内容正文:
八下重点语法复习(四)
非谓语动词
1、 定义
非谓语动词是指不能独立作谓语的动词形式,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词、过去分词)。它们虽不能作谓语,但能承担主语、宾语、定语等其他句子成分,且保留动词的部分特征(如带宾语、被副词修饰)。
注:八下主要学习了不定式,九年级将学习分词和动名词,本讲义将一起做梳理。
2、 用法详解
· 不定式(to do):
1. 构成:“to + 动词原形”,否定式为“not to do” ,表示具体的动作、目的、将来的动作或某种状态。
2. 用法:
1) 作主语:表示具体的动作或事情。
例句:To learn English well is not easy.(学好英语不容易。)
(注:为避免句子头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语后置: It is not easy to learn English well.)
2) 作宾语:跟在某些动词后(如want, hope, decide, try等)。
例句:She wants to go to the park.(她想去公园。)
He decided to study hard.(他决定努力学习。)
3) 作目的状语:表示“为了……”,常放在句首或句中。
例句:I get up early to catch the bus.(我早起是为了赶公交车。)
4) 作定语:修饰名词,放在名词后,表示“要做的……”。
例句:I have a lot of homework to do.(我有很多作业要做。)
He is looking for a room to live in.(他在找一个能住的房间。)
5) 作宾语补足语:用于“动词 + 宾语 + to do”结构(如ask, tell, teach, want等)。
例句:My mother tells me to clean the room.(妈妈叫我打扫房间。)
· 动名词(doing)
1. 构成: “动词原形 + ing”构成,具有名词性质,表示习惯性、抽象性的动作(不是具体某次动作)。
2. 用法
1) 作主语:表示抽象的行为或爱好。
例句:Swimming is my favorite sport.(游泳是我最喜欢的运动。)
Reading is good for us.(读书对我们有好处。)
2) 作宾语:跟在某些动词后(如like, enjoy, finish, practice, mind等)。
例句:He enjoys playing basketball.(他喜欢打篮球。)
We practice speaking English every day.(我们每天练习说英语。)
3) 作定语:修饰名词,说明名词的用途(“用来……的”)。
例:a swimming pool(游泳池,用来游泳的池子)
a reading room(阅览室,用来读书的房间)
· 分词
分词分为现在分词(doing) 和过去分词(done,不规则动词有特殊形式),主要作定语、状语或表语,强调动作的状态(主动/被动、进行/完成)。
· 现在分词(doing)
1. 构成:动词原形 + ing(如working, singing),表示主动、正在进行的动作。
2. 用法:
1) 作定语:修饰名词,放在名词前,说明“正在做……的”。
例:a running boy(一个正在跑步的男孩)
a smiling girl(一个微笑的女孩)
2) 作表语:表示主语的特征(“令人……的”)。
例句:The story is interesting.(这个故事很有趣。)
· 过去分词(done)
1. 构成:规则动词加ed(如worked, finished);不规则动词需特殊记忆(如seen, broken),表示被动、已完成的动作。
2. 用法:
1) 作定语:修饰名词,放在名词前,说明“被……的”“已……的”。
例:a broken cup(一个破碎的杯子,杯子是“被打碎的”)
the developed countries(发达国家,“已发展的”)
2) 作表语:表示主语的状态(“感到……的”)。
例句:I am interested in the story.(我对这个故事感兴趣。)
3、 总结:初中非谓语动词核心区别
类型
构成
核心含义
常见用法
不定式
to do
表示具体动作、目的、将来。
主要作主语、宾语、目的状语。
动名词
doing
表示习惯、抽象动作。
主要作主语、宾语。
现在分词
doing
表示主动、进行。
常作定语(表“正在做”)。
过去分词
done
表示被动、完成。
表示被动、完成。常做定语(表“被...的”)。
4、 非谓语动词固定搭配及动词词组
· 接动词-ing形式的词组
动词类:finish doing sth.(完成做某事)、enjoy doing sth.(喜欢做某事)、practice doing sth.(练习做某事)、imagine doing sth.(想象做某事)、avoid doing sth.(避免做某事)、consider doing sth.(考虑做某事)等。
固定短语类:feel like doing sth.(想要做某事)、be busy doing sth.(忙于做某事)、be worth doing sth.(值得做某事)、spend time (in) doing sth.(花费时间做某事)、have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.(做某事有困难)等。
介词后:be good at doing sth.(擅长做某事)、thank you for doing sth.(感谢做某事)、give up doing sth.(放弃做某事)、stop sb. from doing sth.(阻止某人做某事)、be afraid of doing sth.(害怕做某事)等。
to作介词时:look forward to doing sth.(期望做某事)、prefer doing sth. to doing sth.(与……相比较更喜欢……)、pay attention to doing sth.(注意做某事)、be/get used to doing sth.(习惯于做某事)等。
其他:No smoking(禁止吸烟)、No parking(禁止停车);go shopping(去购物)、go skating(去滑冰);do some cleaning(搞卫生)、do some washing(洗衣服)。
· 接动词不定式形式的词组
动词类:agree (sb) to do(同意去做)、afford to do(买得起)、decide to do(决定去做某事)、hope to do(希望去做)、wish (sb) to do(希望去做)、fail to do(做某事失败)、plan to do(打算去做)等。
句型类:allow sb. to do sth.(允许某人去做某事)、ask sb. (not) to do sth.(叫某人(不要)去做某事);be amazed to do sth.(对做某事感到惊讶)、be afraid to do sth.(害怕做某事);a chance to do sth.(做某事的一个机会)、the way to do sth.(做某事的办法);It’s + 形容词(adj.) + for(of) + sb + to do sth.(对某人来说做某事怎么样);It takes sb. some time/money to do sth.(花费某人多长时间/金钱做某事)等。
· 既可以接to do,也可以接doing的词组
forget to do(忘记要干某事)/forget doing(忘记干过某事)
remember to do(记住要干某事)/remember doing(记得干过某事)
stop to do(停下来干某事)/stop doing(停止干某事)
need to do(某人需要干某事)/need doing(某物需要怎样处理)
go on to do(继续做另一件事)/go on doing(继续做原来的事)
try to do(努力干某事)/try doing(尝试着干某事)
like to do(喜欢做具体某一行为)/like doing(喜欢做习惯性行为)
hate to do(讨厌做特定某事)/hate doing(讨厌做某事,具习惯性)
begin to do(开始做某事,多强调情况发生)/begin doing(开始做某事,强调动作持续)
非谓语动词
练习
1、 单项选择
1. My parents don’t allow me ______ out alone at night.
A. go B. going C. to go D. went
2. The story is very interesting. It makes us ______ happy.
A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt
3. I forgot ______ the door when I left, so I had to go back.
A. lock B. locking C. to lock D. locked
4. ______ English well, we need to practice every day.
A. Learn B. Learning C. To learn D. Learned
5. The girl ______ in red is my best friend.
A. dress B. dressing C. dressed D. to dress
6. Would you mind ______ the window? It’s too hot.
A. open B. opening C. to open D. opened
7. He hopes ______ a doctor in the future.
A. become B. becoming C. to become D. became
8. The film ______ last year is worth watching again.
A. make B. making C. made D. to make
9. I saw him ______ basketball on the playground just now.
A. play B. playing C. to play D. played
10. It’s important for us ______ healthy eating habits.
A. develop B. developing C. to develop D. developed
11. The teacher asked us ______ our homework before class.
A. finish B. finishing C. to finish D. finished
12. ______ too much sugar is bad for your teeth.
A. Eat B. Eating C. To eat D. Eaten
13. The problem is difficult ______.
A. solve B. solving C. to solve D. solved
14. She was busy ______ when I called her.
A. cook B. cooking C. to cook D. cooked
15. I have a lot of homework ______ tonight.
A. do B. doing C. to do D. done
二、用所给单词的正确形式填空
1. He suggested ______ (go) to the park this weekend.
2. My brother wants ______ (be) an engineer when he grows up.
3. The little boy is afraid of ______ (dark), so he sleeps with the light on.
4. I can’t wait ______ (see) my grandparents during the holiday.
5. ______ (help) others makes me feel great.
6. The machine needs ______ (check) before it’s used.
7. She practiced ______ (play) the piano for two hours yesterday.
8. It’s polite ______ (say) “thank you” when someone helps you.
9. The students are made ______ (wear) uniforms at school.
10. I remember ______ (tell) you about this before, but you forgot.
11. ______ (not talk) in class, please. The teacher is speaking.
12. The book is interesting enough ______ (read) many times.
13. They plan ______ (visit) the Great Wall next month.
14. The man ______ (stand) at the door is our new neighbor.
15. I heard her ______ (cry) loudly in the room yesterday afternoon.
答案:
一、1-5:CACCC 6-10:BCCBC 11-15:CBCCC
二、1. going 2. to be 3. darkness 4. to see 5. Helping 6. checking/to be checked 7. playing 8. to say 9. to wear 10. telling 11. Don’t talk 12. to read 13. to visit 14. standing 15. crying
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