专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（黑吉辽蒙专用）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语二模试题分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（解析版） （一） （2025·黑龙江哈尔滨·二模） Districts across the US are trying to address the high number of students needing mental health support. What if they could enlist students as part of the solution, too? A rural Ohio high school has done just that. At Claymont High School in Uhrichsville, Ohio, a group of about 21 high schoolers are trained in mental health first aid. They’ve taken courses to learn how to help their peers who are going through a difficult time. The students, who are in grades 10 through 12, are part of a larger program called Peers Uplifting Peers, or PUP, which helps to break down the stigma around mental health and wellness and normalize having conversations about both and seeking professional help when necessary. A key part of their training is to help their friends get in touch with professionals and established resources. “Students are helping out by picking up on early warning signs. They are noticing that maybe someone is having a hard day or is just sitting by themselves,” said Kelsi Barnhart, the school’s assistant principal. “They try to be good friends, and they speak up. It’s not that they are stepping in and providing counseling.” Despite a national conversation around mental health, the context may be different in rural areas like Uhrichsville where people feel ashamed of discussing mental health. “It’s hard to talk about mental health out loud,” said Bridget Britton, a licensed social worker. Getting to a therapist can also be a challenge since most rural areas do not have the bus and rail systems found in urban communities. There are also financial barriers. “Many rural residents work on farms, which often don’t provide workers with health insurance.” she said. 28．What do we know about the group of students from Claymont High School? A．They are trained to be specialists. B．They had mental health issues before. C．They are carefully selected by PUP. D．They provide support to their classmates. 29．Which is closest in meaning to “stigma” in paragraph 3? A．Ignorance. B．Risk. C．Secret. D．Shame. 30．What does Barnhart think the trained students are? A．The first to notice a problem. B．A bridge between students and the school. C．Life coaches. D．Active counselors. 31．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Limitations of the program. B．Challenges facing rural areas. C．Misconceptions of mental health. D．Problems in the US healthcare system. 【答案】28．D 29．D 30．A 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了美国各地学区试图解决大量学生对心理健康支持的需求，俄亥俄州一所农村高中让学生参与其中，一群学生接受了心理健康急救培训，他们通过发现同学的心理健康问题早期迹象来帮助同学。 28．细节理解题。根据第二段 “At Claymont High School in Uhrichsville, Ohio, a group of about 21 high schoolers are trained in mental health first aid. They’ve taken courses to learn how to help their peers who are going through a difficult time.(在俄亥俄州乌里奇斯维尔的克莱蒙特高中，大约 21 名高中生接受了心理健康急救培训。他们参加了课程，学习如何帮助正在经历困难时期的同龄人)” 可知，这群来自克莱蒙特高中的学生为他们的同学提供支持。故选D。 29．词义猜测题。根据第三段 “The students, who are in grades 10 through 12, are part of a larger program called Peers Uplifting Peers, or PUP, which helps to break down the stigma around mental health and wellness and normalize having conversations about both and seeking professional help when necessary.(这些 10 到 12 年级的学生是一个名为 “同伴激励同伴”（简称 PUP）的更大项目的一部分，该项目有助于打破围绕心理健康和保健的stigma，使关于这两方面的对话正常化，并在必要时寻求专业帮助)” 以及第五段 “Despite a national conversation around mental health, the context may be different in rural areas like Uhrichsville where people feel ashamed of discussing mental health.(尽管全国都在讨论心理健康问题，但在像乌里奇斯维尔这样的农村地区情况可能有所不同，那里的人们羞于谈论心理健康问题)” 可知，该项目有助于打破围绕心理健康和保健的耻辱感。所以“stigma” 意思是 “耻辱，羞愧”，与 “shame” 意思最接近。故选D。 30．推理判断题。根据第四段 “Students are helping out by picking up on early warning signs. They are noticing that maybe someone is having a hard day or is just sitting by themselves,” said Kelsi Barnhart, the school’s assistant principal.(该校副校长凯尔西・巴恩哈特说：“学生们通过发现早期预警信号来提供帮助。他们注意到也许有人度过了艰难的一天，或者只是独自坐着。”)” 可推知，巴恩哈特认为这些接受过培训的学生是最先注意到问题的人。故选A。 31．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Despite a national conversation around mental health, the context may be different in rural areas like Uhrichsville where people feel ashamed of discussing mental health. “It’s hard to talk about mental health out loud,” said Bridget Britton, a licensed social worker. Getting to a therapist can also be a challenge since most rural areas do not have the bus and rail systems found in urban communities. There are also financial barriers. “Many rural residents work on farms, which often don’t provide workers with health insurance.” she said. (尽管全国都在讨论心理健康问题，但在像乌里奇斯维尔这样的农村地区情况可能有所不同，那里的人们羞于谈论心理健康问题。持照社会工作者布里奇特・布里顿说：“很难大声谈论心理健康问题。” 去看治疗师也可能是一个挑战，因为大多数农村地区没有城市社区那样的公共汽车和铁路系统。还有经济障碍。她说：“许多农村居民在农场工作，农场往往不为工人提供健康保险”)” 可知，最后一段主要讲了农村地区在心理健康方面面临的挑战，包括人们羞于谈论、交通不便以及经济障碍等。故选B。 （二） （2025·黑龙江大庆·二模） Since wolves was put on the Endangered Species List, the predators (捕食者) have slowly returned to more of their habitats. But in every place where wolves recovered, heated debates followed — about their numbers, hunting and trapping rights. However, Minnesota is an exception. Some of the techniques used by Minnesotans to avoid conflicts may need to be adopted in other states if the predators continue to return. Minnesota is the only place in the United States to never kill all its wolves. More than 2,700 wolves live in Minnesota. The wolf population in Minnesota has been remarkably stable, bouncing between 2,400 and 3,000. That’s well above the original recovery goal of 1,400. The relatively fixed population shows that wolves have likely already spread to every part of the state that has enough food to support them and is far enough from men. Despite such high numbers, wolves attack cattle, turkeys and other animals on less than 2% of livestock (牲畜) operations in Minnesota. As wolf numbers have remained stable for nearly three decades, so have those conflicts. Farm owners have had mixed results using various methods to scare wolves away. The most adopted method comes from a farm on the border of Voyageurs National Park, where wolf researchers are building a 6-foot-high fence around the property. Early results show that wild wolves don’t seem to try to jump fences for food. However, there are still many unanswered questions, but most importantly to wildlife managers, exactly what does a healthy wolf population do for the ecosystem? To get the answer, researchers have come to Minnesota to learn about how wolves behave and survive. Now with GPS and tracking cameras, researchers are getting their first detailed look at how the secretive predators live all year round. 32．What can we learn about Minnesota? A．It never kills any of the wolves there. B．It provides ideal habitats for the wolves. C．It avoids disturbing normal wolf activities. D．It succeeds in handling human-wolf co-existence. 33．What does the stability of wolf population indicate? A．Wolves in Minnesota have adapted to the environment there. B．The Endangered Species List is effective and well carried out. C．The original recovery goal is too low and needs to be adjusted. D．Wolves are widely distributed and distant from human society. 34．What does the author think of building fences? A．Traditional. B．Rewarding. C．Economical. D．Thoughtful. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Conflicts with Wolves Resolved Harmoniously. B．Wolf Population Recovered under Protection. C．Livestock Attacked Less by Wild Wolves. D．Heated Debate Aroused by Wolf Attacks. 【答案】32．D 33．A 34．B 35．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了灰狼作为濒危物种受到保护后，如何在明尼苏达州实现数量的稳定恢复，以及人类与狼群和谐共存的方法。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Some of the techniques used by Minnesotans to avoid conflicts may need to be adopted in other states if the predators continue to return.(明尼苏达人用来避免冲突的一些方法，可能需要被其他州采用)”以及第三段中“Despite such high numbers, wolves attack cattle, turkeys and other animals on less than 2% of livestock (牲畜) operations in Minnesota.(尽管数量如此之多，但在明尼苏达州，狼袭击牛、火鸡和其他动物的比例不到2%)”可知，明尼苏达州在人狼共存问题上做得非常成功。因此，明尼苏达州成功解决了人类与狼的共存问题。故选D。 33．推理判断题。根据第二段“The relatively fixed population shows that wolves have likely already spread to every part of the state that has enough food to support them and is far enough from men.(相对固定的种群表明，狼可能已经扩散到州内有足够食物支持且足够远离人类的所有地方)”可知，狼群的数量稳定表明它们已适应环境，在合适的地方生活得很好。由此可推知，狼群已适应了明尼苏达州的环境。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Early results show that wild wolves don’t seem to try to jump fences for food.(早期结果显示，野狼似乎不会试图越过栅栏来觅食)可知，筑栅栏是有效的，能够成功阻止狼袭击牲畜，因此是值得推崇的方法。故选B。 35．主旨大意题。根据全文内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Some of the techniques used by Minnesotans to avoid conflicts may need to be adopted in other states if the predators continue to return.(明尼苏达州避免冲突的一些技术可能需要被其他州采用)”以及后文介绍明尼苏达州如何实现人与狼和谐共处，可知文章主要在讲如何通过经验解决与狼的冲突，所以最佳标题是“Conflicts with Wolves Resolved Harmoniously”（与狼的冲突和谐解决）。故选A。 （三） （2025·吉林长春·二模） An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years: Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books. Many students are overwhelmed at the thought of reading multiple books a semester. They shut down when they’re faced with ideas they don’t understand.             Why is this happening? The attraction of smartphones and social media came up, and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books. But one possible cause that I nod to is a change in values, not ability. The problem does not appear to be that “kids these days” are incurious or uninterested in reading. Instead, young people might be responding to a cultural message: Books just aren’t that important. I once spoke with 33 professors at some top universities, who didn’t think their students were lazy. It is not unusual that their students’ schedules are crowded with activities that are less about personal development and more relevant to future employment. “There are too many demands on their time to devote themselves fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume,” said James Shapiro, an English professor at Columbia.   In 1971, 37% students said that a core objective of their college years was to become well-off financially. 73% said it was to develop a meaningful philosophy of life. By 2015, those numbers had almost reversed (颠倒). Experts and parents alike have emphasized preprofessional courses but downplayed the importance of humanistic study. However society changes, there is no denying that reading is of significance. If we’ve shifted what we hold in esteem (推崇), it is reasonable that we could, as a society, shift back. The responsibility doesn’t lie only with Generation Z. Everyone who’s upset about the change has a role to play in reversing it. 32．According to the author, what is the cause of the phenomenon? A．Many distractions from digital devices. B．Inadequate preparations for college life. C．A misguided belief in reading full books. D．Disqualifications of secondary school teachers. 33．What can be inferred from James Shapiro’s words? A．Schools should offer time management courses. B．Students are occupied with their works of literature. C．Reading literary pieces is beyond students’ available time. D．Professors believe employment is more related to personal growth. 34．What does the underlined word “downplayed” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Highlighted. B．Underestimated. C．Recognized. D．Misunderstood. 35．What is the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph? A．To restate an opinion. B．To stir up a debate. C．To issue an announcement. D．To put forward a proposal. 【答案】32．C 33．C 34．B 35．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了近年来大学生在阅读整本书方面准备不足的现象，分析了这一现象产生的原因，包括智能手机和社交媒体的吸引、学校教育方式的改变以及价值观的转变等，并强调了阅读的重要性以及社会各界在逆转这一现象中应承担的责任。 32．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The attraction of smartphones and social media came up, and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books. But one possible cause that I nod to is a change in values, not ability. The problem does not appear to be that “kids these days” are incurious or uninterested in reading. Instead, young people might be responding to a cultural message: Books just aren’t that important. (智能手机和社交媒体的吸引力是一个因素，而且似乎很多初中和高中教授的整本书籍越来越少了。但我认为一个可能的原因是价值观的改变，而不是能力的问题。问题似乎不在于“如今的孩子们”没有求知欲或对阅读不感兴趣。相反，年轻人可能是在回应一种文化信息：书籍并没有那么重要。)”可知，作者认为年轻人对于读书有着错误的看法，即书籍并没有那么重要。故选C。 33．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““There are too many demands on their time to devote themselves fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume,” said James Shapiro, an English professor at Columbia.(哥伦比亚大学的英语教授James Shapiro说：“学生们的时间被太多事情占据了，以至于无法全身心投入到可能需要花费20个小时才能读完的文学作品中。”)”可知，学生的时间被太多事情占据了，以至于他们没有足够的时间全身心投入到可能需要花费20个小时才能读完的文学作品中。由此可知，James Shapiro认为学生没有时间阅读文学作品。故选C。 34．词义猜测题。根据文章划线单词所在句“Experts and parents alike have emphasized preprofessional courses but downplayed the importance of humanistic study.(专家和家长都强调了职业预修课程的重要性，却……人文研究的重要性。)”可知，专家和家长都强调了职业预修课程的重要性。句中but表示转折关系，说明前后情况相反。前面提到“emphasized preprofessional courses”（强调职业预修课程），那么后面对于“the importance of humanistic study”（人文研究的重要性）应该是与之相反的态度，即没有给予足够重视。选项B“Underestimated”意为“低估、轻视”，与此相符。故选B。 35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“However society changes, there is no denying that reading is of significance. If we’ve shifted what we hold in esteem (推崇), it is reasonable that we could, as a society, shift back. The responsibility doesn’t lie only with Generation Z. Everyone who’s upset about the change has a role to play in reversing it.(然而，无论社会如何变化，阅读的重要性是无可否认的。如果我们曾经改变了我们所推崇的东西，那么作为一个社会，我们同样可以变回去。这一责任并不只在于Z世代。每一个对这种变化感到不满的人，都可以在扭转这种局面的过程中发挥作用。)”可知，最后一段中，作者首先强调阅读的重要性不可否认，接着指出社会若曾改变过价值观，就有能力再转变回来，并明确表示扭转这一趋势的责任不仅在于Z世代，所有对现状不满的人都应参与其中。这是在呼吁社会共同行动，重新重视阅读的价值，属于“提出建议”。故选D。 （四） （2025·辽宁大连·二模） At top universities, there’s a phenomenon known as “Stanford Duck Syndrome (综合征)”. Like ducks, students appear to move gracefully (优雅地). However, beneath the surface, they’re kicking desperately to keep up. Experts from Stanford’s Health Services uncovered this troubling trend: during the day, many Stanford students are seen socializing in cafés, seemingly without any stress or the need to study. However, at night, they start studying, sometimes for the entire night, trying to maintain the image of effortless success. This comes at a high price: tiredness and anxiety are widespread. Furthermore, it leads to a common misconception: true geniuses achieve success with ease, while those working hard are less capable. In an effort to challenge this misconception, researchers designed an experiment. Participants were asked to observe a series of colors carefully while scientists tracked their brain activity throughout the process. The experiment was divided into two parts: one with easily distinguishable colors and the other with colors that were quite similar, requiring more effort to differentiate. As the difficulty of the task increased, there was a noticeable increase in brain activity, particularly in areas linked to memory and abstract reasoning. The study reveals that as tasks require more effort, more areas of the brain become engaged. Growth doesn’t come from talent alone but from the consistent application of effort. Our brain functions like a muscle. Without effort, even our inborn talents will fade over time. This pushes us to reconsider the underlying culture that might lead to this phenomenon. Instead of focusing too much on outcomes or singing high praise for inborn talents, we should emphasize the learning process and continuous improvement. By encouraging a culture that values effort, we can help students realize that intelligence is not fixed but grows through hard work. Such a shift would not only reduce the pressures associated with the “Stanford Duck Syndrome”, but also have a profound impact on personal development and the future of education. 12．What phenomenon does the “Stanford Duck Syndrome” probably describe? A．Prioritizing effort over well-being. B．Relieving stress through social activities. C．Displaying graceful images to attract others. D．Hiding hard work to appear naturally gifted. 13．How does the experiment in paragraph 3 challenge the misconception? A．By showing effort fuels the brain activity. B．By proving focus enhances brain function. C．By linking color recognition to intelligence. D．By associating careful observation with talent. 14．What is the author’s main concern about “Stanford Duck Syndrome”? A．It values the learning process over outcomes. B．It causes stress and false ideas about success. C．It prevents students from recognizing their talents. D．It makes students prioritize socializing over studying. 15．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Fortune favors those with a clear vision. B．Sweat is the ink that writes a masterpiece. C．Work in silence and let success make the noise. D．Keep moving forward even when no one sees it. 【答案】12．D 13．A 14．B 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了“斯坦福鸭子综合征”现象及其影响，并强调努力的重要性。 12．推理判断题。由文章第一段“At top universities, there’s a phenomenon known as “Stanford Duck Syndrome (综合征)”. Like ducks, students appear to move gracefully (优雅地). However, beneath the surface, they’re kicking desperately to keep up. (在顶尖大学中，有一种被称为“斯坦福鸭子综合征”的现象。就像鸭子一样，学生们表面上看起来行动优雅。然而，在水面之下，他们正拼命划水以跟上节奏。)”和第二段中“Experts from Stanford’s Health Services uncovered this troubling trend: during the day, many Stanford students are seen socializing in cafés, seemingly without any stress or the need to study. However, at night, they start studying, sometimes for the entire night, trying to maintain the image of effortless success. (斯坦福大学健康服务的专家揭示了这一令人担忧的趋势：白天，许多斯坦福学生被看到在咖啡馆里社交，似乎没有任何压力或学习的需求。然而，到了晚上，他们开始学习，有时甚至通宵达旦，试图维持那种毫不费力的成功形象。)”可知，“斯坦福鸭子综合征”描述的是学生们表面上看起来轻松优雅，实际上却在背后拼命努力，以维持自己轻松成功的形象。即隐藏努力工作以显得天生聪明。故选D。 13．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“As the difficulty of the task increased, there was a noticeable increase in brain activity, particularly in areas linked to memory and abstract reasoning. (随着任务难度的增加，大脑活动明显增加，特别是在与记忆和抽象推理相关的区域。)”和第四段中“The study reveals that as tasks require more effort, more areas of the brain become engaged. (这项研究表明，随着任务需要更多的努力，大脑更多的区域会变得活跃。)”可知，实验通过展示任务难度增加时，大脑活动特别是与记忆和抽象推理相关的区域活动明显增加，来挑战“天才轻松成功，努力者能力不足”的误解，证明了努力会激发大脑活动。故选A。 14．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“This comes at a high price: tiredness and anxiety are widespread. Furthermore, it leads to a common misconception: true geniuses achieve success with ease, while those working hard are less capable. (这付出了高昂的代价：疲惫和焦虑普遍存在。此外，这还导致了一个常见的误解：真正的天才能够轻松取得成功，而那些努力的人则能力较差。)”可知，作者对“斯坦福鸭子综合征”的主要担忧是它导致学生产生对成功的错误观念，即认为真正的天才能够轻松取得成功，而努力工作的人则能力较差。故选B。 15．推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中“Growth doesn’t come from talent alone but from the consistent application of effort. Our brain functions like a muscle. Without effort, even our inborn talents will fade over time. (成长不仅仅来自天赋，还来自持续的努力。我们的大脑就像肌肉一样。如果不努力，即使我们天生的才能也会随着时间的推移而消退。)”和“By encouraging a culture that values effort, we can help students realize that intelligence is not fixed but grows through hard work. (通过鼓励一种重视努力的文化，我们可以帮助学生认识到智力不是固定的，而是可以通过努力工作得到发展的。)”可知，作者认为成长不仅来自天赋，还来自持续的努力，大脑就像肌肉一样，如果不努力，即使天生的才能也会随时间消退，鼓励重视努力的文化可以帮助学生意识到智力不是固定的，而是通过努力工作成长的。因此，作者可能会同意“汗水是书写杰作的墨水”这一观点，即努力是取得成功的关键。故选B。 （五） （2025·辽宁抚顺·二模） According to new research, babies recognize pretence and around half of children can pretend by themselves by 12 months. The study, led by the University of Bristol, shows for the first time how children’s awareness and grasp of pretence in its various forms develops from birth to three years old. The lead author said, “Our findings highlight how pretending is a complex, evolving (进化的) process which begins very early on in life, helping their cognitive (认知的) and social skills to advance. Pretence is a key part of children’s learning, creativity, making friends, and understanding of other people. This study maps its many different stages and types.” The findings are based on results from a survey of 900 parents of children aged from birth up to three years old from the UK, the US, Australia, and Canada. The earliest reported age when children understand pretence was four months and by the age of 13 months, around half were reported to discern pretence by others. Around half of 12-month-olds were reported to be pretending regularly themselves. Researchers identified 18 different types of pretence which emerge and progress in the early years. One-year-olds’ pretence was shown to initially involve their bodies, for example, pretending to sleep. They may also gesture objects and actions, such as brushing their teeth with a finger or pretending with objects for their intended purpose like drinking out of an empty cup. The researchers hope their research will help parents and preschool teachers understand and identify which types of pretence are appropriate to try with children at certain ages, supporting their learning, creativity, and friendships. The lead author said, “With further research, the findings have the potential to be used as a diagnostic tool for developmental differences in early years. This could ultimately help parents, preschool educators, and medical professionals better understand how to play with children at different stages of development.” 32．How can pretence impact babies? A．By enhancing their physical strength. B．By boosting their cognitive development. C．By making them more resistant to illness. D．By teaching them to read and write earlier. 33．What does the underlined word “discern” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Recognize. B．Force. C．Interrupt. D．Criticise. 34．What might the findings bring? A．New learning skills in science. B．Changes in secondary education. C．Better play methods for primary students. D．Ways to assess developmental differences. 35．What can be the best title for the text? A．How Babies Learn to Pretend B．The Process of Pretence in Children C．New Insights into Early Childhood Pretence D．The Role of Pretence in Human Development 【答案】32．B 33．A 34．D 35．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于儿童早期识别假装行为的研究，包括研究过程、研究发现及研究意义等。 32．细节理解题。根据文章第二段的“The lead author said, “Our findings highlight how pretending is a complex, evolving (进化的) process which begins very early on in life, helping their cognitive (认知的) and social skills to advance.(主要作者说：“我们的发现强调了假装是一个复杂、进化的过程，它始于生命早期，有助于他们的认知和社会技能的进步。”)”可知，假装可以促进婴儿的认知发展。故选B。 33．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The earliest reported age when children understand pretence was four months and by the age of 13 months, around half were reported (据报道，孩子理解假装的最早年龄是四个月，到13个月大的时候，有一半的孩子被报道……)”可知，划线词前文提到孩子理解假装的最早年龄是四个月，由此可推知，划线词与A项“Recognize(识别)意思相近，孩子理解假装的最早年龄是四个月，到13个月大的时候大半的孩子能识别假装。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的“The lead author said, “With further research, the findings have the potential to be used as a diagnostic tool for developmental differences in early years. This could ultimately help parents, preschool educators, and medical professionals better understand how to play with children at different stages of development.”(主要作者说道：“通过进一步的研究，这些发现有可能被用作诊断早期发育差异的工具。这最终可以帮助父母、学前教育工作者和医学专业人士更好地了解如何与不同发展阶段的孩子玩耍。”)”可推知，这些发现可以被用作婴幼儿早期发育差异的诊断方法。故选D。 35．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“According to new research, babies recognize pretence and around half of children can pretend by themselves by 12 months.(根据一项新的研究，婴儿在12个月大的时候就能识别出假装，大约一半的孩子能自己假装。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项关于儿童早期识别假装行为的研究，包括研究过程、研究发现及研究意义等，故C项“对儿童早期假装的新见解”符合文章标题。故选C项。 （六） （2025·内蒙古呼和浩特·二模） A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents). The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify (证实)” — in other words, to stop and question what you know. In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept. The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says. According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion (传染病). This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics. “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman says, “then you’re going to start thinking that you understand, too.” Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”, writes Adam Waytz, a management professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them. So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’s possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,” Sloman admits. However, training people to care about fact — checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities. “Develop a norm in your community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says. “Verify before you believe.” 12．Why does the author mention the bat and ball question in paragraph 1? A．People respond quickly without thinking. B．People forget what they learned in school. C．People give multiple answers to a question. D．People tend to overcomplicate simple problems. 13．More volunteers claimed to understand helium rain when______. A．some volunteers explained it to them B．they believed scientists fully understood it C．they received a detailed description of how it works D．Sloman and his colleagues showed them how it worked 14．Which of the following is an example of “motivated reasoning”? A．You share your opinion about a news story. B．You search online to verify a social media story. C．You trust a story because many friends shared it. D．You ignore a negative story about a player you like 15．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Stop, Question and Verify B．The Influence of Fake News C．Rate, Explain and Understand D．The Spread of Fake News 【答案】12．A 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们为何会轻信假新闻，以及如何应对假新闻。 12． 推理判断题。根据第一段“A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents). The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify (证实)” — in other words, to stop and question what you know. (一只蝙蝠和一个球总共花费1.10美元。蝙蝠比球贵1.00美元。球的价格是多少呢？如果你回答10美分，那么你并非个例 —— 大多数人都给出了相同的答案（正确答案是5美分）。蝙蝠和球的问题有助于解释我们为何经常相信假新闻。斯洛曼说，相信是人类的天性。但 “应对假新闻的诀窍在于要懂得去核实”—— 换句话说，要停下来质疑你所知道的事情)”可知，作者在第一段提到球棒和球的问题是为了说明人们常常不假思索地快速回答问题，从而引出文章主题——人们为何会轻信假新闻。故选A。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段“In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept. The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says. (在一项实验中，斯洛曼和一位同事虚构了一个名为 “氦雨” 的发现。他们向一组志愿者讲述了这个发现，但承认他们无法完全解释这是什么。然后，他们让志愿者对自己对“氦雨”的理解程度进行评分。大多数志愿者给自己打了1分（满分7分），这意味着他们不理解这个概念。研究人员随后向另一组志愿者讲述了这个发现。这一次，他们说科学家们能够完全解释其原理。当被要求评分时，志愿者们给出的平均答案是2分。斯洛曼说，科学家的自信让志愿者们对自己的理解程度有了更高的认知)”可知，当志愿者们相信科学家们完全理解氦雨时，他们更倾向于声称自己理解氦雨。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”, writes Adam Waytz, a management professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them. (凯洛格管理学院的管理学教授亚当・韦茨写道，假新闻传播的另一个原因是 “动机性推理”。我们天生就更有可能相信那些证实我们现有观点的事情。如果你已经对某人有负面看法，你就更有可能相信关于他们的负面报道)”可知，“动机性推理”指的是人们更容易相信那些符合自己现有观点或利益的信息。D选项“You ignore a negative story about a player you like (你忽略了一个关于你喜欢的球员的负面故事)”是“动机性推理”的一个例子，因为这个人因为喜欢某个球员，所以选择忽略关于他的负面新闻。故选D。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据最后一段中“Verify before you believe. (在相信之前先核实)”可知，文章主要讨论了人们为何会轻信假新闻，并提出了应对策略，即在相信之前先核实信息。A选项“Stop, Question and Verify (停止、质疑和核实)”最符合文章主旨。故选A。 （七） （2025·内蒙古赤峰·二模） We all know someone like the ‘know-it-all’, who will enthusiastically lecture you about any topic or area, despite obviously having little to no expertise in what they’re talking about-and often, even though you do. Why would anyone assume superior knowledge to everyone else, about every possible subject matter? There are several quirks of human psychology that help explain this behaviour. One is the phenomenon of ‘naive realism’, which describes how people naturally assume that their perception of the world reflects objective reality. In actuality, everything we perceive and ‘know’ about the world has been filtered through a complex net of cognitive biases (认知偏差), sensory shortcuts and more. Once we encounter people whose understanding of the world is very different to our own, naive realism leads us to assume they are wrong. Another potential cognitive bias at work is ‘The illusion (错觉) of information adequacy’. Put simply, this describes how though many people lack sufficient information to make correct judgements about something, they’ll assume the opposite. It’s logically very hard to recognise and take account of what we don’t know. For example, someone notices their female co-worker running to the bathroom to be sick every morning. Based on just this information, they could conclude “she’s pregnant!” and plan to congratulate her. However, she reveals her sickness is due to chemotherapy (化疗). Since the first person made a conclusion with painfully insufficient evidence, they had the illusion of information adequacy. A combination of illusion of information adequacy and naive realism can make people believe they know more than they actually do. But even then, there’s still clearly more at work. For instance, some psychologists believe that the human brains tend to seek a sense of autonomy also accounts for the ‘know-it-all’ phenomenon. Besides, the pursuit of social status may drive the ‘know-it-all’ people to keep their superiority and dominance as well. Thus, the contradiction emerges: to become a ‘know-it-all’, you have to know far too little. 12．According to the passage, people with “naive realism” likely_____. A．think their perception is always right B．quickly change their world view C．have complex cognitive biases D．respect others’ different views 13．Why does the author mention the example of the female co-worker? A．To show how people make correct judgments. B．To illustrate “illusion of information adequacy”. C．To clarify the link between pregnancy and chemotherapy. D．To explain the importance of having sufficient information. 14．How does the pursuit of social status influence “know-it-all” behavior? A．It has no direct connection. B．It urges theme to learn more. C．It encourages more modesty. D．It forces them to seek authority. 15．What does the author imply by the underlined words? A．People with a lot of knowledge are less likely to be “know-it-all”. B．“Know-it-all” actually have vast amounts of knowledge but don’t show it. C．The more knowledge one has, the more likely they are to be “know-it-all”. D．There is no relationship between knowledge amount and being “know-it-all”. 【答案】12．A 13．B 14．D 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了“万事通”现象背后的心理机制，特别是“朴素现实主义”和“信息充足错觉”等认知偏差如何导致人们错误地认为自己无所不知。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“One is the phenomenon of ‘naive realism’, which describes how people naturally assume that their perception of the world reflects objective reality.(“朴素现实主义”描述的是人们如何自然地认为自己对世界的感知反映了客观现实)”可知，拥有“朴素现实主义”的人倾向于认为自己的感知总是正确的。故选A。 13．推理判断题。根据第四段“For example, someone notices their female co-worker running to the bathroom to be sick every morning. Based on just this information, they could conclude “she’s pregnant!” and plan to congratulate her. However, she reveals her sickness is due to chemotherapy (化疗).(例如，有人注意到他们的女同事每天早上都跑去卫生间呕吐。仅凭这一信息，他们可能会得出结论“她怀孕了!”并计划祝贺她。然而，她透露她的呕吐是由于化疗)”可推知，作者提到这个例子是为了说明“信息充足错觉”。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段“Besides, the pursuit of social status may drive the ‘know-it-all’ people to keep their superiority and dominance as well.(此外，追求社会地位可能也会驱使“万事通”们保持他们的优越感和支配地位)”可推知，追求社会地位会迫使“万事通”们寻求权威。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Thus, the contradiction emerges: to become a ‘know-it-all’, you have to know far too little.”(因此，矛盾出现了：要成为“万事通”，你必须知道得太少)”可推知，作者暗示拥有大量知识的人不太可能成为“万事通”。故选A。 （八） （2025·内蒙古乌兰察布·二模） Sublingual delivery means delivering medicine under the tongue. This area is not a very common place to deliver drugs, but it is very effective for the drugs to be absorbed quickly into the body. A Swiss biotech company, BioLingus, has developed sublingual delivery of peptides (肽) and proteins. It has opened the door to non-invasive delivery of many biological drugs that had so far only been taken through injections. The primary challenge in developing the technique was stabilising the proteins. BioLingus turned to nature to find a solution. The seeds of plants contain a high concentration of proteins, which have to survive and remain complete for years, sometimes in extreme conditions of temperature, moisture, or drought. By mimicking these mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for a very long time at room temperature through advanced bioengineering. And because of this, sublingual drugs are more adaptable than injection solutions that must usually be refrigerated. In itself, this opens up the possibility for social innovation as well as biological innovation. Due to the strong stability of BioLingus’ technology, sublingual drugs are very well suited for use in some less developed countries. Biological drugs usually have to be cooled all the way from manufacturing right up to when they reach the patient, and then injected. In many less developed countries, however, effective logistical cold chains are non-existent or not very good. With BioLingus’ sublingual technology, however, the cold chain can be minimised or not needed at all. In addition, because the drugs can be given orally instead of by injection, complications (并发症) due to infected needles are also prevented. What’s more, although the technology is hi-tech, from a manufacturing perspective it is relatively low-cost. So, the combination of these factors makes it an excellent technology for use in some less developed countries — very much a social innovation. 12．Which of the following inspired BioLingus’ solution to stabilising the proteins? A．Proteins contained in plants. B．Plants that live in extreme conditions. C．The ways proteins survive extreme conditions. D．Seeds growing at a steady and high temperature. 13．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Proteins in injection solutions must be refrigerated. B．BioLingus came up with a technology through biomimicry. C．Sublingual drugs are both socially and biologically innovative. D．Sublingual drugs keep proteins stable for a long time at room temperature. 14．Why is sublingual delivery suited to some less developed countries? A．Because these countries lack effective cold chains. B．Because it is easier to be accepted in these countries. C．Because it is less expensive and more high-tech than injection solutions. D．Because there are more complications due to infected needles in these countries. 15．What is the best title of this passage? A．Inspiration from Nature Transforms How Medicines Work B．The Challenges Facing the Production of Sublingual Drugs C．The Promotion of Sublingual Drugs in Developed Countries D．Proteins in Different Natural Conditions Contribute to Innovation 【答案】12．C 13．D 14．A 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述BioLingus如何从自然中获得灵感，开发舌下给药技术，解决了冷链保存问题，成为一些欠发达国家使用的优秀技术。 12．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The seeds of plants contain a high concentration of proteins, which have to survive and remain complete for years, sometimes in extreme conditions of temperature, moisture, or drought. By mimicking these mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for a very long time at room temperature through advanced bioengineering.(植物的种子含有高浓度的蛋白质，这些蛋白质必须存活并保持完整多年，有时在极端的温度、湿度或干旱条件下。通过模仿这些机制，BioLingus已经能够通过先进的生物工程，在室温下长时间保存和稳定蛋白质)”可知，植物种子中的蛋白质能够在极端条件下长期存活，BioLingus模仿了这些机制，开发出稳定蛋白质的方法，故选C。 13．词句猜测题。第三段最后一句“By mimicking these mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for a very long time at room temperature through advanced bioengineering.(通过模仿这些机制，BioLingus已经能够通过先进的生物工程，在室温下长时间保存和稳定蛋白质)”提到，BioLingus通过生物工程能够在室温下长期保存蛋白质，结合划线词所在句“And because of this, sublingual drugs are more adaptable than injection solutions that must usually be refrigerated.(正因为如此，舌下药物比通常必须冷藏的注射溶液适应性更强)”可知，this指代前文提到的“舌下药物能使蛋白质在室温下长时间保持稳定”，故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In many less developed countries, however, effective logistical cold chains are non-existent or not very good. With BioLingus’ sublingual technology, however, the cold chain can be minimised or not needed at all.(然而，在许多欠发达国家，不存在有效的物流冷链，或者不是很好。然而，有了BioLingus的舌下技术，冷链可以最小化，甚至根本不需要)”可知，由于一些欠发达国家缺乏有效的冷链，而舌下药物不需要冷藏，所以适合这些国家，故选A。 15．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第三段中“The primary challenge in developing the technique was stabilising the proteins. BioLingus turned to nature to find a solution.(开发这项技术的主要挑战是稳定蛋白质。BioLingus转向大自然寻求解决方案)”可知，文章主要讲述BioLingus如何从自然中获得灵感，开发舌下给药技术，解决了冷链保存问题，成为一些欠发达国家使用的优秀技术，A项“来自大自然的灵感改变了药物的工作方式”最适合作为标题，故选A。 （九） （2025·辽宁沈阳·二模） If you ever feel that the world is against you, you are not alone. We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong, the fault lies within some great tricks against us. If a co-worker fails the deadline, they must be trying to beat you to a promotion. When WiFi in a coffee shop is not working, the staff must be lying about having it to attract you in. But the fact is that these simple explanations, which we tend to jump to, are barely true. Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday, not Wednesday. Maybe the WiFi just went wrong. This is where Hanlon’s Razor comes in—a useful mental model that never considers what can be fully explained by neglect (疏忽) as doing harm on purpose. Applying Hanlon's Razor, a useful tool for rapid decision-making and intelligent comprehension, in our daily lives makes us less judgmental, and improve reasoning skills. Meanwhile, Hanlon's Razor allows us to have more empathy (同理心) and teaches us not to assume the worst intention in the actions of others, the value of which is most pronounced in relationships, business matters, and personal happiness. We all lead complex lives where things are constantly going wrong. When this occurs, a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention. When someone messes up around us, we forget how many times we, too, have done the same. Instead, we regard the perpetrator as a source of intense annoyance. To assume intention in such a situation is likely to worsen the problem. None of us can ever know what someone else wants. Inability or neglect is far more likely to be the genuine cause than the desire to hurt. When a situation causes us to become angry or upset, it can be valuable to consider if those emotions are justified. Often, the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to communicate with them, not to dismiss them. In this way, we can avoid repeats of the same situation. 12．What do we usually do when things fail? A．Accept true ill intention. B．Change current situations. C．Seek reliable assistance. D．Misplace blame on others. 13．What can we learn about Hanlon’s Razor? A．It is a way to tackle colleagues’ problems. B．It is a device for restoring WiFi connection. C．It avoids taking neglect as intentional harm. D．It identifies who is to blame for making errors. 14．What does the underlined “the perpetrator” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．The mind reader. B．The event planner. C．The error maker. D．The problem solver 15．What is advised to do when others cause a problem? A．Lend them a hand. B．Turn a blind eye to them. C．Put them on the spot. D．Exchange ideas with them. 【答案】12．D 13．C 14．C 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出人们常误将错误归咎于他人恶意，而实际上多为无心之失，倡导理性判断、减少揣测，以同理心和沟通化解矛盾。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段“If you ever feel that the world is against you, you are not alone. We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong, the fault lies within some great tricks against us. If a co-worker fails the deadline, they must be trying to beat you to a promotion. When WiFi in a coffee shop is not working, the staff must be lying about having it to attract you in.(若你曾觉得全世界都在与你作对，其实你并不孤单。我们总倾向于认为，当事情出错时，一定是某种针对我们的阴谋在作祟。比如同事未能按时完成任务，便认定他们是想抢走你的升职机会；咖啡馆的WiFi连不上，就怀疑店员用虚假宣传骗你进店。)”和第四段的句子“We all lead complex lives where things are constantly going wrong. When this occurs, a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention.(我们的生活本就纷繁复杂，难免状况频出。而每当问题发生时，人们的第一反应往往是归咎于身边之人，并认定对方心存恶意。)”可知，当事情出错时，我们通常会把错误归咎于他人。故选D项。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段的句子“This is where Hanlon’s Razor comes in—a useful mental model that never considers what can be fully explained by neglect (疏忽) as doing harm on purpose.(这就是Hanlon’s Razor——一种有用的心理模型，它从不将那些完全可以用疏忽来解释的行为视为故意伤害。)”可知，Hanlon’s Razor是一种思维模型，它避免将疏忽视为故意的伤害。故选C项。 14．词句猜测题。根据上文的句子“When someone messes up around us, we forget how many times we, too, have done the same.(当我们周围的人把事情搞砸的时候，我们忘记了多少次我们也做过同样的事情。)和划线单词下文的“as a source of intense annoyance(作为强烈烦恼的来源)”可知，我们肯定是把“把事情搞砸的人”视为“烦恼的来源”，所以，划线单词“the perpetrator”指的是那些犯错误的人。故选C项。 15．细节理解题。根据最后一段的句子“Often, the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to communicate with them, not to dismiss them.(通常，对给我们带来麻烦的人做出反应的最佳方式是寻求与他们沟通，而不是忽视他们。)”可知，当别人给我们带来问题时，建议与他们交流，而不是忽视他们。故选D项。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解（说明文&议论文）（原卷版） （一） （2025·黑龙江哈尔滨·二模） Districts across the US are trying to address the high number of students needing mental health support. What if they could enlist students as part of the solution, too? A rural Ohio high school has done just that. At Claymont High School in Uhrichsville, Ohio, a group of about 21 high schoolers are trained in mental health first aid. They’ve taken courses to learn how to help their peers who are going through a difficult time. The students, who are in grades 10 through 12, are part of a larger program called Peers Uplifting Peers, or PUP, which helps to break down the stigma around mental health and wellness and normalize having conversations about both and seeking professional help when necessary. A key part of their training is to help their friends get in touch with professionals and established resources. “Students are helping out by picking up on early warning signs. They are noticing that maybe someone is having a hard day or is just sitting by themselves,” said Kelsi Barnhart, the school’s assistant principal. “They try to be good friends, and they speak up. It’s not that they are stepping in and providing counseling.” Despite a national conversation around mental health, the context may be different in rural areas like Uhrichsville where people feel ashamed of discussing mental health. “It’s hard to talk about mental health out loud,” said Bridget Britton, a licensed social worker. Getting to a therapist can also be a challenge since most rural areas do not have the bus and rail systems found in urban communities. There are also financial barriers. “Many rural residents work on farms, which often don’t provide workers with health insurance.” she said. 28．What do we know about the group of students from Claymont High School? A．They are trained to be specialists. B．They had mental health issues before. C．They are carefully selected by PUP. D．They provide support to their classmates. 29．Which is closest in meaning to “stigma” in paragraph 3? A．Ignorance. B．Risk. C．Secret. D．Shame. 30．What does Barnhart think the trained students are? A．The first to notice a problem. B．A bridge between students and the school. C．Life coaches. D．Active counselors. 31．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Limitations of the program. B．Challenges facing rural areas. C．Misconceptions of mental health. D．Problems in the US healthcare system. （二） （2025·黑龙江大庆·二模） Since wolves was put on the Endangered Species List, the predators (捕食者) have slowly returned to more of their habitats. But in every place where wolves recovered, heated debates followed — about their numbers, hunting and trapping rights. However, Minnesota is an exception. Some of the techniques used by Minnesotans to avoid conflicts may need to be adopted in other states if the predators continue to return. Minnesota is the only place in the United States to never kill all its wolves. More than 2,700 wolves live in Minnesota. The wolf population in Minnesota has been remarkably stable, bouncing between 2,400 and 3,000. That’s well above the original recovery goal of 1,400. The relatively fixed population shows that wolves have likely already spread to every part of the state that has enough food to support them and is far enough from men. Despite such high numbers, wolves attack cattle, turkeys and other animals on less than 2% of livestock (牲畜) operations in Minnesota. As wolf numbers have remained stable for nearly three decades, so have those conflicts. Farm owners have had mixed results using various methods to scare wolves away. The most adopted method comes from a farm on the border of Voyageurs National Park, where wolf researchers are building a 6-foot-high fence around the property. Early results show that wild wolves don’t seem to try to jump fences for food. However, there are still many unanswered questions, but most importantly to wildlife managers, exactly what does a healthy wolf population do for the ecosystem? To get the answer, researchers have come to Minnesota to learn about how wolves behave and survive. Now with GPS and tracking cameras, researchers are getting their first detailed look at how the secretive predators live all year round. 32．What can we learn about Minnesota? A．It never kills any of the wolves there. B．It provides ideal habitats for the wolves. C．It avoids disturbing normal wolf activities. D．It succeeds in handling human-wolf co-existence. 33．What does the stability of wolf population indicate? A．Wolves in Minnesota have adapted to the environment there. B．The Endangered Species List is effective and well carried out. C．The original recovery goal is too low and needs to be adjusted. D．Wolves are widely distributed and distant from human society. 34．What does the author think of building fences? A．Traditional. B．Rewarding. C．Economical. D．Thoughtful. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Conflicts with Wolves Resolved Harmoniously. B．Wolf Population Recovered under Protection. C．Livestock Attacked Less by Wild Wolves. D．Heated Debate Aroused by Wolf Attacks. （三） （2025·吉林长春·二模） An alarming phenomenon has sprung up over the past few years: Many students are arriving at college unprepared to read entire books. Many students are overwhelmed at the thought of reading multiple books a semester. They shut down when they’re faced with ideas they don’t understand.             Why is this happening? The attraction of smartphones and social media came up, and it appears that many middle and high schools are teaching fewer full books. But one possible cause that I nod to is a change in values, not ability. The problem does not appear to be that “kids these days” are incurious or uninterested in reading. Instead, young people might be responding to a cultural message: Books just aren’t that important. I once spoke with 33 professors at some top universities, who didn’t think their students were lazy. It is not unusual that their students’ schedules are crowded with activities that are less about personal development and more relevant to future employment. “There are too many demands on their time to devote themselves fully to works of literature that might take 20 hours to consume,” said James Shapiro, an English professor at Columbia.   In 1971, 37% students said that a core objective of their college years was to become well-off financially. 73% said it was to develop a meaningful philosophy of life. By 2015, those numbers had almost reversed (颠倒). Experts and parents alike have emphasized preprofessional courses but downplayed the importance of humanistic study. However society changes, there is no denying that reading is of significance. If we’ve shifted what we hold in esteem (推崇), it is reasonable that we could, as a society, shift back. The responsibility doesn’t lie only with Generation Z. Everyone who’s upset about the change has a role to play in reversing it. 32．According to the author, what is the cause of the phenomenon? A．Many distractions from digital devices. B．Inadequate preparations for college life. C．A misguided belief in reading full books. D．Disqualifications of secondary school teachers. 33．What can be inferred from James Shapiro’s words? A．Schools should offer time management courses. B．Students are occupied with their works of literature. C．Reading literary pieces is beyond students’ available time. D．Professors believe employment is more related to personal growth. 34．What does the underlined word “downplayed” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Highlighted. B．Underestimated. C．Recognized. D．Misunderstood. 35．What is the author’s purpose of writing the last paragraph? A．To restate an opinion. B．To stir up a debate. C．To issue an announcement. D．To put forward a proposal. （四） （2025·辽宁大连·二模） At top universities, there’s a phenomenon known as “Stanford Duck Syndrome (综合征)”. Like ducks, students appear to move gracefully (优雅地). However, beneath the surface, they’re kicking desperately to keep up. Experts from Stanford’s Health Services uncovered this troubling trend: during the day, many Stanford students are seen socializing in cafés, seemingly without any stress or the need to study. However, at night, they start studying, sometimes for the entire night, trying to maintain the image of effortless success. This comes at a high price: tiredness and anxiety are widespread. Furthermore, it leads to a common misconception: true geniuses achieve success with ease, while those working hard are less capable. In an effort to challenge this misconception, researchers designed an experiment. Participants were asked to observe a series of colors carefully while scientists tracked their brain activity throughout the process. The experiment was divided into two parts: one with easily distinguishable colors and the other with colors that were quite similar, requiring more effort to differentiate. As the difficulty of the task increased, there was a noticeable increase in brain activity, particularly in areas linked to memory and abstract reasoning. The study reveals that as tasks require more effort, more areas of the brain become engaged. Growth doesn’t come from talent alone but from the consistent application of effort. Our brain functions like a muscle. Without effort, even our inborn talents will fade over time. This pushes us to reconsider the underlying culture that might lead to this phenomenon. Instead of focusing too much on outcomes or singing high praise for inborn talents, we should emphasize the learning process and continuous improvement. By encouraging a culture that values effort, we can help students realize that intelligence is not fixed but grows through hard work. Such a shift would not only reduce the pressures associated with the “Stanford Duck Syndrome”, but also have a profound impact on personal development and the future of education. 12．What phenomenon does the “Stanford Duck Syndrome” probably describe? A．Prioritizing effort over well-being. B．Relieving stress through social activities. C．Displaying graceful images to attract others. D．Hiding hard work to appear naturally gifted. 13．How does the experiment in paragraph 3 challenge the misconception? A．By showing effort fuels the brain activity. B．By proving focus enhances brain function. C．By linking color recognition to intelligence. D．By associating careful observation with talent. 14．What is the author’s main concern about “Stanford Duck Syndrome”? A．It values the learning process over outcomes. B．It causes stress and false ideas about success. C．It prevents students from recognizing their talents. D．It makes students prioritize socializing over studying. 15．Which of the following might the author agree with? A．Fortune favors those with a clear vision. B．Sweat is the ink that writes a masterpiece. C．Work in silence and let success make the noise. D．Keep moving forward even when no one sees it. （五） （2025·辽宁抚顺·二模） According to new research, babies recognize pretence and around half of children can pretend by themselves by 12 months. The study, led by the University of Bristol, shows for the first time how children’s awareness and grasp of pretence in its various forms develops from birth to three years old. The lead author said, “Our findings highlight how pretending is a complex, evolving (进化的) process which begins very early on in life, helping their cognitive (认知的) and social skills to advance. Pretence is a key part of children’s learning, creativity, making friends, and understanding of other people. This study maps its many different stages and types.” The findings are based on results from a survey of 900 parents of children aged from birth up to three years old from the UK, the US, Australia, and Canada. The earliest reported age when children understand pretence was four months and by the age of 13 months, around half were reported to discern pretence by others. Around half of 12-month-olds were reported to be pretending regularly themselves. Researchers identified 18 different types of pretence which emerge and progress in the early years. One-year-olds’ pretence was shown to initially involve their bodies, for example, pretending to sleep. They may also gesture objects and actions, such as brushing their teeth with a finger or pretending with objects for their intended purpose like drinking out of an empty cup. The researchers hope their research will help parents and preschool teachers understand and identify which types of pretence are appropriate to try with children at certain ages, supporting their learning, creativity, and friendships. The lead author said, “With further research, the findings have the potential to be used as a diagnostic tool for developmental differences in early years. This could ultimately help parents, preschool educators, and medical professionals better understand how to play with children at different stages of development.” 32．How can pretence impact babies? A．By enhancing their physical strength. B．By boosting their cognitive development. C．By making them more resistant to illness. D．By teaching them to read and write earlier. 33．What does the underlined word “discern” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Recognize. B．Force. C．Interrupt. D．Criticise. 34．What might the findings bring? A．New learning skills in science. B．Changes in secondary education. C．Better play methods for primary students. D．Ways to assess developmental differences. 35．What can be the best title for the text? A．How Babies Learn to Pretend B．The Process of Pretence in Children C．New Insights into Early Childhood Pretence D．The Role of Pretence in Human Development （六） （2025·内蒙古呼和浩特·二模） A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1.00 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? If you answered 10 cents, you’re not alone — most people give the same answer (the correct answer is 5 cents). The bat and ball question helps explain why we often believe in fake news. It is part of human nature to believe, says Sloman. But “the trick with fake news is to know to verify (证实)” — in other words, to stop and question what you know. In one experiment, Sloman and a colleague invented a discovery called helium rain. They told a group of volunteers about it, but admitted they could not fully explain what it was. They then asked the volunteers to rate their own understanding of helium rain. Most volunteers rated themselves 1 out of 7, meaning they did not understand the concept. The researchers then told another group of volunteers about the discovery. This time, they said that scientists could fully explain how it works. When asked to rate their understanding, the volunteers gave an average answer of 2. The scientists’ confidence gave the volunteers an increased sense of their own understanding, Sloman says. According to Sloman, studies show that knowledge spreads like a contagion (传染病). This idea can be seen in many fields, including politics. “If everyone around you is saying they understand why a politician is dishonest,” Sloman says, “then you’re going to start thinking that you understand, too.” Another explanation for the spread of fake news is “motivated reasoning”, writes Adam Waytz, a management professor at the Kellogg School. We are naturally more likely to believe things that confirm our existing opinions. If you already have a negative opinion about someone, you’re more likely to trust damaging stories about them. So, in a world where misleading information is common, is there a way to protect ourselves? “I don’t think it’s possible to train individuals to verify everything that they encounter,” Sloman admits. However, training people to care about fact — checking is important, he argues, especially in online communities. “Develop a norm in your community that says, ‘We should check things and not just take them at face value,’” Sloman says. “Verify before you believe.” 12．Why does the author mention the bat and ball question in paragraph 1? A．People respond quickly without thinking. B．People forget what they learned in school. C．People give multiple answers to a question. D．People tend to overcomplicate simple problems. 13．More volunteers claimed to understand helium rain when______. A．some volunteers explained it to them B．they believed scientists fully understood it C．they received a detailed description of how it works D．Sloman and his colleagues showed them how it worked 14．Which of the following is an example of “motivated reasoning”? A．You share your opinion about a news story. B．You search online to verify a social media story. C．You trust a story because many friends shared it. D．You ignore a negative story about a player you like 15．What would be the best title for the passage? A．Stop, Question and Verify B．The Influence of Fake News C．Rate, Explain and Understand D．The Spread of Fake News （七） （2025·内蒙古赤峰·二模） We all know someone like the ‘know-it-all’, who will enthusiastically lecture you about any topic or area, despite obviously having little to no expertise in what they’re talking about-and often, even though you do. Why would anyone assume superior knowledge to everyone else, about every possible subject matter? There are several quirks of human psychology that help explain this behaviour. One is the phenomenon of ‘naive realism’, which describes how people naturally assume that their perception of the world reflects objective reality. In actuality, everything we perceive and ‘know’ about the world has been filtered through a complex net of cognitive biases (认知偏差), sensory shortcuts and more. Once we encounter people whose understanding of the world is very different to our own, naive realism leads us to assume they are wrong. Another potential cognitive bias at work is ‘The illusion (错觉) of information adequacy’. Put simply, this describes how though many people lack sufficient information to make correct judgements about something, they’ll assume the opposite. It’s logically very hard to recognise and take account of what we don’t know. For example, someone notices their female co-worker running to the bathroom to be sick every morning. Based on just this information, they could conclude “she’s pregnant!” and plan to congratulate her. However, she reveals her sickness is due to chemotherapy (化疗). Since the first person made a conclusion with painfully insufficient evidence, they had the illusion of information adequacy. A combination of illusion of information adequacy and naive realism can make people believe they know more than they actually do. But even then, there’s still clearly more at work. For instance, some psychologists believe that the human brains tend to seek a sense of autonomy also accounts for the ‘know-it-all’ phenomenon. Besides, the pursuit of social status may drive the ‘know-it-all’ people to keep their superiority and dominance as well. Thus, the contradiction emerges: to become a ‘know-it-all’, you have to know far too little. 12．According to the passage, people with “naive realism” likely_____. A．think their perception is always right B．quickly change their world view C．have complex cognitive biases D．respect others’ different views 13．Why does the author mention the example of the female co-worker? A．To show how people make correct judgments. B．To illustrate “illusion of information adequacy”. C．To clarify the link between pregnancy and chemotherapy. D．To explain the importance of having sufficient information. 14．How does the pursuit of social status influence “know-it-all” behavior? A．It has no direct connection. B．It urges theme to learn more. C．It encourages more modesty. D．It forces them to seek authority. 15．What does the author imply by the underlined words? A．People with a lot of knowledge are less likely to be “know-it-all”. B．“Know-it-all” actually have vast amounts of knowledge but don’t show it. C．The more knowledge one has, the more likely they are to be “know-it-all”. D．There is no relationship between knowledge amount and being “know-it-all”. （八） （2025·内蒙古乌兰察布·二模） Sublingual delivery means delivering medicine under the tongue. This area is not a very common place to deliver drugs, but it is very effective for the drugs to be absorbed quickly into the body. A Swiss biotech company, BioLingus, has developed sublingual delivery of peptides (肽) and proteins. It has opened the door to non-invasive delivery of many biological drugs that had so far only been taken through injections. The primary challenge in developing the technique was stabilising the proteins. BioLingus turned to nature to find a solution. The seeds of plants contain a high concentration of proteins, which have to survive and remain complete for years, sometimes in extreme conditions of temperature, moisture, or drought. By mimicking these mechanisms, BioLingus has been able to come up with a way to preserve and stabilise proteins for a very long time at room temperature through advanced bioengineering. And because of this, sublingual drugs are more adaptable than injection solutions that must usually be refrigerated. In itself, this opens up the possibility for social innovation as well as biological innovation. Due to the strong stability of BioLingus’ technology, sublingual drugs are very well suited for use in some less developed countries. Biological drugs usually have to be cooled all the way from manufacturing right up to when they reach the patient, and then injected. In many less developed countries, however, effective logistical cold chains are non-existent or not very good. With BioLingus’ sublingual technology, however, the cold chain can be minimised or not needed at all. In addition, because the drugs can be given orally instead of by injection, complications (并发症) due to infected needles are also prevented. What’s more, although the technology is hi-tech, from a manufacturing perspective it is relatively low-cost. So, the combination of these factors makes it an excellent technology for use in some less developed countries — very much a social innovation. 12．Which of the following inspired BioLingus’ solution to stabilising the proteins? A．Proteins contained in plants. B．Plants that live in extreme conditions. C．The ways proteins survive extreme conditions. D．Seeds growing at a steady and high temperature. 13．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Proteins in injection solutions must be refrigerated. B．BioLingus came up with a technology through biomimicry. C．Sublingual drugs are both socially and biologically innovative. D．Sublingual drugs keep proteins stable for a long time at room temperature. 14．Why is sublingual delivery suited to some less developed countries? A．Because these countries lack effective cold chains. B．Because it is easier to be accepted in these countries. C．Because it is less expensive and more high-tech than injection solutions. D．Because there are more complications due to infected needles in these countries. 15．What is the best title of this passage? A．Inspiration from Nature Transforms How Medicines Work B．The Challenges Facing the Production of Sublingual Drugs C．The Promotion of Sublingual Drugs in Developed Countries D．Proteins in Different Natural Conditions Contribute to Innovation （九） （2025·辽宁沈阳·二模） If you ever feel that the world is against you, you are not alone. We all have a tendency to assume that when anything goes wrong, the fault lies within some great tricks against us. If a co-worker fails the deadline, they must be trying to beat you to a promotion. When WiFi in a coffee shop is not working, the staff must be lying about having it to attract you in. But the fact is that these simple explanations, which we tend to jump to, are barely true. Maybe your co-worker thought today was Tuesday, not Wednesday. Maybe the WiFi just went wrong. This is where Hanlon’s Razor comes in—a useful mental model that never considers what can be fully explained by neglect (疏忽) as doing harm on purpose. Applying Hanlon's Razor, a useful tool for rapid decision-making and intelligent comprehension, in our daily lives makes us less judgmental, and improve reasoning skills. Meanwhile, Hanlon's Razor allows us to have more empathy (同理心) and teaches us not to assume the worst intention in the actions of others, the value of which is most pronounced in relationships, business matters, and personal happiness. We all lead complex lives where things are constantly going wrong. When this occurs, a common response is to blame the nearest person and assume they have bad intention. When someone messes up around us, we forget how many times we, too, have done the same. Instead, we regard the perpetrator as a source of intense annoyance. To assume intention in such a situation is likely to worsen the problem. None of us can ever know what someone else wants. Inability or neglect is far more likely to be the genuine cause than the desire to hurt. When a situation causes us to become angry or upset, it can be valuable to consider if those emotions are justified. Often, the best way to react to other people causing us problems is by seeking to communicate with them, not to dismiss them. In this way, we can avoid repeats of the same situation. 12．What do we usually do when things fail? A．Accept true ill intention. B．Change current situations. C．Seek reliable assistance. D．Misplace blame on others. 13．What can we learn about Hanlon’s Razor? A．It is a way to tackle colleagues’ problems. B．It is a device for restoring WiFi connection. C．It avoids taking neglect as intentional harm. D．It identifies who is to blame for making errors. 14．What does the underlined “the perpetrator” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．The mind reader. B．The event planner. C．The error maker. D．The problem solver 15．What is advised to do when others cause a problem? A．Lend them a hand. B．Turn a blind eye to them. C．Put them on the spot. D．Exchange ideas with them. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$