Unit 5 Languages Around the World Discovering Useful Structures 教案-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

教学设计 课题 Unit 5 Languages Around the World -Discovering Useful Structures 教学目标 Linguistic competence: Master attributive clauses with "that/which/who" and their usage in describing languages. Cultural awareness: Understand language diversity and its connection to cultural identity. Thinking quality: Analyze sentence structures and logical relationships between clauses. Learning ability: Apply grammatical rules to practical communication and text comprehension. 重难点 Key: Identifying antecedents and correctly using relative pronouns "that/which/who" in attributive clauses. Difficult: Distinguishing restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses; avoiding redundancy or omission in relative structures. 教学过程 Teacher: Good day, dear students! Today, we are going to embark on an exciting journey into the world of grammar, specifically focusing on a very important structure in English - the relative clause. As we all know, language is a powerful tool for communication, and understanding grammar structures like relative clauses can significantly enhance our ability to express ourselves precisely and clearly. So, let's get started! First of all, let's look at some sentences. Read this short passage with me. "My name is Kim. I am an exchange student who comes from Britain. Ever since I was a little kid, I have been fascinated by Chinese ancient civilization which has continued all the way through into modern times. Therefore, I am working hard to learn Chinese now, and I have to admit it is the most challenging language that I have ever learnt. Luckily, I have a great Chinese teacher whom I respect a lot. As my teacher puts it, a language whose history dates back to thousands of years ago is a treasure to all human beings." Now, I have a few questions for you. What sentence pattern appears again and again in this story? Raise your hands if you think you know. [Pause for students to respond] Yes, that's right! We can see relative clauses all over this passage. How many relative clauses can you find? Let's count them together. [Count with the students] There are quite a few, aren't there? And which words are used to introduce these relative clauses? We have "who", "which", "that", "whom", and "whose". Let's take a closer look at one of these sentences. "I am an exchange student who comes from Britain." What is the function of the underlined clause "who comes from Britain"? [Wait for students' answer] Exactly, it is used as an attribute to modify "an exchange student". And we call such clauses relative clauses. Now, what do we call the noun or pronoun that is followed by the relative clause? In this case, "an exchange student" is the antecedent. What sentence element does the antecedent "an exchange student" serve as in this sentence? It is the subject of the main clause. And what do we call the words like "who" that are used to begin a relative clause? They are called relative pronouns. Let's move on to another example. "I have been fascinated by Chinese ancient civilization which has continued all the way through into modern times." Here, "which has continued all the way through into modern times" is the relative clause, and "Chinese ancient civilization" is the antecedent. The relative pronoun "which" is used to refer to the thing, in this case, "Chinese ancient civilization", and it acts as the subject of the relative clause. Now, let's talk about the relative pronoun "that". Look at this sentence: "I have to admit it is the most challenging language that I have ever learnt." Why do we use "that" here? Well, when the antecedent is modified by superlatives like "the most", we often use "that" to introduce the relative clause. Also, "that" can be used to refer to both people and things in many cases. Another important relative pronoun is "whom". Consider the sentence "Luckily, I have a great Chinese teacher whom I respect a lot." Here, "whom" is used because it is the object of the verb "respect" in the relative clause. However, in modern English, "who" is also commonly used in place of "whom" in informal situations, especially when the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause. Then, we have "whose". Look at "As my teacher puts it, a language whose history dates back to thousands of years ago is a treasure to all human beings." "Whose" is used to show possession. In this sentence, "whose history" means the history of the language. It can be used for both people and things. Now, let's talk about relative adverbs. We have three main relative adverbs: "when", "where", and "why". Let's start with "when". Read this sentence: "I will never forget the day when I entered my Chinese class for the first time." Here, "when" is used to introduce a relative clause, and it refers to a time. The antecedent "the day" is a time noun. "When" in this sentence is equivalent to "on which", because we can say "I entered my Chinese class for the first time on the day." Next is "where". For example, "But with time passing by, now I enjoy every Chinese class where I am not afraid of making mistakes and begin to learn more and more about the culture and history behind the Chinese characters." Here, "where" refers to a place. The antecedent "every Chinese class" can be seen as a kind of abstract place. "Where" is equivalent to "in which", as in "I am not afraid of making mistakes and begin to learn more and more about the culture and history behind the Chinese characters in every Chinese class." Finally, "why". Consider the sentence "This is the reason why I am such a big fan of the Chinese language." "Why" is used to introduce a relative clause to explain the reason. The antecedent is "the reason", and "why" is equivalent to "for which", like "I am such a big fan of the Chinese language for this reason." It's important to note that when choosing between relative pronouns and relative adverbs, we need to analyze the function of the antecedent in the relative clause. If the antecedent is a person and it acts as the subject or object in the relative clause, we use "who", "whom", or "that". If it's a thing and acts as the subject or object, we use "which" or "that". When the antecedent refers to a time, place, or reason, and it acts as an adverbial in the relative clause, we use "when", "where", or "why" respectively. Let's do some exercises to reinforce what we've learned. I'll show you some sentences, and you need to fill in the blanks with the appropriate relative pronouns or relative adverbs. [Show the first sentence] "The United Nations (UN) is an organization ___________ aims to promote international cooperation." What should we fill in here? [Wait for students' answers] Right, we can use "that" or "which" because "an organization" is a thing and it acts as the subject of the relative clause. [Show the second sentence] "I still remember the time ___________ we spent together in the countryside." Here, should we use a relative pronoun or a relative adverb? Think about the function of "the time" in the relative clause. [Wait for students' responses] Well, "the time" is the object of the verb "spent" in the relative clause, so we should use a relative pronoun. We can use "which" or "that", or even omit the relative pronoun here because it is the object in the relative clause. [Show the third sentence] "This is the house ___________ I lived ten years ago." What do we need to fill in? [Wait for students' answers] Since "the house" is a place and it acts as the place where the action "lived" happened, we should use "where" or "in which". [Show the fourth sentence] "Do you know the reason ___________ he was late for school?" Correct, we use "why" or "for which" here because "the reason" is the antecedent and it explains the cause, so we need a relative adverb to introduce the relative clause. Now, let's look at some more complex sentences with "preposition + relative pronoun" structures. For example, "These were animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people." Here, "on which" is equivalent to "where", but we use "on which" when we want to emphasize the relationship with the preposition. The symbols were carved on the animal bones and shells. Another example, "It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice." Here, "to whom" is used because we have the preposition "to" which is related to the verb "went". We went to the lawyer for advice. When using "preposition + relative pronoun" structures, we need to pay attention to the choice of prepositions. The preposition can be determined by the verb in the relative clause, the meaning of the sentence, or the fixed collocations. For example, if the verb in the relative clause is "depend", we often use "on which" because "depend on" is a common collocation. If the sentence is about a relationship like "belong to", we might use "to which". Let's practice this structure as well. I'll give you some sentences, and you need to rewrite them using "preposition + relative pronoun" structures. [Show the first sentence] "I like the book. I borrowed the book from the library." How can we rewrite this using "preposition + relative pronoun"? [Wait for students' answers] We can say "I like the book from which I borrowed from the library." But this might sound a bit odd. A better way would be "I like the book which I borrowed from the library." However, if we want to emphasize the borrowing relationship, we can also say "I like the book from which I got some useful information." [Show the second sentence] "The man is my uncle. I talked with the man just now." How should we rewrite this? [Wait for students' responses] We can say "The man with whom I talked just now is my uncle." Here, "with" is the preposition related to the verb "talked". [Show the third sentence] "The pen is very nice. I write with the pen." What's the rewritten sentence? Right, it can be "The pen with which I write is very nice." Now, let's summarize what we've learned today. We've learned about relative clauses, including relative pronouns like "who", "whom", "which", "that", "whose", and relative adverbs like "when", "where", "why". We've also learned about "preposition + relative pronoun" structures. Remember, the key to using these correctly is to analyze the function of the antecedent in the relative clause. For your homework, I want you to write a short passage about your favorite subject at school. Use at least three relative clauses in your passage. You can describe the teacher who teaches the subject, the reason why you like it, or the place where you have the classes. This will help you practice using relative clauses in a real - life context. That's all for today's class. I hope you've learned a lot about relative clauses. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me during the next class or come to my office. Have a great day! 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$