内容正文:
语法
一般过去时的被动语态
课标词汇
style样式;款式project项目;工程pleasure高兴;愉快
daily日常的;每日的website网站 pioneer先锋;先驱 list 列表;列清单;名单;清单 mention提到;说到ruler统治者;支配者boil 煮沸;烧开 remain保持不变;剩余 smell气味;发出......的气味;闻到 nation adj.国家的;民族的 trade贸易;交易;做买卖;从事贸易 doubt疑惑;疑问;怀疑fridge 冰箱 low低的;矮的 somebody某人;重要人物translate 翻译lock锁上;锁住;锁 earthquake地震 sudden突然(的);bell钟(声);铃(声)biscuit饼干 cookie曲奇饼 musical音乐的;有音乐天赋的instrument仪器;器械;工具
sour酸的;有酸味的 customer顾客;客户 divide分开;分散 basket篮 hero英雄;男主角nearly几乎
have a point有道理take place发生;出现without doubt毫无疑问;的确all of a sudden突然;猛地by mistake无意中;错误地 divide...into把...分开;look up to钦佩;仰慕the Olympics奥林匹克运动会
Section A
1.When was the telephone invented?
【难点】这是由when引导的特殊疑问句,由“When was/were+名词+invented?”构成,用于询问某物在过去被发明的时间,be动词用was还是were取决于主语的形式。
When were the first computer and the first fridge invented?
第一台计算机和第一台冰箱是什么时候发明的?
知识归纳:“疑问词+was/were+主语+及物动词的过去分词?”是一般过去时的被动语态的特殊疑问句。
—Where was it made?它是在哪里制造的?
—In Changsha.在长沙。
2.核心句型:I think it was invented in 1876.
【难点】think后面的宾语从句用了一般过去时的被动语态,由“主语+was/were+及物动词的过去分词”构成,表示某个动作在过去的时间里被做。
—When was it invented?它是什么时候发明的?
—I think it was made in 2017.我想它是在2017年被发明的。
3. What is it/are they used for?
【词块】句中用了be used for短语,表示“被用作”。该短语的主语通常是事物。该短语中的for是介词,在此要接表示事物的名词、代词、V-ing形式作宾语。该结构说明主语的用途,be used for doing sth可以与be used to do sth互换使用。
It is generally agreed that the outer space should not be used for military purposes.
人们一致公认外层空间不应当被用于军事目的。
Pens are used for writing.
=Pens are used to write.笔是用来写字的。
知识拓展 be used还可以与介词as和by搭配。
1.be used as表示“被用作”,要接表示事物的名词或代词作宾语。
Pens are used as a weapon for struggling by some writers.
笔在一些作家手中被用作斗争的武器。
2.be used by意为“被......使用”,by引导的结构表明主语被谁使用,常接表示人的名词或代词作宾语。
The pen name is used by a famous writer.
这个笔名是一个著名作家用的。
4. the style of the shoes
【词块】style在此作不可数名词,意为“款式”。
I like the style of this coat.我喜欢这个外套的款式。
知识归纳:style读音是[staɪl],由于[st]后面有元音,放在一起要发生浊化现象,[t]要读成[d]。
1.style作可数名词时还可以表示“风格”。
She has a style of her own in everything. 她在各方面都有自己的独特风格。
2.构成短语in style,表示“时髦的”。反义短语是out of style,意为“过时的”。
This coat is in style.这件衣服很时髦。
This car is out of style.这辆车过时了。
5.the subject for my school project
【词块1】for my school project是for引导的介词短语,作后置定语修饰subject。for引导的介词短语,翻译为“.......的”。for用在某些名词的后面,用于引出信息。
Reduced-calorie cheese is a great substitute for cream cheese.
低卡路里干酪是奶油干酪的极好替代品。
【词块2】project在此作可数名词,意为“课题”。
Students complete projects for a personal tutor, working at home at their own pace.
学生们为个人导师完成课题研究,在家里按自己的速度工作。
知识拓展:project作可数名词时意为“项目”。
Money will also go into local development projects in Vietnam.
资金也会流入越南本地开发项目。
6.With pleasure!
【词块】“With pleasure!”表示“非常愿意!”,是对别人请求的肯定答复。
—Can you help me carry the box?你可以帮我搬这个箱子吗?
—With pleasure!非常愿意!
知识拓展:“My pleasure!”是回答道谢的交际用语,意为“不客气!”,可以与“It’s a pleasure.”互换使用。
—Thanks for helping me!谢谢你帮助我!
—My pleasure. / It’s a pleasure. 不用谢。
7.Think about how often it’s used in our daily lives.
【难点】how often it’s used in our daily lives是how often引导的宾语从句。how often意为“多久一次”,对频率提问,引导宾语从句时从句用陈述语序。
—Can you tell me how often you play football?你可以告诉我你多久踢一次足球?
—Twice a week.一周两次。
【词块2】daily是形容词,意为“每天的、日常的”,要放在名词前面作定语,指每24小时发生一次的,或指每日必然发生的。知识回顾:与how有关的疑问词组还有:
1.how far意为“多远”,对距离提问。
It’s about 38,000,000 kilometres from the earth to the moon.
从地球到月球的距离大约是38,000,000公里。
How far is it from the earth to the moon?
地球到月球有多远?
2.how many意为“多少”,对可数名词的数量提问。
Lily has three apples.莉莉有三个苹果。
—How many apples does Lily have?莉莉有多少个苹果?
3.how much意为“多少、多少钱”,对不可数名词的数量或价格提问。
I buy a kilo of pork.我买一斤猪肉。
—How much pork do you buy?你买多少猪肉?
The book is 20 yuan.这本书20元。
—How much is the book?这本书多少钱?
I volunteer because it takes me out of my daily life.
我去做志愿者是因为它能让我从日常生活中抽身而出。
知识拓展:daily还可以作副词,意为“每天地”。
Cathay Pacific flies daily nonstop to Hong Kong.
国泰航空的航班每天直飞香港。
8. you do seem to have a point
【词块】have a point是动词短语,意为“有道理”,用于赞同对方的观点或看法。
What you say has a point.你说的话有道理。
9.The pioneers of different inventions were listed there.
【词块1】pioneer是可数名词,意为“先锋、先驱”。
You are the pioneers of a New Era.
你们是新纪元的先锋。
【词块2】were listed是及物动词list的被动语态形式,时态为一般过去时。list在此表示“列出”。
The pupils were asked to list the sports they loved most and hated most.
学生们被要求列出他们最喜欢的和最讨厌的运动。
知识归纳:list作可数名词时意为“清单”,构成短语make a list of,表示“列出......的清单”。
We are making a list of the top ten men we would not want to be married to.
我们正在列一个我们最不想嫁的10种男人的名单。
10.It mentioned that the zipper was invented by Whitcomb Judson in 1893.
【词块】mention是及物动词,意为“提到”,可以接名词、代词、V-ing形式、宾语从句作宾语。
Don’t mention the war! You will set grandpa off talking for hours.
别提战争!你会引得祖父大谈几个小时的。
People only seem to mention going to Houston for work or study.
似乎只有在涉及工作或学习时,人们才会提到要去休斯顿。
You can mention what you are trying to do.
你可以提及你正在努力做的事情。
知识拓展 :not to mention意为“更不用说”,可以接名词、代词、V-ing形式。
He has not learnt English, not to mention French.
他连英语都没学,更别说法语了。
I didn't even see him, not to mention shaking hands with him.
我看都没有看见他,更不要说同他握手了。
11. was invented by accident
【词块】by accident是介词短语,意为“偶然地、无意地”,作方式状语。该短语侧重运气和偶然性,作方式状语时可以放在句中或句末,不放在句首,也可以放在be动词后面作表语。该短语的同义短语是by chance。反义短语是on purpose,意为“故意地”。
It happened quite by chance/accident.
这完全是偶然发生的。
Do you think that it is by accident/chance?
你想这是偶然的吗?
Maybe he does this on purpose.
也许他是故意这么做的。
12.It is said that a Chinese ruler called Shen Nong was the first to discover tea as a drink.
【句型】本句用的是“It is said +that从句.”句型,表示“据说......”。it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句that ......as a drink。that无词义,只起连接词的作用,不省略。
It is said that the US has worked out the plan to attack Iran.
据说美国已制订出袭击伊朗的计划。
【词块2】to discover tea as a drink是动词不定式作后置定语修饰the first。the first在此相当于the first person,指“第一人”。不定式部分是由the first发出的动作,它们之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,表达主动含义。当被修饰的词含有序数词或本身就是序数词时,如果被修饰的词与后置定语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,后置定语要用动词不定式结构。知识归纳 类似的句型还有:
1.It is well known that.......众所周知......
It is well known that adolescents often select peers who engage in behaviors similar to their own.
众所周知,青少年经常选择和他们自己的行为方式类似的朋友在一起。
2.It is reported that......据报道......
It is reported that the generation growing up with television can barely write a correct English sentence. 据报道,伴随着电视机长大的这代人几乎写不出一个正确的英文句子。
3.It is supposed that......据推测......
It is supposed that they win the football match.据推测,他们赢得了足球比赛。
You are the first(person) to threaten me.
你是第一个威胁我的人。
用法辨析:动词不定式作后置定语表示主谓关系和现在分词结构作后置定语的异同点。
相同点:都可以表示主动含义。
不同点:
1.现在分词结构作后置定语时可以表示被修饰的词正在进行某个动作,也可以描述被修饰的词的特征。
The boy having lunch is my brother.
正在吃午餐的那个男孩是我弟弟。
They lived in a room facing the north thirty years ago.
三十年前,他们住在朝北的房子里。
2.动词不定式结构作后置定语表示主谓关系时暗含的动作性比现在分词强,但不表示某个动作正在进行,也不用于描述被修饰词语的特征。
The factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.
一座发电厂明年将要建起来。
13.One day Shen Nong was boiling drinking water over an open fire.
【词块1】one day意为“一天”,作时间状语。它在文中与过去时连用,指过去的某一天。
One day I saw him in a shop.一天,我在商店看见了他。
知识回顾:one day还可以意为“(将来)某一天”,可以与一般现在时或一般将来时连用。
I think I can make progress one day.
我想有一天我会取得进步。
You will make big mistakes one day.
总有一天你会犯大错误的。
【词块2】was boiling是过去进行时态结构,表示boil这个动作在过去的时间里正在发生。boil作及物动词,意为“煮沸、烧开”。
Boil the water for the tea.把水烧开泡茶。
【词块3】over an open fire是介词短语作地点状语。over是方位介词,意为“在……的正上方”,强调两个物体垂直且没有接触。知识回顾:过去进行时的用法
1.过去进行时由“was/were+V-ing”构成,第一及第三人称单数用was,其余情况用were。
2.过去进行时用于描述过去某个时间点正在进行的动作,常和表示过去的时间状语连用,比如at that time/moment,this time yesterday,at+时刻+last night,then等等。
They were cleaning their bedroom yesterday evening.昨晚他们在打扫卧室。
Don’t ask me. I was sleeping at that time.
别问我。我那时在睡觉。
3.过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
(1)一般过去时陈述过去的事实或过去发生的动作,常与表示过去时间段的状语连用,比如...ago,just now以及表示频率的时间状语等等。
(2)过去进行时描述过去某个时间里正在发生的动作,常与具体的表示过去的时间点或时间段连用。
I was driving yesterday morning.我昨天早上一直在开车。
I drove to my grandpa’s yesterday morning.我昨天早上开车去了爷爷家。
There is a light over the desk.
桌子的正上方有盏灯。
词语辨析:above,on,over都可以作方位介词,含有“在……之上”之意,区别如下:
1.above指“在……上方”,表示某物体的位置高出另一物体的位置,两物体不接触,
可以正对着,也可以不正对着。因此它包含的含义比over要广一些。
The plane is flying above the clouds.
飞机正在云层上飞行。
2.on指“在……上”,两物体表面接触。
The box is on the table. 盒子在桌子上。
14. remained there for sometime
【词块1】remain在此作不及物动词,意为“滞留”。
Please remain here till I return.
请留在这儿,等我回来。
She begged him to remain at home.
她恳求他待在家里。
知识回顾:remain作连系动词时意为“保持”,可以接形容词和V-ing作表语。
The whole thing remained clear in her mind.
这整件事在她脑海中留下了清晰的印象。
She remained sitting when they came in.
当他们进来时,她仍然坐着。
【词块2】for some time是介词短语作时间状语。some time是名词短语,意为“一段时间”。
I need some time to do my homework.
我需要一些时间做作业。
知识回顾
1.sometimes是频率副词,意为“有时”。
I sometimes watch TV in the evening. 我有时晚上看电视。
2.some times是名词短语,意为“几次”。
Lily goes to Beijing some times.
丽丽去过北京几次了。
3.sometime是副词,意为“某时”,表示某个不确切或不具体的时间,常用于过去时或将来时的句子中。
Jack will leave for the USA sometime next week.杰克将在下周某个时候动身去美国。
15.It produced a nice smell so he tasted the brown water.
【词块1】smell在此作可数名词,意为“气味”。
The smell of the baked bread is nice.这个烤面包的气味很不错。知识归纳:smell的其他含义
1.作不可数名词时构成短语sense of smell,意为“嗅觉”。
He loses his sense of smell.他失去了嗅觉。
2.作及物动词时意为“闻到”。
As soon as we opened the front door,we could smell the gas.
我们一打开前门就能闻到那煤气味。
【词块2】taste作及物动词,意为“品尝”,常接表示“食物、饮料”的词作宾语。
I tasted the wine the waiter had produced.
我尝了尝服务员端上来的葡萄酒。
知识归纳:taste的其他用法
1.作不可数名词,构成短语a sense of taste,表示“味觉”。
They have lost a sense of taste.他们失去味觉了。
2.作可数名词时意为“味道、喜好”。
I like the taste of wine and enjoy trying different kinds.
我喜欢葡萄酒的味道,喜欢品尝不同种类的葡萄酒。
That gave me a taste for reading.那使我有了读书的喜好。
3.作及物动词时意为“尝出......的味道”,没有被动语态形式。
You can taste the chilli in the dish but it is a little sweet.
你能吃出菜里有干辣椒的味道,但它有点甜。
16.one of the world’s favorite drinks was invented
【词块】句中用了“one of +复数名词”结构,表示“……之一”。该结构作主语时谓语要用第三人称单数形式。
One of my questions is how to learn English well.
我的问题之一是怎样学好英语。
结构拓展:“one of + the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词”表示“最......的......之一”,作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。
One of the tallest students in our class is Jim.
我们班最高的学生之一是吉姆。
17. A few thousand years later
【词块1】a few thousand years later表示“几千年以后”。a few作形容词,意为“有几个”,具有肯定含义,要修饰复数名词。
He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。
知识归纳:a few、few修饰和指代可数名词。a little、little修饰和指代不可数名词。
1.a few作修饰复数名词作主语时谓语用复数。它作代词要回指前句中的复数名词;如果它作主语,谓语要用复数。
A few students like the movie.有一些学生喜欢这部电影。
Some persons are over there. A few are boys.那边有一些人。有几个是男孩。
2.few表示否定意义,意为“几乎没有”。
(1)作形容词要修饰复数名词;修饰复数名词作主语时,谓语要用复数。
Few students like the movie. 没几个学生喜欢这部电影。
(2)被every, last, past, next, some, very等词修饰时,表示肯定意义。此时few的前面不用冠词。
In the last few minutes, he checked up his paper again.
在最后的几分钟时间里,他又检查了一遍他的论文。
(3)作代词要回指前句中的复数名词;作主语时谓语要用复数。
Doctors work an average of 90 hours a week but few complain.
医生每星期平均工作 90 个小时,但几乎无人抱怨。
3.little表示否定含义,意为“几乎没有”。它作形容词要修饰不可数名词,修饰不可数名词作主语时谓语要用单数形式。它作代词回指前句中的不可数名词,作主语时谓语要用单数形式。
There is little milk in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有牛奶了。
There is some information about this topic online. But little is useful.
网上有一些关于这个话题的信息。但有用的很少。
4.a little表示肯定含义,意为“有点儿”。它作形容词时要修饰不可数名词,修饰不可数名词作主语时谓语要用第三人称单数形式。
There is a little time left when I finish my exam papers.
我完成试卷后,还剩一点时间。
【词块2】thousand是基数词,意为“千”,表示具体数时其前要用基数词修饰,要修饰复数名词。
We rated his fortune at about one hundred thousand dollars.
我们估计他的财产约值十万美元。
知识拓展:thousands of表示“成千上万的”,其前不能用基数词修饰,of后面要接复数名词。该结构作主语时谓语要用复数形式。
There are thousands of people visiting Beijing now.
现在有成千上万的人游览北京。
18. 了解句型:It is believed that tea was brought to Korea and Japan during the 6th and 7th centuries.
【句型】It is believed(过去分词)+ that引导的主语从句.表示“人们相信.......”。it在此作形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。
It is believed that man will be able to land on Mars in the years to come.
人们相信在不久的未来人类将有能力登上火星。
19. The tea trade from China to Western countries took place in the 19th century.
【词块1】trade在此作不可数名词,意为“贸易”。
Texas has a long history of trade with Mexico.
得克萨斯与墨西哥有着悠久的贸易史。
知识归纳:trade作不及物动词时意为“做生意”。
They may refuse to trade.他们有可能拒绝做生意。
【词块2】take place是不及物动词短语,意为“发生”。该短语不接宾语,没有被动语态形式,表明事情的发生是基于某种原因或事先的安排。
The Gulf War took place in 1991.
海湾战争发生在1991年。词语辨析:happen和take place表示“发生”的异同点
相同点:happen和take place都可以不接宾语,没有被动语态形式。
不同点:happen强调偶然发生,take place强调必然发生。
We never forget the accident which happened in Chengdu.我们永远不会忘记发生在成都的那个事件。
In 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China.1919年,中国发生了“五四”运动。
20. This helped to spread the popularity of tea
【词块】popularity是不可数名词,意为“受欢迎、普及”。它对应的形容词是popular,意为“流行的”。
The new product jumped into popularity.
新产品一下子普及开来。
The new leader's popularity gained over many members of the opposing party.
新的领导人非常受人欢迎,他把反对党的许多成员都给争取了过来。
He is the youngest of the clerks, and he comes on as the can-do guy, a style that is very popular around here.
他是事务员中最年轻的,给人留下很能干的印象,工作作风在这里很受欢迎。
21.the Chinese are without doubt the ones who best understand the nature of tea
【词块1】without doubt意为“毫无疑问”。doubt在此作不可数名词,意为“怀疑”。该短语可以放在句首或句中,放在句首时要用逗号将它与后面内容隔开,放在句中则不需要用逗号隔开。
Without doubt, our team will win the game.
毫无疑问,我们球队将赢得比赛。
【词块3】who best understand the nature of tea是关系代词who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词ones,ones在此指人。当先行词是代词one、ones,而且指人时,其后的定语从句要用who引导,不用that引导。who在该定语从句时作主语,因此不能省略。知识归纳:doubt的其他用法
1.doubt作不可数名词时构成句型“There is no doubt that+从句.”,表示“毫无疑问,......”。that引导的是同位语从句,无词义,起连接作用,但不能省略。
There is no doubt that we do the right thing.毫无疑问,我们做的对。
2.doubt作及物动词时意为“不能肯定”,用在肯定句中接that引导的宾语从句,表示“疑虑较大、不相信”。
I doubt that he is the murderer because he is not on the scene at that moment. 我不能肯定他是凶手,因为他那时不在现场。
3.doubt作及物动词时意为“怀疑”,接宾语从句时,如果主句是疑问句或否定句,连词要用that。如果主句是肯定句,连词要用whether或if。
I don’t doubt that he can do a good job of it.我并不怀疑他能把这事做好。
I doubt if / whether it’s true.我怀疑这事儿是否真实。
One who does not work hard will never succeed.不努力工作的人永远不会成功。
22.Somebody stole my camera from my hotel room.
【词块】somebody作不定代词,意为“某人”,相当于someone,常用在肯定句中,作主语时谓语要用单数形式。
There is someone/somebody knocking the door.有人在敲门。
特别关注 在表示提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句,以及希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句,也可以用somebody/someone。
Would you like someone from our company to contact you?
你是否需要我们的营业员与你联络?
知识回顾:everybody、anybody、nobody都是复合不定代词,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数形式。
1.everybody意为“每个人”,相当于everyone。
Everyone/Everybody is here. 大家都到了。
2.anybody表示“任何人”,相当于anyone,用在肯定句中。意为“某人”时常用在否定句、疑问句、条件句中代替someone/somebody。
Anybody/Anyone can finish the task.任何人都可以完成这份工作。
I can't meet anybody/anyone on the island. 在岛上我没遇见任何人。
If anybody call me,please tell me.如果有人打电话找我,请告诉我。
3.nobody表示“没有人”,相当于no one。
Nobody/No one realizes how bad things are.
没人意识到事情有多么糟糕。
23.Different writers translated the book into different languages.
【词块】句中用了translate...into...短语,表示“把......翻译成......”。translate是及物动词,意为“翻译”,介词into要接表示语言的词作宾语。该短语的被动语态形式是be translated into,表示“被翻译为”。
Can you translate it into English?你可以将它翻译成英语吗?
Only a small number of Kadare's books is translated into English.
卡达莱的书只有一小部分被翻译成了英文。
知识归纳:
1.translate作不及物动词时也意为“翻译”。
The girls waited for Mr. Esch to translate.
这些女孩们等着埃施先生来翻译。
2.translation读作 [træns'leɪʃən]。它作不可数名词时表示“翻译”,作可数名词时表示“译文”。
The papers are sent to Beijing for translation.
这些文件已被送往北京进行翻译。
I have to understand its meaning with the help of an English translation.
我必须借助英文的译文才把意义弄明白。
24. The earthquake happened all of a sudden
【词块】all of a sudden是副词短语作方式状语,意为“突然”,相当于suddenly。它常放在句首或句末,放在句首时用逗号将它与后面的句子隔开。
Suddenly/All of a sudden,that house falls down.突然,那座房子倒塌了。
语法聚焦:一般过去时的被动语态结构
【结构】一般过去时的被动语态结构由“was/were+过去分词”构成,was和were由主语的形式决定,表示动作在过去的时间里被做。
【句型】
1.肯定句:主语+was/were+动词的过去分词+其他+(by+名词/代词).
I was beaten.我被打败了。
2.否定句:主语+was/were+not+动词的过去分词+其他+(by+名词/代词).
This speech was not delivered by me.这个演讲不是由我发表的。
3.一般疑问句:Was/Were+主语+动词的过去分词+其他+(by+名词/代词)?
Were the songs composed by a soldier? 这些歌是由一名士兵创作的吗?
4.特殊疑问句:疑问词+was/were+主语+动词的过去分词+其他+(by+名词/代词)?
Who was beaten?谁被打败了?
【变形】一般过去时的主动语态和被动语态的转换
1.主动语态的主语要变为被动语态中的by+主动语态的主语(人称代词变宾格)。
2.主动语态的谓语动词变被动语态要用was/were+动词的过去分词。
3.主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。
That man killed a lady in the morning.那个男人早上杀了一名女士。
A lady was killed by that man in the morning.一位女士早上被那个男人杀了。
Section B
1.Potato chips were invented by mistake.
【词块】by mistake是介词短语,意为“无意地”,可以用在句中或句末作方式状语。
I’m sorry. I’ve deleted the information on your computer by mistake.
对不起。我失手把你电脑上的信息给删除。
2. George wanted to make the customer happy.
【词块】句中用了“make sb/sth(宾语)+形容词(宾补)”结构,表示“使某人/物...”。
make作使役动词,意为“使得”,happy用于描述customer的状态,起补充说明的作用。
Chocolate will make you fat.巧克力会使你发胖。
There is something wrong with my computer. But don’t touch it. You will make it worse. 我的电脑有点毛病。但你别动它, 你会使它更糟。 知识归纳:make作使役动词时,常用结构如下:
1.make sb/sth do sth表示“使某人/物做某事”。
Can you make the machine work? 你能使机器运转吗?
2.make sb/sth+名词表示“使某人/某物成为......”。
They made him their head. 他们使他成为他们的首领。
3.make oneself+动词的过去分词表示“使别人......”。
She couldn’t make herself heard. 别人听不到她的话。
3. The customer was happy in the end.
【词块1】customer是可数名词,意为“顾客”。
The shop laid the cloth by for a customer.
商店为一个顾客保留着这些布料。
【词块2】in the end是介词短语,意为“最后、最终”,作时间状语。有时也可以用at the end表达此意,但in the end更常用一些。
At/In the end,I got the passport that would enable me to visit China.
我终于得到了一张使我能够去中国的护照。
知识回顾 at the end of的用法
1.“at the end of+时间名词”构成的介词短语作时间状语,表示“在......末尾”。
At the end of 19th century,most Chinese people led a miserable life.
在19世纪末期, 大多数中国人过着悲惨的生活。
2.at the end of接表示“事件”的名词表示“在......的末尾”。
At the end of the story, the prince and the princess live happily together.
在故事的末尾,王子和公主快乐地生活在一起。
3.at the end of接表示“地点/位置”的名词,表示“在.......的尽头/末端”,作地点状语。
At the end of the road, there is a small book store.在路的尽头有一家小书店。
4.at the end of接表示“情绪”的名词,表示“达到......极限”。
She was at the end of her patience. 她已忍无可忍了。
4.Basketball is a much-loved and active sport that is enjoyed by many for fun and exercise.
【词块】much-loved是复合形容词,由“副词+连字符+过去分词”构成,意为“深受喜爱的”,可以作表语,也可以放在名词前面作定语。
Football is much-loved by Americans.
足球受到美国人的喜爱。
He is a much-loved teacher.他是一位深受爱戴的老师。
5.Basketball was invented by a Canadian doctor named James Naismith,who was born in 1861.
【词块】Canadian在此作专有形容词,意为“加拿大的”。
What about the Canadian policy? 那么加拿大的政策呢?
知识归纳:Canadian还可以作专有名词,意为“加拿大人”,复数形式是Canadians。
There are two Canadians over there.那边有两个加拿大人。
【难点】本句中有两个后置定语结构。named James Naismith是过去分词短语,作后置定语修饰a Canadian doctor,named可以与called互换。who was born in 1861是由关系代词who引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰James Naismith。who引导非限制性定语从句放在句中时要用逗号将它与前面内容隔开,放在句末时要逗号将其与前面内容隔开。who引导非限制性定语从句时要修饰人,用于补充说明,在该定语从句中主语。不管who在非限制性定语从句中作什么成分,都不能省略。也不能换成that。
Our headmaster,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我们的校长,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
Please give the book to Jessica, whom we met in the hall just now.
请把这本书交给杰西卡,就是刚才我们在大厅里遇到的那位。
6.he was asked to think of a game that could be played in the winter
【词块1】句中用了be asked to do sth结构,表示“被要求做某事”,动词不定式作主语补足语。它的主动语态是ask sb to do sth结构。
He asked me to clean the classroom.他要我打扫教室。
I was asked to clean the classroom.我被要求打扫教室。
【词块2】that could be played in the winter是关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词a game。此时that在从句中作主语,不能省略,但可以换成关系代词which。could be played用的是“could be+动词的过去分词”结构。这是情态动词could的被动语态结构,表示“能够被做”(could是can的过去式)。
The bacteria could be killed. 细菌能够被杀死。
7. Dr.Naismith created a game to be played inside on a hard floor.
【词块】to be played是动词不定式短语,作后置定语修饰a game。该动词不定式用的是被动语态结构,由to be+动词的过去分词构成。to be played和game之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,即“游戏被玩”,因此用了动词不定式的被动语态结构。
Are you going to the meeting to be held in the afternoon.
你们要去参加下午举行的会议吗?
8.Dr.Naismith divided the men in his class into two teams and taught them to play his new game.
【词块1】divided the men in his class into two teams用的是divide ... into ...短语。divide...into....表示“把……分成……”,表示将一个整体分成几个部分。divide作及物动词,意为“分开”。in his class是介词短语作后置定语修饰men。
Let’s divide the cake into three.
我们把蛋糕分成三份吧。
【词块2】taught them to play his new game用的是teach sb(宾语)+to do sth(宾补)结构,表示“教某人做某事”。当teach接动词作宾补时动词必须变为动词不定式。用法辨析:divide...into...和separate ... into ...都表示“把......分成......”,区别在于:
separate ... into ...指将原本在意义上为个体的东西分开,被动语态形式是be separated into。
We may separate the USA into three major divisions
The United States may be separated into three major divisions.
美国可以分为三个主要地区。
知识拓展 divide...into...的被动语态是be divided into。
The cake is divided into three parts. 这块蛋糕被分成了三份。
I can teach you to swim.我可以教你们游泳。
9.At the same time,they need to stop the competing team from getting the ball into their own basket.
【词块1】at the same time是介词短语,意为“同时”,作时间状语。它放在句首时常用逗号将其与后面内容隔开,可以与in the meantime/meanwhile互换使用。
Meanwhile/At the same time/in the meantime,we must do a good job in transport and communications. 同时我们要搞好交通运输工作。
【词块2】句中用了stop sb/sth from doing sth结构,表示“阻止……以免(或防止)做某事”。
stop在此可以换成prevent或keep。stop/keep...from...可以省略介词from,keep...from...不能省略介词from。
Don’t stop/prevent me (from) telling the truth.
别阻止我说出真相。
Please keep/stop/prevent the children from swimming in the sea.
请别让孩子们到海里游泳。
10.with many young people dreaming of becoming famous players
【难点】with many......players是with引导的复合结构。它由“with+sb/sth(宾语)+V-ing(宾补),作伴随状语。 dreaming... players是V-ing结构,表示主动含义,是由many young people发出的动作,表示该动作正在进行。
He soon falls asleep with the candle still burning.
蜡烛还亮着,他很快就睡着了。
【词块】dreaming of是dream of的V-ing形式。dream of是不及物动词短语,在此意为“做梦”,相当于dream about,可以接表示“人、事物”的名词、代词作宾语,接动词时动词要变为V-ing形式。知识归纳:“with+sb/sth+V-ing/动词不定式/过去分词”可以作伴随状语、时间状语、原因状语。现在分词表示主动、动词不定式表示动作将要发生,过去分词表示被动或完成。
The thief was taken to the police station, with his hands tied behind.
那个小偷被双手反绑着带到了警察局。(伴随状语)
With spring coming on, trees turn green.
春天到了,树变绿了。(时间状语)
With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.
由于没人可以说话的人,约翰感到很悲哀。(原因状语)
Last night I dreamed about/of my teacher.
我昨天夜里梦见了我的老师。
Some people dream about/of becoming the next Mark Zuckerberg.
有些人梦想成为下一个马克•扎克伯格。知识归纳:dream的其他用法
1.作可数名词,意为“梦”。
He had a dream about Claire last night.昨晚他梦见了克莱尔。
2.作不及物动词构成dream of短语时还可以意为“做梦想到”,多用于否定句。
I never dreamed of happiness like this.我过去做梦也没想到象这样幸福。
I don’t dream of cheating you.
我做梦也没想要欺骗你。
3.作及物动词时意为“做梦、梦见”,可接名词、代词、名词性从句作宾语。
I dreamed a bad dream just now.我刚才做了一个噩梦。
I dreamed that I was in Beijing.我梦见自己在北京。
11. Basketball has not only become a popular sport to play,but it has also become a popular sport to watch.
【词块1】文中用了not only ... but ... 结构,表示“不但......而且......”,but后面可以带上also。该结构要连接两个对等的成份,比如动词、名词、代词等。当它连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语的单复数形式由but also后面的内容决定。
She not only sang but also danced at the party. 在聚会上,她不仅唱了歌而且还跳了舞。
Not only you but also he knows the answer.
不仅你知道,而且他也知道。
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.
不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片,他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
知识拓展:将not only置于句首,其后的句子用部分倒装的形式,谓语的一部分(比如助动词、情态动词)要放在主语的前面,but also后面的句子不变。
Not only has she been late three times, she has also done no work.
她不仅仅迟到了3次,她还没干一点活。
【词块2】not only和but后面用了句型“名词/代词+系动词+名词+ to do”结构。to play和to watch都是动词不定式,都作后置定语修饰sport。它们和sport之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,即“to play a popular game”和“to watch a popular game”。这种句型中,动词不定式要用主动形式,表达的是被动含义。
It is a difficult question to answer.这是一个很难回答的问题。
12. There are also more and more foreign players in the CBA.
【词块】more and more表示“越来越多的”,修饰复数名词 foreign players。它修饰复数名词作主语时谓语动词要用复数形式。它的反义结构是fewer and fewer,意为“越来越少的”。
There are more and more people traveling Beijing.
越来越多的人游览北京。
There are fewer and fewer gentlemen.
绅士越来越少。
知识拓展 more and more也可以修饰不可数名词。它修饰不可数名词作主语时谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。它的反义结构是less and less,意为“越来越少的”。
More and more water is polluted.越来越多的水被污染。
Cutting down bamboo forests can lead to less and less food for pandas.
砍伐竹林会导致熊猫的食物越来越少。
知识拓展:比较级+and+比较级是固定结构,表示“越来越......”,用于描述特征的逐渐变化。and要连接两个形容词比较级或者两个副词比较级。部分双音节词和多音节词要用more and more+形容词/副词的原级。
It is getting warmer and warmer.
天气变得越来越暖和了。
The soldiers walked more and more slowly.
士兵们走得越来越慢了。
13.Many CBA young people look up to these basketball heroes and want to become like them.
【词块1】look up to是短语动词,意为“仰慕、钦佩”,要接表示人的词作宾语。
The children all look up to the baseball player.
这些孩子都很钦佩那名棒球运动员。
词义归纳:look up to还可以表示“仰望”。
I am looking up to the sky.我正在仰望天空。
【词块2】hero是可数名词,意为“英雄”,复数形式是heroes。
Heroes such as Huang Jiguang will always live in the hearts of the people.
像黄继光这样的英雄人物, 将永远活在人民的心里。
重要提示:以o结尾的名词,有的可以加es,有的加s。
potato→potatoes土豆 piano→pianos钢琴 tomato→tomatoes西红柿photo→photos相片
14.These stars encourage young people to work hard to achieve their dreams.
【词块1】文中用了encourage sb(宾语)to do(宾补)结构,表示“鼓励某人做某事”。
encourage是及物动词,意为“鼓励”,接动词作宾补时动词要变为动词不定式。它的被动语态形式是be encouraged to do sth,表示“被鼓励做某事”。
He encourages me to study hard.他鼓励我努力学习。
I am encouraged to accept this task.我被鼓励接受这项任务。
【词块2】to achieve their dreams是动词不定式短语作目的状语。achieve作及物动词,意为“实现”,它的主语是人,常接表示“目标、理想、梦想”的词作宾语。
There are many who will work hard to achieve these goals.
有很多人会努力工作来实现这些目标。
Can I achieve my ideal?我能实现自己的理想吗?
To achieve the dream,we should work hard.
为实现梦想,我们应该努力学习。
用法辨析:come true和achieve表示“实现”的区别
come true是不及物动词短语,它的主语通常是表示“梦想、希望”的抽象名词,其后不接宾语,没有被动语态。
One’s dreams do not always come true. 一个人的梦想并不都能实现。
知识归纳:achieve作及物动词时还可以意为“取得、达到”。
She achieves no success. 她有没获得成功。
He achieves his goal by peaceful means.
他通过和平手段达到了他的目的。
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