定语从句 学案&课件 2026届高考英语一轮复习

英语语法复习案：定语从句 (The Attributive Clause / Relative Clause) 一、 定语从句的概念 (Concept) 定义： 定语从句（也称关系从句）是在复合句中充当定语成分，用来修饰主句中某个名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词 (Antecedent)。 功能： 相当于一个“形容词”，对先行词进行限定或补充说明，使句子表达更精确、更丰富。 位置： 定语从句紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 连接： 定语从句通过关系词（关系代词或关系副词） 与主句连接起来。关系词在从句中充当一定的句子成分（主语、宾语、状语等）。 例句对比 (Example Comparison) 1. 简单句： The boy is my student. (那个男孩是我的学生。) - 我们不知道具体是哪个男孩。 带定语从句的复合句： The boy who is wearing glasses is my student. (戴眼镜的那个男孩是我的学生。) 先行词 (Antecedent)：’The boy’ 定语从句 (Attributive Clause)：’who is wearing glasses’ 关系词 (Relative Word)：’who’ (在从句中作主语，指代’the boy’) 作用： 从句 ‘who is wearing glasses’ 修饰了名词 ‘the boy’，限定了我们谈论的是“戴眼镜的”那个男孩，而不是其他男孩。 2. 简单句： I like the book. (我喜欢那本书。) 带定语从句的复合句： I like the book that you lent me last week. (我喜欢你上周借给我的那本书。) 先行词：’the book’ 定语从句：’that you lent me last week’ 关系词：’that’ (在从句中作宾语，指代’the book’，被动词’lent’) 作用： 从句 ‘that you lent me last week’ 修饰了名词 ‘the book’，说明了是“你上周借给我的”那本特定的书。 二、 定语从句的引导词 (Relative Words) 引导定语从句的关系词分为两大类：关系代词和关系副词。选择哪个关系词取决于先行词的性质和该关系词在从句中所充当的句子成分。 (一) 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns) 关系代词 指代对象 (先行词) 在从句中充当成分 备注 例句 who 人 (Person) 主语或 宾语 作宾语时，口语中可省略（非正式） 1. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (作主语) 2. The man (who) you met yesterday is my uncle. (作宾语，可省略) whom 人 (Person) 宾语  (正式语体) 口语中常用 who 或 that 代替，或省略 1. He is the professor whom we all respect. (作宾语) 2. The girl (whom) I helped thanked me. (作宾语，可省略) whose 人 或 物 (Person/Thing) 定语  (表示所有关系) 后接名词，相当于 ...'s / ... of which 1. That's the artist whose paintings are very expensive. (指人) 2. I live in a room whose window faces south. (指物) = ...a room the window of which faces south. which 物 或 动物 (Thing/Animal) 主语或宾语 作宾语时可省略；不能指代人 1. The book which is on the table is mine. (作主语) 2. The music (which) we listened to was relaxing. (作宾语，可省略) that 人 或 物 (Person/Thing) 主语或宾语 使用范围最广；作宾语时可省略；注意特殊情况 1. She is the only person that understands me. (指人，作主语) 2. Where is the cake (that) I made this morning? (指物，作宾语，可省略) 关系代词使用要点： 1. 主格/宾格： ‘who’ (主格) / ‘whom’ (宾格) / ‘whose’ (所有格)；’which’ 和 ‘that’ 本身没有格的变化，在从句中作主语还是宾语取决于它们在从句中的位置和功能。 2. 省略： 当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语或介词的宾语（且介词不提前）时，通常可以省略（尤其在非正式文体中）。作主语时不能省略。 The movie (that/which) we watched was boring. (作’watched’的宾语，可省略) The man (who/whom/that) I spoke to is the manager. (作介词’to’的宾语，可省略) -> 比较：The man to whom I spoke is the manager. (介词提前 ‘whom’不可省略) 3. 只能用 that 的情况 (通常)： 先行词是不定代词时：’all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few, any, none’ 等。 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? All (that) he said is true. 先行词被序数词 (first, second...) 或 形容词最高级 (best, most important...) 修饰时。 This is the best movie (that) I have ever seen. He was the first man that reached the top. 先行词同时包含人和物时。 They talked about the people and places (that) they had visited. 主句是以 ‘who’ 或 ‘which’ 开头的特殊疑问句时（避免重复）。 Who is the man that is standing over there? Which of the books that you borrowed is the most interesting? (二) 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs) 关系副词 指代对象 (先行词) 在从句中充当成分 相当于 例句 when 时间 (Time) 时间状语 = at/in/on which 1. I'll never forget the day when (on which) we first met. 2. Do you remember the time when (at which) we got lost? where 地点 (Place) 地点状语 = in/at which 1. This is the school where (in which) I studied for six years. 2. The hotel where (at which) we stayed was very comfortable. why 原因 (Reason) 原因状语 = for which The reason why (for which) he was late is still unknown. 关系副词使用要点： 1. 实质： 关系副词其实是“介词 + which”的替代形式，它们在从句中作状语。 2. why 的先行词： ‘why’ 通常只修饰先行词 ‘the reason’，有时 ‘the reason why’ 中的 ‘the reason’ 或 ‘why’ 可以省略其一。 That's (the reason) why I called you. / That's the reason (that) I called you. 3. when/where 的特殊先行词： 有时 ‘when’ 和 ‘where’ 的先行词不一定是明确的时间/地点名词，而是隐含时间/地点概念的名词（如 ‘point, situation, case’ 等）。 We have reached a point where a decision must be made. (point 隐含“境地”) There are times when I feel very lonely. (times 指“时刻”) (三) 区分关系代词与关系副词 关键：看关系词在从句中充当的成分。 如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语，用关系代词 (who, whom, whose, which, that)。 如果关系词在从句中作状语 (时间、地点、原因)，用关系副词 (when, where, why) 或 “介词 + which”。 比较： This is the factory. My father works in the factory. (地点) This is the factory where my father works. (关系副词’where’在从句中作地点状语) This is the factory (which/that) my father works in. (关系代词’which/that’在从句中作介词’in’的宾语) I remember the day. I joined the club on that day. (时间) I remember the day when I joined the club. (关系副词’when’在从句中作时间状语) I remember the day (which/that) I joined the club on. (关系代词’which/that’在从句中作介词’on’的宾语) 三、 训练 (Exercises) Part A: 选择正确的引导词填空 (Choose the correct relative word) 1. The scientist ________ discovered the new element won the Nobel Prize. (who / whom / which) 2. Is this the restaurant ________ you recommended? (where / which / that) 3. Do you remember the year ________ the Olympics were held in Beijing? (when / which / where) 4. He is the student ________ homework is always perfect. (who / whom / whose) 5. That's the main reason ________ I disagree with you. (why / which / that) 6. The person ________ I admire most is my mother. (who / whom / which) 7. I found the keys ________ I lost yesterday. (which / where / when) 8. The house ________ roof is red belongs to Mr. Smith. (whose / which / that) 9. This is the fastest train ________ runs between the two cities. (which / that / who) 10. Can you show me the pictures ________ you took in Paris? (that / when / where) Part B: 用定语从句合并句子 (Combine the sentences using an attributive clause) 1. I bought a book. The book has beautiful illustrations. -> ___________________________________________________________ 2. The girl is singing on the stage. Her voice is amazing. -> ___________________________________________________________ 3. We visited the town. My grandparents were born in that town. -> ___________________________________________________________ 4. Do you know the man? I borrowed his bicycle. -> ___________________________________________________________ 5. Tell me the time. We need to leave at that time. -> ___________________________________________________________ 6. This is the best movie. I have ever seen the movie. -> ___________________________________________________________ 7. She told me the reason. She was absent for that reason. -> ___________________________________________________________ 8. I saw the dog. You found it last week. -> ___________________________________________________________ Part C: 找出句子中的定语从句并指出先行词和关系词 (Identify the attributive clause, its antecedent and relative word) 1. The computer which is on my desk is very old. 定语从句：_________________________ 先行词：_________________________ 关系词：_________________________ (在从句中作：_______ ) 2. The teacher whom we met yesterday is from Canada. 定语从句：_________________________ 先行词：_________________________ 关系词：_________________________ (在从句中作：_______ ) 3. This is the village where my father grew up. 定语从句：_________________________ 先行词：_________________________ 关系词：_________________________ (在从句中作：_______ ) 4. I still remember the day when we first went to school. 定语从句：_________________________ 先行词：_________________________ 关系词：_________________________ (在从句中作：_______ ) 5. The man whose car broke down is asking for help. 定语从句：_________________________ 先行词：_________________________ 关系词：_________________________ (在从句中作：_______ ) Part D: 翻译练习 (Translation Practice) - 将下列句子翻译成英语，使用定语从句 1. 你昨天看到的那只鸟是鹦鹉。(bird, parrot) ___________________________________________________________ 2. 这就是我丢失钱包的地方。(wallet) ___________________________________________________________ 3. 正在和玛丽说话的女士是她的英语老师。(talk to) ___________________________________________________________ 4. 我不认识那个电话号码被写在黑板上的学生。(phone number, blackboard) ___________________________________________________________ 5. 他迟到的原因是因为交通堵塞。(reason, traffic jam) ___________________________________________________________ 答案 Key: Part A: 1. who (指人，作主语) 2. that / which (指物，作宾语，可省略) 3. when (指时间，作状语) 4. whose (表示所有关系，作定语) 5. why (指原因，作状语) 6. whom / who / that (指人，作宾语，可省略whom/who/that) 7. that / which (指物，作宾语，可省略) 8. whose (表示所有关系，作定语) 9. that (先行词被最高级’fastest’修饰) 10. that / which (指物，作宾语，可省略) Part B: 1. I bought a book which/that has beautiful illustrations. 2. The girl whose voice is amazing is singing on the stage. / The girl who is singing on the stage has an amazing voice. (两种合并方式) 3. We visited the town where my grandparents were born. / We visited the town (which/that) my grandparents were born in. 4. Do you know the man whose bicycle I borrowed? 5. Tell me the time (when) we need to leave. / Tell me the time (that) we need to leave at. 6. This is the best movie (that) I have ever seen. 7. She told me the reason why she was absent. 8. I saw the dog (that/which) you found last week. Part C: 1. 定语从句： which is on my desk 先行词： The computer 关系词： which (作主语) 2. 定语从句： whom we met yesterday 先行词： The teacher 关系词： whom (作宾语) 3. 定语从句： where my father grew up 先行词： the village 关系词： where (作地点状语) 4. 定语从句： when we first went to school 先行词： the day 关系词： when (作时间状语) 5. 定语从句： whose car broke down 先行词： The man 关系词： whose (作定语修饰’car’) Part D: 1. The bird (that/which) you saw yesterday is a parrot. 2. This is the place where I lost my wallet. / This is (the place) where I lost my wallet. 3. The woman who/that is talking to Mary is her English teacher. 4. I don't know the student whose phone number is written on the blackboard. 5. The reason why he was late was because of the traffic jam. / He was late because of the traffic jam, which was the reason. (或直接用原因状语从句更自然：He was late because of the traffic jam.) 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ The Attributive Clause 一、基本概念 定义：定语从句（也称关系从句）是在复合句中充当定语成分，用来修饰主句中某个名词或代词的从句。被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词 (Antecedent)。 功能：相当于一个“形容词”，对先行词进行限定或补充说明，使句子表达更精确、更丰富。 位置：定语从句紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。 连接：定语从句通过关系词（关系代词或关系副词） 与主句连接起来。关系词在从句中充当一定的句子成分（主语、宾语、状语等）。 先行词 (Antecedent)：The boy 定语从句 (Attributive Clause)：who is wearing glasses 关系词 (Relative Word)：who (在从句中作主语，指代the boy) 作用： 从句 who is wearing glasses 修饰了名词 the boy，限定了我们谈论的是“戴眼镜的”那个男孩，而不是其他男孩。 The boy is my student. (那个男孩是我的学生。) - 我们不知道具体是哪个男孩。 带定语从句的复合句： The boy who is wearing glasses is my student. (戴眼镜的那个男孩是我的学生。) 先行词：the book 定语从句：that you lent me last week 关系词：that (在从句中作宾语，指代the book，被动词lent) 作用： 从句 ‘that you lent me last week’ 修饰了名词 ‘the book’，说明了是“你上周借给我的”那本特定的书。 I like the book. (我喜欢那本书。) 带定语从句的复合句： I like the book that you lent me last week. (我喜欢你上周借给我的那本书。) 二、 定语从句的引导词 (Relative Words) 引导定语从句的关系词分为两大类：关系代词和关系副词。选择哪个关系词取决于先行词的性质和该关系词在从句中所充当的句子成分。 关系代词 指代对象 (先行词) 在从句中充当成分 备注 例句 who 人 (Person) 主语或 宾语 作宾语时，口语中可省略（非正式） 1. The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (作主语) 2. The man (who) you met yesterday is my uncle. (作宾语，可省略) whom 人 (Person) 宾语  (正式语体) 口语中常用 who 或 that 代替，或省略 1. He is the professor whom we all respect. (作宾语) 2. The girl (whom) I helped thanked me. (作宾语，可省略) whose 人 或 物 (Person/Thing) 定语  (表示所有关系) 后接名词，相当于 ...'s / ... of which 1. That's the artist whose paintings are very expensive. (指人) 2. I live in a room whose window faces south. (指物) = ...a room the window of which faces south. which 物 或 动物 (Thing/Animal) 主语或宾语 作宾语时可省略；不能指代人 1. The book which is on the table is mine. (作主语) 2. The music (which) we listened to was relaxing. (作宾语，可省略) that 人 或 物 (Person/Thing) 主语或宾语 使用范围最广；作宾语时可省略；注意特殊情况 1. She is the only person that understands me. (指人，作主语) 2. Where is the cake (that) I made this morning? (指物，作宾语，可省略) (一) 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns) 关系代词使用要点： 1. 主格/宾格： ‘who’ (主格) / ‘whom’ (宾格) / ‘whose’ (所有格)；’which’ 和 ‘that’ 本身没有格的变化，在从句中作主语还是宾语取决于它们在从句中的位置和功能。 2. 省略： 当关系代词在从句中作动词的宾语或介词的宾语（且介词不提前）时，通常可以省略（尤其在非正式文体中）。作主语时不能省略。 The movie (that/which) we watched was boring. (作’watched’的宾语，可省略) The man (who/whom/that) I spoke to is the manager. (作介词’to’的宾语，可省略) -> 比较：The man to whom I spoke is the manager. (介词提前 ‘whom’不可省略) 3. 只能用 that 的情况 (通常)： 先行词是不定代词时：’all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few, any, none’ 等。 Is there anything (that) I can do for you? All (that) he said is true. 先行词被序数词 (first, second...) 或 形容词最高级 (best, most important...) 修饰时。 This is the best movie (that) I have ever seen. He was the first man that reached the top. 先行词同时包含人和物时。 They talked about the people and places (that) they had visited. 主句是以 ‘who’ 或 ‘which’ 开头的特殊疑问句时（避免重复）。 Who is the man that is standing over there? Which of the books that you borrowed is the most interesting 关系副词 指代对象 (先行词) 在从句中充当成分 相当于 例句 when 时间 (Time) 时间状语 = at/in/on which 1. I'll never forget the day when (on which) we first met. 2. Do you remember the time when (at which) we got lost? where 地点 (Place) 地点状语 = in/at which 1. This is the school where (in which) I studied for six years. 2. The hotel where (at which) we stayed was very comfortable. why 原因 (Reason) 原因状语 = for which The reason why (for which) he was late is still unknown. (二) 关系副词 (Relative Adverbs) 关系副词使用要点： 1. 实质： 关系副词其实是“介词 + which”的替代形式，它们在从句中作状语。 2. why 的先行词： ‘why’ 通常只修饰先行词 ‘the reason’，有时 ‘the reason why’ 中的 ‘the reason’ 或 ‘why’ 可以省略其一。 That's (the reason) why I called you. / That's the reason (that) I called you. 3. when/where 的特殊先行词： 有时 ‘when’ 和 ‘where’ 的先行词不一定是明确的时间/地点名词，而是隐含时间/地点概念的名词（如 ‘point, situation, case’ 等）。 We have reached a point where a decision must be made. (point 隐含“境地”) There are times when I feel very lonely. (times 指“时刻”) (三) 区分关系代词与关系副词 关键：看关系词在从句中充当的成分。 如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语，用关系代词 (who, whom, whose, which, that)。 如果关系词在从句中作状语 (时间、地点、原因)，用关系副词 (when, where, why) 或 “介词 + which”。 比较： This is the factory. My father works in the factory. (地点) This is the factory where my father works. (关系副词where在从句中作地点状语) This is the factory (which/that) my father works in. (关系代词’which/that’在从句中作介词in的宾语) I remember the day. I joined the club on that day. (时间) I remember the day when I joined the club. (关系副词when在从句中作时间状语) I remember the day (which/that) I joined the club on. (关系代词which/that在从句中作介词on的宾语) 三、真题链接：易考易错点 考点一：考查定语从句关系代词that, which的用法 考点二：考查定语从句关系代词who, whom, whose, as的用法 考点三：考查定语从句关系副词when, where, why的用法 考点四：考查定语从句主谓一致的用法 考点五：考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”的用法 考点一：考查定语从句关系代词that, which的用法 1.（2024新课标I卷）The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 64 brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 2.（2024全国甲卷）Yellowstone was the largest United States national park - 2.2 million acres - until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, 70 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 3.（2024浙江1月卷）Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way _________ will make them the most money. 4.（2023全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural wonders standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. that/which that/which which that/which 5.（2022新课标I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ___________live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 6.（2021新课标II卷）I decided that if I learned of a company ___________used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back. 7.（2021北京卷）When you sleep, your brain sorts through everything ___________ happened during the day, trying to link new experiences to old memories. 8.（2021浙江1月卷）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ___________ gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. 9.（2020新课标卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum __________ opened in 1759. that that/which that/which that that/which 考点二：考查定语从句关系代词who, whom, whose, as的用法 10.（2024新课标II卷）Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, ___56___ is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 11. Tinniswood, ___17___ doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said. 12.（2023全国甲卷）Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, _________Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 13.（2023全国乙卷）The color she chose came in a box which had a picture of a woman ________hair color looked just perfect. 14.（2022浙江1月卷）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___________ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. 15.（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___________ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. 16.（2020全国III卷）In ancient China lived an artist, __________ paintings were almost lifelike. The artist’s reputation had made him proud. 17.（2020天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. whose who who whose as who who whose 考点三：考查定语从句关系副词when, c, why的用法 18.（2023天津3月卷）Kenny still remembers the class discussion ________the teacher asked students to share what they wanted to be when they grew up. A．why B．which C．that D．where 19.（2023全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old fables. 20.（2021天津卷）At the Chinese art festival, there are different stands _________ artists demonstrate their skills and teach the visitors. 21.（2020全国I卷）Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot __________ it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. where where where where 考点四：考查定语从句主谓一致的用法 22.（2020江苏卷）If you look at all sides of the situation, you’ll find probably a solution that ___________ everyone.(suit) suits 考点五：考查定语从句“介词+关系代词”的用法 23.（2021天津卷）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes from __________we can learn without repeating them. 24.（2020江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from ___________students can choose for free. which which $$