内容正文:
专题三 形容词与副词
形容词是用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的形状、性质特征的词;副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的词,主要用作状语,表示时间、范围、程度、方式、情态、语气等。绝大多数形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级之分。
初中考点
高中考点
·初步掌握形容词、副词的句法功能
·常用形容词、副词的同义辨析
·形容词、副词比较等级的用法
·某些形容词、副词在句中的位置
·形容词、副词比较等级的某些特殊用法
·某些常用同义形容词、副词辨析
·正确运用分词形容词
·形容词、副词的某些特殊用法
一、形容词和副词的比较等级
1.平级比较:as...as和……一样
He is as tall as Tom.他与汤姆一样高。
She sings the song as well as Lucy.
她唱这首歌与露西唱的一样好。
2.比较级:形容词、副词比较级+than
The building is higher than that one.
这幢建筑物比那个高。
Li Qun studied harder than Tom.
李群比汤姆学习刻苦。
3.最高级:the+形容词、副词的最高级+比较范围
Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.
南极洲是地球上最冷的地方。
We all arrived early but she arrived earliest of all.
我们都到得早,但她到得最早。
二、在某个特定的范围内与其他同类事物进行对比时,可用比较级形式表示最高级含义
比较级+than+
He runs faster than any other student/anyone else in his class.
他跑得比班里其他任何学生都快。
三、形容词、副词的句法功能
1.作定语
There is a beautiful old stone bridge over the river.河上有一座漂亮而古老的石桥。
The people here are very friendly.
这儿的人非常友好。
2.作表语
The music sounds beautiful.
这音乐听起来很美。
Class is over.下课了。
3.宾语补足语
The new teacher made us happy every class.
新来的老师每节课都能让我们高兴。
Please let me in.请让我进去。
四、形容词、副词易混比较
1.farther和further
far的比较级是farther和further。其用法区别:在谈论地点、方向或距离时,farther和further可以互换。但further还有“更多的,更进一步的,附加的”等含义,这时不能与farther互换使用。如:
There is a gas station a few miles farther down the road.
沿这条路走几英里有一个加油站。
We must get further information.
我们必须获得更多信息。
2.older和elder
(1)old的比较级是older和elder。older常用于比较的句型中,表示“较老的,较旧的,年纪较大的”。elder主要用来表示兄弟姐妹或子女的长幼关系,意为“年长的”。如:
Your bike is older than mine.
你的自行车比我的旧。
He's older than you.他年龄比你大。
He's my elder brother.他是我哥哥。
(2)elder除指家庭成员外,也可以指其他人,意思是“资格老的”。如:
He is an elder teacher.他是位老教师。
3.good,well,fine和nice
(1)good是形容词,用作表语和定语,它表示电影、书籍等某种东西的内容好,表示人品好、善良等。如:
This is a good book.这是一本好书。
(2)well兼作形容词和副词,作形容词时,只作表语,指身体健康。如:
—How are you?——你(身体)好吗?
—I'm very well.——我(身体)很好。
(3)fine通常指天气好、气质好等。如:
It's a fine day today.今天天气晴朗。
(4)nice往往指“令人喜悦的,讨人喜爱的”人、味道、言语、天气等。如:
You look very nice.你很好看。
4.ill和sick
两个词都是“病的,生病的”之意,都可以作表语,但作定语时只能用sick而不能用ill(ill作定语时表示“坏的”)。如:
The sick man is his uncle.
那位病人是他叔叔。
He has been ill for two days.
他已经病了两天了。
5.much too和too much
much too意为“非常,极其,太”,much和too都是副词,much修饰too,用以加强语气,中心词是too,much too修饰形容词或副词原级;too much意为“太多”,中心词是much,too修饰much,以加强语气,too much修饰不可数名词,与too many相对,too many修饰可数名词。如:
The skirt is much too dear.
这条裙子太贵了。
Please don't eat too much ice cream.It's bad for your health.
不要吃太多的冰激凌。它对你的身体不好。
There are too many people in the supermarket.超市里人太多了。
6.too,as well,also和either
too,as well和also用于肯定句,too和as well多用于口语,一般放在句末,而also多用于书面语,一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句,往往放在句末。如:
He went there too.他也去那儿了。
He didn't go there either.
他也没有去那儿。
I like you as well.我也喜欢你。
I also went there.我也去那儿了。
7.too,enough和so
too意为“太,很”,用于“too...to...”结构,表示否定意义“太……而不能……”;enough意为“足够”,用于“形容词/副词原级+enough to...”结构,表示“足够……能……”;so意为“如此”,用于“so...that...”结构,表示“如此……以至于……”。如:
The man is too old to look after himself.
这个人年纪太大了,照顾不了自己。
The boy runs fast enough to win the game.
这个男孩跑得足够快,能赢得比赛。
The camera is so expensive that I can't afford it.这个照相机太贵了,我买不起。
8.already,yet和still
already表示某事已经发生,主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事发生,主要用于否定句和疑问句,still表示某事还在进行,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,有时也可用于否定句。如:
We've already watched that film.
我们已经看过那部电影了。
I haven't finished my homework yet.
我还没有完成我的作业。
He still works until late every night.
每天晚上他仍然工作到很晚。
一、后置定语的形容词
1.某些以a开头的形容词(表语形容词)作定语必须后置。如:
She was the only person awake at the moment.她是那时唯一醒着的人。
这类形容词常见的有alike,alive,alone,afraid,awake,aware,alight,afloat,asleep等。
2.某些以ible或able结尾的形容词作定语可前置也可后置,但当这些词所修饰的名词前有形容词最高级或only修饰时,必须后置。如:
I doubt whether we can complete our contract in the time available.(=I doubt whether we can complete our contract in the available time.)
我不确定我们是否能在现有的时间内完成我们的合同。
That is the greatest difficulty imaginable.
那是能想象得到的最大困难。
这类形容词常见的有:acceptable,adaptable,available,imaginable,possible,suitable等。
3.形容词短语作定语一般后置,相当于一个省略了关系代词和连系动词的定语从句。如:
A person(who is)so difficult to please must be hard to work with.
一个如此难以取悦的人,一定很难共事。
二、分词形容词
有些现在分词和过去分词常作为形容词用。这类分词形容词常见的有:amazing/amazed,astonishing/astonished,boring/bored,confusing/confused,disappointing/disappointed,encouraging/encouraged,exciting/excited,frightening/frightened,interesting/interested,satisfying/satisfied,shocking/shocked,surprising/surprised,tiring/tired等。
【注意】 ing分词形容词通常用于指物;ed分词形容词通常用于指人。
三、形容词、副词表示倍数的句型
1.倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as...
2.倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than...
At a rough estimate,Nigeria is three times as big as Great Britain.
=At a rough estimate,Nigeria is three times bigger than Great Britain.
粗略估算,尼日利亚的面积是大不列颠的3倍。
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.“I take the jump very ________ (serious).I have a family and I've got a life to live.It's not a joke,” he said.
2.We should plan ________(scientific), and establish a proper city network.
3.She didn't let anyone know what she ________ (true) felt.
4.Healthy teeth can help us pronounce ________ (accurate).
5.The ________(high) we go above the earth, the ________ (thin) the air is.
6.________(additional), the pit has yielded a variety of weapons, including longrange attack weapons, shields for defense, as well as drums and drumsticks used for commanding soldiers.
7.He was advised to smoke ________ (few)cigarettes and drink ________ (little)beer.
8.He's the ________ (good) teacher, even though he has the ________ (little) experience.
9.John's parents have four daughters, and she is the ________ (young) child.
10.The Ten Wings made Zhouyi much ________ (easy) for ordinary people at the time to understand and are still used today.
11.During an interview, Professor Hawking warned that AI (人工智能) would soon reach a level where it would be a “new form of life” that would perform ________ (well) than humans.
12.According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ________(long) than nonrunners.
13.Running is cheap, easy and it's always ________ (energy).
14.The more you practice, the ________(good) you can understand.
15.The system sends messages to people ________ (little) than two seconds after the earthquake happens.
Ⅱ.翻译句子
1.我正在花费几个月的时间去复习英语以及去更好地了解这个城市。
________________________________________________________________________
2.你了解得越多,这次访问将会越有意思。
________________________________________________________________________
3.没有什么比你的生命更加宝贵。
________________________________________________________________________
4.Male animals are often larger than the female ones.
________________________________________________________________________
5.学习这个国家的历史将使你的旅行更加愉快。(study;make+宾语+宾语补足语)
________________________________________________________________________
6.近些年来,因特网使得我们的生活更方便。(convenient)
________________________________________________________________________
7.你越多练习武术,你就越能理解为什么它是一个值得传承的国之瑰宝。(the more...the more)
________________________________________________________________________
Ⅲ.语篇填空(根据提示或句意填空)
Some people think that they will get ill if they use their brains 1.________ much.It is not true.Through many studies,scientists show us that the 2.________(much)you use your brain,the better it will be and the 3.________(clever) you will become.
Of course,if you want to keep your mind 4.________(clearly) and active,you must take a proper rest and study 5.______(proper).To the teenagers,using their brains in the morning is 6.________(well) for their health.
There are many ways to rest.One is a 7.________(peace) rest.Sleep is a peaceful rest.Another is an 8.________(act) rest.For example,take a walk 9.________(outdoor) and do more exercise every day.To change the way of brains' activities is also a good way to rest.
In everyday life,to eat some eggs,meat,fresh vegetables and fruit is also good for the brains.
Wish you a wise man and a 10.______(happily) life.
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专题三 形容词与副词
语法要点专练
Ⅰ.
1.seriously 考查副词。句意:“我非常认真地对待这次跳伞。我有家庭,自己还要过活,这不是开玩笑的。”他说。此处修饰动词take,应用副词seriously“认真地”,作状语。故填seriously。
2.scientifically 考查副词。句意:我们应该进行科学的规划,并建立适当的城市网络。空处需要副词修饰动词plan,在句中作状语。故填scientifically。
3.truly 考查副词。句意:她没有让任何人知道她的真实感受。修饰动词“felt”应用副词,作其状语。“true”,形容词,意为“真的,真实的”,其副词形式为“truly(真实地,如实地)”。故填truly。
4.accurately 考查副词。句意:健康的牙齿能帮助我们准确地发音。空处需要副词修饰动词作状语。accurate的副词形式为accurately“精确地”。故答案是accurately。
5.higher thinner 考查比较级。句意:我们离地面越高,空气就越稀薄。根据句中的两个“The...”,“the...”并结合句意可推知,这是“The+比较级+主语+谓语,the+比较级+主语+谓语”句型,意为“越……,就越……”。因此,第一个空为“higher”,第二个空为“thinner”。故填higher;thinner。
6.Additionally 考查副词。句意:此外,该坑还出土了各种各样的武器,包括远程攻击武器,防御盾牌,以及用于指挥士兵的鼓和鼓槌。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰空后整个句子,应该用副词修饰,additional的副词形式是additionally,位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Additionally。
7.fewer less 考查形容词比较级。句意:有人建议他少抽烟,少喝啤酒。根据句意可知本句使用了形容词的比较级,表示“少抽烟,少喝酒”,cigarette 是可数名词,用 fewer 修饰,表示“更少的”;beer 是不可数名词,用 less 修饰,表示“更少的”。故填 fewer;less。
8.best least 考查形容词最高级。句意:他是最好的老师,尽管他经验最少。根据“even though he has(尽管他有)”可知本句使用了形容词的最高级,“the + 形容词最高级”表示“最……”,good 的最高级是 best,little 的最高级是 least。故填 best;least。
9.youngest 考查形容词最高级。句意:约翰的父母有四个女儿,她是最小的孩子。根据前文“John's parents have four daughters(约翰的父母有四个女儿)”可知,在四个女儿中进行比较,要用形容词的最高级形式。young 的最高级是 youngest ,故填 youngest 。
10.easier 考查比较级。句意:《十翼》使当时的普通人更容易理解《周易》,至今仍在使用。根据空前的much以及句意可知,孔子和弟子们对《十翼》的编纂和解释使得当时的普通人更容易理解《周易》,应填easy的比较级easier。故填easier。
11.better 考查副词比较级。句意:在一次采访中,霍金教授警告说,人工智能将很快达到一个比人类表现更好的“新生命形式”的水平。根据语境及空后的than可知,此处表示比人类表现得更好。空处应填well的比较级better“更好”,作状语,修饰动词perform。故填better。
12.longer 考查副词比较级。句意:根据医学杂志上的证据综述,跑步者比不跑步者多活三年。空后有than,所以应用副词比较级,故填longer。
13.energetic 考查形容词。句意:跑步既便宜又容易,而且总是充满活力。空格接在be动词后,应用形容词作表语,故填energetic。
14.better 考查固定句型。句意:你练习得越多,就能理解得越好。根据句意和句中的the more,the...可知,该题是考查固定句型:the+比较级,the+比较级“越……,越……”,用good的比较级better“更好地”。故填better。
15.less 考查副词比较级。句意:该系统在地震发生后不到两秒就会向人们发送信息。空处修饰动词sends,需用副词,结合than可知,此处需用副词比较级。故填less。
Ⅱ.
1.I'm spending a few months brushing up my English and getting to know the city better.
2.The more you read about it, the more interesting the visit will be.
3.Nothing is more precious than your life.
4.雄性动物通常比雌性大。
5.Studying the history of the country will make your visit/trip/travel/journey much more enjoyable.
6.In recent years, the Internet has made our life more convenient.
7.The more you practise martial arts, the better you will understand why it is a national treasure worth passing down.
Ⅲ.
1.too 2.more 3.cleverer 4.clear 5.properly
6.good 7.peaceful 8.active 9.outdoors 10.happy
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