内容正文:
语法
能正确使用一般现在时的被动语态
课标词汇
chopstick 筷子 coin硬币 fork 餐叉;叉子;blouse n.(女士)短上衣;衬衫 glass玻璃;steel n.钢;cotton棉;棉花 steel钢;钢铁 fair展览会;交易会grass草;草地 leaf叶;叶子silver银;银色的 produce生产;制造;出产 widely 广泛地;普遍地 process加工;处理;过程 product 产品;制品France法国 local当地的;本地的avoid避免;回避 handbag小手提包 mobile 可移动的;非固定的 boss老板;上司 everyday 日常的 surface表面;表层 material材料;原料traffic 交通 postman邮递员 cap (尤指有帽舌的)帽子 glove 手套
international国际的 its 它的;balloon气球 form形式;类型 clay lively生气勃勃的;(色彩)鲜艳的 heat热;高温;加热;变热
scissors剪刀 complete完成
be known for因为......而出名 no matter无论
Section A
1. Is it made of silver?
【词块1】本句是含有be made of的一般疑问句,该段短语表示“用……制成”,be动词的形式取决于主语。of后面要接表示表示“事物”的名词,名词前面通常可以不用冠词。
该结构指从成品上可以看出原材料是什么。
The table is made of wood.这张桌子是用木头制成的。
妙辨异同:be made of和be made from都表示“用……制成”,异同点如下:
相同点:它们的主语都是事物并决定be动词的形式。of和from都是介词,要接表示“事物”的名词,名词前面可以不用冠词。
不同点:be made of强调所制成的物品可以看出原材料,be made from强调制成的物品看不出原材料。
Flowers are made of plastics.
花是塑料做的。(从花可看出塑料成分)
In China, most of paper is made from bamboo.
在中国,大多数的纸张都是用竹子造的。(从纸看不出竹子)
【词块2】silver在此作不可数名词,意为“银”。
This is a hand-crafted brooch made from silver.
这是一枚银制的手工胸针。
知识归纳:silver的其他含义
1.作不可数名词时意为“银器”。
He beat the rugs and polished the silver.
他拍打了地毯,擦亮了银器。
2.作形容词意为“银色的”。
This is a silver necklace.这是一条银项链。
2. it was made in Thailand.
【词块】句中用了be made in结构,表示“在......制造的”,主语要用表示“事物”的词,并决定其后be动词的形式。介词in要接地点名词。该短语用于说明某物的产地。
This cellphone is made in China.这部手机产自中国。
知识拓展:be made还可以与by和into搭配。
1.be made by表示“被......制造”。该结构的主语是事物,介词by要接表示“人、事物”的词语作宾语。
The desks are made by them.这些桌子是被他们制造的。
This is made by hand.这是手工制造的。
2.be made into表示“被制成......”,要接表示“事物”的词,强调被制成某种成品。
Some of the trees are made into paper.一些树被制成纸。
3.grass and leaves
【词块1】grass作不可数名词时意为“草”。作可数名词时意为“草坪”,复数形式是grasses。
The cows are eating grass.奶牛正在吃草。
There are some grasses here.这里有一些草地。
【词块2】leaf是可数名词,意为“叶子”。它以f结尾,变为复数时要去掉f,再加ves。
There are some leaves on the floor.地上有一些叶子。
知识回顾:把以f、fe结尾的可数名词变为复数时要把f、fe去掉,再加ves。
wolf—wolves狼
knife—knives刀子
4.China is famous for tea,right?
【词块】be famous for是固定短语,表示“因......而闻名”,famous可以与known互换。由于主语是地点名词,因此该短语表示“以某种特点(产品)而出名”
Shanghai is famous for the Bund. 上海因外滩而闻名。
知识回顾:be famous/known可以与for/as/to构成固定短语
1.be famous/known for表示“因……而著名”。主语是人时,该短语表示“以某种知识、技能、作品或特征而出名”。
He is famous/known for his great inventions.因为他的伟大发明,他出名了。
2.be famous/known as表示“作为......(身份)而著名”。主语是表示人的词语时,该短语表示“以某种身份而出名”。主语是地点名词时,该短语表示“以某种产地/地方而出名”。
He is famous as a great inventor.他是出了名的伟大的发明家。
Kunming is famous as Spring City. 昆明以春城而闻名于世。
3.be famous/known to表示“为......所熟知”,其后常接表示人的词语作宾语。
Chairman Mao is famous/known to every Chinese.
毛主席的名字广为人知中国人都知道毛主席。
5. Where is tea produced in China?
【词块】这是一般现在时的被动语态的特殊疑问句,由“疑问词+be+主语+动词的过去分词+其他?”构成。be动词的形式取决于主语的形式,produced是及物动词produce的过去分词形式。
Where’s salt produced? 哪里产盐?
知识拓展:production读作 [prə'dʌkʃən],作不可数名词时意为“生产、产量”。知识归纳:produce的用法
1.作及物动词时意为“生产、制造”,比make正式。它的主语可以是人,也可以是事物。
Hens produce eggs.母鸡下蛋。
2.作不可数名词,意为“农产品”。
We manage to get most of our produce in farmers' markets.
我们设法在农贸市场弄到大部分我们需要的农产品。
That model won't go into production before late 2007.
那种型号要到2007年底才会投入生产。
We needed to increase the volume of production.
我们必须增加产量。
6.Anxi and Hangzhou are widely known for their tea.
【词块】be widely known for表示“因......而广为人知”,
(1)widely是副词,意为“广泛地”,修饰known for,说明程度。它对应的形容词是wide,意为“广泛的”。
We must publicize the meeting widely. 我们必须广泛地宣扬这次会议。
The brochure offers a wide choice of hotels, apartments and holiday homes.
这本手册提供了选择范围很广的旅馆、公寓及度假屋。
(2)be known for表示意为“因......而出名”,介词for后面说明出名的原因。known前面还可以用well修饰,构成be well known for短语,表示“因……而名声大作”。
France is well-known for its fine food and wine.
法国以它的美酒和佳肴而闻名于世。
7.as far as I know
【词块】as far as I know是固定表达方,意为“据我所知”。它可以与so far as I know和as far as I am concerned互换使用。它用作插入语,可以放在句首和句中。放在句首时要用逗号将其与后面内容隔开。放在句中时要用逗号将其与前后内容隔开。
As / So far as I know, he doesn’t agree.
据我所知,他并不同意。
Well, as / so far as I know, he doesn’t agree.
嗯,据我所知,他并不同意。
As far as I am concerned, they are strongly against it.
据我所知,她们都很强烈地反对假唱。
知识拓展:as far as还可以表示“远至”。
We do not go as far as the school.我们没有走到学校那么远。
8. tea plants are grown on the sides of mountains
【词块】are grown是一般现在时的被动语态结构,由“be动词(am/is/are)+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如果表示该动作是谁做的,可以在句末带上by+名词/人称代词宾格结构。
These trees are planted by us. 这些树是我们植的。
I am praised by him. 我得到了他的表扬。
The book is put on that desk by him.
这本书被他放在那张桌子上。
9.they are picked by hand and then are sent for processing
【词块1】by hand是固定短语,表示“手工”。
The sweater is produced by hand.
这件毛衣是手工制造的。
【词块2】are sent for processing用的是be sent for doing结构,表示“被送去做某事”。它也是一般现在时的被动语态结构,相当于be sent to do sth。processing是不及物动词process的V-ing形式,意为“加工”。
He is sent to work here.
=He is sent for working here.他被送去在那里工作。
America sent cotton to England for processing.美国把棉花运到英格兰加工。
知识归纳:process的其他用法
1.作及物动词时意为“加工”。
How fast does the new computer process the data?
这新计算机处理数据有多快?
2.作可数名词时意为“进程”。
They decided to spread the building process over three years.
他们决定在三年内分期完成该建造过程。
10.The tea is packed and sent to many different countries
【词块1】is packed是及物动词pack的被动语态结构,表示“被包装”。pack作及物动词时意为“包装”。
Let’s pack these things.
我们包装这些东西吧。
These things are packed by me.这些东西是我包装的。
知识归纳:pack作可数名词时意为“包”,构成短语a pack of,表示“一包”。
The club will send a free information pack.
俱乐部将赠送一个免费的信息包。
This is a pack of noodles.这是一包面条。
【词块2】be sent to表示“被送到”,介词to后面要接地点名词。如要强调该动作是谁做的,可以在句末加上by+名词/代词。它的主动形式是send sb/sth to+地点名词,表示“送某人/物去某地”。
He is sent to Shanghai by me.他被我送去上海。
I send him to Shanghai.我送他去上海。
11.some beautiful clothes in France
【词块】in France表示“在法国”,是介词短语作地点状语。France是专有名词,意为“法国”,它的前面不用冠词修饰。
Tom was born in France.汤姆生于法国。
知识回顾:
1.French作形容词时意为“法国的”,作不可数名词时意为“法语”。
That man is a French doctor.那个男人是法国医生。
Can you speak French?你会说法语吗?
2.Frenchman是可数名词,意为“法国男人”,复数形式是Frenchmen。对应词是Frenchwoman,意为“法国女人”,复数形式是Frenchwomen。
There are two Frenchmen and three Frenchwomen over there.
那边有两个法国男人和三个法国女人。
12.No matter what you may buy,you might think those products were made in those countries.
【难点1】No matter what you may buy是no matter what引导的让步状语从句。no matter what意为“无论什么”,引导让步状语从句时从句要用陈述语序。它引导的让步状语从句可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面,放在主句前面时要用逗号将它们隔开。此时no matter what可以与whatever互换使用。
Whatever you say/No mater what you say, I won’t let you go.
无论你说什么,我都不会让你走的。
知识回顾:whatever意为“任何......的事物”,引导名词性从句,no matter what不可以。
Whatever you did was right. 你做的一切都是对的。
I’ll send you whatever is necessary.
需要什么,我就送什么。
知识归纳:no matter还可以与疑问词who、whom、which、whose、how、when、where连用引导让步状语从句,不与why连用。
1.no matter who意为“无论谁”,相当于whoever。
No matter who / Whoever comes, let him wait.
不管谁来,都让他等着。
2.no matter whom意为“无论谁”,相当于whomever(whom是who的宾格)。
No matter whom / Whomever you like, it is none of my business.
不管你喜欢谁,都不关我的事。
3.no matter which意为“无论哪一个”,相当于whichever。
No matter which / Whichever they choose, we must accept their decision. 无论他们选择哪一个,我们必须接受他们的决定。
4.no matter whose意为“无论谁的”,通常不用whosever。
No matter whose fault it was, try to resolve it before midnight.
不管是谁的错,尽力在午夜来临前化解怨恨。
5.no matter how意为“无论什么”,相当于however。
No matter how / However difficult the problem is, I’ll work it out.
无论这道习题有多么难,我都要把它做出来。
6.no matter when意为“无论何时”,相当于whenever。
No matter when you come, you’ll be welcome.
无论你什么时候来都是受欢迎的。
7.no matter where意为“无论哪里”,相当于wherever。
No matter where you work, you can always find time to study. 不管你在哪里工作,你都能找到时间学习。
【难点2】you might think......those countries是主句。主句包含了一个省略that的宾语从句those products were made in those countries。were made是一般过去时被动语态结构,由“was/were+及物动词的过去分词”构成。be动词用was还是were由主语的形式来决定。文中指“make”这个动作是在过去被做的,后面用了in引导的介词短语说明产地。
This radio was made in Fuzhou last year.这台收音机是去年在福州制造的。
These bridges were built last year.这些桥是去年建的。
13.However,you could be wrong.
【词块】could用在肯定句中,与动词原形连用构成谓语,可以用于对现在的某种情况作肯定推测,翻译为“可能......”,暗含的可能性比might、may高。
Look!The lights are on.Lucy could be at home now.
看!灯亮着。露西现在可能在家。
14.He found it interesting that so many products in the local shops were made in China.
【难点】文中用了find it +形容词+ that引导的从句结构,表示“发现……是……”。it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是that引导的宾语从句that so many...... China。此时that不能省略。形容词interesting作宾语补足语。
They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.
他们发现两天后完成工作很难。
【词块】local是形容词,意为“当地的、本地的”,作定语修饰shops。副词形式是locally,读作['ləʊkəlɪ],意为“在本地、在当地”。
We'd better check on the game in the local paper.
我们最好在本地报纸上查一下这场比赛。
We've got cards which are drawn and printed and designed by someone locally.
我们得到了由某人在当地绘制、印刷和设计的纸牌。
知识拓展:local作可数名词时意为“当地居民”,复数形式是locals。
Camping is a great way to meet the locals as the Portuguese themselves are enthusiastic campers.
野营是与当地居民接触的好途径,因为葡萄牙人本身就是热情的露营者。
15.But I had to visit five or six stores before finding a pair made in America!
【词块1】before finding a pair made in America是before引导的介词短语作时间状语。before作介词,意为“在......之前”,接动词时动词要变为V-ing形式。
I finish my homework before dinner.晚餐前我做完了家庭作业。
You should finish your task before going home.回家前你应该完成你的任务。
【词块2】made in America是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰a pair,表示被动,相当于定语从句that/which was made in America。
This watch made in Japan is so nice.这块日本制造的手表很不错。
16.He realized that Americans can hardly avoid buying products made in China.
【词块】文中用了avoid doing sth结构,表示“避免做某事”。avoid是及物动词,意为“避免”,其后可接名词、代词作宾语。接动词作宾语时动词必须变为V-ing形式。
Use a sharp knife to avoid damage.
用锋利的刀来防止损伤。
That is a snake. We should avoid it.
那是一条蛇。我们需要避开它。
They all avoid mentioning that name.
他们全都避免提到那个名字。
17. Kang Jian thinks it’s great that China is so good at making these everyday things.
【难点】it’s great that......everyday things是省略that的宾语从句。该宾语从句中用了it’s+形容词+that引导的名词性从句结构。it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的从句部分China...... everyday things(即主语从句)。这种句型起到平衡句子结构的作用。that是连词,没有含义,只起连接作用,引导主语从句时不省略。
It is so great that we all pass the exam.
我们都通过考试了,太棒了。
【词块1】句中用了be good at doing sth结构,表示“善于做某事”。be good at表示“善于”,接动词时动词必须变为V-ing形式,相当于do well in doing sth。
Helen is good at cooking.
=Helen does well in cooking.海伦善于做菜。
【词块2】everyday是形容词,意为“每天的”,使用时要放在名词前面作定语。
We shouldn’t use too many big words in our everyday speech.
在日常会话中我们不应该用太多的大词。
用法辨析:everyday和every day的区别
every day分开写时意为“每天”,可以作时间状语。
Every day she watches TV.她每天看电视。
18.he hopes that in the future China will also get better at making high-technology products that people can buy in all parts of the world.
【词块1】hope在此作及物动词,意为“希望”,接that引导的宾语从句。由于宾语从句很长,此时that不省略。
We hope that we can win the football match.我们希望我们能够赢得这场足球比赛。
知识归纳 hope接that引导的宾语从句时:
1.如果主从句的主语一致,该宾语从句可以简化为动词不定式结构。
I hope that I will go to college one day.
= I hope to go to college one day.
我希望有一天能上大学。
2.如果主从句的主语不一致,可将宾语从句部分简化为“for sb +动词不定式”结构。
We hope that he will pass the exam.
= We hope for him to pass the exam.
我们希望他通过考试。
【难点】that引导的宾语从句中用了get better at doing sth结构,表示“变得更擅长于做某事”。在宾语从句中,that people can ... world是由关系代词that引导的定语从句,修饰表示事物的先行词high-technology products。that在该定语从句中作can buy的宾语,可以与关系代词which互换,也可以省略。
I get better at learning English.我变得更擅长于学英语了。
The sweater(that/which) I buy is very nice.
我买的那件毛衣非常好看。
语法聚焦 一般现在时的被动语态
一般现在时的被动语态结构由“am/is/are+动词的过去分词”构成,be动词的形式取决于主语,表示“......被做”。
一.句型:
1.肯定句:主语+am/is/are+过去分词+(by+名词/代词).
I am criticized by him.我遭到他批评。
2.否定句:主语+am/is/are not+过去分词+(by+名词/代词).
He is not asked questions by the teacher.他没被老师问问题。
3.一般疑问句:Am/Is/Are+主语+过去分词+(by+名词/代词)?
Are these computers made in the UK?这些计算机是在英国制造的吗?
4.特殊疑问词:疑问词+am/is/are+过去分词+(by+名词/代词)?
When are these computers made in the UK?这些计算机是什么时候在英国制造的?
二.一般现在时的主动语态和被动语态的转换
1.记忆口诀:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。
2.主动语态的主语变被动语态时要变成“by+主语(代词用宾格)”。主动语态的谓语动词变被动语态时要变为am/is/are+该动词的过去分词(be动词的形式取决于主语)。主动语态的宾语要变为被动语态的主语。
We use a recorder in our English class.我们在英语课上用录音机。
A recorder is used in our English class by us.录音机在英语课上被我们使用。
He asks us to clean the room.他要求我们打扫房间。
We are asked to clean the room by him.我们被他要求打扫教室。
3.英语中有些及物动词,诸如give和teach等,可接双宾语。把含有这些词的句子变为被动语态时,被动语态既可以用人作主语,又可以用事物作主语。
主动语态:Tom gives me a book.
=Tom gives a book to me.汤姆给了我一本书。
被动语态:A book is given to me by Tom.
I am given a book by Tom.
4.使役动词、表示“看到、听到”的及物动词后面跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补,改为被动结构后要加上不定式符号to。
主动:I make him cry.我把他弄哭了。
被动:He is made to cry by me.他被我弄哭了。
主动:I see him break the window.我看到他打破了窗户。
被动:He is seen to break the window by me.
他被我看到打破了窗户。
主动:We hear him sing.我们听到他唱歌了。
被动:He is heard to sing by us.他唱歌被我们听到了。
【词块5】被动语态的注意事项
1.如果不知道或没必要说明动作是由谁做的,可以省略by+名词/代词。
2.被动语态表示“被......”,可结合具体语境翻译为“受到、遭受、得到”等等。
3.不及物动词和连系动词没有被动语态结构。
4.不及物物动词+副词类型的短语,比如break out(爆发)、sell well(畅销)、come out(出版)、come true(成真)、take place(发生)等等,没有被动语态结构。
5.不及物动词与介词构成短语时通常可以用于被动语态,但arrive in/at(到达)、get to、belong to(属于)、happen to(碰巧发生)除外。
Her grandmother is looked after by her.她的奶奶得到她的照顾。
6.大部分及物动词、及物动词短语都可以用于被动语态,但以下动词及短语除外。
动词:fit(适合)have(有)own(拥有)marry(娶、嫁), wish(希望), cost(花费)、hold(容纳)、lack(缺乏)、equal(等于)、catch/get/take(明白)
短语:shake hands with(握手)take part in(参加)
7.及物动词接的宾语是反身代词时,该动词也没有被动语态。
I find myself in the cave.我发现我自己在山洞里。
Section B
1.Each different part of China has its own special forms of traditional art.
【词块1】each在此作形容词,意为“每个的”,用于谈论两个或两个以上的人或事物。它要作定语修饰单数名词;它修饰单数名词作主语时谓语要用第三人称单数形式。
There is a line of trees on each side of the river.河的两边各有一行树。
Each child will find his own personal road to success.每个孩子将会找到他个人的成功之路。
知识回顾:each的其他用法
1.each强调个体。作代词时意为“各自、各自”,可以作主语、宾语、同位语。它作副词时意为“各自地”。
Two boys enter.Each carries a bag.
两个男孩进来了。每个都拿着书包。(作主语时谓语用单数)
We each have our own offices.
我们每个人都有各自的办公室。(放在复数名词/复数代词后面作同位语,谓语要用复数)
He gives two books to each.他给了每个人两本书。(作介词to的宾语)
Give them two books each.给他们每个人两本书。(each作副词)
2.each可以与of搭配,接复数名词。each of+复数名词/复数代词作主语时谓语要用第三人称单数形式。
Each of the students has ten books.这些学生每人有十本书。
【词块2】its own special forms表示“它自己的独特形式”。its作形容词性物主代词,意为“它的”,要作定语修饰名词。它也可以作名词性物主代词,可以单独使用。
I know its importance but you don’t know its.
我知道它的重要性但是你不知道它的重要性。
(第一个its作形容词性物主代词,第二个its作名词性物主代词)
【词块3】form在此作可数名词,意为“形式、类型”。
I am against hunting in any form.我反对任何形式的狩猎。
知识归纳:form的其他含义
1.作可数名词时意为“方式”,构成固定短语in the form of,表示“以......的方式”。
They received a benefit in the form of a tax reduction.他们以减税的方式获得了收益。
2.作可数名词时意为“表格”。
Fill these forms.填这些表格。
3.作不及物动词时意为“形成”。作及物动词时意为“组成”。
A plan began to form in his mind. 计划在他脑子里形成。
It is necessary to form a study group.组成学习小组很有必要。
2.The most common things,from paper to clay to bamboo,are turned into objects of beauty.
【词块1】句中用了be turned into短语,意为“被变成”。它的主动形式是turn...into...,表示“把......变成.......”
The city is turned into ruins.这座城市变成了一片废墟。
We should turn wastelands into farmlands.我们应该变荒地为田地。
【词块2】objects of beauty表示“美丽的物品”。object是可数名词,在此意为“物体”,可以用an修饰。
He squinted his eyes as though he were studying an object on the horizon.
他眯着眼睛,好像在研究地平线上的某个物体。
知识归纳:object的其他含义
1.作可数名词时意为“目的”。
The object of the exercise is to raise money for the charity.
此项活动的目的是为慈善筹款。
2.作不及物动词时意为“反对”,可以构成object to sb/sth,表示“反对某人/物”。作及物动词时接that引导的宾语从句,表示“提出…作为反对的理由”。
I will not wear this dress if you object to it.
如果你不喜欢这件衣服,那我就不再穿它了。
I object to him.我反对他。
Some persons objected that announcers' articulation was too meticulous to be natural.
有人反对播音员的发音过于规范,这样就显得很不自然。
3.According to Chinese history
【词块】according to是短语介词,意为“根据”,可以接表示“人、事物”的词。它构成的短语可以置于句首、句中,放在句首时要用逗号将它与后面内容隔开。
According to him, we are all wrong.
要按照他的说法,那我们都错了。
The astronauts succeeded in returning from the moon to the earth according to the plan.
宇航员们按计划成功地从月球返回到地球。
知识拓展:according as是连词短语,意为“根据、按照”,要接状语从句。
You should spend according as you are paid.
你应该量入为出。
4.He sent them out to ask for help when in trouble.
【词块1】send out是短语动词,在此意为“发出”,常接表示“事物”的词作宾语。它接名词时名词放在out前后都可以,接代词时代词必须放在out之前。 其后的动词不定式结构 to ask for help 作目的状语。
She has sent out lots of letters of invitation.
= She has sent lots of letters of invitation out.她发出了许多请柬。
This is an urgent mail. Send it out now!这是一封紧急邮件,马上把它发出去!
知识归纳 send可以构成下列短语
1.send away是短语动词,意为“撵走、开除”,常接表示“人”的词语作宾语。接名词时名词放在away前后都可以,接人称代词宾格时要放在away之前。
Send him away.撵他走。
2.send off是短语动词,意为“发送、给.....送行”,常接表示“人”的词语作宾语。接名词时名词放在off前后都可以,接人称代词宾格时要放在off之前。
He sent goods off yesterday.他昨天发货了。
We send them off at the airport.我们去机场给他们送行。
3.send up是短语动词,意为“发射”,所接宾语通常是表示“事物”的名词或人称代词的宾格形式。如果所接宾语是名词,名词既可以放在up之前,又可以放在up之后。如果所接宾语是代词,代词要放在up之前。
Our country sends the satellite up this year.我们的国家今年发射一颗卫星。
【词块2】when in trouble是由when引导的时间状语从句的省略形式,when之后省略了he was。when引导的时间状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同且从句谓语含有be动词时,才能使用这种省略结构。此时when可以直接与介词短语、名词、形容词、V-ing形式、过去分词连用。
When(you are) in trouble, you visit this man.
当遇到困难时,就去找这个人。
When (I was) visiting London, I liked to travel by bus. 我游览伦敦时喜欢坐公共汽车。
When (he was) still a youth, he gained a prize in the poetic contest.
年轻时他就获得了诗歌竞赛中的一个奖项。
She usually goes shopping when (she is) happy.
她开心时常常去购物。
He gave good advice when(he was)asked.
被问到时,他提出了很好的建议。
5.they slowly rise into the air like small hot-air balloons for all to see
【词块1】rise into是“不及物动词+介词”类型的短语,意为“升入”,常接表示“事物”的词语作宾语。
Water vapor is lighter, which would otherwise not rise into air.
水蒸气较轻,否则它不会升到空中。
词语辨析:rise和raise的区别
1.rise是不及物动词,意为“升起”,多指物体主动、自然的上升,没有被动语态形式。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
日出东方,落于西方。
2.raise是及物动词,意为“把……升起”,有被动语态形式。
He raised his little son onto his shoulders.他把年幼的儿子举到肩上。
The table is raised by the water.桌子被水抬起来了。
【词块2】like small hot-air balloons for all to see含有两个介词短语。like引导的介词短语作方式状语,like意为“像......一样”。for all是for引导的介词短语,用于引出对象。all在此是代词,意为“所有人”,作for的宾语。其后接了动词不定式to see作宾语补足语,是由all发出的动作。
This movie also moved those who, like me, are too young to have lived through the war.
这部电影也感动了那些跟我一样、太年轻而没有经历过战争的人。
6.They are seen as bright symbols
【词块】be seen as表示“被视为、被认为”。该结构的主语既可以是人,又可以是事物,as后面还接名词或形容词。该结构的主动形式是see sb/sth as+名词/形容词,表示“视某人/物为......、认为某人/物为.......”。
He is seen as a VIP.他被视作贵宾。
This hair style is seen as cool.人们认为这种发型很酷。
We see him as a VIP.我们视他为重要人士。
I see this hair style as cool.我认为这种发型很酷。
7.it can be difficult to do
【词块】句中用了“be+形容词+动词不定式”结构。主语it指代前句中的Paper cutting。to do是动词不定式,它和主语it是逻辑上的动宾关系,即“to do it”,此时是用主动形式表达被动含义。
The question was very difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。
The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。
知识拓展:句型“It/This/That+be+a/an+形容词+名词+to do.”中的动词不定式也是主动形式表达被动含义。
This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。
8.with scissors
【词块】scissors是复数名词,意为“剪刀”。由于生活中剪刀是成双成对的物品,因此要以复数形式出现。表示“一把剪刀”用a pair of scissors。
He told me to get some scissors.他叫我去拿几把剪刀。
Give me a pair of scissors.给我一把剪刀。
9.During the Spring Festival
【词块】During the Spring Festival是“during+时间段”作时间状语。during意为“在......期间”。
We covered a lot of ground during those two weeks in Spain.在西班牙的两周时间我们到了很多地方。
用法辨析 during与in都可以接时间段构成时间状语。
相同点:它们都可以表示一段时间,有时可以互换使用。
I will be on holiday in/during August. 我将在 8 月度假。
不同点:
1.during强调时间的延续,in只是指一般性的某一时间。因此表示状态或习惯性动作,多用during,其余情况用in更为常见。
Many people suffered hardship during the war. 许多人在战争期间受苦遭难。
He was injured in the war. 他在战争期间受了伤。
2.在 stay, visit, meal 等表示行为要持续一定时间的名词之前,要用 during,不用in。
The phone rang during the meal. 吃饭时电话铃响了。
I went to see my aunt during my stay in Beijing. 在北京逗留期间,我去看了我的姑妈。
10. The pieces are usually cute children or lively characters from a Chinese fairy tale or historical story.
【词块1】piece在此作可数名词,意为“作品、艺术品”。
Each piece is unique, an exquisite painting of a real person, done on ivory.
每件艺术品都很独特,均为绘在象牙上的真人精致画像。
【词块2】lively是形容词,意为“生气勃勃的”,可以作表语或定语。
A lively person is full of life and is always doing things.
一个生气勃勃的人,总是充满活力并且总在做事。
The character in this novel is lively.
这部小说中的这个角色生气勃勃。
11. The pieces are carefully shaped by hand from a very special kind of clay and then allowed to air-dry.
【结构】句中用了be allowed to do sth结构,表示“被允许做某事”,动词不定式作主语补足语。
I’m allowed to play computer games.星期六晚上允许我玩电脑游戏。
知识回顾:allow是及物动词,意为“允许”,用法如下:
1.接动词作宾语时动词必须变为V-ing形式,即allow doing sth,表示“允许做某事”。
They don’t allow taking photos in the museum.
他们不允许在博物馆里拍照。
2.be allowed to do sth的主动形式是allow sb to do sth,表示“允许某人做某事”。当allow接动词作宾语补足语时动词必须变为动词不定式结构。
My parents allow me to play computer games.
我父母允许我玩电脑游戏。
【词块2】air-dry是由air+连字符+dry复合而成的动词,意为“晾干、风干”。
Store your toothbrush in an upright position, if possible, and allow it to air-dry until using it again.
如果可以,请将牙刷头朝上竖立摆放,并自然风干,以备下次使用。
12.they are fired at a very high heat
【词块】at a very high heat用的是“at+修饰语+heat”结构。at可以接表示“价格、温度、速度”的名词构成介词短语,表示“以......”。heat在此作可数名词,意为“热度”。
Gas is selling at about 1.35 dollars a gallon.汽油现在售价约每加仑1.35美元。
He is driving at an amazing speed.
他正以惊人的速度开车。
Cook the beef at a high heat.用高温来烹饪牛肉。
知识拓展:heat作及物动词意为“加热”。
Meanwhile, heat the tomatoes and oil in a pan.
与此同时,将西红柿和油放在平底锅里加热。
13.They are then polished and painted.
【词块】be polished是及物动词polish的被动语态结构。polish在此表示“磨光、擦亮”。
All aluminum parts are polished.
所有铝制组件都进行了磨光处理。
Polish your shoes with a brush.
用刷子把你的鞋子擦亮。
14.It takes several weeks to complete everything.
【句型】本句所用句型是“It takes +时间+动词不定式.”,表示“花费时间做某事”。it是形式主语,真正的主语是to complete everything。
It took lots of time to look after the pet.
照看宠物花费很多时间。
【词块】complete在此作及物动词,意为“完成”,表示完成计划、理想、事业、工程、建筑、书籍、作品等。它要接表示“事物”的名词或代词作宾语,不接V-ing或动词不定式作宾语。
He has never completed a project on time.他从未按时完成过计划。
用法辨析:complete和finish作及物动词表示“完成”的区别
1.finish是普通用语,多用来指完成一项任务或活动,可以接名词、代词、V-ing作宾语。
Have you finished your work?你的工作完成了吗?
He finished writing the letter last night. 这封信他是昨晚完成的。
2.表示完成学业、精细的工作、吃完某物都要用finish,不用complete。
He finished school in 1991. 他1991年从学校毕业。
The wood-work is beautifully finished. 这件木器做得很精细。
I finish eating lunch.我吃完了午餐。
知识拓展
1.complete还可以作形容词,意为“完全的”。副词形式是completely,意为“完全地”。
The house is a complete mess.
这房子实在太乱了。
I trust him completely. 我完全信任他。
2.completion是不可数名词时意为“完成”。
We aim for the completion of the task by the end of the year.
我们的最终目的是最迟在年底完成这项工作。
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