Unit 2 Improving yourself（知识清单）英语外研版2019选择性必修第二册

Unit 2 Improving yourself 一、词汇清单 单词 1. _________________n. 安全 2. _________________n.主持人 3. _________________n.募捐，筹款 4. _________________v.（用开关）改变，转换 5. _________________v.激发，激励 6. _________________v.占用，占去（时间） 7. _________________n.概况 8. _________________v.分散（注意力），使分心 9. _________________adv.持续不断地；经常地 10. _________________n.毛巾 11. _________________n.接触的机会 12. _________________v.（为生活或生存而）依赖 13. _________________n.截止时间，最后期限 14. _________________adj.合适的;恰当的 15. _________________v. 吐口水，吐唾沫 16. _________________adj.替他人着想的 17. _________________v. 澄清，讲清楚，阐明 18. _________________v.促进，增进 19. _________________n.媒体报道的热门话题；标题 20. _________________n.地区，区域 21. _________________n.必需品 22. _________________n.一件商品（或物品） 23. _________________adv.空前地 24. _________________n.(玻璃)罐子，广口瓶 25. _________________v.投资 26. _________________adj.终身的 27. _________________n.构想，设想 28. _________________adv.同样地；相似地 29. _________________adv.客观地 30. _________________v.使有知识和技能，使能够胜任 短语 1. _________________ 被说服做某事 2. _________________ (用开关)开，打开 3. _________________ 经过仔细的思考 4. _________________ 忙于（做某事）；专心于 5. _________________错过（机会、活动等）；遗漏；省略 6. _________________ 被……干扰 7. _________________（因有趣/吸引人）看一下 8. _________________很难堪地做某事 9. _________________ 认输 10. _________________没有获得/使用……的权利/机会 11. _________________对……的认识/意识 12. _________________ 远离…… 13. _________________从……到……不同；因……而异 14. _________________（钱）花光；（信用卡）刷爆 15. _________________ ……的障碍 16. _________________ 控制；管理 17. _________________ 眼前；当下 18. _________________把……放在一边 熟词生义 1. detox 常见义：n. 排毒（医学/健康领域）生义：n. _________________（如社交媒体戒断） 2. tolerate 常见义：v. 容忍（负面事物） 生义：v. _________________（中性语境） 3. profile 常见义：n. 轮廓/个人简介 生义：n. _________________ 4. throw in the towel 常见义：扔毛巾 生义：_________________（源自拳击术语） 5. jar 常见义：n. 罐子（容器） 生义：n. _________________（比喻用途） 6. invest 常见义：v. 金融投资 生义：v. _________________ 7. at hand 常见义： 在手边 生义： _________________ 8. change 常见义：n. 变化/零钱 生义：n. 双关语（既指____________，也指____________） 句型 1. 虚拟条件句 ... but without access to social media I couldn't remember where it was! ……但是不用社交媒体，我就不记得它(派对)在哪里了！ 2. upon/on (doing) sth“一……就……” On receiving a Kare Bag, one woman said. “You make me feel like a human being.” 在收到“爱心包包”时，一位女士说：“你让我觉得自己活得像个人。” 3. whether ...or ...“无论……还是……”，引导让步状语从句 Whether you want to help out a friend, give money to an animal charity or to children in another country, it's your money to give to whatever cause you believe in. 不管你是想帮助朋友，或给动物慈善机构捐款，还是救助其他国家的孩子，钱是你的，你可以捐给任何你相信的人或机构。 语法 过去完成时的被动语态 二、知识点精讲 知识点1 switch v.（用开关）改变，转换 【教材原句】　With the detox now finished, they’ve switched on their devices and they’re back online. 如今，脱瘾活动已结束，他们纷纷开启电子设备，重返网络。(教材P18) 【拓展】 (1) switch off/ on （用开关）关/开（电灯、机器等） switch... from... to... 把……由……转变为…… switch over to 转变；换频道 (2) switch n. 开关；转换器；改变 make a switch in 在……方面作改变 【写作佳句】 We can switch to on-line conferencing platform so that we will still be able to listen to your much-anticipated lecture next Wednesday. 我们可以切换到在线会议平台，这样下周三仍能如期聆听您备受期待的讲座。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①He was so stubborn that he refused to make _________________switch from social media addiction. ②We switched the meeting _________________Tuesday to Thursday. [链接写作] 翻译句子 ③司机随即打开收音机，沉浸在这首歌中。 ____________________________________________________________________ 知识点2 motivate v. 激发，激励 【教材原句】　I bet you’re as eager as I am to find out just how many have been motivated enough to last the full seven days! 相信你和我一样，迫切想知道多少人有足够的动力坚持了整整七天！(教材P18) 【拓展】 (1) motivate sb. to do sth. 激发/激励某人做某事 (2) motivated adj. 积极的；主动的 (3) motivation n. 动力；积极性；动机 motivation for（doing）sth. 做某事的动机 【写作佳句】Not only does it enrich our school life but also motivate our passion to learn English well. 这不仅丰富了我们的校园生活，更激发了学好英语的热情。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①More than that, how should you stay _________________ (motivate) to achieve the goal? ②This article is going to motivate you _________________ (exercise)more. 翻译 为激发学生学习英语的热情并丰富课余生活，我校将于12月24日下午4点在报告厅举办英语短剧大赛。③____________________________________________________________________ 知识点3 occupy v. 占用，占去（时间） 【教材原句】　But on reflection, I can see how much of my time had been occupied with checking my phone.但一番反思后，我也意识到平日花在看手机上的时间太多了。(教材P18) 【拓展】 (1) occupy oneself with sth./ in doing sth. 忙于……；专心于…… (2) occupied adj. 已占用的；无空闲的 be occupied（in）doing sth. 忙于做某事 be occupied with sth. 从事/忙于某事 (3) occupation n. 工作，职业 【写作佳句】First, we are occupied in heavy schoolwork on weekdays and we need weekends to relax ourselves. 首先，我们平日课业繁重，需要周末时间放松身心。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①This requires commitment to a particular _________________ (occupy), branch of study or research. ②_________________ (occupy) in looking after three children at home, she no longer has time to enjoy the various activities in the club. 翻译句子 ③事实上，大多数学生都渴望参加体育运动，只是课业实在太过繁重。 ____________________________________________________________________ 知识点4 access n. 接触的机会 【教材原句】　I knew there was a party happening that evening, but without access to social media I couldn’t remember where it was! 脱瘾活动开始的当晚有个聚会，但如果不靠社交媒体的话，我怎么也想不起地点在哪儿！(教材P20) 【拓展】 (1) have/ get/ obtain/ gain access to... 拥有……的机会；可以接近/进入 ……give access to 准许进入 (2) accessible adj. 易懂的；可接近的；可进入的；可使用的 be accessible to... 可接近/可靠近/可使用…… 【写作佳句】With the wide spread of the Internet, we have easy access to almost everything we want to know. 随着互联网的普及，我们几乎可以轻松获取任何想要了解的信息。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①All applicants must have a driver’s license and access _________________ a car. ②Medicine should not be kept where it is _________________ (access)to children. 翻译 ③宝贝，这里可不像家里那样能随时吃到新鲜采摘的果蔬。 ____________________________________________________________________ [名师提醒]　 access的本意是“进入某一地点的通道或者入口”，侧重于进入的手段和途径，其含义是抽象的，一般用作不可数名词，而且access和accessible短语中的to是介词。 知识点5 rely v.（为生活或生存而）依赖 【教材原句】　Awareness of just how much we rely on social media can help us step away from it and communicate with each other better. 脱瘾活动还让我们意识到自己对社交媒体的依赖程度，从而帮助我们摆脱它的束缚，更好地互相沟通。(教材P20) 【拓展】 (1) rely on 依靠，依赖 rely on sb. to do/ doing sth. 指望/相信某人会做某事 rely on（doing）sth. 依赖/信任/指望（做）某事 rely on it that... 相信……；指望…… (2) reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 【写作佳句】Besides, I know that money means a lot to me since I have no relatives to rely on. 此外，我深知钱财对我的重要性，毕竟在这世上我已无亲无故。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Many people now would rely on _________________ (surf) the Internet rather than reading newspapers for news. ②With sparkling smiling eyes on a clear face, Joy always made a _________________ (rely) companion, whom I couldn’t thank enough. [链接写作] 补全句子 ③但若所有钉子都牢牢钉在原位，这堵墙便依然坚固如初、值得信赖。 But if all the nails were still in their own places, _______________________________________________________ 三、句式清单 句式1 主语+ be+ adj.+ to do 【教材原句】　The detox was more difficult to tolerate than I had expected. 社交媒体脱瘾比我预期的更加难以忍受。(教材P18) 句式分析：The detox was more difficult to tolerate属于“主语+ be+ adj.+ to do”结构。 【拓展】 (1) 常用于“主语+be+ adj.十不定式”结构的形容词有difficult、hard、easy、comfortable、pleasant、interesting、exciting等。 (2) “主语+ be+ adj.+不定式”结构中，不定式和句子主语是动宾关系，但用主动形式表被动含义。 (3) “主语+ be+ adj.+不定式”结构中，不定式有时会带上自己的逻辑主语（for sb.）。 (4) “主语+ be+ adj.+不定式”结构中，不定式的动词若是不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①English is difficult _________________  (learn) well in a short time. ②The armchair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very _________________  (comfort) to sit in. 句式2 动名词短语作主语 【教材原句】　Not eating for two days would have been easier!让我饿两天可能还更轻松些！(教材P18) 句式分析：The detox was more difficult to tolerate属于“主语+ be+ adj.+ to do”结构。 【拓展】 动名词短语作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词短语作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It’s a waste of time doing...；It’s no use/ good doing...；It is useless... doing...等。 [名师提醒]　 不定式短语、动名词短语都可作主语，但动名词短语作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式短语多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。 【经典练】一句多译 ①每天玩游戏简直就是浪费时间。 _______________________________________________________（it作形式主语） _______________________________________________________（动名词作主语） 单句语法填空 ②It is no good _________________  (live) alone without keeping in touch with others. 四、语法清单 过去完成时的被动语态 【感知·语法规律】 1. The problem had been solved by the time I left the room. 昨天我离开房间的时候,那个问题已经解决了。 2. The problem had not been solved by the time I left the room. 昨天我离开房间的时候,那个问题还没解决。 3. Had the office been cleaned before the director came? 主任来之前办公室打扫干净了吗？ 4. When had the buildings been destroyed? 这些建筑是什么时候被毀掉的？ 【精讲·语法知识】 过去完成时的被动语态表示动作在过去某一时刻或某个动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，且主语与谓语动词存在被动关系。 一、构成 1．肯定结构：主语＋had been done The task had been finished before 12：00 yesterday. 这项任务在昨天12：00之前已经被完成了。 2．否定结构：主语＋had not been done The task hadn’t been finished before 12：00 yesterday. 昨天12：00前这项任务还没有完成。 3. 疑问句结构Had＋主语＋been done...？疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done...？ Had the task been finished before 12：00 yesterday? 昨天12：00前这项任务完成了吗？ What time had the task been finished yesterday? 这项任务是昨天什么时候完成的？ 二、基本用法 1．在told, said, knew, heard, thought, found等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 He heard that the tickets had already been sold out. 他听说票已售完。 The newspaper reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the hurricane. 报纸报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。 2．当before, when, by the time, until, after, once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by, before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 By the time she was 13, my sister had been sent to America. 我姐姐13岁前就已经被送到美国了。 200 cars had been produced by the end of last year. 到去年年底，已经生产了200辆汽车。 3．在“It was the first/second... time that...”句型中，that从句中主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 It was the third time that he had been beaten black and blue. 那是他第三次被打得青一块紫一块的。 4．在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food. 如果有人警告过他，他就不会吃那个食物了。 【经典练】　 补全句子 ①昨天12：00之前已经找到了证据。 The evidence ________________ before 12：00 yesterday. ②老师来之前教室还没有打扫干净。 The classroom ________________ before the teacher came. ③他们回家之前在超市买了什么？ ________________ at the supermarket before they returned home? ④等我们到那儿的时候，一项新协议已经签署。 A new agreement ________________by the time we got there. ⑤他只好离开他的房子，因为他的房子已经被淹没了。 He had to leave his house because it_______________________. ⑥要是我早些时候被邀请，我就会和你一起去了。 If I ________________earlier，I would have gone with you. ⑦这是他第二次参加考试。 It was the second time that he ______________________. ⑧作业完成后，他继续在网上搜索。 As the assignment ________________，he went on to search the Internet. 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 读后感是指读了一本书、一篇文章、一段话、几句名言、或听了一段音乐之后，把具体的感受和得到的启示写成文章。读后感也可叫作读书笔记，是一种常见的应用文体，也是应用文写作研究的文体之一。写作基本框架： 【积累·写作素材】 1. 常用短语 1. an unforgettable experience 一次难忘的经历 2. remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事 3. look back on the past 回想往事 4. make a good impression on sb. 给某人留下深刻印象 5. devote one’s spare time to doing sth. 利用某人课余时间做某事 6. show one's determination表达某人的决心 2. 常用语句 （1）There was a time when many people lived a hard life, without nothing to eat or wear.曾经有一段时期人们过着困苦的生活，没有吃的和穿的。 （2）This story tells of a young man who/ that through his own efforts, overcame various difficulties and finally achieved success.这个故事讲述了一个年轻人通过自己的努力，克服各种困难最终取得成功。 （3）After reading the story, what impressed me most was that we should never give up easily.看完这个故事后，最让我印象深刻的是我们不应该轻易放弃。、 （4）I have a thousand words to say after reading this book.读完这本书，我有千言万语要说。 （5）I feel that I have learned a lot from the book.我觉得我从这本书中学到了很多东西。 （6）What a wonderful and meaningful book it is!这是一本多么精彩和有意义的书啊！ 【示例·分步写作】 你校英文报正在开展题为“My Favourite Book”的征文比赛。请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包括： 1．该书简介(书名、内容等); 2．读后感受。 注意： 1．词数100左右; 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 读后感 时态 根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般过去时。 框架 第一段：喜欢的书籍； 第二段：书籍简介； 第三段：感悟。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 在我读的所有书中，我最喜欢《红楼梦》。 ________________, I like A Dream of Red Mansions best. 2. 它描述了两个表兄妹的悲剧爱情故事。 It ________________a tragic love story between two cousins. 3. 通过这个故事，读者可以见证四大家族的兴衰史。 Through this story, readers can ________________the rise and fall of four prominent families. 4. 这本书涵盖了从医学到建筑的各种主题。 The book ________________various subjects ranging from medicine to architecture. 5. 这使它成为中国文学四大名著之一。 This ________________it one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. (make) 6. 读完《红楼梦》后，我觉得生活如诗般美好。 After reading A Dream of Red Mansions, I feel ________________. 7. 生活中充满了起伏、悲伤和快乐。 Life is full of ________________, sadness and happiness. 8. 作为一个青少年，我应该珍惜现在，展望未来。 As a teenager, I should________________ and look forward to the future. 9. 我认为这本书在思想内容和艺术技巧上都有全新的面貌。 I think the book presents a brand new perspective in __________ideological content __________artistic techniques. 第三步：词句升级 1．现在分词合并句子2和3 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2．用定语从句改写句子6和7 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 第四步：连句成篇 12 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 2 Improving yourself 一、词汇清单 单词 1. security n. 安全 2. moderator n.主持人 3.fundraising n.募捐，筹款 4.switch v.（用开关）改变，转换 5.motivate v.激发，激励 6.occupy v.占用，占去（时间） 7.profile n.概况 8.distract v.分散（注意力），使分心 9.constantly adv.持续不断地；经常地 10.towel n.毛巾 11.access n.接触的机会 12.rely v.（为生活或生存而）依赖 13.deadline n.截止时间，最后期限 14.appropriate adj.合适的;恰当的 15.spit v.吐口水，吐唾沫 16.considerate adj.替他人着想的 17.clarify v. 澄清，讲清楚，阐明 18.promote v.促进，增进 19.headline n.媒体报道的热门话题；标题 20.district n.地区，区域 21.necessity n.必需品 22.item n.一件商品（或物品） 23.unprecedentedly adv.空前地 24.jar n.(玻璃)罐子，广口瓶 25.invest v.投资 26.lifelong adj.终身的 27.vision n.构想，设想 28.likewise adv.同样地；相似地 29.objectively adv.客观地 30.equip v.使有知识和技能，使能够胜任 短语 1. be persuaded to do 被说服做某事 2. switch on (用开关)开，打开 3. on reflection 经过仔细的思考 4. be occupied with 忙于（做某事）；专心于 5. miss out错过（机会、活动等）；遗漏；省略 6. be distracted by 被……干扰 7. check out（因有趣/吸引人）看一下 8. be embarrassed to do很难堪地做某事 9. throw in the towel 认输 10. without access to没有获得/使用……的权利/机会 11. awareness of 对……的认识/意识 12. step away from 远离…… 13. vary from… to 从……到……不同；因……而异 14. max out（钱）花光；（信用卡）刷爆 15. barrier to ……的障碍 16. in control of 控制；管理 17. the here and now 眼前；当下 18. put aside 把……放在一边 熟词生义 1. detox 常见义：n. 排毒（医学/健康领域）生义：n. 戒断行为（如社交媒体戒断） 2. tolerate 常见义：v. 容忍（负面事物） 生义：v. 坚持、忍耐（中性语境） 3. profile 常见义：n. 轮廓/个人简介 生义：n. 社交媒体个人主页 4. throw in the towel 常见义：扔毛巾 生义：认输、放弃（源自拳击术语） 5. jar 常见义：n. 罐子（容器） 生义：n. 理财分类工具（比喻用途） 6. invest 常见义：v. 金融投资 生义：v. 对自我成长的投入 7. at hand 常见义： 在手边 生义： 即将到来/可获得 8. change 常见义：n. 变化/零钱 生义：n. 双关语（既指零钱，也指习惯转变） 句型 1. 虚拟条件句 ... but without access to social media I couldn't remember where it was! ……但是不用社交媒体，我就不记得它(派对)在哪里了！ 2. upon/on (doing) sth“一……就……” On receiving a Kare Bag, one woman said. “You make me feel like a human being.” 在收到“爱心包包”时，一位女士说：“你让我觉得自己活得像个人。” 3. whether ...or ...“无论……还是……”，引导让步状语从句 Whether you want to help out a friend, give money to an animal charity or to children in another country, it's your money to give to whatever cause you believe in. 不管你是想帮助朋友，或给动物慈善机构捐款，还是救助其他国家的孩子，钱是你的，你可以捐给任何你相信的人或机构。 语法 过去完成时的被动语态 二、知识点精讲 知识点1 switch v.（用开关）改变，转换 【教材原句】　With the detox now finished, they’ve switched on their devices and they’re back online. 如今，脱瘾活动已结束，他们纷纷开启电子设备，重返网络。(教材P18) 【拓展】 (1) switch off/ on （用开关）关/开（电灯、机器等） switch... from... to... 把……由……转变为…… switch over to 转变；换频道 (2) switch n. 开关；转换器；改变 make a switch in 在……方面作改变 【写作佳句】 We can switch to on-line conferencing platform so that we will still be able to listen to your much-anticipated lecture next Wednesday. 我们可以切换到在线会议平台，这样下周三仍能如期聆听您备受期待的讲座。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①He was so stubborn that he refused to make a switch from social media addiction. ②We switched the meeting from Tuesday to Thursday. [链接写作] 翻译句子 ③司机随即打开收音机，沉浸在这首歌中。 Then the driver switched on the radio and was absorbed in the song. 知识点2 motivate v. 激发，激励 【教材原句】　I bet you’re as eager as I am to find out just how many have been motivated enough to last the full seven days! 相信你和我一样，迫切想知道多少人有足够的动力坚持了整整七天！(教材P18) 【拓展】 (1) motivate sb. to do sth. 激发/激励某人做某事 (2) motivated adj. 积极的；主动的 (3) motivation n. 动力；积极性；动机 motivation for（doing）sth. 做某事的动机 【写作佳句】Not only does it enrich our school life but also motivate our passion to learn English well. 这不仅丰富了我们的校园生活，更激发了学好英语的热情。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①More than that, how should you stay motivated (motivate) to achieve the goal? ②This article is going to motivate you to exercise (exercise)more. 翻译 为激发学生学习英语的热情并丰富课余生活，我校将于12月24日下午4点在报告厅举办英语短剧大赛。③In order to motivate students to learn English and enrich their after-class lives, an English Short Play Competition will be held in the lecture hall at 4:00 pm, Dec. 24th. 知识点3 occupy v. 占用，占去（时间） 【教材原句】　But on reflection, I can see how much of my time had been occupied with checking my phone.但一番反思后，我也意识到平日花在看手机上的时间太多了。(教材P18) 【拓展】 (1) occupy oneself with sth./ in doing sth. 忙于……；专心于…… (2) occupied adj. 已占用的；无空闲的 be occupied（in）doing sth. 忙于做某事 be occupied with sth. 从事/忙于某事 (3) occupation n. 工作，职业 【写作佳句】First, we are occupied in heavy schoolwork on weekdays and we need weekends to relax ourselves. 首先，我们平日课业繁重，需要周末时间放松身心。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①This requires commitment to a particular occupation (occupy), branch of study or research. ②Occupied (occupy) in looking after three children at home, she no longer has time to enjoy the various activities in the club. 翻译句子 ③事实上，大多数学生都渴望参加体育运动，只是课业实在太过繁重。 Actually, most students are eager to take part in sports, but they are so occupied with their study. 知识点4 access n. 接触的机会 【教材原句】　I knew there was a party happening that evening, but without access to social media I couldn’t remember where it was! 脱瘾活动开始的当晚有个聚会，但如果不靠社交媒体的话，我怎么也想不起地点在哪儿！(教材P20) 【拓展】 (1) have/ get/ obtain/ gain access to... 拥有……的机会；可以接近/进入 ……give access to 准许进入 (2) accessible adj. 易懂的；可接近的；可进入的；可使用的 be accessible to... 可接近/可靠近/可使用…… 【写作佳句】With the wide spread of the Internet, we have easy access to almost everything we want to know. 随着互联网的普及，我们几乎可以轻松获取任何想要了解的信息。 【经典练】单句语法填空 2 All applicants must have a driver’s license and access to a car. ②Medicine should not be kept where it is accessible (access)to children. 翻译 ③宝贝，这里可不像家里那样能随时吃到新鲜采摘的果蔬。 Baby, you cannot have access to fresh fruits and vegetables from plants as you have at your home. [名师提醒]　 access的本意是“进入某一地点的通道或者入口”，侧重于进入的手段和途径，其含义是抽象的，一般用作不可数名词，而且access和accessible短语中的to是介词。 知识点5 rely v.（为生活或生存而）依赖 【教材原句】　Awareness of just how much we rely on social media can help us step away from it and communicate with each other better. 脱瘾活动还让我们意识到自己对社交媒体的依赖程度，从而帮助我们摆脱它的束缚，更好地互相沟通。(教材P20) 【拓展】 (1) rely on 依靠，依赖 rely on sb. to do/ doing sth. 指望/相信某人会做某事 rely on（doing）sth. 依赖/信任/指望（做）某事 rely on it that... 相信……；指望…… (2) reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的 【写作佳句】Besides, I know that money means a lot to me since I have no relatives to rely on. 此外，我深知钱财对我的重要性，毕竟在这世上我已无亲无故。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①Many people now would rely on surfing (surf) the Internet rather than reading newspapers for news. ②With sparkling smiling eyes on a clear face, Joy always made a reliable (rely) companion, whom I couldn’t thank enough. [链接写作] 补全句子 ③但若所有钉子都牢牢钉在原位，这堵墙便依然坚固如初、值得信赖。 But if all the nails were still in their own places, the wall was still undamaged and reliable. 三、句式清单 句式1 主语+ be+ adj.+ to do 【教材原句】　The detox was more difficult to tolerate than I had expected. 社交媒体脱瘾比我预期的更加难以忍受。(教材P18) 句式分析：The detox was more difficult to tolerate属于“主语+ be+ adj.+ to do”结构。 【拓展】 (1) 常用于“主语+be+ adj.十不定式”结构的形容词有difficult、hard、easy、comfortable、pleasant、interesting、exciting等。 (2) “主语+ be+ adj.+不定式”结构中，不定式和句子主语是动宾关系，但用主动形式表被动含义。 (3) “主语+ be+ adj.+不定式”结构中，不定式有时会带上自己的逻辑主语（for sb.）。 (4) “主语+ be+ adj.+不定式”结构中，不定式的动词若是不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。 【经典练】单句语法填空 ①English is difficult to learn (learn) well in a short time. ②The armchair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable (comfort) to sit in. 句式2 动名词短语作主语 【教材原句】　Not eating for two days would have been easier!让我饿两天可能还更轻松些！(教材P18) 句式分析：The detox was more difficult to tolerate属于“主语+ be+ adj.+ to do”结构。 【拓展】 动名词短语作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，常用it作形式主语，动名词短语作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：It’s a waste of time doing...；It’s no use/ good doing...；It is useless... doing...等。 [名师提醒]　 不定式短语、动名词短语都可作主语，但动名词短语作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为；不定式短语多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。 【经典练】一句多译 ①每天玩游戏简直就是浪费时间。 It’s a waste of time playing video games every day.（it作形式主语） Playing video games every day is a waste of time.（动名词作主语） 单句语法填空 ②It is no good living (live) alone without keeping in touch with others. 四、语法清单 过去完成时的被动语态 【感知·语法规律】 1. The problem had been solved by the time I left the room. 昨天我离开房间的时候,那个问题已经解决了。 2. The problem had not been solved by the time I left the room. 昨天我离开房间的时候,那个问题还没解决。 3. Had the office been cleaned before the director came? 主任来之前办公室打扫干净了吗？ 4. When had the buildings been destroyed? 这些建筑是什么时候被毀掉的？ 【精讲·语法知识】 过去完成时的被动语态表示动作在过去某一时刻或某个动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，且主语与谓语动词存在被动关系。 一、构成 1．肯定结构：主语＋had been done The task had been finished before 12：00 yesterday. 这项任务在昨天12：00之前已经被完成了。 2．否定结构：主语＋had not been done The task hadn't been finished before 12：00 yesterday. 昨天12：00前这项任务还没有完成。 3. 疑问句结构Had＋主语＋been done...？疑问词＋had＋主语＋been done...？ Had the task been finished before 12：00 yesterday? 昨天12：00前这项任务完成了吗？ What time had the task been finished yesterday? 这项任务是昨天什么时候完成的？ 二、基本用法 1．在told, said, knew, heard, thought, found等动词后的宾语从句中，表示宾语从句中的动作已被做完，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 He heard that the tickets had already been sold out. 他听说票已售完。 The newspaper reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the hurricane. 报纸报道说有一千多人在飓风中丧生。 2．当before, when, by the time, until, after, once等引导的时间状语从句的谓语是一般过去时，以及by, before后面接过去的时间时，主句动作发生在从句的动作或过去的时间之前且表示被动时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 By the time she was 13, my sister had been sent to America. 我姐姐13岁前就已经被送到美国了。 200 cars had been produced by the end of last year. 到去年年底，已经生产了200辆汽车。 3．在“It was the first/second... time that...”句型中，that从句中主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 It was the third time that he had been beaten black and blue. 那是他第三次被打得青一块紫一块的。 4．在虚拟语气中，条件句表示与过去事实相反，且主语是动作的承受者时，要用过去完成时的被动语态。 If he had been warned, he would not have taken that food. 如果有人警告过他，他就不会吃那个食物了。 【经典练】　 补全句子 ①昨天12：00之前已经找到了证据。 The evidence ________________ before 12：00 yesterday. ②老师来之前教室还没有打扫干净。 The classroom ________________ before the teacher came. ③他们回家之前在超市买了什么？ ________________ at the supermarket before they returned home? ④等我们到那儿的时候，一项新协议已经签署。 A new agreement ________________by the time we got there. ⑤他只好离开他的房子，因为他的房子已经被淹没了。 He had to leave his house because it_______________________. ⑥要是我早些时候被邀请，我就会和你一起去了。 If I ________________earlier，I would have gone with you. ⑦这是他第二次参加考试。 It was the second time that he ______________________. ⑧作业完成后，他继续在网上搜索。 As the assignment ________________，he went on to search the Internet. 【答案】①had been discovered/found　②hadn't been cleaned　③What had been bought ④had been signed　⑤had been flooded ⑥had been invited　⑦had taken the exam ⑧had been done 三、写作清单 【点拨·写作技巧】 读后感是指读了一本书、一篇文章、一段话、几句名言、或听了一段音乐之后，把具体的感受和得到的启示写成文章。读后感也可叫作读书笔记，是一种常见的应用文体，也是应用文写作研究的文体之一。写作基本框架： 【积累·写作素材】 1. 常用短语 1. an unforgettable experience一次难忘的经历 2. remind sb. of sth. 使某人想起某事 3. look back on the past 回想往事 4. make a good impression on sb.给某人留下深刻印象 5. devote one’s spare time to doing sth.利用某人课余时间做某事 6. show one's determination表达某人的决心 2. 常用语句 （1）There was a time when many people lived a hard life, without nothing to eat or wear.曾经有一段时期人们过着困苦的生活，没有吃的和穿的。 （2）This story tells of a young man who/ that through his own efforts, overcame various difficulties and finally achieved success.这个故事讲述了一个年轻人通过自己的努力，克服各种困难最终取得成功。 （3）After reading the story, what impressed me most was that we should never give up easily.看完这个故事后，最让我印象深刻的是我们不应该轻易放弃。、 （4）I have a thousand words to say after reading this book.读完这本书，我有千言万语要说。 （5）I feel that I have learned a lot from the book.我觉得我从这本书中学到了很多东西。 （6）What a wonderful and meaningful book it is!这是一本多么精彩和有意义的书啊！ 【示例·分步写作】 你校英文报正在开展题为“My Favourite Book”的征文比赛。请你写一篇短文投稿，内容包括： 1．该书简介(书名、内容等); 2．读后感受。 注意： 1．词数100左右; 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 第一步：审题谋篇 体裁 读后感 时态 根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般过去时。 框架 第一段：喜欢的书籍； 第二段：书籍简介； 第三段：感悟。 第二步：要点翻译 1. 在我读的所有书中，我最喜欢《红楼梦》。 Of all the books I read, I like A Dream of Red Mansions best. 2. 它描述了两个表兄妹的悲剧爱情故事。 It describes a tragic love story between two cousins. 3. 通过这个故事，读者可以见证四大家族的兴衰史。 Through this story, readers can witness the rise and fall of four prominent families. 4. 这本书涵盖了从医学到建筑的各种主题。 The book covers various subjects ranging from medicine to architecture. 5. 这使它成为中国文学四大名著之一。 This makes it one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. (make) 6. 读完《红楼梦》后，我觉得生活如诗般美好。 After reading A Dream of Red Mansions, I feel life is as beautiful as poetry. 7. 生活中充满了起伏、悲伤和快乐。 Life is full of ups and downs, sadness and happiness. 8. 作为一个青少年，我应该珍惜现在，展望未来。 As a teenager, I should cherish the present and look forward to the future. 9. 我认为这本书在思想内容和艺术技巧上都有全新的面貌。 I think the book presents a brand new perspective in both ideological content and artistic techniques. 第三步：词句升级 1．现在分词合并句子2和3 Describing a tragic love story of two cousins, it allows readers to witness the rise and fall of four prominent families. 2．用定语从句改写句子6和7 After reading the novel, I realized that life, which is full of ups and downs, sorrows and joys, is as beautiful as poetry. 第四步：连句成篇 My Favourite Book Of all the books I read, I like A Dream of Red Mansions best. Describing a tragic love story of two cousins, it allows readers to witness the rise and fall of four prominent families. It covers various subjects ranging from medicine to architecture, making it one of the four classics in Chinese literature. After reading the novel, I realized that life, which is full of ups and downs, sorrows and joys, is as beautiful as poetry. As a teenager, I should cherish the present and look forward to the future. I think the book has its own brand new look in both ideological content and artistic skills and a permanent artistic charm worthy of inheritance. 11 / 12 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$