2023年-2025年高考英语全国一卷阅读理解D篇解读及备考启示讲义

2023年--2025年全国I卷阅读理解D篇研究分析 1、 题型与分值 年份 语篇 体裁 分值 词数 难度 话题 考点分布 2025年 阅读D 说明文 4*2.5=10 318 +115 = 433 中 人与自然：微塑料污染及应对方法 细节理解2 推理判断2 2024年 阅读D 说明文 4*2.5=10 358+102=460 难 人与自然：现代生物采样数据的科学性 细节理解2 推理判断2 2023年 阅读D 说明文 4*2.5=10 353+120=473 难 人与社会：“群体智慧”效应 细节理解1 推理判断2 主旨大意1 2、 命题原则与科学解读 1. 选材特征 - 学术性与现实性结合：D篇均选自国际权威期刊（如《New Scientist》《Environmental Science & Technology Letters》），话题涵盖心理学（群体智慧）、生态学（生物采样）、环境科学（微塑料治理），体现跨学科融合趋势。 - 中国视角融入：2025年聚焦中国科研团队解决微塑料污染的方案，呼应“文化自信”命题导向。 - 认知层次递进：问题设计遵循布鲁姆分类学，从细节理解（2023年群体智慧定义）到批判评价（2025年治理方案可行性）逐步升级。 2. 命题科学性 - 题型分布稳定：均采用“2细节+2推理+1主旨/态度”结构，2025年新增数据推理题（如对比降解率）。 - 干扰项设计：高频陷阱包括“以偏概全”（2023年将“部分群体决策”等同于“所有情况”）和“偷换条件”（2025年忽略“碳酸钙含量”限制）。 3、 近三年真题深度分析 维度 2023年（群体智慧） 2024年（生物采样） 2025年（微塑料污染） 主题 心理学现象 生态学数据科学性 环境科学与技术应用 文本特征 概念抽象（如“误差相关性”） 长难句占比30% 专业术语密集（eDNA, metagenomics） 数据偏倚分析 中国方案突出（藻基材料） 含实验条件限制（碳酸钙浓度） 能力考查 逻辑推理（误差抵消机制） 主旨归纳（群体决策优势） 批判思维（数据局限性） 方案设计（改进采样建议） 跨学科整合（化学+生态学） 方案评估（成本/效率权衡） 典型题目 Q33：群体讨论提升准确性（推理题） Q34：采样偏好导致数据偏倚（细节题） Q33：水质硬度决定效果（细节题） 难度关键点 理解“误差独立性”的统计学概念 辨析“观察数据”与“标本数据”差异 分析实验条件对结果的限制 趋势变化 -文本复杂度：词汇量年均增长8%，2025年出现“photocatalytic degradation”等专业术语。 -能力迁移：推理题占比从40%（2023）升至60%（2025），侧重证据链重建（如2024年需关联采样方法与数据可靠性）。 -中国元素：2025年70%内容涉及中国科研贡献，体现“讲好中国故事”命题思路。 4、 命题规律提炼 1. 结构范式 - “现象-研究-争议”三部曲**： 2023年：群体智慧现象→Galton实验→Navajas新发现（讨论提升准确性） 2025年：微塑料污染→中国团队煮沸方案→碳酸钙限制条件 -观点对立设计：87%篇章含学者争论（如2024年“观察数据便利性 vs 标本数据准确性”）。 2. 高频考点 考点类型 真题示例 解题密钥 指代关系 2024年Q34：“these biases”指代采样偏好 定位前文“attractive species” 数据功能 2025年Q33：水质硬度决定去除效率 关联原文“300mg碳酸钙→90%去除率” 态度词标记 2023年Q35：作者对Navajas研究持“approving”态度 末段“potential implications enormous”隐含肯定 3. 干扰项规律 - 正确项：同义改写（2025年“hard water”对应原文“high calcium carbonate”）。 - 强干扰项： 部分正确：2024年Q34选项“数据设备不可靠”（实为采样方法问题） 绝对化表述：2025年Q33选项“煮沸适用于所有水质”（忽略碳酸钙条件） 5、 备考建议 1. 学术阅读攻坚 - 术语网络图：按主题分类记忆，例如： 环境科学：microplastics → photocatalytic oxidation → biodegradable polymers 生态学：eDNA → biodiversity assessment → metagenomics -长难句拆解：每日精析1句《Science》摘要，重点训练“插入语+多重从句”结构（如2024年首段Darwin引语）。 2. 题型破解策略 题型 策略 真题锚点 指代题 向前搜索3行+括号验证法 2025年Q33：“this process”指代煮沸过滤 推理题 CER模型（Claim-Evidence-Reasoning） 2023年Q33：群体讨论→误差降低→准确性提升 方案评估题 PEA三维度（实操性/效率/经济性） 2025年Q35：煮沸法vs.工业处理厂升级 3. 冲刺阶段特训 - 限时模考：15分钟完成D篇（含涂卡），强制“8分钟速读法”： 首段抓核心问题 → 中间段锁定研究方法 → 末段聚焦争议/局限 - 错题归因表： 错误类型 2023-2025高频题示例 强化方案 概念混淆 2023年Q32（误差独立性误解） 建立“学术概念对照表”（如independent vs correlated） 过度推断 2024年Q34（数据偏倚归因错误） 练习“选项成分拆解”（主谓宾定状补逐项验证） 4. 认知能力提升 -多视角写作：针对科技争议（如“微塑料治理责任归属”），撰写正/反方论述（各200词）。 -时文精读：每日1篇《Nature》政策论坛文章，完成“三标注”：△研究结论 □实验方法 →因果链 5.命题动态预警 2025年新增“双文本互文题”（主文本+补充材料），建议补充《科学美国人》“Advances”板块对比阅读训练。针对实验类文章，需重点标注“sample size”“control group”等方法论要素，以应对实证性题目。 6、 三年真题 【2025年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride. Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” 32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph? A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept. C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics. 33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water? A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time. C The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water. 34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4? A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem. C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water. 35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about? A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study. C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings. 【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D 【导语】本文是说明文。介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。 32.推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.( 至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来捕获塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低于60毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量。)”可知，决定在水中捕获微塑料的有效性的事水的硬度。故选A。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.( 尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10到1000倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。故选B。 35.细节理解题。根据最后一段的““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”( 格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳•高肖特-林赛（Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay）没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示的微塑料是如何通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式很好。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，这样它们就能去除微塑料。”)”可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay提出了这项发现的潜在应用，升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。 2025年阅读D篇语篇解读 关键词 microplastics, tap water, boiling, filtering 主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，介绍了微塑料污染的普遍性及其对人类健康的潜在威胁，并提出了一种简单且经济的方法——煮沸和过滤自来水——来减少饮用水中的微塑料含量。研究还指出，水的硬度（碳酸钙含量）是影响该方法效果的关键因素。文章强调微塑料污染问题的严峻性，并呼吁进一步升级饮用水处理厂，以应对微塑料污染问题。 百科知识 硬水（hard water）：指含有较多可溶性钙、镁化合物的水。 原 文 出 处 本文选自Smithsonian magazine杂志2024年3月1日名为Boiling Tap Water Could Help Remove 80 Percent of Its Microplastics, Study Suggests 的文章。 https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/boiling-tap-water-could-help-remove-80-percent-of-its-microplastics-study-suggests-180983874/ 语言知识 重 难 点 词 汇 microplastic n 微塑料（micro- + plastic）； stick v 卡住，陷入； significantly adv 显著地； cool v（使）冷却； remove v 除去； crucially adv 关键地，至关重要地； trap v 收集，吸收； drop n 下降； additionally adv 除此之外，此外； previously adv 以前，先前； still adv 虽然如此； exposure n 接触； originally adv 起初，原来； intake n 吸入量，摄入量（in + take）； demonstrate v 展示； upgrade v（使）升级（up + grade）； quote v 引用，引述； hardness n 硬度（ hard + -ness）； severity n 严 重（ severe + -ity）； overuse v 过度使用（over- + use） 重 难 点 词 块 settle in 在……安顿下来； volcanic rock 火山岩； rely on 依靠； hard water 硬水； lead to 导致，造成； bottled water 瓶装水； raise concerns about / over / for sth 提出对某事 的担忧； look into 调查，研究； pure water 纯净水 知识点总结 （一）词性转换 1. pollute vt. 污染 →pollution n. 污染 2. significant adj. 重要的 →significantly adv. 重要地 3. environment n. 环境 →environmental adj. 环境的 4. crucial adj. 关键的 →crucially adv. 关键地 5. additional adj. 额外的 →additionally adv. 额外地 6. previous adj. 先前的 →previously adv. 先前地 7. increasing adj. 日益增长的→increasingly adv. 日益增长地 8. original adj. 原始的 →originally adv. 原始地 9. harm n. 伤害 →harmful adj. 有害的 10. treat vt. 对待 / 治疗 →treatment n. 对待 / 治疗 11. hard adj. 坚硬的 →hardness n. 硬度 12. long adj. 长的 →length n. 长度 13. frequent adj. 频繁的 →frequency n. 频率 14. severe adj. 严重的 →severity n. 严重程度 15. difficult adj. 困难的 →difficulty n. 困难 16. direct vt. 指导 / 导演 →direction n. 方向 / 指导 17. apply vt. 应用 / 申请 →application n. 应用 / 申请 （二）识词知意 1. microplastic /ˌmaɪkrəʊˈplæstɪk/ n. 微塑料 2. source /sɔːs/ n. 来源；源头 3. stomach /ˈstʌmək/ n. 胃；腹部 4. reduce /rɪˈdjuːs/ v. 减少；降低 5. level /ˈlevl/ n. 水平；等级 adj. 平坦的 v. 使平等 6. filter /ˈfɪltə(r)/ v. 过滤；筛选 7. tap /tæp/ n. 水龙头；轻敲 v. 轻拍；开发 8. process /ˈprəʊses/ n. 过程；工序 9. trap /træp/ v. 捕获；使陷入 10. contain /kənˈteɪn/ v. 包含；容纳；控制 11. sample /ˈsɑːmpl/ n. 样品；样本 12. polystyrene /ˌpɒliˈstaɪriːn/ n. 聚苯乙烯 13. polyethylene /ˌpɒliˈeθəliːn/ n. 聚乙烯 14. polypropylene /ˌpɒliˈprəʊpəliːn/n. 聚丙烯 15. chemical /ˈkemɪkl/ adj. 化学的 n. 化学品 16. potential /pəˈtenʃl/ adj. 潜在的 n. 潜力；可能性 17. forward /ˈfɔːwəd/ adv. 向前 adj. 向前的 v. 发送；推进 18. determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ vt. 确定；决定；查明 19. demonstrate /ˈdemənstreɪt/ vt. 证明；展示；演示 20. upgrade /ˌʌpˈɡreɪd/ tv. 升级；提升 21. remove /rɪˈmuːv/ tv. 移除；去掉；消除 22. illustrate /ˈɪləstreɪt/ vt. 说明；举例说明；图解 23. mention /ˈmenʃn/ vt. 提到；提及 24. involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/ vt. 包含；涉及；使参与 25. intake /ˈɪnteɪk/ n. 摄入；吸入；纳入量 （三）高频语块 1. settle in 在……安顿下来 2. tap water 自来水 3. volcanic rock 火山岩 4. rely on 依靠；依赖 5. hard water 硬水 6. at least 至少 7. lead to 导致；造成 8. bottled water 瓶装水 9. raise concerns about 提出对某事的担忧 10. look into 调查；研究 11. pure water 纯净水 12. further study 进一步研究 （四）长难句分析 1. Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. 翻译：微塑料已成为全球常见的污染源 —— 它们在深海和喜马拉雅山脉定居，卡在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新鲜积雪中。它们甚至出现在人类体内。 分析：主语：they（指代前句的 Microplastics）谓语：由四个并列的过去分词短语构成，后三个谓语动词前省略了助动词 “have”，属于并列谓语的省略现象，避免重复。 2. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. 翻译：在周三发表于《环境科学与技术快报》的一项研究中，中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸仅 5 分钟，冷却后过滤，可去除至少 80% 的微塑料。 分析：主语：researchers from China（中国的研究人员，名词短语）；谓语：found（发现）；that引导宾语从句中，boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools是动名词短语作主语。 【2024年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32. B 事实细节题。根据第一段第二句Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的。 33. C 推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“These observations now outnumber ...Are they usable? ”和第三段可知，Daru 的研究重点是这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性。所以他的研究聚焦的是“样本数据”。 34. C 推理判断题。根据第四段中的... like the greater likelihood scientist ...right next to it 和第五段可知，收集生物采样数据的人，对于采样区域、采样时段以及采样物种的选择有一定的主观性，这些不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。 35. D 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，Daru 认为biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此，Daru 建议biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。 2024年阅读D篇语篇解读 标题 The Challenges and Potential of Digital Biodiversity Records 文章出处 https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2023/05/study-examines-biases-coverage-gaps-biodiversity-data 体裁 科学报道 主题 数字化生物多样性记录的挑战与潜力 大意 随着科技的发展，研究人员和公民科学家收集了大量关于地球物种的数字记录。然而，斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，这些数字记录存在一些缺陷，可能会导致数据偏差。这些偏差主要体现在对特定区域、时间段和物种的偏爱。尽管如此，这些不完美的数据集仍有很大的利用潜力，通过引导用户去未被充分记录的区域和物种，以及鼓励用户请专家确认上传的图像，可以改进观测数据的质量。 写作目的 探讨数字化生物多样性记录的局限性和改进方法，强调在使用这些数据时需要注意的偏差，并提出优化数据收集的方法。 主要内容 1. 数字记录的兴起及其对物种记录的影响。 2. Daru 研究团队对这些数据的代表性进行测试。 3. 研究发现数字记录存在区域、时间段和物种偏差。 4. 提出利用不完美数据集的方法及改进建议。 结构分析 文章从问题引入，介绍研究背景和目的，阐述研究方法和发现，最后提出改进建议和未来应用。 关键词汇 biodiversity（生物多样性）, observational data（观测数据）, physical specimens（实物标本）, data bias（数据偏差）, citizen scientists（公民科学家） 写作特点 文章结构严谨，信息密集，通过具体研究和数据支持观点，语言专业且具有说服力。 长难句分析 1.Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. 句意：尽管这些记录对于检测某个地区物种数量和种类的变化很有用，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种记录并不完美。语法分析：主句为"a new Stanford study has found"，其中"Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area"是让步状语从句。 2.Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled. 句意：生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户哪些区域采样过多，并引导他们前往未被充分采样的地方，甚至物种。 语法分析：主句为"Biodiversity apps can use our study results"，其中"to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places—and even species—that are not well-sampled"是不定式短语作目的状语，其中"that are not well-sampled"是定语从句，修饰"places—and even species"。 知识点总结 （一）考纲词汇词形转换 1. observe vt 观察→observation n 观察（observe + -ation）； 2. observation n 观察→observational adj 观察的（observation + -al）； 3. use vt 可用→usable adj 可用的，适用的（use + -able）； 4. sample vt 取样→sampling n（选取的有代表性的）样本（sample + -ing）； 5. likely adj可能的→likelihood n 可能（性）（likely + -hood）； 6. flower vt开花→flowering adj 开花的，有花的（flower + -ing）； 7. cover vt 覆盖→coverage n 覆盖范围（cover + -age）； 8. perfect adj 完美的→imperfect adj 不完美的（im- + perfect）； 9. sampled adj被采样的→oversampled adj过度采样的（over- + sample + -ed）； 10. identify vt 辨认，识别→identification n 身份（identify + -ication）； 11. upload vt 上传→uploaded adj 已上传的（upload+ -ed）； 12. outdate vt 使过时→outdated adj 过时的（out- + date + -ed）； 13. threatened vt威胁→threatened adj 受到威胁的，感到危险的（threaten + -ed）； 14. proper adj 适当的→improper adj 不当的，错误的（im- + proper）； 15. reliable adj.可靠的→unreliable adj 不可靠的（un- + reliable）； 16. guide vt. 指导→guidance n 指导（guide+ -ance） （二）考纲词汇识词知意 第一组：高频单词 1. document v [学术词] 记录，记载； 2. detect v [学术词] 发现； 3. shift n [学术词] 改变； 4. variety n 多样性； 5. application n 应用程序（缩写为app）； 6. primary adj [学术词] 原始的，最初的； 7. investigate v [学术词] 研究； 8. reveal v [学术词] 揭示； 9. favor v 更倾向于； 10. device n [学术词] 设备； 11. encounter n [学术词] 相遇； 12. feature n [学术词] 特征 第二组：低频单词 13. dataset n 数据集（data + set）； 14. eye-catching adj 抢眼的，引人注目的（eye + catch + -ing）； 15. well-sampled adj 充分采样的（well + sample + -ed） 16. biodiversity n 生物多样性（bio- + diversity）； 17. humanity n 人类，仁慈，善良； 18. outnumber v 比……多； 19. mobile adj.移动的 20. bias n. 偏见 （三）高频短语积少成多 1. go extinct 灭绝； 2. citizen scientist 民间科学家； 3. in the form of 以……的形式； 4.with the rise of 随着……的兴起； 5. with the aid of 借助于……； 6. lead author 第一作者； 7. assistant professor 助理教授； 8. respond to 对……作出反应； 9. tend to do sth 易于做某事； 10.make sense 说得通，有道理； 11.inform sb of sth 告知某人某事； 12.be limited in number 数量有限 13.lead to 导致；通往 （四）长难句分析 1. These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 【翻译】现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗? 【分析】本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that 作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data；后半句中的since 引导原因状语从句，how 引导宾语从句作investigate 的宾语。 2. Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 【翻译】Daru 和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 【分析】Using a global dataset ... 为分词短语作状语，how 引导宾语从句作test 的宾语。 3. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 【翻译】这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 【分析】because 引导原因状语从句，who 引导定语从句修饰先行词the people，recording ... nearby 为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizen scientists。 【2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D 【语篇解读】主题语境：人与社会；语篇类型：说明文；短文概要：没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 32. 【解题思路】主旨大意题根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 35.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 2023年阅读D篇语篇解读 语篇类型 说明文 主旨概要 文章介绍了“群体智慧”效应，并通过研究发现从几个角度探讨群体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。 文章选题 文章选题符合《中国高考评价体系》立德树人、服务选才、引导教学的核心，也满足考察学生核心价值、学科素养、关键能力与必备知识。阅读难度较大，时代性强，选材新颖，贴近生活，关注个体身心健康。 试题设计特点 本篇以“群体智慧效应”为话题，展示人们对该效应的不同角度的理解，而在试题的设计上，强调对重点信息的纵深性理解，注重考查语篇能力，鼓励同学们以系统和辩证的视角进行篇章解读，挖掘篇章的深层含义，读懂言外之意，领会文章的主旨要义。从难易梯度来看，属于难度较大的语篇 原文出处 文章选自美国国家公共电台发表于2018年3月12日标题为No Man Is An Island: The Wisdom Of Deliberating Crowds的文章。 语言知识 重 难 点 词 汇 派生词：statistician, independent, dependent, accuracy, limitation, relatively, underlying, dismissive, approving 课标新增词：illustrate, estimate, individual, response, frequently, enormous 合成词：follow-up, decision-making 课标新增词的派生词的派生词：underestimate, dominant, significantly, implications, logic（课标新增词的根词） 学术词汇：classic, statistician, illustrate, estimation, accurate, accuracy, individual, significantly, dominant, response, global, potential, implications, enormous, underlying 精准的汉语释义：estimate v./n., average n., argument 熟词生义：effect, term, reason, reasoning, global, cancel out, go with 名词动化：average v. 重 难 点 词 块 capitalize on - 利用 cancel out - 抵消 in technical terms - 在技术术语中 get a better sense of - 更好地理解 go with - 与……一致 conduct an experiment - 进行实验 in some cases - 在某些情况下 make errors - 犯错 tend to do sth - 倾向于做某事 result in - 导致 for whatever reasons - 无论出于什么原因 go down - 下降 be divided into - 被分成 for instance - 例如 (be) willing to do sth - （愿意）做某事 change one’s mind - 改变主意 reduction in - 减少 focus on - 关注 七、说明文解题指导 1、命题特点 （1）选材特点 文章主要源自主流杂志、报刊、网站等，通常是关于各学科的前沿问题，如自然科学类、前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类；高科技领域的最新科研成果；人们比较关心的生态环境问题；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等领域话题。 （2）语篇结构 特点科普类说明文文章结构清晰，通常开门见山，直奔主题。文章基本可以分为两大类：事物性科普说明文和事理性科普说明文。两类文章，通常都比较客观、准确地介绍一个新产品、前沿技术的功能、用途、材料、优缺点、市场前景等，或者说明某个科学道理、科学现象或科学观点，目的是帮助读者明白“为什么是这样”。 事物说明文一般会以实验的过程进展为线索，多用描述法、问题与对策法等方法，通过列数据、作对比等来说明新的科学研究发现及其产生的影响；事物说明文通常是介绍一种新产品、新技术，更多运用描述法从功能、用途、材料和市场前景等方面进行介绍。 （3）设题特点 就语言来说，科普说明文通常篇幅较长，用词地道，专业性强，语言正式，且逻辑性强，句式结构相对复杂。这就需要考生具备扎实的词汇量和坚实的语法基础，且具备一定的科普相关知识，并能够理解分析长难句。 （4）命题热点 科普类说明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基础上对文章内容的深层理解。提问形式为：What do you know from the passage? 标题判断题、文章或段落主旨题也较为常见，考查对文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提问形式为：What is a suitable title for the text? 其次，科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理以及最新科学技术进步，文中易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此常出现词义猜测题，提问形式为：What does the underlined word/phrase…in paragraph…mean/refer to? （5）语篇模式 说明文常见语篇模式 Text pattern（语篇模式） Structure （结构特征） Description事务描述 以描述为主介绍事物或概念 Problem and solution 问题解决 提出问题-析问题-解决问题 Cause and effect 因果关系 剖析现象背后的原因 Compare and contrast 异同比较 比较人或物相似点或不同点 Process/sequence 程序解说 介绍流程步骤或工作原理 2、说明方法 （1）罗列法（listing） 在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中。罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习： There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。 （2）举例法（examples） 举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。 （3）比较法（comparison and contrast） 比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法。在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。 （4）定义法（definition） 定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是 被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语。比如A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以…为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird. （5） 顺序法（sequence of time，space and process） 顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。 （5）分类法（classification） 分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。 Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books… 3、解题策略 （1） 利用语篇结构，概括全文主旨大意，明晰写作意图 科普说明文主题鲜明、脉络清晰，行文结构模式比较固定，梳理文本结构有助于把握文章主旨。学生在阅读时，可以首先用略读法快速浏览每段的首尾句，分析文本结构，然后根据作者谋篇布局的逻辑线索归纳主旨大意。在做主旨大意、写作意图和最佳标题等题目时，需要重点关注首尾段落里面高频复现的词汇和内容。文章导语、主体和结尾是有机整体，解题时要综合起来进行判断。 （2）利用文中语境线索，分析长难句，进行逻辑推理判断 科普说明文往往专业术语较多、句式较复杂，且经常采用举例、对比、列数据、引用权威人士观点等方法进行说明。设题形式上，主要侧重考查深层理解和推理判断、猜测生词含义以及代词指代等。如果句子成分复杂、有生词，学生不要退缩，抓住行文逻辑的标志词，分析句子结构，厘清主句和分句或非谓语动词之间的关系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，进行合理判断。 （3）谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文，去伪存真 高考作为一个成熟的考试体系，在选项设置上有章可循。正确选择一般为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。因此，仔细辨析选项，对比选项间的差异，甄别选项与原文的异同，会对同学们选出正确答案大有帮助。 4、说明文实用答题妙招 1.阅读理解说明文深层理解解题居多，落实“题文同序”和“同义替换”。 2.推理判断题注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清来龙去脉再推断。 3.主旨大意题要关注文章的结构，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及关键词。 4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重视首尾段照应和首段概括引领作用。 5.满分策略：读题干→找原文→做标记→留痕迹→看选项→扣字眼。 八、变式训练 变式一、高考真题微塑料专题5篇 （2021·全国·高考真题）You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products. At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear. In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once. Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint. 1．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for? A．Beautifying the city he lives in. B．Introducing eco-friendly products. C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D．Reducing garbage on the beach. 2．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3? A．To show the difficulty of their recycling. B．To explain why they are useful. C．To voice his views on modern art. D．To find a substitute for them. 3．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers? A．Calming. B．Disturbing. C．Refreshing. D．Challenging. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong使用海洋中的塑料垃圾制作了一个巨型雕塑，极其震撼，引发人们对塑料污染的反思。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系)”可知，Von Wong用塑料垃圾制作雕塑，是想让人们重新审视与一次性塑料制品的关系，引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. (全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用)”可知，塑料吸管体积小、重量轻，无法回收利用。由此推知，作者在第三段讨论塑料吸管是为了展示它们回收的难度。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，Von Wong想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，Von Wong和一群志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的)”可知，这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料污染的认知。由此推知，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这件事感到不安。故选B项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家Benjamin Von Wong想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系)”及下文陈述可知，艺术家Benjamin Von Wong通过使用海洋塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法，引发人们对塑料污染的反思。由此可知，“海洋塑料变成雕塑”可以作文章标题。故选D项。 （2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·高考真题）We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens. Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started. Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment. BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. 1．What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1? A．It guarantees the variety of food. B．It requires day-to-day care. C．It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D．It relies on farmer’s markets. 2．What information does the convenient app offer? A．Real-time weather changes. B．Current condition of the plants. C．Chemical pollutants in the soil. D．Availability of pre-seeded pods. 3．What can be concluded about BMF employees? A．They have a great passion for sports. B．They are devoted to community service. C．They are fond of sharing daily experiences. D．They have a strong environmental awareness. 4．What does the text mainly talk about? A．BMF’s major strengths. B．BMF’s general management. C．BMF’s global influence. D．BMF’s technical standards. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. (通过云连接，对BMF进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF的一名员工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。 （2018·北京·高考真题）Plastic-Eating Worms Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass — apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017. Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond. ＂ Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)? Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂ 1．What can we learn about the worms in the study? A．They take plastics as their everyday food. B．They are newly evolved creatures. C．They can consume plastics. D．They wind up in landfills. 2．According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to . A．identify other means of the breakdown B．find out the source of the enzyme C．confirm the research findings D．increase the breakdown speed 3．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might . A．help to raise worms B．help make plastic bags C．be used to clean the oceans D．be produced in factories in future 4．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To explain a study method on worms. B．To introduce the diet of a special worm. C．To present a way to break down plastics. D．To propose new means to keep eco-balance. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．D 4．C 【分析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料污染提供了新的途径。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可以推断出，Bertocchini希望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。 4．写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。 （2018·浙江·高考真题）Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags. Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume. Among the bag makers’ argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today. The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic. Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑) these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years. 1．What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A．Help increase grocery sales. B．Recycle the waste material. C．Stop things falling off trucks. D．Argue for the use of plastic bags. 2．What does the word “headwinds” in paragraph 2 refer to? A．Bans on plastic bags. B．Effects of city development. C．Headaches caused by garbage. D．Plastic bags hung in trees. 3．What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A．They are quite expensive. B．Replacing them can be difficult. C．They are less strong than plastic bags. D．Producing them requires more energy. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Plastic, Paper or Neither B．Industry, Pollution and Environment C．Recycle or Throw Away D．Garbage Collection and Waste Control 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．A 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋会造成环境问题，纸袋尽管容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.和第二段中plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，为使用塑料袋进行辩护。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds意为“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans on plastic bags，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.可知，生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能源，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋会造成环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，环保主义者希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。 【点睛】概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，要看懂全文的主要内容，明白了主要内容就能准确概括文章标题)。小题4要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。 （2007·福建·高考真题）      A small town in southwest Britain is banning(禁止) plastic bags in an attempt to help the environment and cut waste---a step that environmentalists believe is a first for Europe. Shopkeepers in Modbury population 1500, agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to customers on Saturday. They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead. Last month, San Franciso became the first U.S. city to ban plastic grocery bags. Internationally, laws to discourage the use of plastic bags have been passed in parts of South Africa and Ireland, where governments either tax shoppers who use them or fine companies that hand them out. Bangladesh already bans them, and so do at least 30 remote Alaskan villages. Modbury, about 225 miles southwest of London,has also declared a bag amnesty(宽限期), allowing local people to hand in plastic bags that have piled up at home.They will be sent for traveling. The Modbury ban was the idea of Rebecca Hosking, who saw the effect of bags on marine life while working in the Pacific as a wildlife camerawoman. She said response(反应) in the town so far had been “really positive”. “Modbury is quite an old-fashioned town and a lot of people have wicker baskets to go out shopping anyway,” Hosking told Sky News Television. The Worldwatch Institute, an environmental research agency, states that 100 billion plastic bags are thrown away each year in the United States alone. More than 500 billion are used yearly around the world. 1．What was Rebecca Hosking? A．A lawyer. B．An environmentalist. C．A sailor. D．A photographer. 2．The underlined word “disposable” in the passage probably means _______. A．acceptable B．valuable C．throw-away D．long-lasting 3．It can be inferred from the passage that _______. A．most of the people in Modbury continue to use plastic bags B．fewer and fewer plastic bags will be used in the world C．San Francisco is the first city to ban plastic bags in the world D．most countries in the world have passed laws to ban plastic bags 4．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage? A．Environmental Protection B．Big Cities Banning Plastic Bags C．Effect of Plastic Bags on Sea Animals D．British Town Banning Plastic Bags 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了英国的一个小镇为了保护环境，开始禁止使用塑料袋，进而介绍了其他禁止使用的地区和塑料袋对环境的不良影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第五段“The Modbury ban was the idea of Rebecca Hosking,who saw the effect of bags on marine life while working in the Pacific as a wildlife camerawoman.”可知禁止使用塑料袋的主意是一个女野外摄影师Rebecca Hosking在观察了塑料袋对海洋生物的影响后提出的，也就是说Rebecca Hosking是个摄影师。故选D。 2．词义猜测题。根据第二段“They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead”可知塑料袋将被禁止使用，取而代之的是纸袋和布袋，因为塑料袋是用完即被丢弃，纸袋和布袋可以重复使用，可以推断出disposable的意思是“可丢弃”的。A. acceptable 可接受的；B. valuable珍贵的；C. throw-away 可丢弃的；D. long-lasting (可)持久的; 长期的。故选C。 3．推理判断题。文中第三段介绍了除了Modbury外，还有旧金山、Bangladesh、南非和爱尔兰的部分地区也开始禁止使用塑料袋，可以推断出塑料袋在全世界的使用将越来越少。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了英国的一个小镇为了保护环境，开始禁止使用塑料袋，进而介绍了其他禁止使用的地区和塑料袋对环境的不良影响。故选D。 变式二、说明文微塑料专题5篇 （24-25高三上·河北承德·期中）Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激). Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. The result of the first study shows when microplastics are tested in living animals, they can create oxidative stress and stop certain proteins from working properly. This can hurt the skin and the parts of the hair follicles where hair grows, finally leading to hair falling out. In the second study, researchers explored how new and aged microplastics affect the skin and hair in mice. They gave mice water with these microplastics for two months to see what would happen to their hair. After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. But further experiments are needed to decide whether aged microplastics are more harmful. “Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng. 1．How does the author develop paragraph 2? A．By quotation. B．By listing numbers. C．By comparison. D．By giving a definition. 2．What can be inferred from paragraph 3&4? A．Microplastics are absorbed through many organs. B．Microplastics finally deposit in the mice’s stomachs. C．Researchers will carry out further experiments on human beings. D．New and aged microplastics affect the mice to the same extent in the first study. 3．What is Wang Xusheng’s attitude towards microplastics in daily life? A．Indifferent. B．Objective. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical. 4．Why does the author write the passage? A．To stress on the importance of hair protection. B．To introduce some new findings of microplastics. C．To call for urgent action on plastic ban worldwide. D．To warn readers the danger of microplastics in daily life. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微塑料通过氧化应激损害皮肤屏障，加重脱发的研究发现。 1．推理判断题。由文章第二段“Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic, smaller than 5 millimeters. They come from bigger plastic items breaking down, like shopping bags, take-out containers, and drink bottles. These tiny bits can get into water, soil and air and they can move up the food chain and deposit in our body. (微塑料是非常小的塑料片，小于5毫米。它们来自于大型塑料物品的分解，比如购物袋、外卖容器和饮料瓶。这些微小的颗粒可以进入水、土壤和空气，它们可以沿着食物链向上移动，并沉积在我们的体内)”可知，作者通过下定义的方式解释了微塑料是什么。故选D。 2．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“After just one day, researchers could see that the microplastics had moved through the mice’s stomachs, got into their blood and ended up in their hair. After two months, the mice that drank water with aged microplastics had more damaged skin and falling hair than those with new microplastics. (仅仅一天之后，研究人员就可以看到微塑料已经穿过老鼠的胃，进入它们的血液，最后进入它们的头发)”可以推断，微塑料通过多个器官被吸收。故选A。 3．推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Notably, in daily life microplastics can be found in bottled water, clothes we wear, and even the air we breathe. It is estimated that a person consumes approximately 5 grams of micro-plastic particles per week on average,” said research leader Wang Xusheng. (“值得注意的是，在日常生活中，瓶装水、我们穿的衣服、甚至我们呼吸的空气中都含有微塑料。据估计，一个人平均每周摄入约5克塑料微粒，”研究负责人王旭生说)”可知，王旭生提到日常生活中的微塑料问题时，表达了对微塑料广泛存在及其潜在危害的关注和担心。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University shared their findings in International Environment that microplastics (微塑料) can make hair loss worse by hurting the skin’s protective barriers through a process called oxidative stress (氧化应激). (中山大学的研究人员在《国际环境》杂志上分享了他们的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过一个称为氧化应激的过程损伤皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发)”可知，文章主要介绍了中山大学研究人员的研究发现，即微塑料可以通过氧化应激过程伤害皮肤的保护屏障，从而加剧脱发。因此推知，文章的主要目的是介绍微塑料的一些新发现。故选B。 （24-25高二下·广东湛江·期中）Scientists have long known that plastics are damaging the oceans. However, they were not sure where all the plastic waste came from. A new study shows that much of it is floating in the air. A team of scientists from the United States and Denmark recently published their findings. They discovered that small pieces of plastic, called microplastics, are floating in the air all over the world. These tiny plastic particles (颗粒) are so small that they can be breathed in by humans. The researchers collected air samples from 11 locations around the world. They used special equipment to filter (过滤) the air and collect the microplastics. They found an average of 1,000 pieces of microplastics per cubic meter of air. In some places, the number was even higher. The sources of these microplastics are not completely clear. But the researchers believe that they come from a variety of sources, including plastic bags, bottles, and synthetic (合成的) clothing. When these plastics break down, they release small particles into the air. The presence of microplastics in the air is a concern because they can be harmful to human health. When people breathe in these particles, they can cause problems in the lungs and other organs. The researchers also said that microplastics in the air can be carried long distances by the wind. This means that they can spread to areas where there is little or no plastic production. 1．What did the new study find? A．There is more plastic waste in the air than in the ocean. B．Microplastics are floating in the air all over the world. C．The sources of plastic waste are clear. D．Microplastics are too big to be breathed in by humans. 2．How did the researchers collect air samples? A．By using special equipment. B．By using plastic bags. C．By using bottles. D．By using synthetic clothing. 3．What is the main concern about microplastics in the air? A．They can cause air pollution. B．They can be carried long distances by the wind. C．They can be harmful to human health. D．They can spread to areas with no plastic production. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．The Damage of Plastics to the Oceans B．The Sources of Plastic Waste C．Microplastics in the Air D．The Effects of Microplastics on Human Health 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了美国和丹麦科学家的新研结果表明，空气中漂浮着大量的微塑料，这些微塑料来自各种塑料，而且这些微塑料的传播范围会随着风的传播而扩大。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They discovered that small pieces of plastic, called microplastics, are floating in the air all over the world.(他们发现，被称为微塑料的小塑料碎片漂浮在世界各地的空气中。)”可知新研究发现了世界各地的空气中漂浮着微塑料，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“They used special equipment to filter (过滤) the air and collect the microplastics. (他们使用特殊设备过滤空气并收集微塑料。)”可知研究人员使用特殊设备来采集样品，故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“The presence of microplastics in the air is a concern because they can be harmful to human health. When people breathe in these particles, they can cause problems in the lungs and other organs. (空气中微塑料的存在令人担忧，因为它们可能对人体健康有害。当人们吸入这些颗粒时，它们会导致肺部和其他器官出现问题。)”可以推断出，对空气中的微塑料最大的担忧是它们对人们的健康有害，故选C。 4．推理判断题。文章第一段“Scientists have long known that plastics are damaging the oceans. However, they were not sure where all the plastic waste came from. A new study shows that much of it is floating in the air.(科学家们早就知道塑料正在破坏海洋。然而，他们不确定所有的塑料垃圾来自哪里。一项新的研究表明，其中大部分都漂浮在空气中。)”指出研究表明塑料垃圾大部分都漂浮在空气中，文章第二、三段主要讲的是研究过程及发现，文章第四段讲的是微塑料的来源，最后一段讲的是微塑料对于人类健康及空气的危害，纵观全文可知本文主要围绕着对于人类健康及空气带来危害的空气中的微塑料来展开，所以C选项Microplastics in the Air (空气中的微塑料染)作为文章标题最为合适，故选C。 （24-25高二下·广东·阶段练习）Plastic is widely used and long-lasting, finding its way into every corner of our lives. But the very qualities that make plastic so useful also make it a huge problem. Cheap and disposable (一次性的), plastic has been a symbol of our throwaway culture. As a result, vast quantities of plastic pollute our world. A truckload of plastic enters the ocean every single minute and UK supermarkets produce 800,000 tons every year. With production increasing, that’s set to rise. But plastic isn’t just a problem for wildlife. The UK produces huge plastic waste per person, and a huge amount of it is sent to countries that aren’t equipped to deal with it. Greenpeace investigators found plastic waste being put and burned on the roadside, near waterways, and in the open air, and people nearby have reported serious health problems. Bottles, pots, and food bowls are immediately obvious, but other types of plastic pollution can be harder to discern. When plastic breaks down, it doesn’t disappear. Instead, it gets smaller, creating microplastics. Even clothes made from man-made materials leave microplastic fibers when they’re washed. Bits of plastic have been found in the oceans, on islands, and even in Antarctica. Turtles, dolphins, and seabirds can be injured by large pieces of plastic. It can even be mistaken for food. Microplastics are just as damaging. Eaten by everything from zooplankton (浮游动物) to giant blue whales, they enter the food chain and carry harmful substances. Moreover, microplastics have even been found in human waste. We’re just beginning to realize the scale (程度) of the problem. People around the world have come together to end plastic pollution, and it’s working. Greenpeace supporters have challenged Coca-Cola to use less plastic packaging, while countries like the UK have banned certain microplastics. Supermarkets are starting to talk about what they need to do. Most of them are trying hard to share their responsibility for reducing plastic waste. 1．What can we learn about plastic from paragraph 1? A．It mostly ends up in the oceans. B．It has a bad influence on our culture. C．It will be produced less in the future. D．It has both beneficial and harmful effects. 2．What does the example of British plastic waste in paragraph 2 mainly show? A．It is challenging to deal with plastic waste. B．Plastic waste is a big problem for wildlife. C．Dealing with plastic waste improperly threatens human health. D．Most countries have rich experience in handling plastic waste. 3．What does the underlined word “discern” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Avoid. B．Follow. C．Notice. D．Control. 4．What are people doing to reduce plastic pollution? A．Banning microplastics worldwide. B．Reducing the use of plastic products. C．Making more reusable plastic products. D．Changing their behavior in supermarkets. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了塑料污染的严重性及其对环境和健康的危害，同时介绍了人们为减少塑料污染所采取的行动。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Plastic is widely used and long-lasting, finding its way into every corner of our lives. But the very qualities that make plastic so useful also make it a huge problem. Cheap and disposable (一次性的), plastic has been a symbol of our throwaway culture. As a result, vast quantities of plastic pollute our world. (塑料被广泛使用且经久耐用，已渗透到我们生活的方方面面。然而，正是这些使塑料如此有用的特性，也让它成为了一个巨大的问题。塑料价格低廉且为一次性用品，它已然成为了我们这种一次性消费文化的象征。结果，大量的塑料污染着我们的世界)”可推知，塑料既有有益的影响也有有害的影响。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Greenpeace investigators found plastic waste being put and burned on the roadside, near waterways, and in the open air, and people nearby have reported serious health problems. (绿色和平组织的调查人员发现，塑料垃圾被丢弃并焚烧在路边、水道附近以及露天场所，而且附近的居民报告称出现了严重的健康问题)”可推知，第二段中英国塑料垃圾的例子主要说明了处理塑料垃圾不当会威胁人类健康。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Bottles, pots, and food bowls are immediately obvious, but other types of plastic pollution can be harder to discern. When plastic breaks down, it doesn’t disappear. Instead, it gets smaller, creating microplastics. (瓶子、罐子和饭碗之类的塑料垃圾一眼就能看出来，但其他类型的塑料污染可能更难discern。当塑料分解时，它并不会消失。相反，它会变得更小，形成微塑料)”可知，瓶子、罐子和食品碗等塑料垃圾是很明显的，但是其他类型的塑料污染可能更难被注意到，故画线词意思是“注意到”与“Notice”意思相近。A. Avoid.避免；B. Follow.跟随；C. Notice.注意到；D. Control.控制。故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“People around the world have come together to end plastic pollution, and it’s working. Greenpeace supporters have challenged Coca-Cola to use less plastic packaging, while countries like the UK have banned certain microplastics. Supermarkets are starting to talk about what they need to do. Most of them are trying hard to share their responsibility for reducing plastic waste. (世界各地的人们已经联合起来，致力于终结塑料污染，而且这正取得成效。绿色和平组织的支持者们向可口可乐公司发起挑战，要求其减少塑料包装的使用，与此同时，像英国这样的国家已经禁止了某些微塑料的使用。超市也开始讨论它们需要采取的行动。大多数超市都在努力承担起减少塑料垃圾的责任)”可知，人们通过减少塑料制品的使用来减少塑料污染。故选B。 （2025·湖北黄冈·模拟预测）A visit to a water treatment plant inspired a pair of Texas teenagers to develop a device to deal with one of the most widespread forms of harmful waste of modern times: microplastics. As detailed by Business Insider, Victoria Ou and Justin Huang, who have been friends since elementary school, won $50,000 after showcasing their ultrasonic microplastic filter (超声波微塑料过滤器). They revealed their device in May at the Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) in Los Angeles in a remarkable display of young innovators working on projects to benefit humanity. Ou and Huang, both 17, told Insider that they initially connected their interest with environmental issues, but their visit to the water treatment plant was when the light bulb went on regarding their ISEF project. There, they discovered that the Environmental Protection Agency doesn’t regulate microplastics, meaning they remain in our wastewater. While microplastics are often undetectable at less than five millimeters in length, one study from Australia’s University of Newcastle estimates the average person consumes a credit card’s worth of plastics every week. And researchers believe this is having a big impact on our health, linking microplastics to cancer, dementia, reproductive disorders, and organ diseases. However, while existing microplastic removal methods have shown promise, Huang suggested they have their limitations, including high cost and the potential for pollution. To help address these filtering issues. Huang and Ou used ultrasound waves that pushed microplastics back without preventing the flow of water. According to a Society for Science news release, this method removed 84-94% of microplastics. In the future, the pair aim to scale up (扩大规模) their technology as an affordable method of removing microplastics at industrial plants, rural water sources, and more. Meanwhile, a smaller device could filter water at home on laundry days. “But first we have to refine it because this technology is still in its early stage,” Huang told Insider after Ou highlighted a previous ultrasound study where it also didn’t filter 100% of microplastics. 1．What does the underlined part “the light bulb went on” in paragraph 3 mean? A．An issue disappeared. B．A reward was secured. C．A device was revealed. D．An inspiration emerged. 2．What is paragraph 4 intended to show? A．The influence of the new device. B．The need to handle microplastics. C．The major causes of microplastics. D．The current serious water problem. 3．What is an advantage of Huang and Ou’s device according to the text? A．It’s eco-friendly. B．It’s free of charge. C．It can reuse microplastics. D．It filters 100% of microplastics. 4．What is Huang’s opinion about the ultrasonic microplastic filter? A．It has a worrying future. B．It still needs perfecting. C．It has been well received. D．It is facing much criticism. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了两位德克萨斯州青少年发明超声波微塑料过滤器处理微塑料。 1．词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“Ou and Huang, both 17, told Insider that they initially connected their interest with environmental issues, but their visit to the water treatment plant was (17岁的Ou和Huang告诉Insider，他们最初将兴趣与环境问题联系起来，但他们参观了水处理厂)”和“regarding their ISEF project. There, they discovered that the Environmental Protection Agency doesn’t regulate microplastics, meaning they remain in our wastewater. (关于他们的ISEF项目。在那里，他们发现环境保护局没有对微塑料进行监管，这意味着它们仍然存在于我们的废水中。)”可知，但是在参观了污水处理厂之后，他们关于ISEF项目的灵感突然闪现了出来。所以the light bulb went on在此处的意思是“一个灵感闪现了出来”，与An inspiration emerged“灵感出现了”意思相符。故选D。 2．推理判断题。由文章第四段中“While microplastics are often undetectable at less than five millimeters in length, one study from Australia’s University of Newcastle estimates the average person consumes a credit card’s worth of plastics every week. And researchers believe this is having a big impact on our health, linking microplastics to cancer, dementia, reproductive disorders, and organ diseases. (虽然长度小于5毫米的微塑料通常难以察觉，但澳大利亚纽卡斯尔大学的一项研究估计，普通人每周会摄入相当于一张信用卡重量的塑料。研究人员认为，这对我们的健康影响很大，他们认为微塑料与癌症、痴呆症、生殖系统紊乱以及器官疾病都有关系。)”可知，第四段意在表明处理微塑料的必要性。故选B。 3．推理判断题。由文章第五段“However, while existing microplastic removal methods have shown promise, Huang suggested they have their limitations, including high cost and the potential for pollution. To help address these filtering issues. Huang and Ou used ultrasound waves that pushed microplastics back without preventing the flow of water. According to a Society for Science news release, this method removed 84-94% of microplastics. (然而，尽管现有的微塑料去除方法已显示出希望，但Huang表示，这些方法存在局限性，包括成本高和可能造成污染。为了解决这些过滤问题，Huang和Ou使用了超声波，它能在不影响水流的情况下将微塑料推回。据科学促进会新闻稿报道，这种方法能去除84%至94%的微塑料。)”可知，现有方法存在“高成本”和“潜在污染”的局限，而他们的超声波技术通过声波分离微塑料且不阻碍水流，减少二次污染风险，因此更环保。故选A 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“ “But first we have to refine it because this technology is still in its early stage,” Huang told Insider after Ou highlighted a previous ultrasound study where it also didn’t filter 100% of microplastics.  (“但首先我们必须对其进行完善，因为这项技术仍处于早期阶段，”在Ou提到之前一项同样未能100%过滤微塑料的超声波研究后，Huang告诉《商业内幕》。)”可知，Huang对超声波微塑料过滤器的看法是它还需要完善。故选B。 （24-25高一上·河北邢台·阶段练习）Microplastics are found nearly everywhere on Earth and can be harmful to animals if they’re taken in. But it’s hard to remove such tiny particles from the environment, especially once they settle into corners and cracks at the bottom of waterways. Now, researchers in ACS’ Nano Letters have created a light-activated fish robot that “swims” around quickly, picking up and removing microplastics from the environment. Because microplastics can fall into cracks, they’ve been hard to remove from water environments. One solution that has been proposed is using small, flexible, and self- propelled robots to reach these pollutants and clean them up. But the traditional materials used for soft robots can be damaged easily in water environments. Another material called mother-of- pearl, also known as nacre, is strong and flexible, and is found on the inside surface of shells. Inspired by this natural substance, Xinxing Zhang and his colleagues wanted to try a similar type of gradient structure to create a durable and bendable material for soft robots. Using the material, the researchers have created a fish robot that could move 2.67 body lengths per second — a speed that’s faster than previously reported for other soft swimming robots. The researchers showed that the swimming fish robot could repeatedly take in nearby microplastics and transport them elsewhere. The material could also recover itself after being cut, still keeping its ability to take in microplastics. Because of the durability and speed of the fish robot, the researchers say that it could be used for monitoring microplastics and other pollutants in tough water environments. 1．Why are microplastics hard to remove? A．Because they are hard to find. B．Because there are no tools to use. C．Because they are in large quantities. D．Because they are too small and hide in corners and cracks. 2．Which is a disadvantage of traditional materials used for soft robots? A．Easy to damage. B．Rare to find. C．Difficult to store. D．Expensive to produce. 3．What mainly makes the fish robot suitable for monitoring microplastics? A．Its weight. B．Its size. C．Its durability. D．Its shape. 4．Where is the text likely from? A．A fiction. B．A magazine. C．A film. D．A diary. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究人员研发了一种由光驱动的鱼形机器人，该机器人能快速游动清除水生环境中的微塑料。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“But it’s hard to remove such tiny particles from the environment, especially once they settle into corners and cracks at the bottom of waterways. (但是很难从环境中去除如此微小的颗粒，特别是一旦它们进入水道底部的角落和裂缝)”可知，微塑料难以从环境中清除的原因是它们体积微小，而且会沉积在水道的角落和裂缝中。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“But the traditional materials used for soft robots can be damaged easily in water environments. (但是用于软体机器人的传统材料在水环境中容易损坏)”可知，用于软体机器人的传统材料的劣势是容易在水环境中受损。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“The material could also recover itself after being cut, still keeping its ability to take in microplastics. Because of the durability and speed of the fish robot, the researchers say that it could be used for monitoring microplastics and other pollutants in tough water environments. (这种材料在被切割后还可以自我恢复，仍然保持吸收微塑料的能力。研究人员表示，由于鱼形机器人的耐用性和速度，它可以用于监测恶劣水环境中的微塑料和其他污染物)”可知，鱼形机器人的耐用性使其适合在复杂的水环境中监测和清除微塑料。故选C。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Now, researchers in ACS’ Nano Letters have created a light-activated fish robot that “swims” around quickly, picking up and removing microplastics from the environment. (现在，ACS的《纳米快报》的研究人员创造了一种由光驱动的鱼形机器人，它能快速地“游泳”，从环境中捡起并去除微塑料)”可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员研发的一款由光驱动的鱼形机器人，呈现了研发背景和研发成果，范畴属于科学研究和技术创新。由此推知，文章应该选自科技类杂志。故选B。 （24-25高二下·广东深圳·阶段练习）Tiny pieces of plastic pollute so many things all over the world — including drinking water, as well as the air and many foods. As a result, data now suggest all of us have microplastics in our bodies. Some plastics contain harmful substances. And many polluting chemicals will stick to microplastics. Not surprisingly, these plastic bits have been posing risks to wildlife in every place from rivers to the ocean. Menake Piyasena is a chemist who worked with Nelum Perera, a graduate student. The team’s new system turned to ultrasound (超声波). The researchers send dirty water down a tube. Bits of plastic can be found throughout the water. The tube’s water flows past a device that changes electrical energy into sound energy. It makes ultrasound waves. When they hit microplastics, these waves apply a force to the particles (微粒). Ones that are less than about 180micrometers across will move to the center of the flow. Larger ones that are close to the ultrasound’s wavelength will influence each other and produce an additional force. This sends those larger particles toward the edges of the flowing water. Their ultrasound treatment can remove about four in every five plastic bits from the water. It takes about 90 minutes to clean one liter. It costs only about 10 cents to do that. And unlike screens used as filters (过滤器), this system will not get blocked or need regular replacement. “Microplastics are a problem worldwide,” says research chemist Souhail Al-Abed, who is interested in anything that can get microplastics out of water. “Unlike microplastics in the lab, water outdoors will also contain other materials, such as microbes, dirt and so on. Seawater, for example, contains salt. This technology still requires further testing, and more work needs to be done before it can work excellently outside controlled conditions.” For now, Piyasena and Perera plan to test water from the ocean and other sources. “We expect by having some tubes tied together, we can increase the rate of removing microplastics. Research does not have all the answers on day 1, day 2 or day 100. But continuing work may overcome the challenges, and prove a good recipe for the future,” Perera says. 1．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．Microplastics exist in various forms. B．Polluting chemicals break the ecosystem badly. C．Microplastic pollution brings wide-ranging harm. D．Efforts have been made to remove plastic pollution. 2．What matters greatly to the new system’s collecting plastics? A．The speed of water flow. B．The direction of the force. C．The type of a plastic material. D．The size of those plastic bits. 3．What can we say about the ultrasound treatment? A．It is slow and unsustainable. B．It requires frequent upgrades. C．It is efficient and long-lasting. D．It can apply to other ocean waste. 4．What does Souhail Al-Abed mainly want to express in Paragraph 4? A．Microplastic pollution remains an unsolved issue. B．This technology is hardly prepared for widespread use. C．This system plays a leading role in providing safe water. D．Water outdoors is improper for microplastic research now. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是第一篇说明文。本文围绕微塑料污染展开，介绍一种超声波除微塑料系统，其有优势但需完善 。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Tiny pieces of plastic pollute so many things all over the world—  including drinking water, as well as the air and many foods. As a result, data now suggest all of us have microplastics in our bodies. Some plastics contain harmful substances. And many polluting chemicals will stick to microplastics. Not surprisingly, these plastic bits have been posing risks to wildlife in every place from rivers to the ocean.(微小的塑料碎片污染了世界上如此多的东西——包括饮用水、空气和许多食物。因此，现在的数据表明我们所有人的体内都有微塑料。一些塑料含有有害物质。而且许多污染性化学物质会附着在微塑料上。毫不奇怪，这些塑料碎片从河流到海洋，在各个地方都对野生动物构成了威胁。)”可知，第一段主要阐述了微塑料污染了饮用水、空气、食物等，还进入人体，对野生动物也有危害，即微塑料污染带来了广泛的危害。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Ones that are less than about 180 micrometers across will move to the center of the flow. Larger ones that are close to the ultrasound’s wavelength will influence each other and produce an additional force. This sends those larger particles toward the edges of the flowing water.(直径小于约 180 微米的微粒将移动到水流的中心。接近超声波波长的较大微粒会相互影响并产生额外的力。这会将那些较大的微粒推向水流的边缘。)”可知，对于新系统收集塑料来说，塑料微粒的大小很重要，不同大小的微粒在超声波作用下会有不同的移动方向，从而被收集。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段“Their ultrasound treatment can remove about four in every five plastic bits from the water. It takes about 90 minutes to clean one liter. It costs only about 10 cents to do that. And unlike screens used as filters (过滤器), this system will not get blocked or need regular replacement.(他们的超声波处理可以从水中去除大约五分之四的塑料微粒。净化一升水大约需要90分钟。这样做的成本仅约10美分。而且与用作过滤器的滤网不同，这个系统不会堵塞，也不需要定期更换。)”可知，超声波处理能去除大部分塑料微粒，净化效率较高，且成本低，还不需要像滤网那样定期更换，说明它是高效且持久的。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“‘Microplastics are a problem worldwide,’ says research chemist Souhail Al-Abed, who is interested in anything that can get microplastics out of water. ‘Unlike microplastics in the lab, water outdoors will also contain other materials, such as microbes, dirt and so on. Seawater, for example, contains salt. This technology still requires further testing, and more work needs to be done before it can work excellently outside controlled conditions.’(‘微塑料是一个全球性的问题，’ 对任何能从水中去除微塑料的东西都感兴趣的研究化学家苏海尔・阿卜德说。‘与实验室中的微塑料不同，户外的水还会含有其他物质，如微生物、污垢等等。例如，海水含有盐分。这项技术仍需要进一步测试，在它能够在受控条件之外出色地发挥作用之前，还需要做更多的工作。’)”可知，苏海尔・阿卜德认为这项技术还需要进一步测试，在户外复杂环境中还需要做更多工作才能很好地发挥作用，即这项技术还没有准备好广泛使用。故选B。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$