Unit 5 Languages around the World（知识清单）英语人教版2019必修第一册

Unit 5 Languages around the World（知识清单） 单词 I．必备单词 1．carve vt．& vi．雕刻 2．regard n．尊重；关注 vt．把……视为；看待 3．struggle n．& vi．斗争；奋斗；搏斗 4．beg vt．恳求；祈求；哀求 5．factor n．因素；要素 6．symbol n．符号；象征 7．affair n．公共事务；事件；关系 8．character n．文字；符号；角色；品质；特点 9．specific adj．特定的；明确的；具体的 10．system n．体系；制度；系统 II.派生单词 1．major adj．主要的；重要的；n主修课程 vi．主修；专门研究→majority n．大多数 2．relate vt．联系；讲述→related adj有关联的→relation n．关系 3．vary vi．变化；不同；有差异 →various adj．各种各样的；不同的 →variety n．变体；异体；多样化 4．globe n．地球；地球仪→global adj．全球的→globally adv．全球地；全面地 5．equal n同等的人；相等物 adj．同样 →equally adv．平等地→equality n．平等 6．describe vt描述→description n描写；形容 短语 1.动词短语 be related to 与…… 相关 struggle for 为…… 奋斗 date back to 追溯到 be based on 以…… 为基础 connect...with... 把…… 与…… 连接 adapt to 适应 appreciate sth. 欣赏 / 感激某事 unite...into... 把…… 统一为…… 2.名词短语 writing system 书写系统 Chinese calligraphy 中国书法 ancient civilisation 古代文明 foreign language 外语 cultural world view 文化世界观 official language 官方语言 3.形容词 + 介词搭配 be known for 因…… 闻名 be divided into 被分成…… be of great importance 非常重要 be grateful for 对…… 感激 be amazed by 对…… 感到惊讶 熟词生义 熟词生义 1. struggle vi. 斗争 He struggled against cancer for two years. 他同癌症抗争了两年。 vi. 奋斗 a country struggling for independence 为独立而奋斗的国家 vi. 搏斗 I struggled and screamed for help. 我挣扎着，高声呼救。 n. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗 a power/leadership struggle 权力的争夺；领导权的斗争 2. gap n. 间隔 a gap in the conversation 谈话的间隙 n. 开口；豁口 Leave a gap between your car and the next. 在车与车之间留条道。 n. 差距 the gap between rich and poor 贫富之间的差距 3. base vt. 以...为据点 They decided to base the new company in York. 他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在约克郡。 vt. 以...为基础 He based his conclusions on the evidence. 他根据证据得出了自己的结论。 n. 底部 The lamp has a heavy base. 这盏灯的底座很沉。 n. 基础 These policies have a broad base of support. 这些政策受到广泛支持。 n. 基地 a military/naval base 军事╱海军基地 4. demand n. 要求；需求 a demand for higher pay 增加工资的要求 to meet the demand for a product 满足对某产品的需求 vt. 强烈要求 The UN has demanded that all troops be withdrawn. 联合国已要求撤出所有部队。 vt. 需要 This sport demands both speed and strength. 这项运动既需要速度也需要体力。 【熟词生义】 vi. 查问 ‘Who the hell are you?’ he demanded angrily. “你到底是谁？”他气势汹汹地查问道。 5. appreciate vt. 欣赏；重视 His talents are not fully appreciated in that company. 他的才干在那家公司未受到充分赏识。 vt. 感激 I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. 假如你支付现金的话，我会不胜感激。 vt. 领会 We didn't fully appreciate that he was seriously ill. 我们没有充分认识到他的病情很严重。 vi. 增值 Their investments have appreciated over the years. 他们的投资这些年来已经增值。 6. native adj. 出生地的；本地的；土著的 your native land/country/city 你的故乡╱祖国╱故里 The tiger is native to India. 这种虎产于印度。 n. 本地人 She speaks Italian like a native. 她的意大利语说得和意大利人一样。 7. major adj. 主要的；重要的 to play a major role in sth 在某事中起重要作用 adj. 大的 We have encountered major problems. 我们遇上了大问题。 n. 主修课程 Her major is French. 她的专业课是法语。 n. 主修学生 She's a French major. 她是法语专业的学生。 vi. 主修；专门研究 She majored in History at Stanford. 她在斯坦福主修历史。 8. refer vi. 提到 Her mother never referred to him again. 她的母亲再也没有提起过他。 vi. 参考；查阅；查询 You may refer to your notes if you want. 如果需要，可以查阅笔记。 vi. 描述；涉及 This paragraph refers to the events of last year. 这一段说的是去年发生的事。 vt. 叫...求助于 My doctor referred me to a specialist. 我的医生让我去找一位专家诊治。 9.character n. 文字；符号 Chinese characters 汉字 n. 角色 a major/minor character in the book 书中的主要╱次要人物 n. 品质 Generosity is part of the American character. 慷慨是美国人性格的一部分。 n. 特点 buildings that are very simple in character 造型很简洁的建筑物 10. specific adj. 特定的 The money was collected for a specific purpose. 这笔钱是为一个特定用途而收的。 adj. 明确的；具体的 I gave you specific instructions. 我给过你明确的指示。 adj. 特有的；独特的 a belief that is specific to this part of Africa 非洲这一地区特有的一种观念 11. refer to vi. 提到；涉及 This paragraph refers to the events of last year. 这一段说的是去年发生的事。 vt. 叫...求助于 My doctor referred me to a specialist. 我的医生让我去找一位专家诊治。 12. affair n. 公共事务 world/international/business affairs 世界╱国际╱商业事务 n. 事件 She wanted the celebration to be a simple family affair. 她希望庆祝活动仅限于家人参加。 n. 关系 She is having an affair with her boss. 她跟老板有暧昧关系。 13. regard n. 尊重 He held her in high regard. 他对她非常敬重。 vt. 把...视为；看待 She is widely regarded as the current leader's natural successor. 人们普遍认为她是现任领导的当然继任者。 n. 关注 He was driving without regard to speed limits. 他开着车，根本不理会速度限制。 n. 致意；问候 With kind regards, Yours... 谨此致意，…敬上 14. classic adj. 传统的 The menu is based on classic French cooking. 这个菜单以传统法国菜为主。 adj. 最优秀的 a classic novel/study/goal 最佳小说╱论文╱进球 adj. 典型的 a classic example of poor communication 缺乏有效沟通的典型实例 n. 经典作品；名著 English classics such as ‘Alice in Wonderland’ 英语经典作品如《艾丽丝漫游奇境记》 15. variety n. （植物、语言等的）变体；异体 Apples come in a great many varieties. 苹果的品种繁多。 n. 多样化 We all need variety in our diet. 我们都需要饮食多样化。 n. （同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 He resigned for a variety of reasons. 他由于种种原因辞职了。 16. equal n. 同等的人；相等物 She treats the people who work for her as her equals. 她以平等的身份对待为她工作的人。 adj. 相同的；同样的 There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class. 这个班男女生人数相等。 adj. 平等的 equal rights/pay 平等的权利；同酬 adj. 能胜任的；能应付的 I hope that he proves equal to the challenge. 我希望他最后能应付这一挑战。 句型 高分亮句 1. That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.这一书写体系对于团结中国人民和中国文化具有重要意义。 句中was of great importance用的是be of＋抽象名词结构，相当于be＋该名词的同根形容词。 be of great significance/benefit ＝be very significant/beneficial 2. Even today，no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing. 即使在今天，不论住在哪里，不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写进行交流。 “no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。 该结构可以与疑问词+ever互换使用（why不用于该结构） 语法 限制性定语从句II 一、词汇清单 知识点1 1. refer vi.(referred，referred，referring)提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询；叫……求助于→reference n.指称关系；参考 ·refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅 refer to a book/dictionary 查阅书/词典 refer to...as... 称……为…… reference books/materials 参考书/参考资料 in/with reference to 关于 2. base vt.以……为据点；以……为基础 n.底部；根据 →based adj.以(某事)为基础的→basic adj.基本的；基础的 →basically adv. 基本上→basis n.基础 base...on/upon...把……建立在……的基础上 be based on/upon... 以……为基础 on a daily/regular basis 每天/定期 on the basis of 在……的基础上 3. means n.方法(way，method)；方式；途径 a means of 一种……的方法(means单复数同形) by all means 可以；当然行；没问题 by means of 借助……手段；依靠……方法 by no means 绝不，无论如何也不，一点都不(置于句首时，句子要部分倒装) 4 .appreciate vt.欣赏(enjoy，admire)；重视(attach importance to)； 感激；领会vi.增值→appreciation n.欣赏；感激 appreciate (one’s) doing sth 喜欢/感激(某人)做某事 I would appreciate it if... 假如……，我将不胜感激 express/convey one’s appreciation to sb 向某人表达感激之情 5.struggle n.& vi.斗争(fight)；奋斗(strive)；搏斗 struggle for... 为……而斗争/奋斗 struggle with/against sb/sth 与某人/某事做斗争 struggle to do sth 努力做某事 struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来 It is a struggle (for sb) to do sth (对于某人而言)做某事真是难事 6.equal n.同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的；相等的；平等的；相等 →equally adv.同等地；公平地→equality n.平等；相等 be without equal＝have no equal 无与伦比 be equal to (doing) sth 等于/胜任(做)某事 equal sb/sth in (doing)sth 在(做)某事上比得过、敌得过某人/物 7.demand n.需求；要求 vt.强烈要求；需要 vi.查问(生义)→demanding adj.要求高的 in (great) demand 需求量大 meet/satisfy one’s demand(s) 满足某人的需求 demand to do sth 要求做某事 demand that... 要求……(从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略) 8.date back (to...)追溯到(date from/trace back to) [点拨]　date back (to)和date from一般只用现在时态，没有进行时和被动语态。 二、短语清单 重点短语 1.native speakers 说母语的人 2.the United Nations (UN) 联合国 3.attitude towards/to sth 对...的态度 4.refer to sth指的是，提及；查阅 （refer - referred - referred） 5.some day (将来)某一天 6.be widely known for 因...而广为人知 7.ups and downs 兴衰，沉浮 8.at the beginning 起初 9.a picture-based language 象形文字 10.date back to / date from 追溯到 11.over the years 多年以来 12.the Shang/Qin Dynasty 商朝/秦朝 13.lead to sth 导致，带来（lead - led - led） 14.varieties of / a variety of 各种各样的 15.be of great importance ...很重要 16.no matter where/what/who 无论哪里/无论什么/无论谁 17.be connected with 与...连接 18.the classic works 经典作品 19.be seen as 被看成是... see...as...将...看成...（see-saw-seen） 20. play a great role in ...= play a great part in ... 在...扮演重要角色; 在...发挥重要作用 21.global affairs 全球事务 22.an increasing number of 越来越多的，不断增加的 23.according to sb 根据某人说的 24.it is believed that... 大家认为... 25.point of view 观点，看法 26.reach the goal 达到目的 27.fight for 为...战斗 (fight-fought-fought) 28.joke with 与...开玩笑 29.have trouble/difficulty with sth 在...有麻烦/有问题 30.get used to sth 习惯于 used to do sth 过去曾做... be used to do sth 被用来做... 31.compare... with ... 比较... 32.mind doing sth 介意做... 33.depend on 依靠，取决于 34.bridge the gap between sth .消除...间的隔阂/差距 35.be close to sb 与...亲近 36.(be) senior to sb 比...年长/地位高 【经典练】 (一)词组填空,用所给短语的正确形式填空： (be related to, date back to, struggle for, adapt to, appreciate) 1.The Chinese writing system __________ thousands of years ago. 2.She is __________ better communication by learning sign language. 3.I really __________ your help with my English pronunciation. 4.His success __________ his hard work and good methods. 5.It took him months to __________ the new language environment. （二）翻译句子 6. 追溯到商朝的汉字是中国文明的重要部分。（date back to） _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. 我欣赏那些努力学习多种语言的人。（appreciate） _____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. 这就是我学习英语时遇到困难的原因。（why 引导定语从句） _____________________________________________________________________________________ 参考答案 （一）词组填空 1. dates back to 2. struggling for 3. appreciate 4. is related to 5. adapt to （三）翻译句子 6. Chinese characters dating back to the Shang Dynasty are an important part of Chinese civilisation. 7. I appreciate those who strive to learn multiple languages. 8. This is the reason why I had difficulties in learning English. 3、 语法清单 限制性定语从句 【精讲·语法知识】 1. 关系代词的用法 that/which：指物，作主语或宾语（that 可指人或物，which 仅指物）。 The writing system that/which developed in China has a long history.（作主语） who/whom：指人，who 作主语，whom 作宾语（可省略）。 The linguist who spoke seven languages is Zhao Yuanren.（作主语） whose：指人或物，作定语，表所属关系。 例：A polyglot is a person whose language ability is amazing.（作定语） 2.关系副词的用法 when：指时间，相当于 “介词 + which”。 1881 was the year when Lu Xun was born.（=in which） where：指地点，相当于 “介词 + which”。 This is the school where I learn calligraphy.（=in which） why：指原因，相当于 “for+which”。 The reason why he studies English is to communicate with foreigners.（=for which） 3.介词 + 关系代词 介词后用 which（指物）或 whom（指人）。 例：The symbols on which ancient people carved were found on bones.（on+which） 例：The expert with whom we discussed the language is a linguist.（with+whom） 经典练 语法填空（定语从句） 1.The man __________ invented this writing system is a linguist. (who/that) 2. This is the book __________ I borrowed from the library. (which/that) 3. The day __________ she started learning Chinese was in 2018. (when) 4. The reason __________ he failed the test is lack of practice. (why) 5. The country __________ he lives has multiple official languages. (where) 答案 语法填空 1. who/that 2. which/that 3. when 4. why 5. where 4、 写作清单 语言学习经历 / 建议类写作 【点拨·写作技巧】 1. 写作结构（以英语学习博客为例） 写作结构： （1）开头：引出问题（如学习困难）。 （2）主体：具体问题描述（如听力、词汇、语法）。 解决方法及原因（如听广播、记笔记、用 APP）。 个人体验或效果。 （3）结尾：总结感悟或呼吁行动。。 2.常用句型 （1）问题描述： The biggest problem I have is... I used to struggle with..., but now... （2）提出建议： A useful method is to... It helps to...because... （3）个人体会： What works for me is... Ever since I started..., I have... 5、 参考范文 My Experience with English Vocabulary Learning English vocabulary has always been a challenge for me. I used to forget words easily, and even if I memorised them, I didn’t know how to use them correctly. A helpful method I found is creating word banks. I group words by topic (e.g., food, culture) and write down their definitions, examples, and even drawings. For example, when learning "calligraphy," I noted its meaning and practised writing the word. Another tip is using flashcards with pictures, which helps me connect words with images. Since starting this method, my vocabulary has improved greatly. I can now remember words longer and use them in sentences. The key is to make learning fun and relevant to daily life! 经典练 书面表达：写一篇英语博客，分享你在英语学习中的一个困难及解决方法， 内容包括： 1.遇到的问题（如口语、阅读） 2.尝试过的方法及效果 3.给其他同学的建议 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 书面表达答案 Overcoming My Fear of Speaking English For a long time, I was too shy to speak English in public. Every time I tried, I felt nervous and made mistakes. To improve, I started practising with my classmates every day. We created a “English corner” where we talked about movies, books, and our lives. I also followed native speakers on YouTube and imitated their pronunciation. Gradually, I became more confident. My advice is to practise regularly and not fear mistakes. Remember, even native speakers make errors! The more you speak, the better you’ll get. 6、 模拟精练--定语从句 一、单项选择 1．（24-25高一下·广东·期末）Was it during the summer vacation ________ he visited Paris ________ he decided to study French? A．when; that B．that; when C．when; when D．that; that 【答案】A 【详解】考查强调句和定语从句。句意：是在他暑假去巴黎旅行的时候，他决定学习法语吗？第一空为关系词引导的定语从句，先行词“the summer vacation”在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导定语从句；第二空是强调句结构“it was...that...”，被强调的部分是时间状语“during the summer vacation”，所以使用that。故选A项。 2．（24-25高一上·安徽芜湖·开学考试）We are living in an information age ________ many things can be done on the Internet. A．when B．Where C．that D．which 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们生活在一个信息时代，很多事情都可以在互联网上完成。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句，从句中不缺主语或宾语，先行词age是时代，因此用关系副词when引导定语从句，故选A。 3．（高三上·江苏宿迁·阶段练习）The reason ______ I have to go is ______ my mother is ill in bed. A．why; why B．why; because C．why; that D．that; because 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句和表语从句。句意：我必须去的原因是我妈妈病在床上。第一空引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词The reason，关系词在从句中作原因状语，应用关系副词why引导；第二空引导名词性从句作is的表语，表语从句的成分和语义均完整，应用只起连接作用、无实意的that引导。固定句型the reason why… is that…表示“……的原因是……”。故选C。 4．（24-25高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）—Is that the small company you often refer to? —Right, just the one________ you know my father used to work for 10 years. A． that B．which B． C．where D．as 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。 句意： —那是你经常提到的那家小公司吗？ —是的，就是你知道我父亲曾经工作过10年的那家。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词为the one，在定语从句作地点状语（you know为插入语），应用关系副词where引导从句。故选C。 5．（24-25高一下·新疆乌鲁木齐·开学考试）Who can tell me if there is a supermarket around ________ not only ________ buy a coat of high quality for my father, but I can also taste a pleasant cup of coffee? A．that; I can B．where; can I C．which; can I D．where; I can 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句和部分倒装。句意：谁能告诉我附近有没有一家超市，那里不仅能给我父亲买到一件质量上乘的大衣，还能让我品尝到一杯香浓的咖啡？第一空引导定语从句，修饰先行词a supermarket，先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where作引导词；从句中not only置于句首，句子需要部分倒装，情态动词can应放在主语I之前。故选B。 6．（24-25高一上·重庆·期末）A large number of university students want to find a field they can discover and fulfill their potential. A．which B．why C．where D．what 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：很多大学生都想找一个领域，在那里他们可以发现和实现自己的潜力。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是field，关系词在从句作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故选C。 7．（24-25高一上·黑龙江大庆·期末）—- Where did you meet him? —- It was in the factory_______ he worked as a manger. A． where B．that B． C．which D．when 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：——你在哪里遇见他的？——就在他当经理的工厂里。空处引导定语从句，先行词是factory，在从句中作地点状语，用where引导。故选A项。 8．（24-25高一·全国·假期作业）We are living in an age ______ many things are done on the Internet. A．which B．that C．when D．where 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：我们生活在一个许多事情都在互联网上完成的时代。本空引导限制性定语从句，先行词是an age，是时间概念，关系词代替先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故选C。 9．（24-25高一上·重庆·期中）It is the moment ________ our team was announced winner ________ I will never forget. A．that; that B．that; who C．when; that D．when; who 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句和强调句。句意：我永远不会忘记我们队被宣布为冠军那一刻。第一空处到第二空前为关系副词when引导的定语从句，描述the moment这个时间点的具体内容。强调句的结构是It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who...，句中从the moment到winner是被强调部分，指事情，第二空处连接词用that。故选C项。 10．（24-25高一上·江苏扬州·期中）In a society being thin is often seen as being beautiful, teenagers sometimes turn to extreme methods to slimdown quickly. A．that B．which C．where D．when 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：在一个人们通常认为苗条是美丽的社会里，青少年有时会采取极端的方法来快速减肥。分析句子可知，这里考查定语从句，先行词为society，在从句中作地点状语，所以应用关系副词where。故选C项。 11．（24-25高一上·江苏南京·期中）The silence in the room gave rise to a curious situation ________ we were all at a loss what to do next. A．which B．where C．that D．why 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：房间里一片寂静，造成了一种奇怪的局面，我们都不知道下一步该怎么办。句中先行词为situation，关系词指代先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故选B。 12．（24-25高一上·黑龙江牡丹江·期中）She wants a job ________ her management skills can be put to good use. A．which B．where C．that D．when 【答案】B 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：她想找一份能充分发挥她管理技能的工作。空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词job，在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故选B。 13．（24-25高一上·江苏常州·阶段练习）The good news is that this stormy period ______ teenagers cannot see eye to eye with parents on anything will not last. A．when B．where C．why D．that 【答案】A 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：好消息是，青少年不能在任何事情上与父母意见一致的暴风雨期不会持续下去。teenagers cannot see eye to eye with parents on anything是一个定语从句，修饰stormy period。从句中缺少状语，因为此处修饰时间，关系副词用when。故选A。 14．（22-23高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期中）It was in the village____________ he lived____________ we met by chance. A．that; that B．that; where C．where; that D．where; where 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句和强调句型。句意：就是在他住的那个村子里，我们偶然相遇了。第一空引导定语从句，先行词是village，关系词在从句中作地点状语，使用关系副词where引导；第二空和前面的It was构成强调句型，被强调部分是地点状语in the village，使用that。故选C。 15．（23-24高一下·江西吉安·期末）My mother can always create a pleasant family atmosphere ________ all members care for each other. A．which B．when C．where D．that 【答案】C 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：母亲总能营造一种愉悦的家庭氛围，让所有的家人都能(在这种氛围中)互相关心。分析句子结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词atmosphere为抽象地点名词，且引导词在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where。故选C项。 二、语法填空 16．（24-25高一下·重庆·期末）The map unfolded, the detective located the right place the killer might hide. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：地图展开后，侦探找到了凶手可能藏身的准确位置。空处引导定语从句，修饰place，在从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where引导从句，故填where。 17．（23-24高一上·浙江杭州·开学考试）Andria’s brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time the arts are being downgraded in schools. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：安德里亚让各领域艺术家与儿童直接接触的杰出项目，在艺术教育在学校被贬低的当下尤为受欢迎。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a time，指时间，在从句中作时间状语，因此需用关系副词when。故填when。 18．（24-25高一下·河北石家庄·阶段练习）The global organization has over 1,000 branches adults of all ages come to read. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：该全球组织拥有超过1000个分支机构，各个年龄段的成年人都可以来阅读。根据句意，空处引导定语从句，先行词为“branches”指地点，引导词在从句中作状语。故填where。 19．（25-26高一·全国·假期作业）The country he lives has multiple official languages. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】where 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：他居住的国家有多种官方语言。此处为关系词引导的定语从句，从句中不缺主语和宾语，所以使用关系副词，先行词the country指地点，此处使用关系副词where。故填where。 20．（24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期中）Festivals are always occasions we gather together to enjoy ourselves and forget about our work for a while. (用适当的词填空) 【答案】when 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：节日总是我们聚在一起玩乐、暂时忘记工作的时刻。此处为限制性定语从句，先行词为occasions，意为“时刻”，引导词在定语从句中作时间状语，即“在这些时刻里”，应用关系副词when来引导。故填when。 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 5 Languages around the World（知识清单） 单词 I．必备单词 1．carve vt．& vi．雕刻 2．regard n．尊重；关注 vt．把……视为；看待 3．struggle n．& vi．斗争；奋斗；搏斗 4．beg vt．恳求；祈求；哀求 5．factor n．因素；要素 6．symbol n．符号；象征 7．affair n．公共事务；事件；关系 8．character n．文字；符号；角色；品质；特点 9．specific adj．特定的；明确的；具体的 10．system n．体系；制度；系统 II.派生单词 1．major adj．主要的；重要的；n主修课程 vi．主修；专门研究→majority n．大多数 2．relate vt．联系；讲述→related adj有关联的→relation n．关系 3．vary vi．变化；不同；有差异 →various adj．各种各样的；不同的 →variety n．变体；异体；多样化 4．globe n．地球；地球仪→global adj．全球的→globally adv．全球地；全面地 5．equal n同等的人；相等物 adj．同样 →equally adv．平等地→equality n．平等 6．describe vt描述→description n描写；形容 短语 1.动词短语 be related to 与…… 相关 struggle for 为…… 奋斗 date back to 追溯到 be based on 以…… 为基础 connect...with... 把…… 与…… 连接 adapt to 适应 appreciate sth. 欣赏 / 感激某事 unite...into... 把…… 统一为…… 2.名词短语 writing system 书写系统 Chinese calligraphy 中国书法 ancient civilisation 古代文明 foreign language 外语 cultural world view 文化世界观 official language 官方语言 3.形容词 + 介词搭配 be known for 因…… 闻名 be divided into 被分成…… be of great importance 非常重要 be grateful for 对…… 感激 be amazed by 对…… 感到惊讶 熟词生义 熟词生义 1. struggle vi. 斗争 He struggled against cancer for two years. 他同癌症抗争了两年。 vi. 奋斗 a country struggling for independence 为独立而奋斗的国家 vi. 搏斗 I struggled and screamed for help. 我挣扎着，高声呼救。 n. 斗争；奋斗；搏斗 a power/leadership struggle 权力的争夺；领导权的斗争 2. gap n. 间隔 a gap in the conversation 谈话的间隙 n. 开口；豁口 Leave a gap between your car and the next. 在车与车之间留条道。 n. 差距 the gap between rich and poor 贫富之间的差距 3. base vt. 以...为据点 They decided to base the new company in York. 他们决定将新成立的公司总部设在约克郡。 vt. 以...为基础 He based his conclusions on the evidence. 他根据证据得出了自己的结论。 n. 底部 The lamp has a heavy base. 这盏灯的底座很沉。 n. 基础 These policies have a broad base of support. 这些政策受到广泛支持。 n. 基地 a military/naval base 军事╱海军基地 4. demand n. 要求；需求 a demand for higher pay 增加工资的要求 to meet the demand for a product 满足对某产品的需求 vt. 强烈要求 The UN has demanded that all troops be withdrawn. 联合国已要求撤出所有部队。 vt. 需要 This sport demands both speed and strength. 这项运动既需要速度也需要体力。 【熟词生义】 vi. 查问 ‘Who the hell are you?’ he demanded angrily. “你到底是谁？”他气势汹汹地查问道。 5. appreciate vt. 欣赏；重视 His talents are not fully appreciated in that company. 他的才干在那家公司未受到充分赏识。 vt. 感激 I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. 假如你支付现金的话，我会不胜感激。 vt. 领会 We didn't fully appreciate that he was seriously ill. 我们没有充分认识到他的病情很严重。 vi. 增值 Their investments have appreciated over the years. 他们的投资这些年来已经增值。 6. native adj. 出生地的；本地的；土著的 your native land/country/city 你的故乡╱祖国╱故里 The tiger is native to India. 这种虎产于印度。 n. 本地人 She speaks Italian like a native. 她的意大利语说得和意大利人一样。 7. major adj. 主要的；重要的 to play a major role in sth 在某事中起重要作用 adj. 大的 We have encountered major problems. 我们遇上了大问题。 n. 主修课程 Her major is French. 她的专业课是法语。 n. 主修学生 She's a French major. 她是法语专业的学生。 vi. 主修；专门研究 She majored in History at Stanford. 她在斯坦福主修历史。 8. refer vi. 提到 Her mother never referred to him again. 她的母亲再也没有提起过他。 vi. 参考；查阅；查询 You may refer to your notes if you want. 如果需要，可以查阅笔记。 vi. 描述；涉及 This paragraph refers to the events of last year. 这一段说的是去年发生的事。 vt. 叫...求助于 My doctor referred me to a specialist. 我的医生让我去找一位专家诊治。 9.character n. 文字；符号 Chinese characters 汉字 n. 角色 a major/minor character in the book 书中的主要╱次要人物 n. 品质 Generosity is part of the American character. 慷慨是美国人性格的一部分。 n. 特点 buildings that are very simple in character 造型很简洁的建筑物 10. specific adj. 特定的 The money was collected for a specific purpose. 这笔钱是为一个特定用途而收的。 adj. 明确的；具体的 I gave you specific instructions. 我给过你明确的指示。 adj. 特有的；独特的 a belief that is specific to this part of Africa 非洲这一地区特有的一种观念 11. refer to vi. 提到；涉及 This paragraph refers to the events of last year. 这一段说的是去年发生的事。 vt. 叫...求助于 My doctor referred me to a specialist. 我的医生让我去找一位专家诊治。 12. affair n. 公共事务 world/international/business affairs 世界╱国际╱商业事务 n. 事件 She wanted the celebration to be a simple family affair. 她希望庆祝活动仅限于家人参加。 n. 关系 She is having an affair with her boss. 她跟老板有暧昧关系。 13. regard n. 尊重 He held her in high regard. 他对她非常敬重。 vt. 把...视为；看待 She is widely regarded as the current leader's natural successor. 人们普遍认为她是现任领导的当然继任者。 n. 关注 He was driving without regard to speed limits. 他开着车，根本不理会速度限制。 n. 致意；问候 With kind regards, Yours... 谨此致意，…敬上 14. classic adj. 传统的 The menu is based on classic French cooking. 这个菜单以传统法国菜为主。 adj. 最优秀的 a classic novel/study/goal 最佳小说╱论文╱进球 adj. 典型的 a classic example of poor communication 缺乏有效沟通的典型实例 n. 经典作品；名著 English classics such as ‘Alice in Wonderland’ 英语经典作品如《艾丽丝漫游奇境记》 15. variety n. （植物、语言等的）变体；异体 Apples come in a great many varieties. 苹果的品种繁多。 n. 多样化 We all need variety in our diet. 我们都需要饮食多样化。 n. （同一事物的）不同种类，多种式样 He resigned for a variety of reasons. 他由于种种原因辞职了。 16. equal n. 同等的人；相等物 She treats the people who work for her as her equals. 她以平等的身份对待为她工作的人。 adj. 相同的；同样的 There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class. 这个班男女生人数相等。 adj. 平等的 equal rights/pay 平等的权利；同酬 adj. 能胜任的；能应付的 I hope that he proves equal to the challenge. 我希望他最后能应付这一挑战。 句型 高分亮句 1. That writing system was of great importance in uniting the Chinese people and culture.这一书写体系对于团结中国人民和中国文化具有重要意义。 句中was of great importance用的是be of＋抽象名词结构，相当于be＋该名词的同根形容词。 be of great significance/benefit ＝be very significant/beneficial 2. Even today，no matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak，they can all still communicate in writing. 即使在今天，不论住在哪里，不论说何种方言，中国人都仍能通过书写进行交流。 “no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。 该结构可以与疑问词+ever互换使用（why不用于该结构） 语法 限制性定语从句II 一、词汇清单 知识点1 1. refer vi.(referred，referred，referring)提到；参考；查阅 vt.查询；叫……求助于→reference n.指称关系；参考 ·refer to 指的是；描述；提到；查阅 refer to a book/dictionary 查阅书/词典 refer to...as... 称……为…… reference books/materials 参考书/参考资料 in/with reference to 关于 2. base vt.以……为据点；以……为基础 n.底部；根据 →based adj.以(某事)为基础的→basic adj.基本的；基础的 →basically adv. 基本上→basis n.基础 base...on/upon...把……建立在……的基础上 be based on/upon... 以……为基础 on a daily/regular basis 每天/定期 on the basis of 在……的基础上 3. means n.方法(way，method)；方式；途径 a means of 一种……的方法(means单复数同形) by all means 可以；当然行；没问题 by means of 借助……手段；依靠……方法 by no means 绝不，无论如何也不，一点都不(置于句首时，句子要部分倒装) 4 .appreciate vt.欣赏(enjoy，admire)；重视(attach importance to)； 感激；领会vi.增值→appreciation n.欣赏；感激 appreciate (one’s) doing sth 喜欢/感激(某人)做某事 I would appreciate it if... 假如……，我将不胜感激 express/convey one’s appreciation to sb 向某人表达感激之情 5.struggle n.& vi.斗争(fight)；奋斗(strive)；搏斗 struggle for... 为……而斗争/奋斗 struggle with/against sb/sth 与某人/某事做斗争 struggle to do sth 努力做某事 struggle to one’s feet 挣扎着站起来 It is a struggle (for sb) to do sth (对于某人而言)做某事真是难事 6.equal n.同等的人；相等物 adj.相同的；同样的；相等的；平等的；相等 →equally adv.同等地；公平地→equality n.平等；相等 be without equal＝have no equal 无与伦比 be equal to (doing) sth 等于/胜任(做)某事 equal sb/sth in (doing)sth 在(做)某事上比得过、敌得过某人/物 7.demand n.需求；要求 vt.强烈要求；需要 vi.查问(生义)→demanding adj.要求高的 in (great) demand 需求量大 meet/satisfy one’s demand(s) 满足某人的需求 demand to do sth 要求做某事 demand that... 要求……(从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略) 8.date back (to...)追溯到(date from/trace back to) [点拨]　date back (to)和date from一般只用现在时态，没有进行时和被动语态。 二、短语清单 重点短语 1.native speakers 说母语的人 2.the United Nations (UN) 联合国 3.attitude towards/to sth 对...的态度 4.refer to sth指的是，提及；查阅 （refer - referred - referred） 5.some day (将来)某一天 6.be widely known for 因...而广为人知 7.ups and downs 兴衰，沉浮 8.at the beginning 起初 9.a picture-based language 象形文字 10.date back to / date from 追溯到 11.over the years 多年以来 12.the Shang/Qin Dynasty 商朝/秦朝 13.lead to sth 导致，带来（lead - led - led） 14.varieties of / a variety of 各种各样的 15.be of great importance ...很重要 16.no matter where/what/who 无论哪里/无论什么/无论谁 17.be connected with 与...连接 18.the classic works 经典作品 19.be seen as 被看成是... see...as...将...看成...（see-saw-seen） 20. play a great role in ...= play a great part in ... 在...扮演重要角色; 在...发挥重要作用 21.global affairs 全球事务 22.an increasing number of 越来越多的，不断增加的 23.according to sb 根据某人说的 24.it is believed that... 大家认为... 25.point of view 观点，看法 26.reach the goal 达到目的 27.fight for 为...战斗 (fight-fought-fought) 28.joke with 与...开玩笑 29.have trouble/difficulty with sth 在...有麻烦/有问题 30.get used to sth 习惯于 used to do sth 过去曾做... be used to do sth 被用来做... 31.compare... with ... 比较... 32.mind doing sth 介意做... 33.depend on 依靠，取决于 34.bridge the gap between sth .消除...间的隔阂/差距 35.be close to sb 与...亲近 36.(be) senior to sb 比...年长/地位高 【经典练】 (一)词组填空,用所给短语的正确形式填空： (be related to, date back to, struggle for, adapt to, appreciate) 1.The Chinese writing system __________ thousands of years ago. 2.She is __________ better communication by learning sign language. 3.I really __________ your help with my English pronunciation. 4.His success __________ his hard work and good methods. 5.It took him months to __________ the new language environment. （二）翻译句子 6. 追溯到商朝的汉字是中国文明的重要部分。（date back to） _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. 我欣赏那些努力学习多种语言的人。（appreciate） _____________________________________________________________________________________ 8. 这就是我学习英语时遇到困难的原因。（why 引导定语从句） _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3、 语法清单 限制性定语从句 【精讲·语法知识】 1. 关系代词的用法 that/which：指物，作主语或宾语（that 可指人或物，which 仅指物）。 The writing system that/which developed in China has a long history.（作主语） who/whom：指人，who 作主语，whom 作宾语（可省略）。 The linguist who spoke seven languages is Zhao Yuanren.（作主语） whose：指人或物，作定语，表所属关系。 例：A polyglot is a person whose language ability is amazing.（作定语） 2.关系副词的用法 when：指时间，相当于 “介词 + which”。 1881 was the year when Lu Xun was born.（=in which） where：指地点，相当于 “介词 + which”。 This is the school where I learn calligraphy.（=in which） why：指原因，相当于 “for+which”。 The reason why he studies English is to communicate with foreigners.（=for which） 3.介词 + 关系代词 介词后用 which（指物）或 whom（指人）。 例：The symbols on which ancient people carved were found on bones.（on+which） 例：The expert with whom we discussed the language is a linguist.（with+whom） 经典练 语法填空（定语从句） 1.The man __________ invented this writing system is a linguist. (who/that) 2. This is the book __________ I borrowed from the library. (which/that) 3. The day __________ she started learning Chinese was in 2018. (when) 4. The reason __________ he failed the test is lack of practice. (why) 5. The country __________ he lives has multiple official languages. (where) 4、 写作清单 语言学习经历 / 建议类写作 【点拨·写作技巧】 1. 写作结构（以英语学习博客为例） 写作结构： （1）开头：引出问题（如学习困难）。 （2）主体：具体问题描述（如听力、词汇、语法）。 解决方法及原因（如听广播、记笔记、用 APP）。 个人体验或效果。 （3）结尾：总结感悟或呼吁行动。。 2.常用句型 （1）问题描述： The biggest problem I have is... I used to struggle with..., but now... （2）提出建议： A useful method is to... It helps to...because... （3）个人体会： What works for me is... Ever since I started..., I have... 5、 参考范文 My Experience with English Vocabulary Learning English vocabulary has always been a challenge for me. I used to forget words easily, and even if I memorised them, I didn’t know how to use them correctly. A helpful method I found is creating word banks. I group words by topic (e.g., food, culture) and write down their definitions, examples, and even drawings. For example, when learning "calligraphy," I noted its meaning and practised writing the word. Another tip is using flashcards with pictures, which helps me connect words with images. Since starting this method, my vocabulary has improved greatly. I can now remember words longer and use them in sentences. The key is to make learning fun and relevant to daily life! 经典练 书面表达：写一篇英语博客，分享你在英语学习中的一个困难及解决方法， 内容包括： 1.遇到的问题（如口语、阅读） 2.尝试过的方法及效果 3.给其他同学的建议 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 6、 模拟精练--定语从句 一、单项选择 1．（24-25高一下·广东·期末）Was it during the summer vacation ________ he visited Paris ________ he decided to study French? A．when; that B．that; when C．when; when D．that; that 2．（24-25高一上·安徽芜湖·开学考试）We are living in an information age ________ many things can be done on the Internet. A．when B．Where C．that D．which 3．（高三上·江苏宿迁·阶段练习）The reason ______ I have to go is ______ my mother is ill in bed. A．why; why B．why; because C．why; that D．that; because 4．（24-25高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·阶段练习）—Is that the small company you often refer to? —Right, just the one________ you know my father used to work for 10 years. A． that B．which B． C．where D．as 5．（24-25高一下·新疆乌鲁木齐·开学考试）Who can tell me if there is a supermarket around ________ not only ________ buy a coat of high quality for my father, but I can also taste a pleasant cup of coffee? A．that; I can B．where; can I C．which; can I D．where; I can 6．（24-25高一上·重庆·期末）A large number of university students want to find a field they can discover and fulfill their potential. A．which B．why C．where D．what 7．（24-25高一上·黑龙江大庆·期末）—- Where did you meet him? —- It was in the factory_______ he worked as a manger. A． where B．that B． C．which D．when 8．（24-25高一·全国·假期作业）We are living in an age ______ many things are done on the Internet. A．which B．that C．when D．where 9．（24-25高一上·重庆·期中）It is the moment ________ our team was announced winner ________ I will never forget. A．that; that B．that; who C．when; that D．when; who 10．（24-25高一上·江苏扬州·期中）In a society being thin is often seen as being beautiful, teenagers sometimes turn to extreme methods to slimdown quickly. A．that B．which C．where D．when 11．（24-25高一上·江苏南京·期中）The silence in the room gave rise to a curious situation ________ we were all at a loss what to do next. A．which B．where C．that D．why 12．（24-25高一上·黑龙江牡丹江·期中）She wants a job ________ her management skills can be put to good use. A．which B．where C．that D．when 13．（24-25高一上·江苏常州·阶段练习）The good news is that this stormy period ______ teenagers cannot see eye to eye with parents on anything will not last. A．when B．where C．why D．that 14．（22-23高一下·黑龙江哈尔滨·期中）It was in the village____________ he lived____________ we met by chance. A．that; that B．that; where C．where; that D．where; where 15．（23-24高一下·江西吉安·期末）My mother can always create a pleasant family atmosphere ________ all members care for each other. A．which B．when C．where D．that 二、语法填空 16．（24-25高一下·重庆·期末）The map unfolded, the detective located the right place the killer might hide. (用适当的词填空) 17．（23-24高一上·浙江杭州·开学考试）Andria’s brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time the arts are being downgraded in schools. (用适当的词填空) 18．（24-25高一下·河北石家庄·阶段练习）The global organization has over 1,000 branches adults of all ages come to read. (用适当的词填空) 19．（25-26高一·全国·假期作业）The country he lives has multiple official languages. (用适当的词填空) 20．（24-25高一下·浙江绍兴·期中）Festivals are always occasions we gather together to enjoy ourselves and forget about our work for a while. (用适当的词填空) 1 / 11 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$