,信息更复杂
the flower that blooms in spring(春天开花的花)
二、定语从句的本质与三要素
1.定语从句的本质:作为后置定语修饰名词或代词(即 “先行词”),需通过 “关系词” 连接主句与从句,关系词需同时指代先行词并在从句中充当成分。
This is the book that/which I bought yesterday.(先行词是 “book”,定语从句 “that/which I bought yesterday” 修饰 “book”,说明是 “我昨天买的书”.
The boy who is standing there is my boyfriend.(先行词 “boy” 被定语从句修饰,关系代词 who 在从句中作主语)
2.定语从句结构:
先行词 + 关系词 + 定语从句(关系词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分)
先行词的判定:
常规位置:直接位于关系词前(如 “The book which I read is good.” 中先行词为 “the book”)。
特殊情况:间隔式定语从句(先行词与关系词被其他成分隔开,如 “I was the only person in my office who was invited.” 中先行词为 “the only person”)。
三、*定语从句关系代词
1. 关系代词分类及基本功能
指代对象
关系代词
在从句中可作成分
典型例句
人
who/that
主语
I want to marry woman who/that loves me.
人
who/that/whom
宾语
I want to marry woman who/that/whom I love.
物
which/that
主语 / 宾语
The plant that/which the zombie ate is called garlic.
人的/物的
whose
定语(修饰名词)
The little girl whose face had changed greatly surprised all of us.
2. 关系代词的省略规则
当关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面无介词时,可省略。
The plant (that/which) the zombie ate is called garlic.(Tips:名名之间藏小宾)
作主语、定语时不可省略(如 “The book that is on the desk is mine.” 中 that 作主语,不可省略)。
三、关系代词的特殊用法(高频考点)
*1. 只用 that 不用 which 的情况
先行词既含人又含物(如 “We talked about the teachers and schools that we visited.”)。
先行词被限定词修饰:如 the only, the very, the last, 序数词(first/second)、最高级(best/worst)等(如 “This is the first book that I read.”)。
先行词为不定代词:如 all, everything, anything, nothing, something 等(如 “I will tell you everything that I know.”)。
记忆口诀:
人物:有人有物
唯一:the only/the very ...
最高:the best/worst...
序数:the first/second/third...
不定:anything/everything/any/all...
人物唯一不定 只用that的情况
2. whose 的灵活用法
修饰人或物的名词,构成 “whose + 名词” 结构,在从句中作定语(如 “This is the house whose windows are broken.” 中 whose 修饰 “windows”,指代 “the house’s”)。
第二部分:定语从句-关系副词
知识要点:
知识点1:关系副词本质
知识点2:3大关系副词考点
知识点3:2类关系词辨析
知识点4:定从写作应用
一、关系副词本质
关系副词是定语从句中作状语的引导词,本质上是 “介词 + 关系代词” 的简化形式,用于修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词,在从句中分别充当时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。
关系副词
对应先行词类型
本质
(= 介词 + 关系代词)
在从句中作用
when
表示时间的名词(time, day, year 等)
=in/on/at which
作时间状语
where
表示地点的名词(place, city, school 等)
=in/at/on which
作地点状语
why
表示原因的名词(reason)
=for which
作原因状语
例:
I still remember the day when I first came to school.
(=I still remember the day on which I first came to school.)
This is the school where I studied for 3 years.
(=This is the school in which I studied for 3 years.)
The reason why he was late is clear.
(=The reason for which he was late is clear.)
二、3大关系副词考点
高考对关系副词的考查集中在以下三个核心方向,需重点突破:
★考点1:先行词的 “隐性判断”
关系副词的选择取决于先行词在从句中是否作状语,而非仅看先行词是否是时间/地点名词。
若先行词是时间名词,但从句中缺主语/宾语→用关系代词(that/which);
若先行词是地点名词,但从句中缺主语/宾语→用关系代词(that/which);
*只有当先行词在从句中作状语时,才用关系副词。
例:
正确:I’ll never forget the day when we met.
(从句 “we met” 完整,day作时间状语→用when)
正确:I’ll never forget the day that we spent together.
(从句 “we spent” 缺宾语,day 作宾语→用 that/which)
★考点2:“介词+关系代词” 与关系副词的转换
高考常考 “介词+关系代词(which/whom)” 与关系副词的互换,需根据先行词搭配的介词确定介词。
时间先行词:when = in/on/at which(根据时间搭配,如 “在某天” 用 on which)
地点先行词:where = in/at/on which(根据地点搭配,如 “在学校” 用 in which)
常见的地点名词:park, restaurant, school, village, place, museum, gym, university
原因先行词:why = for which(固定搭配 “for the reason”)
高考真题示例:
The house ______ we live is very small.(
答案:in which /where,因 “live in the house”→介词用 in)
★考点3:模糊化先行词的判断
先行词不直接是 “时间/地点名词”,但表示抽象的 “时间/地点概念” 时,仍用关系副词:
表抽象地点:job/work/position, situation, activity/case/stage, culture/environment, astomsphere
表示抽象时间:occasion
We’ve reached a point where we need to make a decision.(我们到了需要做决定的阶段。)
I’ll never forget the occasion when I won the first prize.(我永远忘不了获奖的那一刻。)
三、2类关系词辨析
★辨析1:关系代词vs关系副词
核心区别:在从句中充当的成分不同。
类别
功能
常见词
从句中成分
关系代词
指代先行词,在从句中作
主语/宾语/定语
that, which, who, whom, whose
主语、宾语、定语
关系副词
指代先行词,在从句中作
状语
when, where, why
时间、地点、原因状语
判断方法:
若从句缺主语 / 宾语 / 定语→用关系代词;
若从句主谓宾完整,缺状语→ 用关系副词。
例:
This is the factory which produces cars.(从句 “produces cars” 缺主语→关系代词 which)
This is the factory where my father works.(从句 “my father works” 完整,缺地点状语→关系副词where)
★辨析2:限制性vs非限制性定语从句
核心区别:与先行词的关系及标点符号。
维度
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
作用
限定先行词,去掉后主句意思不明确
补充说明先行词,去掉后主句意思仍完整
标点
无逗号隔开
用逗号与主句隔开
引导词
可用 that
不可用that,可用which/who等
先行词范围
单个名词/代词
单个名词/代词,或整个主句内容
高考易错点:
非限制性定语从句中不能用that,指物用which,指人用who;
逗号是关键标志:看到逗号,优先排除 that。
例:
限制性:The girl that sits next to me is my friend.(无逗号,that可用)
非限制性:My sister, who is a teacher, works in Shanghai.(有逗号,用who不用 that)
四、定从写作应用
在高考书面表达(应用文、读后续写)中,恰当使用定语从句可提升句子丰富度和表达档次,需注意以下要点:
1. 用定从扩展简单句,丰富信息
简单句:I have a friend. He likes music.
定从升级:I have a friend who likes music.(增加朋友的特征)
简单句:We visited a village. The villagers are very kind.
定从升级:We visited a village where the villagers are very kind.(补充村庄的特点)
2. 避免3类常见写作错误
错误 1:重复先行词(从句中已含指代,无需重复)
× I have a book that it is about history.(去掉 it,that已指代book)
√ I have a book that is about history.
错误 2:错用关系词(混淆代词与副词)
× This is the school which I studied 3 years ago.(studied后缺地点状语,用where)
√ This is the school where I studied 3 years ago.
错误 3:非限制性从句用 that
× My hometown, that is a small city, is very beautiful.(非限制性用which)
√ My hometown, which is a small city, is very beautiful.
3. 高级表达:“介词 + 关系代词” 提升句式多样性
在写作中用 “介词 + which/whom” 替代关系副词,使表达更正式:
原句:This is the library where I often read.
升级:This is the library in which I often read.
原句:I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
升级:I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
第三部分:定语从句-介词+关系代词
知识要点:
知识点1:“介词 + 关系代词” 定语从句的本质
知识点2:关系代词的选择
知识点3:介词的选择
知识点4:与关系副词的转换
一、“介词 + 关系代词” 定语从句的本质
“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句是定语从句的一种特殊变体,其本质是将定语从句中原本位于动词后的介词提前至关系代词之前。
核心逻辑:关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语(即原本结构为 “动词/名词+介词 +关系代词”),为了强调介词所表达的逻辑关系或使句式更正式,将介词提前至关系代词前。
特征:此时关系代词在从句中仍承担“介词宾语”的语法功能,且关系代词不可省略(区别于普通定语从句中作宾语时可省略的情况)。
例:
原句:This is the book which I talked about yesterday.
转换后:This is the book about which I talked yesterday.(about提前至关系代词which前)
二、关系代词的选择
在 “介词 + 关系代词” 结构中,关系代词的选择受限于语法规则,只能用 which(指物)或 whom(指人),不可用 that、who 替代。
指代对象
关系代词
示例
物
which
The house in which I grew up is gone.
(我长大的房子不见了)
人
whom
The teacher to whom I wrote a letter is very kind.
(我写信的那位老师很和蔼)
禁忌:不可用 that 或 who!错误示例:The girl to that I gave a gift is my sister.
(正确应为 to whom)
三、介词的选择
介词的选择需依据三大核心依据,确保逻辑合理、搭配正确:
1. 依据定语从句中动词的固定搭配
介词需与从句中的谓语动词构成固定短语(如 depend on, talk about, look for 等)。
例:
He is the person on whom I depend.(depend on依赖)
This is the topic about which we talked.(talk about谈论)
2. 依据先行词的固定搭配
介词需与先行词构成固定搭配(如 interest in, key to, solution to 等)。
例:
She has a deep interest in which I also show interest.(interest in 对……的兴趣)
This is the key to which the door can be opened.(key to……的钥匙)
3. 依据句子的语义逻辑
根据句意需要选择合适的介词,体现时间、地点、方式等逻辑关系。
例:
The desk on which I put my books is new.(“把书放在桌上” 需用介词on,体现位置关系)
I’ll never forget the year during which I studied abroad.(“在…… 期间” 用介词during,体现时间范围)
四、与关系副词的转换
关系副词(where/when/why)在定语从句中本质上是 “介词+关系代词” 的简化形式,二者可相互转换,转换的核心是明确关系副词隐含的介词。
1. where 与 “介词+ which” 的转换
where 在定语从句中表地点,相当于 “in/at/on+which”
(具体介词由先行词的 “地点属性” 决定)。
例:
This is the city where I was born.
= This is the city in which I was born.(“在城市里” 用in)
The desk where I put my bag is near the window.
= The desk on which I put my bag is near the window.(“在桌上” 用on)
2. when 与 “介词+ which” 的转换
when在定语从句中表时间,相当于 “in/at/on/during+which”
(具体介词由先行词的 “时间属性” 决定)。
例:
I remember the day when we first met.
= I remember the day on which we first met.(“在具体某天” 用 on)
The years when I studied in college were happy.
= The years during which I studied in college were happy.(“在…… 期间” 用 during)
3. why 与 “介词 + which” 的转换
why 在定语从句中表原因,仅用于先行词为 reason 的情况,相当于 “for+which”。
例:
The reason why he was late is clear.
= The reason for which he was late is clear.(“因…… 原因” 用 for)
第四部分:定语从句-非限制性定语从句
知识要点:
知识点1:非限制性定语从句的本质
知识点2:非限制性定语从句的关系词
知识点3:as与which 的区别
知识点4:非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别
一、非限制性定语从句的本质
非限制性定语从句是对先行词进行补充说明、附加解释的定语从句,与先行词之间逻辑关系松散,即使去掉也不影响主句意思的完整性。其核心特征如下:
语法标志:从句与主句之间必须用逗号隔开(区别于限制性定语从句无逗号)。
功能定位:提供额外信息,相当于插入语或并列分句的替代形式,增强句子丰富度。
语义逻辑:先行词通常是一个完整的句子或明确指代的人/物,从句不限制先行词的范围(限制性定语从句则起 “限定范围” 作用)。
限制性:The girl who wears a red coat is my sister.
(穿红外套的女孩是我妹妹,限定 “哪一个女孩”)
非限制性:My sister, who wears a red coat, is a doctor.
(我妹妹是医生,补充说明她穿红外套,去掉后主句 “我妹妹是医生” 仍成立)
二、非限制性定语从句的关系词
非限制性定语从句的关系词使用需遵循语法规则,部分关系词与限制性定语从句存在差异,具体如下:
指代对象
可用关系词
不可用关系词
示例
人
who(主格)、whom(宾格)
that
My mother, who is a teacher, loves her students.
物
which
that
The book, which I bought yesterday, is very interesting.
时间
when
Last summer, when I visited Beijing, I met many friends.
地点
where
Shanghai, where I was born, is a modern city.
原因(先行词为 reason)
why(较少用,常用 for which 替代)
The reason, why/for which he was late, is not clear.
整个主句内容
as、which
that、what
He passed the exam, which/as made his parents happy.
关键禁忌:非限制性定语从句中绝对不能用that,也不能省略关系词。
(即使关系词在从句中作宾语)。
错误示例:His father, that works in a factory, is very kind.(正确应为 who)
×
三、as与which 的区别
在非限制性定语从句中,as 和 which 均可指代整个主句内容,但用法和语义侧重不同,高考高频考点如下:
区别维度
as
which
位置特征
可位于主句前、中、后
只能位于主句后(逗号后)
语义侧重
表示 “正如、正像”,符合预期
表示 “这一点、这件事”,引出结果
固定搭配
常用于 as is known(众所周知)、as we all know(正如我们所知)、as often happens(正如常发生的那样)等固定表达
无固定搭配,需根据句意判断
否定转移
不可用于否定意义的从句
可用于否定意义的从句
例:
As is known to all, the earth is round.(as 位于句首,“正如所知”)
The earth is round, as/which is known to all.
(as/which 均可位于句后,as强调 “符合常识”,which强调 “这件事”)
He failed the exam, which made his parents angry.(which 表结果,不可用as)
He didn’t pass the exam, which surprised us.(which可接否定意义,as不可)
四、非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别
非限制性定语从句与并列句(由 and、but、so 等并列连词连接)易混淆,需从连接方式、逻辑关系、语法功能三方面区分:
区别维度
非限制性定语从句
并列句
连接标志
用关系词(who/which/as等)+ 逗号
用并列连词(and/but/so 等)+ 逗号(可选)
逻辑关系
从句对主句/先行词进行补充说明
分句之间是并列、转折、因果等平等关系
语法独立性
从句依赖主句,不能独立成句
两个分句均可独立成句
改错题常见错误
误将关系词换成并列连词
(如用and which)
误将并列连词换成关系词(如用 which 连接并列关系)
非限制性定语从句:He has a new car, which cost him a lot of money.
(which连接,补充说明车的花费)
并列句:He has a new car, and it cost him a lot of money.
(and连接两个独立分句,表并列关系)
错误辨析:He likes reading, which he often goes to the library.
(错误,从句与主句是并列关系,应改为 and he often goes to the library)
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