内容正文:
中考英语专题复习
句子运用、交际运用
目 录
一、句子运用 1
(一)转换类 2
类型①陈述句改为一般疑问句 2
类型②肯定句改为否定句 3
类型③对画线部分提问 4
类型④原句改为同义句 5
(二)翻译类 9
类型①根据汉语补全句子 9
类型②根据汉语翻译句子 11
二、交际运用 11
题型①选择型补全对话 12
题型②填空型补全对话 17
一、句子运用
1.题型概述
句子运用题有很强的语法性和规律性,通常分为转换类和翻译类两种。转换类多以以下几种形式进行考查:陈述句改为一般疑问句、肯定句改为否定句、对画线部分提问和原句改为同义句;翻译类主要以两种形式进行考查:根据汉语补全句子和根据汉语翻译句子。
2.考查方向
此题型考查学生的语言基础知识,如对句子结构的构成、变化等方面知识的运用能力,涉及语法知识的各个方面,比如人称、数的变化、时态以及语态等,旨在考查学生用不同的方法和句型结构来表达相同、相近或相反的语义的能力。
(一)转换类
类型①陈述句改为一般疑问句
类型②肯定句改为否定句
类型③对画线部分提问
类型④原句改为同义句
类型①陈述句改为一般疑问句
方法
解答此类试题可从句子的谓语着手,可以参考以下解题方法:
陈述句改为一般疑问句:
①谓语含be动词、情态动词或助动词−−直接将be动词、情态动词或助动词放到句首。
②谓语是实义动词−−借助助动词,将助动词放到句首,然后再将原谓语动词还原为动词原形。
例1(2023黑龙江牡丹江中考)
Zibo barbecue (烧烤)has already become a hit.(改为一般疑问句)
Zibo barbecue become a hit ?
解题思路
分析句子结构可知,谓语含助动词has,时态为现在完成时,改为一般疑问句时直接将助动词has放到句首,首字母大写;陈述句中的already在疑问句中要改为yet,放在句末。故填Has;yet。
例2
(2 0 2 3新疆中考)I learned paper cutting from my teacher. (改为一般疑问句)
you paper cutting from your teacher?
解题思路
分析句子结构可知,谓语为实义动词learned, 时态为一般过去时,改为一般疑问句时要 借助助动词did,将did 放到句首,首字母大写,再将 learned 还原为动词原形。故填Did ;learn。
类型②肯定句改为否定句
方法
解答此类试题可从句子的谓语着手,可以 参考以下解题方法:
肯定句改为否定句:
①谓语含be动词、情态动词或助动词−−直接在be动词、情态动词或助动词后加not。
②谓语是实义动词--借助助动词,在助动词后加not放在原谓语动词前,然后再将原谓语动词还原为动词原形。
例1(2023重庆中考A)
Tim is reading Journey to the West. (改为否定句)
Tim Journey to the West.
解题思路
分析句子结构可知,本句谓语含be动词,改为否定句要在is之后加not,可缩写为isn't,其他不变,故填isn't reading。
例2(2023甘肃金昌中考)
Cindy went to Shanghai last weekend.(改为否定句)
Cindy to Shanghai last weekend.
解题思路
分析句子结构可知,谓语为实义动词went,时态为一般过去时,改为否定句时要借助助动词did,其后加not可写作didn't,再将went还原为动词原形go。故填didn’t go。
类型③对画线部分提问
方法
Step 1阅读题干,确定画线单词或短语的含义。
Step 2确定疑问词(组),根据画线单词或短语选择合适的疑问词(组)。
Step 3填入疑问词(组),将疑问词(组)放在句首,同时去掉画线部分。
Step 4变换句式,将未画线部分变成一般疑问句,放在特殊疑问词(组)后(陈述句改成一般疑问句的方法参考类型1)。
例(2023重庆中考A)
The students planted
trees in the park last week.(对画线部分提问)
the students plant trees last week?
解题思路
画线部分 in the park 表示"在公园", 用where提问,本句为一般过去时,谓语动词为实义动词planted,变为一般疑问句时借助助动词did。故填Where did。
类型④原句改为同义句
方法
在做同义句转换题时,首先要理解原句的意思,然后根据要求补全句子或写出整句,使两句意思相同或相近。下面介绍同义句转换题的常见考法与解题方法。
1.运用同义或近义词(词组)进行转换。具体运用时,我们应注意替换词在句中的位置、形式以及替换后句中其他部分的相应变化,尤其要注意替换后句子的时态要与原句的时态保持一致。
例1 (2023重庆中考A)
Panda Ya Ya returned to China on April 27,2023. (改为同义句)
Panda Ya Ya to China on April 27,2023.
解题思路
分析句子可知,空处应替换 returned "回来,返回",可用其同义词组 come back。句子时态为一般过去时,故填came back。
2.运用反义词(词组)改写,即用反义词(词组)表达与原句相同的意思,主要考查学生对反义词(词组)的积累和逆向思维的能力。
例2
It's clear that this visit is different from last time.(改为同义句)
It's clear that this visit is not the last time.
解题思路
分析句子可知,原句的different from需替换,空前增加了not the,different from意为"与……不同";the same as 意为"与……相同",其否定式与different from同义,故填same as。
3.主从/并列复合句与简单句之间的转换,即将简单句变成同义的主从/并列复合句或将主从/并列复合句变成同义的简单句,常见的转换方法有:
①动词不定式和介词短语与状语从句的相互转换;
②宾语从句与"连接词+动词不定式"或"动词不定式"结构的相互转换;
③so…that…或such…that…引导的状语从句与too…to…、…enough to…结构的相互转换;
④"think/find/...+that 从句"与"think/find/...+it+ adj.+动词不定式"结构的相互转换;
⑤利用关系词、连接词等将两个句子或并列成分合并起来,如: not only…but also…、either…or…、neither…nor. …、both…and …。
例3 (2022江苏南通中考)
These are sweet memories.I will never forget them.(保持句意基本不变)
These memories are sweet I will remember them forever.
解题思路
句意:这些是甜蜜的回忆。我永远不会忘记它们。两句还可以合并表达为:这些记忆是如此甜蜜,我将永远记住它们。可用so…that…"如此…以至于…"引导结果状语从句。故填so;that。
例4 (2023 黑龙江牡丹江中考)
Could you show me how I can use the sweeping robot?(改为简单句)
Could you show me use the sweeping robot?
解题思路
分析句子可知,how I can use the sweeping robot作 show 的宾语,为宾语从句,可用"how+ 动词不定式"结构改为简单句,故填 how to。
4.利用典型句式或结构进行转换。进行此类转换时,需弄清楚每个句型的构成特点,而且还要正确运用句中的固定搭配。这类典型句式或结构有:
①How do/does sb.like sth.?=What do/does sb.think of sth.?
②How much is/are..?=What's the price of..?
③It is better for you to do sth.=You had/You’d better do sth.
④Why don't you do sth.?=Why not do sth.?
⑤It's time to do sth.=It's time for sth.
⑥…also/too…=so+助动词/be 动词/情态动词+主语
例5(2023甘肃金昌中考)
Why don't you talk to your parents? (改为同义句)
Why to your parents?
解题思路 "Why don't you do sth.?"与 "Why not do sth.?"都表示"为什么不做某事呢?"。故填not talk。
5.非延续性动词(词组)与延续性动词(词组)的相互转换。在相互转换时往往会涉及时态的变化。
例6 (2023四川达州中考)
His brother joined the army three years ago. (改为同义句)
His brother in the army for three years.
解题思路
时间状语for three years表示一段时间,与现在完成时连用,原句中的非延续性动词join应转化为延续性动词词组be in,空前的主语 His brother 是第三人称单数,助动词用 has, 故填has been。
6.并列句与主从复合句之间的转换,即将并列句变成同义的主从复合句或将主从复合句变成同义的并列句。如:"if引导的状语从句+主句(一般将来时)"与"祈使句+and/or+一般将来时的句子"可以相互转换。
例7
Come on,or we'll miss the early bus.(改为同义句)
we hurry,we'll miss the early bus.
解题思路
"祈使句+or+一般将来时的句子"可转化为"if引导的条件状语从句+主句(一般将来时)",注意句首单词首字母大写,故填If;don't。
7.其他转换方式:
形容词、副词的比较等级之间的转换,如:比较级和最高级之间的转换。
例8
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.(改为同义句)
The Yangtze River is river in China.
解题思路
根据句意可知,在中国,长江比其他任何河流都长,即长江是中国最长的河流,考查比较级和最高级之间的转换,故填the longest。
(二)翻译类
考试清单
类型①根据汉语补全句子
类型②根据汉语翻译句子
类型①根据汉语补全句子
方法
Step1分析句子,分析对比中英文句子成分,找出所缺内容。
Step 2翻译句子,联系相关词汇和句型,翻译所缺内容,注意时态、语态、词形变化和主谓一致等问题。
Step3检查句子,检查句子,注意人称、时态及数的一致性;检查单词拼写,注意大小写。
例1 (2023重庆中考A )
加入社团是一个很好的交友方式。(完成译句)
Joining a club is a good way to .
解题思路
对比中英文句子可知,本句需要翻译的是"交友",其英文表达为make friends ;空前有不定式符号to,应用动词原形,故填make friends。
例2 (2023四川达州中考)
当我在田野里奔跑时,我的妈妈总是确保我是安全的,让我远离危险。(完成译句)
When I was running in the field,my mother always I was safe and kept me from danger.
解题思路 对比中英文句子可知,本句需要翻译 的是"确保",其英文表达为make sure,根据句意及 when引导的时间状语从句的时态可知,应用一般过去时,故填made sure。
例3 (2023重庆中考A)
书读得越多,你懂得就越多。(完成译句)
The books you read,the you'll know.
解题思路
对比中英文句子可知,本句需要翻译的是"……越多, ……越多",用"the+比较级,the+比较级"结构,故填more ;more。
类型②根据汉语翻译句子
方法
Step 1先读汉语句子,了解句意。
Step2联系相关词汇、句型,再考虑语态、时态、词形变化、主谓一致等问题,试着翻译句子。
Step3检查句子(参考类型1方法的Step 3)。
例(2023江苏扬州中考)
在你使用新洗衣机前,最好读一下说明书。
解题思路
读汉语句子可知,本句考查 before引导的时间状语从句以及固定用法had better"最好……",且时态为一般现在时,故可译为"You'd better read the instructions before you use the new washing machine."。
二、交际运用
1.题型概述
交际运用是考查学生能否运用英语进行口语交际的题型,考查学生在具体语言环境中正确运用所学语言知识交流思想、表达观点的能力,是一种综合性题型。对话主题通常以日常生活(如家庭生活、周末及节假日活动等)、学校生活(如校园生活、学习科目等)、人物情况(如兴趣爱好、梦想等)为主。按命题形式可分为选择型补全对话和填空型补全对话。
2.考试清单
题型①选择型补全对话
题型②填空型补全对话
题型①选择型补全对话
此种题型可分为两种形式:第一种是一对一型,即对话中所给空格数量与所给备选项数量正好相等,只要理解了对话内容,试题就会迎刃而解;第二种是多余型,即所给备选项数量多于题中空格数量,一般为七选五型,这种形式增加了补全对话的难度。
方法
要做好这类题目,关键是平时要养成讲英语的良好习惯,努力提高口语水平,熟练掌握日常会话中常用的问答语。
Step 1跳过空格通读全文,了解对话大意;
Step 2细读选项,注意句子类型(陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句等)和句子的关键词;
Step 3前后联系,先易后难;Step 4代入选项,验证答案。
例1(2023四川成都中考)
根据对话内容,从方框中选出适当的选项补全对话。
A:Hi,Jill.1.
B:The Little Prince,a classic novel.Have you
heard of it?
A:Yes.2.
B:Oh,it's so fantastic that I couldn’t put it down.
A:Wow!3.
B:Hmm.A story between a pilot and a little prince from another planet.
A:Sounds interesting!
B:Yeah.It also satisfies the taste of both kids and adults.4.
A:Oh,I can't wait to read it.Can you lend it to me?
B:Sure.5.
A.What is it about?
B.I'm almost done.
C.What are you reading?
D.It's well worth reading.
E.But I haven't read it yet.
解题思路
1.根据下文的答语"The Little Prince,a classic novel."可知,这是在问"你在读什么书?"。故选C。
2.根据上文的"Yes."和下文B向A介绍该书的主要内容可知,A听说过这本小说,还未读过,E项"但我还没读过。"符合上下文语境,故选E。
3.根据下文的"A story between a pilot and a little prince from another planet."可知,这是在介绍书的内容,所以要提问"这本书是关于什么的?"。故选A。
4. 根据上文"It also satisfies the taste of both kids and adults."和下文"Oh,I can't wait to read it."可知,设空处是关于推荐这本书的句子。D项"这本书很值得一读。"符合语境,故选D。
5. 根据"Can you lend it to me?"和 "Sure." 可知,B表示可以把书借给A。由此可知,B项"我快读完了。"符合上下文语境,故选B。
例2 (2023江西中考)
请阅读下面对话,根据对话内容从下面方框内的七个选项中选择五个填入空白处,使对话通顺、合理,意思完整。一空一句。
(Andy and Henry are talking in the school.Andy =A,Henry=H)
A:Look!There's a photo competition in the newspaper.
H:1. I'd like to have a try.
A:Well,you have to take a nice animal photo.
H:2. I can choose one.
A:No,it must be an animal that doesn't live with you.
H:I see.3.
A:Good idea!There are lots of birds and wild ducks there.
H:4.
A:No,I don't.What about you?
H:5. It doesn't work for a week.
A:Oh!Let's go to ask Mr.Lee for help.
A.Mine's broken
B.I agree with you.
C.Sounds interesting!
D.I don't like animals.
E.Do you have a camera?
F.Let's have a look by the lake.
G.I have many photos of my cats!
解题思路
1. 由下文"I'd like to have a try."可知,设空处表示对这个比赛感兴趣。故选C。
2. 由下文"I can choose one."可知,选项G"I have many photos of my cats!"符合语境。故选G。
3. 由下文中的"Good idea! "及 birds and wild ducks there可知,空处提出了一个新想法,选项 F"Let's have a look by the lake."符合语境。 故选 F。
4. 由下文"No,I don't."可知,设空处是一个以 Do you 开头的一般疑问句。故选E。
5.由下文"It doesn't work for a week."可知,设空处指照相机坏了。故选A。
例3 (2023山西中考)
下面是手机群聊的记录,请根据聊天内容,从方框内所给的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余项。
(Three friends are talking about the school trip.)
Friends (3 persons)
A
B
C
Hey,Lin Tao.1.
Great!I've learned a lot about China's space technology.How rapidly it develops!
2. It has got a lot of success.
Right!I was excited to see Shenzhou XVI(神舟十六号)rising into space on TV.3. .
Yes,I did.I feel so proud of our country.
So do I.And Jing Haipeng is my hero.4. .
All the astronauts are my heroes.Their fighting spirit touches me deeply.
Yeah!5.
Me,too.Let's work harder together!
A.Thank you.
B.That's true.
C.I have no idea.
D.What about yours?
E.Did you watch the news?
F.I want to be a person like them.
G.How was your trip to the space museum?
解题思路
1. 由下文"Great!" 可知,设空处是一个询问感受的句子。"How was your trip to the space museum?"意为"你的太空博物馆之旅怎么样?",符合语境。故选G。
2.上文"How rapidly it develops!"及下文"It has got a lot of success."都在谈论我国空间技术的进步。"That's true."意为"那是真的",表示认同我国空间技术发展迅速,同时引出下文对我国空间技术发展迅速的称赞,符合语境。故选 B。
3. 由下文"Yes,I did."可知,设空处是一个一般疑问句。故选E。
4. 上文"And Jing Haipeng is my hero."说景海鹏是"我"的英雄。D 选项"What about yours?"意为"你的英雄是谁?",引出下文"All the astronauts are my heroes.",符合语境。故选D。
5. 由下文"Me,too.Let's work harder together!" 可知,设空处应涉及需要努力学习来达成的目 标。"I want to be a person like them."意为"我 想成为他们那样的人",符合语境。故选F。
题型②填空型补全对话
填空型补全对话一般要求学生根据对话内容及逻辑关系,填写对话中所缺的词语或句子,使对话意思连贯,语法正确,符合英语表达习惯。
方法
Step 1通读对话,判断情景
跳过空处,快速通读对话。了解整体结构,把握对话主题和内容,锁定语境范围,尝试判断双方关系或对话是在何时、何地、何种场合进行的,如打电话、购物、问路或者点餐等。
Step 2分析对话,填入答案
①看标点,知句子种类。根据空处所在句子末尾的标点符号可判断句子是陈述句、疑问句还是感叹句等。②上下联系,寻找信息的对接点。充分利用所填句子上下文提供的相关信息,把握说话人的身份、态度、意图,厘清句与句、首与尾之间的逻辑关系,初步确定答案。
Step 3复读对话,验证答案
把所填句子代入对话中,通读全篇对话,对所有的答案逐个复检和验证,看对话是否连贯、通顺,对话发展过程是否合理,并且检查语法是否正确。
例1(2023河南中考)
根据下面的对话情景,在每个空白处填上一个适当的句子,使对话的意思连贯、完整。
A:Hey,Leilei!Have you got any plans for the weekend?
B:Not yet.1. ?
A:I heard the Science and Technology Center is a great place to visit.
2. ?
B:I am sorry,but I have been there already. A:What a pity!When did you go there?
B:3. .I went with my family.
A:Did you enjoy yourselves?
B:Yes,we had a great time there.
A:4. ?
B:We watched a video about how Shenzhou-16 was sent into space successfully.
A:What else did you do?
B:5. .
A:Cool!I will ask my sister to go with me this weekend.
B:Have a good time!
【语篇解读】A与B二人主要谈论周末计划。
1.Any suggestions/advice/ideas/opinions/plans
Do you have any suggestions/advice/ideas/ opinions/plans
Do you have any plans for the weekend
How/What about you
What's your plan/idea/opinion/suggestion/advice
……
由下文"I heard the Science and Technology Center is a great place to visit."可知,设空处是问对方的建议或计划。
2.Do you want to go(there)with me
Would you like to go(there)with me
How/What about going there together
Shall we go(there)together
Why not go there with me
……
由下文"I am sorry,but I have been there already." 可知,设空处表示邀请对方一起前往科技中心。
3.Last Saturday
Three days ago
Yesterday
I went there last Saturday/yesterday/...
……
由上文"When did you go there?"可知,设空处是一个表达过去某个时间的句子。
4.What did you do(there)
……
由下文"We watched a video about how Shenzhou-16 was sent into space successfully." 可知,设空处问对方在那里做了什么。
5.We(also)watched a robot show
We(also)talked to a smart robot
We(also)took some photos
We(also)bought some souvenirs
……
由上文"What else did you do?"可知,设空处 应回答在科技中心做的其他事情。
例2 (2023陕西中考)
根据下面对话中的情境,在每个空白处填入一个适当的语句,使对话恢复完整。
(Peter,a student from the UK studying in Xi'an, meets his mom at the airport in the morning.)
Son:Hi,Mom.I miss you so much.
Mom:1. .You've been in
Xi'an for one year.How is it going?
Son:Pretty good.People here are very friendly,and there are many places of interest.This afternoon,let's visit the Bell Tower first.
Mom:2. ?
Son:It is called the Bell Tower because there is a big bell in the tower.It was used to tell time in the past.
Mom:That's interesting.It's like Big Ben in our country.3. ?
Son:No,it's not far.It's just 10 minutes' walk from the hotel.
Mom:That's good.
(In the evening,they take a walk near Dayan Pagoda.)
Mom:Wow,the night view here is amazing.
Son:Yes,Mom.Look,Dayan Pagoda!It was built over 1,300 years ago and it's well- protected.
Mom:Unbelievable!Such a long time!4. ?
Son:They are poems,written on lights.
Mom:That's cool.Xi'an is rich in history and culture.Can you show me around other places?
Son:5. .We can also go to many other beautiful places in Shaanxi.They are worth visiting.
Mom:Great.I’m sure I will have a wonderful time.
【语篇解读】
在西安的留学生皮特在向远道而来的母亲介绍西安。
1.I miss you too/Me,too/Miss you 之类根据 "Hi,Mom.I miss you so much."可知,此处应回答"我也想你"。
2.Why is it called the Bell Tower 根据答语"It is called the Bell Tower because there is a big bell in the tower."可知,此处询问为什么它被叫做钟楼。
3.Is it far(from the hotel)根据答语"No,it's not far.It's just 10 minutes' walk from the hotel." 可知,此处是一般疑问句,询问钟楼(离酒店)远不远。
4.What are they/these/those 根据答语"They are poems,written on lights."可知,此处是询问它们/这些/那些是什么。
5.Sure/No problem/Of course/Yes/Yes,I can之类根据问句"Can you show me around other places?"和"We can also go to many other beautiful places in Shaanxi."可知,此处是作肯定回答。
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