专题七：情态动词和虚拟语气 2025届高考英语语法总复习

情态动词和虚拟语气 语法总复习专题七 链接高考 【典例】(2022 新高考 卷) Teachers and chaperones _ model good behavior for the group and remain with students at all times. should 考查情态动词的用法 句意:教师和监护人应该为团队树立良好的行为榜样,并始终与学生在一起。此处表示“应该”,指义务。故填should。 ①表示义务,意为“应该”(某件事适宜做),用于各种人称。 You should be polite to your teachers. ②表示推测,意为“想必,一定,照说应该,估计”等。 They should be home by now. 链接高考 【典例】(2024年1月浙江卷) However, though it’s nice to get a few cents off a pack of sausages, it would help even more if they could sometimes _ (offer) in smaller packs. Even the biggest sausage fan doesn’t want to eat them every day. be offered 考查含有情态动词的被动语态 动词offer意为“提供”,和主语构成被动关系,主语they代指前文中的sausages。在情态动词could后动词应用原形。故填be offered。 情态动词基本用法 情态动词后要加动词原形/系动词be构成谓语。 含情态动词的被动语态结构:情态动词+be done。 原形和过去式错用情态动词:can could、may might、shall should、will would、have to had to、dare dared。 位置:情态动词在谓语之前;谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前。疑问句中在主语之前。 考点1 can /could (1)表示能力,但can指一般的或永久的能力,could主要指过去的能力。 be able to 表示克服困难能完成某事。 e.g. The little boy can speak two foreign languages. 这个小男孩会讲两种外语。 e.g. Could the girl read before she went to school? 这个女孩上学前识字吗? e.g. Everyone was able to escape when the fire broke out. 起火的时候大家都能逃生。 can /could (2)表示可能(理论上或是逻辑上,并不涉及此事真的发生),常译为“往往会,有时候可能会”,常用于肯定句中。 e.g. He can't/couldn't have enough money for a new car. 他不可能有足够的钱买一辆新车。 (3)表示请求和允许。在问句中could语气比can要委婉。 e.g. Can/Could I have a look at your new book? 我能看看你的新书吗? e.g. You can leave now. 你现在可以离开了。 can /could (4)表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信等态度。用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。 e.g. How can you be so careless? 你怎么能这么粗心? e.g. It can't/couldn't be John. He is taller. 那不可能是John,他更高些。 (5)表示推测,常用于否定句和疑问句中,语气较强。【can>could】 e.g. He can't be in the classroom; the light is not on. 他不可能在教室里;灯没亮。 e.g. My favourite book is missing. Who could have taken it? 我最喜欢的书丢了,谁会把它拿走呢? can /could (6)cannot/ can never...too/ enough... 表示“再……也不为过” e.g. You can never be too careful when driving a car. 开车的时候,你再怎么小心都不为过。 e.g. While you are doing your homework, you can't be careful enough. 写作业时,你再怎么仔细也不为过。。 (7)cannot (help/choose) but do sth. 表示“不得不/ 只好做某事” e.g. You cannot choose but go with me. 你只能跟我走。 can /could (8)could have done表示“本可以做某事”;couldn’t have done多用于语气强烈的否定,表示“不可能做了某事”。 e.g. You could have helped him. 你本来应该帮助他的。 e.g. The accident could have been avoided; the driver couldn't have slowed down. 这事故本来是可以避免的;司机肯定没减速。 Exercise —_you come with me to Lang Lang’s piano concert this evening? —I’d love to, but I have to study for my math test. I could _(lend) you the money. Why didn’t you ask me? 考查情态动词。句意:一一今晚你可以跟我去听郎朗的钢琴演奏会吗?——我很想去,但我不得不为我的数学测试而学习。结合语意可知,can/could表示“请求”或“许可”时,通常用于疑问句中。故填Can/Could. 考查情态动词。句意:我本来可以借这笔钱给你的。你为什么不向我提出? could have done用于肯定句,表示“本可以做某事”。故填have lent. 考点2 may /might (1)表示请求、允许、许可,might比may语气委婉。 e.g. You may/might use my bike. 你可以用我的自行车。 e.g. May/Might I use your phone? 我可以用一下你手机吗? (2)表示推测,常用于陈述句,语气比较弱,把握性不大。might语气比may还要弱。 e.g. He may/might get there in time, but I can't be sure. 他有可能准时到达,但我不敢肯定。 考点2 may /might (3)may / might well do sth.,意为“很可能......” may / might as well do sth.,意为“不妨,最好,倒不如……" e.g. Her appearance has changed so much that you might well not recognize her. 她的模样变化如此大,你很可能认不出她了。 e.g. You may/ might as well give him the letter. 你不妨把信给他。 e.g. You may/ might as well do your homework at once. 你最好立刻开始做作业。 考点2 may /might (4)may用于祈使句中,表示祝愿。 e.g. May you return in safety. 祝你安全归来。 e.g. May all your dreams come true! 祝你所有的梦想都实现! (5)may/might have done表示“可能做过某事”,但把握不大;might have done 还可表示“本可能做而实际上未做”,含有轻微的责备语气。 e.g. It was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself. 那真的是太危险了,我差点没命了。 e.g. You might have given him more help, though you were busy with your work. 你本来可以给他更多的帮助,尽管你工作很忙。 Exercise If you think the price of beef is too high, you _ as well buy some pork. It depends on you! (2005安徽卷)Helen _ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. 考查情态动词may的用法。句意:如果你觉得牛肉的价格太高,你也可以买一些猪肉。这取决于你! may as well用于提出建议或选择,表示除了某种选择外,还有另一种选择也是可行的。故填may。 考查情态动词。由于下文说“她还没有把握”,所以前文要用may表示没有把握的肯定推测,即“可能会与我们去旅行”。故填may。 考点3 must/have to (1)表示义务,主观上的“必须,应该”,其否定形式mustn't表示禁止。 e.g. Everyone must obey the rule. 人人都必须遵守制度。 e.g. Students mustn't play with mobile phones in class. 学生课上不准玩手机。 (2)must表示对具体事情的推测,意为“一定是,准是”,只用于肯定句中。must have done表示对过去行为的肯定推测,意为“一定,想必做过”。 e.g. He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy. e.g. The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 考点3 must/have to (3)must表示“非要,偏要”做某事,表达出说话者的一种不满情绪。 e.g. Why must you be talking so loudly when others are sleeping? 别人都在睡觉,为什么你偏要这么大声说话? e.g. Why must it rain today? 为什么偏偏在今天下雨? (4)have to表示客观需要,意为“不得不”,否定式为don’t have to,等于needn't,可用于各种时态。 e.g. You can't turn right here. You have to turn left. 你不能在这里右拐,你必须左拐。 Exercise Look, double yellow lines! You _ park here. The students answered all the questions correctly. She _ have made full preparations. 考查情态动词。句意:看,双黄线!你禁止在这里停车。由“double yellow lines”可知,句子表示“你禁止在这里停车”,空格处表示“禁止”,故填mustn’t。 考查情态动词+have done用法。句意:学生们正确地回答了所有的问题。她一定做了充分的准备。根据上文“The students answered all the questions correctly.”可知,已经正确回答了所有问题,所以是must have done表示对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。故填must。 考点4 will/would (1)will用于各种人称,表示主观意愿和决心。 e.g. If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我就借给你。 (2)用于第二人称的一般疑问句,表示请求。would比will更委婉。 e.g. Would you open the window, please? 请把窗户打开好吗? e.g. Will you join our discussion? 你愿意加入我们的讨论吗? (3)will用来叙述目前的习惯;would表示过去的习惯,“过去常常”。 e.g. On summer evenings they would sit out in the garden. 夏天的晚上他们会坐在外面的花园里。 辨析 would / used to do ① would表示过去的习惯。 When he was abroad, he would often read as many books as possible. 在国外时,他总是尽可能多地读书。 ② used to表示过去的状态、习惯,但现在已经不存在 She doesn't get up so early as she used to. 她不像以前那样起得那么早了。 考点4 will/would (4)will not 用于现在或未来的否定(一般将来时),仅用于真实条件句。 e.g. I won't attend the meeting.(直接拒绝) e.g. If you don’t study, you won’t pass.(现实可能) (5)wouldn’t表示顽固倾向,意为“老是不”“总是不”,常体现过去将来时或虚拟语气。 e.g. My car wouldn't start this morning. 今早我的汽车怎么也发动不了。 e.g. She said she wouldn't come.(过去视角的将来否定) e.g. If I were rich, I wouldn't work.(非现实假设,此处不可替换为will not) 考点4 will/would (6)would have done表示与过去事实相反的假设。 e.g. But for your help we would have been late. 要不是你帮忙我们就迟到了。 e.g. If she had seen you yesterday, she would have asked you about it. 要是她昨天看到你,她就要向你问起这件事。 The workers were not better organized, otherwise they would _(accomplish) the task in half the time. 【答案】have accomplished 【详解】考查虚拟语气。句意:工人们没有被更好的组织起来,否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the workers were not better organized可知,这是对过去事情的虚拟。Otherwise表示“否则,要不的话”,前边相当于If they had been better organized,主句应用would have done。 Exercise — Why don’t you enter the office? They are waiting for you. — The door _ open, no matter how hard I pushed. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother _ take me to Disneyland at weekends. 考查情态动词辨析。句意:——你为什么不进办公室?他们正在等你。——不管我怎么推,门都打不开。此处主语为door,且表示实施者执意要开,应用won’t。 考查情态动词。句意:我仍然记得我幸福的童年,那时妈妈会在周末的时候带我去迪士尼乐园。would可以表示“过去常常”,强调过去经常发生的事情。根据语境判断此处指过去妈妈经常在周末带他去。故填would。 考点5 shall (1)表示征询意见,用于第一、第三人称疑问句。 e.g. Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow? (2)表示说话人的意愿,有“命令,允诺,警告,决心”等意思,用于第二、第三人称陈述句。此外,颁布法律、规定时也用shall。 e.g. Everyone shall not pass without permission! (警告) 没有允许,任何人休想通过! e.g. One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. 我们规定的其中一项是:每位学生在校期间都要穿校服。 考点6 should/ought to (1)表示义务,意为“应该”(某件事适宜做),用于各种人称。否定式为should not/ ought not to。【ought to > should】 e.g. Humans ought to stop polluting nature. 人类应停止污染大自然。 (2)should表示推测,意为“可能,(按道理)应该,想必”,多指对未来合乎理想的情况或结果的一种期盼。 e.g. If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now. 他如果九点出发,现在应该到这里了。 考点6 should/ought to (3)should表示惊讶、意外等,意为“竟然,居然”。多用于It is + adj. + that…句型。 e.g. You should wear slippers in the classroom. 你竟然在教室里穿着拖鞋。 e.g. It’s surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack. 玛丽竟然爱上像杰克这样的人,真是奇怪。 (4)用在if条件句中,should表示可能性很小的一种虚拟语气。 e.g. If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic. 考点6 should/ought to (5)should have done表示“本应该做某事而没有做”,否定式则表示在“本不该做某事但已经做了”。 e.g. It was an easy test and he should have passed, but he didn’t. 那个测试很容易,他本来应该通过的,但却没有。 e.g. You should have told her the truth. 你本应该告诉她真相的。 (6)suggest, order, require, demand that…从句常用“should do”, should 可省。 e.g. I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. Exercise I wonder why they’re so late. They should _(be) here two hours ago. He demands that John _(send) there at once. 考查情态动词。句意:我不知道为什么他们来得这么晚,他们应该在两个小时之前到达的。should have done表示“本应该做某事而没有做”。故填have been。 考查情态动词的用法。句意:他要求约翰立即被派往那里去。结合语境这里应用被动语态。故填(should) be sent。 考点7 need/dare“敢于” (1)need / dare用作情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句,后接动词原形。 【没有人称和数的变化】【只有dare和dared两种形式】 e.g. Need I hand in my homework now? 我现在就要交家庭作业吗? e.g. I needn’t go this week. 这星期我不必去。 e.g. He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day.下雨天他不敢开得太快。 (2)needn’t have done表示“本没必要做某事但实际上做了”。 e.g. I needn’t have borrowed the money yesterday. 昨天我根本不需要借钱的。 考点7 need/dare“敢于” (3)need/dare作实意动词,接n. / pron. / to do作宾语。 【有人称和数的变化,要用助动词do,does,did】 【need doing = need to be done 需要做】 e.g. The classroom needs cleaning. =The classroom needs to be cleaned. e.g. We should not be producing compliant students who do not dare (to) criticize. 我们不应当把学生培养成不敢批评的唯唯诺诺的人。 Exercise 1. He has grown up. We don't _ to worry about him. 2. He has grown up. We _ worry about him. 3. He has grown up. There is no need _(worry) about him. 4. He _ dare to walk at night fifteen years ago. 5. He _not walk at night fifteen years ago. 6. He dared me _(jump) over the stream. 7. If you _ cheat in your exam, I will give you some punishment. need needn’t to worry didn’t dared to jump dare 总结归纳 情态动词+have done 用法 示例 can’t have done “不可能做了某事” The money can’t have been lost there. 钱不可能是在那儿丢的。 Where can he have gone? 他可能到哪儿去了呢? could have done “本可以做某事” couldn’t have done “不可能做了某事” You could have been more considerate. 你其实可以想的更周到些。 She couldn’t have left so soon. 她不可能这么快就走了。 may/might have done “也许已经...,可能已经…” He may have gone to bed. 他可能已经上床睡觉了。 She might not have settled the problem. 她可能尚未解决那个问题。 总结归纳 情态动词+have done 用法 示例 must have done “一定已经,想必已经......” The streets are wet. It must have rained. 街道是湿的,准是下雨了。 He must have been drinking beer. 他肯定一直喝啤酒来着。 should/ought to have done “本应该做某事而没有做” She should/ought to have gone there alone. 她本该一个人去那里的。 shouldn’t have done “本不该做某事但已经做了” The boy shouldn’t have been playing the piano. 那孩子不应该一直在弹钢琴。 needn’t have done “作了不必做或不需要做的事” You needn't have come so early. 你不必那么早来嘛。 链接高考 【典例】(2020江苏卷) If I hadn’t been faced with so many barriers, I _(be) where I am. 考查虚拟语气 分析句子成分可知,此处是错综时间虚拟语气,根据空后where I am可知,此处是与现在事实相反的假设,主句谓语动词应使用would/could/might/should + do。故填wouldn’t be。 wouldn’t be 考点8 if虚拟条件句的用法 场合 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语形式 与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be用were) would / could / should / might+ 动词原形 与过去事实相反 had +动词过去分词 would/ could / should / might have done 与将来事实相反 1.动词过去式(be用were) 2.were to + 动词原形 3.should + 动词原形 would / could / should / might + 动词原形 考点8 if虚拟条件句的用法 与现在事实相反 动词过去式(be用were) would / could / should / might+ 动词原形 e.g. If I were you, I would seize the chance. 如果我是你,我就会抓住这个机会。 与过去事实相反 had +动词过去分词 would/ could / should / might have done e.g. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't have failed. 如果你听了我的建议,你就不会失败。 考点8 if虚拟条件句的用法 与将来事实相反 1.动词过去式(be用were) 2.were to + 动词原形 3.should + 动词原形 would / could / should / might+ 动词原形 e.g. If he shouldn't come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting. 如果他明天不来,我们就推迟这个会议。 e.g. If things were to be twice, all would be wise. 假如事情可以从头做起,人人都可以成为聪明人。 If you had followed my advice you would be better now. 如果你听了我的建议,你现在就好一些了。 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点8 if虚拟条件句的用法 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,这种句子被称为“错综时间条件句”,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// If I were at school again, I would study harder. Were I at school again, I would study harder. 如果我还有上学的机会,我会更加努力学习。 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点8 if虚拟条件句的用法 在if引导的非真实条件从句中,谓语动词含were,had,should,可将if省略,但需将were,had,should提到主语之前。 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work ahead of time. 要是没有你的帮助,我们不可能提前完成这项工作。 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点8 if虚拟条件句的用法 有时假设的条件并不总是通过if引导的条件从句表达,而是隐含在某些词、短语或上下文中,此种句子为“含蓄条件句”,常见的词或短语有:without,in case,but for,for fear that,otherwise等。 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点9 特殊句型中虚拟语气的用法 1. 虚拟语气在wish,if only(=how I wish),as if后的从句中。 if only表示“如果……该多好”;as if/though表示“好像”。 I wish 从句结构 示例 与现在事实相反 一般过去式 I wish it were autumn now. 与过去事实相反 过去完成式 He wished he had not lost the chance. 与将来事实相反 would/could+动词原形 I wish you would come soon. 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点9 特殊句型中虚拟语气的用法 2. 虚拟语气用在主句含“坚持、命令、建议、要求”的名词性从句,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”(should可以省略)。 一坚持:insist 二命令:order, command 四建议:advise, suggest, propose, recommend 四要求:require, request, demand, ask suggest作“暗示,表明”讲,insist作“坚持说”讲,后面宾语从句的谓语动词不使用虚拟语气形式(should+动词原形),而使用陈述语气。 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// 考点9 特殊句型中虚拟语气的用法 He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. His suggestion was that we (should) start off early the next day. 他建议我们第二天早点出发。 It was suggested that we (should) start off early the next day. 人们建议我们第二天早点出发。 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点9 特殊句型中虚拟语气的用法 3. would rather + that从句 从句结构 示例 对现在或将来的虚拟 一般过去式 I'd rather you came with us. 我倒愿意你和我们一块儿去。 I'd rather they didn't hear of the news. 我宁愿他们没有听到这个消息。 对过去的虚拟 过去完成式 I'd rather I had not told him the bad news. 我宁愿没有告诉过他那个坏消息。 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点9 特殊句型中虚拟语气的用法 从句结构 示例 It is (high) time + that从句 过去式或 should+动词原形 【should不可省】 It is (high) time that you went/should go to school. 你们该去上学了。 It is necessary等+that从句 【necessary/ important/ vital/ surprising/ strange/ natural/ a pity/ essential】 (should)+动词原形 should“竟然” It is strange that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 那个会议竟然被推迟到下周,真奇怪。 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// 行业PPT模板http:///hangye/ 考点9 特殊句型中虚拟语气的用法 由in case,for fear that,in order that,so that等引导的目的状语从句,其谓语动词用“would/ should/ could/ might+动词原形”表示虚拟。 They left early for fear that they would meet him. 他们动身很早以免和他碰面。 I gave you a map so that you wouldn't get lost! 我怕你迷路,给过你一张地图! The sun is shining, but I'll take an umbrella just in case it should rain. 现在是晴天,但我还是带上雨伞以防万一。 模板来自于: 第一PPT https:/// Exercise If the new safety system _ (put) to use, the accident would never have happened. 句意:如果新的安全系统投入使用,这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟,故从句用had done 形式,从句主语system与put to use 是被动关系,故用had been put。 与过去事实相反 had +动词过去分词 would/ could / should / might have done Thanks $$