内容正文:
Unit 4 Growing up
· Comic strip & Welcome to the unit
1. What’s on your mind, Eddie?在想什么呢,埃迪?
on one’s mind 意为“挂在心上”。
Don’t bother him. He’s got a lot on his mind.
别打扰他了。他烦心事够多了。
Your health is always on your mother’s mind.
你的健康总挂在妈妈的心上。
【拓展】mind构成的短语:
in one’s mind 在脑海里
keep… in mind 把……记在脑子里;
make up one’s mind 下决心
2. Don’t wake me up until you finish building it.
直到你建好房子,你再叫醒我。
(1)not…until…意为“直到……才……”,表示句子(主句)的动作直到until所表示的时间才开始发生,句子(主句)的谓语动词常用非延续性动词。
You mustn’t eat anything until you see the doctor.
直到你看过医生才准你吃东西。
My father didn’t go to bed until I came back last night.
昨晚爸爸直到我回来才去睡觉。
(2)until/till…意为“直到…”,表示句子(主句)的动作延续到until/till所表示的时间才结束,句子(主句)谓语动词常用延续性动词。
My father waited for me until I came back last night.
昨晚爸爸一直等到我回来。
I waited for him until 3 o’clock. 我等他等到三点钟。
3. Books allow me to learn about people in different times and places, and I can read them whenever I want to. 书籍可以让我了解不同时间不同地方的人,并且每当我想读时,我随时可以阅读它们。
(1) allow是动词,意为“允许,准许”,常用于allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事;allow doing sth.“允许做……”。例如:
My parents don’t allow me to smoke. 我的父母不允许我抽烟。
We don’t allow eating in the classrooms. (我们)不允许在教室吃饭。
Her boss doesn’t allow her to use the telephone. 她的老板不允许她使用电话。
(2)whenever意为“在任何……时候;无论何时”,作连词时可引导让步状语从句。类似的词还有whatever(无论什么),wherever(无论哪里),whoever(无论谁)等。
You can ask me for help whenever you are in trouble.
你无论何时陷入困境都可以叫我帮忙。
Whatever you say, I’ll believe you.无论你说什么,我都相信你。
Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out.不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。
4. I like to learn about the world through the Internet.
我喜欢通过因特网了解世界。
through 介词,意为“以,凭借;穿过”。
He bought a flat through many years’ of hard work.
他经过多年的辛苦工作购买了一套公寓。
辨析:across, through,past与over
相同点:都可以作介词,都可以表示“穿过,通过”。
不同点:across强调“横过”,从物体表面的一边到另一边;
through指“穿过;透过”,表示从物体内部空间穿过;
past指“从旁边经过,走过”;
over意为“越过”,指从一边到另一边。
5. As soon as you click the mouse, there’s a great deal of information.
你一点击鼠标就有大量的信息。
(1)a great deal of意为“大量的”,修饰不可数名词。
It took a great deal of time and effort.那花费了大量的时间和努力。
(2)information意为“信息”,是不可数名词。a piece of information意为“一则信息”。
I need some information about that school.
我需要有关那所学校的一些信息。
· Reading
1. He was very small—much smaller than the other kids at school. 他很矮——比学校里的其他孩子要矮不少。
比较级前可以加much, a little, even等表示程度加强。
Shanghai is much bigger than my hometown.上海比我的家乡大多了。
He practised even harder and finally achieved his dream.
他训练更加刻苦,终于实现了他的梦想。
2. He practised even harder and got the coach to change his mind. 他更加刻苦地训练,并让教练改变了主意。
(1)mind名词,意为“想法,意见”。
keep sth. in mind记住某事
change one’s mind改变某人的主意
make up one’s mind下定决心
【拓展】mind 还可作动词,意为“介意,在乎”。mind doing sth.意为“介意做某事”。
I hope you don’t mind.我希望你不要介意。
Would you mind looking after my child?你介意照顾一下我的孩子吗?
(2)get sb. to do sth.意为“让某人做某事”。
My mother always gets me to play the piano for an hour every day.
妈妈总叫我每天弹钢琴一小时。
Can you get her to agree with us? 你能让她同意我们的想法吗?
3. As a result, he succeeded in getting a scholarship. 结果,他成功获得了奖学金。
(1) as a result 结果;因此
【拓展】as a result与as a result of的辨析:
1) as a result意为“因此,结果”,后面指事情的结果。
2) as a result of意为“由于”,后跟名词或代词,相当于because of。如:He was late as a result of the snow. 由于大雪,他迟到了。
(2) succeed in doing sth. 意为“(在某方面)取得成功;达到目的”。
succeed是动词,success是名词,successful是形容词,successfully是副词。
My brother succeeded in winning the competition.
=My brother won the competition successfully.
我哥哥成功地在竞赛中获胜。
Mr Wang has success at work. He is a success/ He is successful.
王先生在工作上很成功,他是个成功人士。
4. He remained there for about a year before the NBA took notice of him.
在NBA注意到他之前,他在那儿待了大约一年。
(1)remain动词,意为“逗留,待”。
作连系动词时, 表示维持某种状态。
I will remain in Beijing for a week.我要在北京待一周。
Why does she remain silent? 她为何总保持沉默?
(2)take notice of 意为“注意”,相当于动词notice。
I didn’t take notice of him when I walked past.
路过的时候我没有注意到他。
· Grammar
一、状语从句的概念
在主从复合句中作状语的句子被称为状语从句。
2、 时间状语从句
时间状语从句是用来表示事件发生的时间关系的从句,它在句子中充当状语,通常由连接词如before, after, when, while, since, until/till, whenever, as soon as等引导。它可以位于主句之前或之后。
1. before意为“在……之前”, 表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前。
Close the windows before you leave the room, please. 在你离开房间前,请关上窗。
【拓展】
It will be/ was+ 时间段 before+一般现在时句子/一般过去时句子:不久之后就/才......
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
It was 3 minutes before Tom appeared. 3分钟后Tom就现身了。
2. after意为“在……之后”,表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后。
I went to school after I finished my breakfast. 我吃完早饭去上学。
After he locked the door,he left.他锁上门之后就走了。
【注意】
为了表明动作的先后,从句中动词可用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时。如:
After he had finished his work,he played a game of chess with his friends.他做完工作后,和朋友下了一会儿棋。
2. when意为“当……时”,引导的时间状语从句,既可以表示“某一段时间”,又可以表示“某一时刻”,因此,其引导的从句中的谓语动词,既可以是延续性动词stay, live, study等;又可以是短暂性动词:go, arrive, borrow等。
The days get longer when spring comes. 春天来时,白天变长了。
3. while意为“当……时”,引导的从句用进行时态,从句谓语动词必须是延续性动词。
While my sister was sweeping the floor, I was washing the dishes. 我姐姐扫地时,我在洗碗。
While the boys were playing football, it rained. 当男孩子们踢足球时,下雨了。
【注意】while 后面还可以跟表示状态的词。
While I was in Beijing, I visited a lot of places. 在北京的时候,我参观了很多地方。
【拓展】在含有when和while引导的从句的主从复合句中,当主句和从句的主语一致,并且从句中含有be动词时,从句可以省略主语和be动词。
When (she is) in trouble, she always asks for my help. 她遇到困难时总是向我求助。
While (I am) travelling, I like to buy some souvenirs.
旅游时我喜欢买一些纪念品。
4. since 意为“自从……以来”,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。
They have been friends since they were at primary school. 他们从小学起就一直是朋友。
Since I left school,I have written to him twice.自从我离开学校以来,我已经给他写过两封信。
5. till& until
(1) till和until意为“到……为止”,一般情况下两者可以互换。until可以放在句首或句中,而till不可以用在句首。
Walk till/until you see a white house.一直走到你看到一座白房子为止。
(√)Until he comes back,nothing can be done.在他回来之前,什么也不能做。
(×)Till he comes back,nothing can be done.在他回来之前,什么也不能做。
(2) 如果主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,主句用肯定形式,表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/till所表示的时间为止。
I’ll wait for you till you come to see me. 我会一直等到你来看我。
(3) 如果主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词时,用否定形式表示主句的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生,构成句式not...until,有时不用not,而用其他如never,nothing等表否定意义的词。
I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework. 我直到完成作业才去睡觉。
Don’t wake me up till/until you finish building it. 等你把它建完再叫我。
6. as soon as意为“一……就……”,引导时间状语从句。时态遵循“主将从现”原则,即当主句时态为一般将来时时,从句用一般现在时表将来。
We began to work as soon as we got there. 我们一到那里就开始工作。
He will visit you as soon as he gets there. 他一到那里就会去拜访你。
7. whenever意为“每当,任何时候”,whenever可以用every time替换。
He likes listening to music whenever he has time. 每当他有时间的时候,他喜欢听音乐。
8. 知识点
Before and after can also be used as prepositions of time.
be used as意思是“被作为……使用”,as是介词,意思是“作为”,它强调被当作工具或者手段来使用。
如:Our classroom is used as a reading-room. 我们的教室被用来当阅览室使用。
The computer can be used as a tool.计算机可以被当作工具用。
【拓展】
(1) be used for 意思是“被用来做某事”,for是介词,它的后面用名词或者动名词作宾语。例如:
Knives are used for cutting things. 刀是用来割东西的。
(2) be used by意思是“被……使用”,by后面跟人或者物,表示强调动作的使用者。例如:
This radio is often used by my mother. 这台收音机经常被我的妈妈使用。
(3) be used to do something意思是“被用来做某事”,和be used for doing是同义词短语。如:
It is used for learning English.=It is used to learn English. 它被用来学习英语的。
(4)be used to doing something的意思是“习惯于做某事”。
如:My father is used to living in the village. 我的爸爸习惯于住在乡村。
9. 知识点
…he scored 41 points in a game against the Atlanta Hawks.
……他在与亚特兰大老鹰队的一场比赛中得了41分。
Against介词, 意为“对抗, 与……相反, 违反”。
Our class will play basketball against Class 2.
我们班要与二班进行篮球对抗赛。
We should never do anything against the law.
我们不应该做违法的事。
【拓展】against作介词, 还可意为“倚, 靠”。
The boy is standing against the door.
那个男孩正靠着门站着。
· Integrated skills & Study skills
1.World War Ⅱ broke out in Europe in 1939 and ended in 1945.
第二次世界大战于1939年在欧洲爆发,1945年结束。
breakout意为“ (战争、火灾等不愉快事件)突然发生,爆发”。是不及物动词短语,不能带宾语,也不能用于被动语态。
A big fire broke out during the night.夜间突然发生了一场大火。
Do you know when World War I broke out?你知道第一次世界大战是什么时候爆发的吗?
2. Her father had her diary published他的父亲将她的日记出版。
have something done 意为“使/让某事物被……”。
My computer doesn’t work. I will have it repaired this afternoon.
我的电脑坏了,我下午要找人修。
I had my hair cut last Saturday.我上周六理了发。
3. In her diary, Anne wrote down her thoughts, her feelings, her hopes and her dreams for the future.在她的日记里,安妮写下了她的想法、她的情感、她的希望和她对未来的梦想。
write down意为“写下,记下”。write down为“动词+副词”型短语,宾语为代词时,应将代词放在write和down之间。
Can you write down your phone number here? 你能把你的电话号码写在这儿吗?
Here is Lucy’s new address. Please write it down. 这是露西的新地址。请把它写下来。
· Task
1. My father is in his fifties.我爸爸五十多岁了。
in one’s +整十数词的复数,表示“在某人几十多岁的时候”。
in one’s teens/ twenties/ thirties/ forties/fifties/ sixties/ seventies/ eighties/ nineties在某人十多岁/二十多岁/三十多岁/四十多岁/五十多岁/六十多岁/七十多岁/八十多岁/九十多岁时。
She was in her mid-twenties.她有二十五六岁。
He was then in his late seventies. 他当时已经快八十岁了。
In his thirties, he left his hometown. 在三十多岁的时候,他离开了家乡。
2. To my surprise, he has decided to donate his body for medical research after his death.令我惊讶的是,他已决定去世后捐献遗体供医学研究。
surprise此处是动词,意为“使……惊奇”;
surprise还可作名词,意为“惊奇,诧异”;
surprising是形容词,意为“令人惊讶的”,常用来修饰事物;
surprised是形容词,意为“吃惊的,惊讶的”,常用来指人的感觉。
to one’s surprise意为“令某人吃惊的是”。
He was surprised to see me standing in front of him. 看到我站在他面前,他很吃惊。
When he saw the surprising photo, he said, “What a great surprise!” 他看到这张令人惊讶的照片时,他说:“真是令人惊讶啊!”
Don’t look at me in surprise. 别那么惊讶地看着我。
To my surprise, he hasn’t finished his homework. 令我吃惊的是,他还没有完成家庭作业。
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