专题06 阅读还原六选四（优选上海名校真题）（上海专用）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 专题06 阅读还原六选四（优选上海名校真题） (23-24高一下·上海交大附中·期末) Time, What is it? If I were to stop you on the street and say,“ Excuse me, what time is it?” what would you do? You’d probably look at your watch and say, “ It’s a quarter to three,” or some such thing. 1 But if I were to stop you on the street and say the same words but in a different order, “ Time, what is it?” you’d probably look at me as if I were crazy. What is time? How would you define it? For centuries, philosophers and wise men have tried to explain time. Saint Augustine once tried to answer this question. He said: “For what is time? Who is able easily and briefly to explain it? …Surely we understand well enough when we speak of it. What then is time? If nobody asks me, I know; but if I were desirous to explain it to someone — plainly I know not.” 2 Sir Isaac Newton said that time was absolute, that it occurred whether the universe was here or not. Leibnitz came along and turned Newton’s definition upside down. He said, “ Time is merely the order of events, not an entity itself.” Albert Einstein followed Leibnitz, and made the statement that “ Time has no independent existence apart from the order of events by which we measure it.” 3 He said the train does not arrive at the station at 7 :00 PM; the train arrives at the station at the same moment the little hand reaches seven. 4 Everything is an event. Reading this book is an event. Getting out of bed this morning is an event. Driving your car is an event. Arriving at work is an event. Your phone ringing is an event. Eating lunch is an event.  I was in New York doing a time management seminar for Merrill Lynch executives, when a fellow handed me a card on which he had written his definition of time: “Time is what keeps one damned thing after another from becoming every damned thing at once.” Ben Franklin said, “ Dost thou love life? Then do not squander (挥霍) time, for that’s the stuff life is made of.” If this is true, then controlling your life means controlling your time, and controlling your time means controlling the events in your life. A．The astute Augustine obviously wasn’t much help on this matter. B．The definition from the dictionary says: “Time is the occurrence of events in sequence, one after the other.” C．He then developed an idea called “simultaneous events.” D．Time is what is happening now and will happen in the future replace what happened in the past E．In America we don’t usually stop people on the street and ask them philosophical questions. F．If we waste time, how can we say we love our lives? 【答案】1．E 2．A 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了时间的定义以及我们该如何控制时间。 1．根据上文“If I were to stop you on the street and say,“ Excuse me, what time is it? ””（如果我在街上拦住你说：“对不起，现在几点了？”“你会怎么做？”）引出话题，提到在街上拦住你问你时间。以及下文“But if I were to stop you on the street and say the same words but in a different order, “ Time, what is it? ””（但是如果我在街上拦住你，用不同的顺序说同样的话：“时间，它是什么？”）转折提到在街上拦住你的另外一种情况。结合选项E项In America we don’t usually stop people on the street and ask them philosophical questions.（在美国，我们通常不会在街上拦住人，问他们一些哲学问题。）可知，起到上下文的承上启下作用，上下文语意连贯。故选E项。 2．根据上文“Saint Augustine once tried to answer this question. He said: “For what is time? Who is able easily and briefly to explain it? …Surely we understand well enough when we speak of it. What then is time? If nobody asks me, I know; but if I were desirous to explain it to someone — plainly I know not. ””（圣奥古斯丁曾经试图回答这个问题。他说：“时间是为了什么？谁能简单扼要地解释一下？当然，当我们谈论它的时候，我们是很清楚的。那么时间是什么呢？如果没有人问我，我知道；但如果我想要向别人解释的话——老实说，我不知道。”）提到圣奥古斯丁也不知道如何向别人解释。结合选项A项The astute Augustine obviously wasn’t much help on this matter.（精明的奥古斯丁显然在这件事上帮不上什么忙。）可知，和上文内容意思相关，承接上文内容，为对上文内容的语意递进。故选A项。 3．根据上文“Albert Einstein followed Leibnitz, and made the statement that “ Time has no independent existence apart from the order of events by which we measure it. ””（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦遵循莱布尼茨的说法，他说：“除了我们衡量时间的事件顺序之外，时间没有独立的存在。”）提到时间的事件顺序。以及下文“He said the train does not arrive at the station at 7 :00 PM; the train arrives at the station at the same moment the little hand reaches seven.”（他说火车晚上7点还没有到站；火车到达车站的同时，指针小手也到达了7。）说明时间是现在和将来发生的事情。结合选项D项Time is what is happening now and will happen in the future replace what happened in the past.（时间是现在和将来发生的事情，而不是过去发生的事情。）可知，和上下文内容意思一致，都是讲的时间的顺序性，上下文紧密连接，符合语境。故选D项。 4．根据下文“Everything is an event.”（一切都是事件。）以及“I was in New York doing a time management seminar for Merrill Lynch executives, when a fellow handed me a card on which he had written his definition of time: “Time is what keeps one damned thing after another from becoming every damned thing at once.””（我在纽约为美林(Merrill Lynch)的高管们举办时间管理研讨会时，一位同事递给我一张卡片，上面写着他对时间的定义：“时间是阻止一件该死的事情接着另一件该死的事情同时变成另一件该死的事情的东西。”）可知，该段主要讲的是时间是事件相继发生的顺序。结合选项B项The definition from the dictionary says: “Time is the occurrence of events in sequence, one after the other.”（ 字典上的定义是：“时间是事件相继发生的顺序。”）可知，和该段意思一致，为总结该段内容。故选B项。 (23-24高一下·上海七宝中学·期末) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. Food & Health Myths Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body 1 One myth about food and health is that eggs are bad for your heart. Although they are indeed high in cholesterol(胆固醇)and fat, it's not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. 2 As far as fat goes, it's the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. So if you're worried about the fat content of eggs, go ahead and just eat the whites. You might also choose to buy certain kinds of eggs that have less fat content depending on the diet of the animal. Check your local supermarket for more information. 3 Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. It seems that the alcohol itself improves an individual's health by raising the levels of good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. The alcohol also serves to increase blood flow and assist in blood clotting (凝结). 4 Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television. A．Another popular belief is that red wine, like other drinks, may be harmful to you if consumed too much. B．Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart C．Eggs are high in cholesterol and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritious source of energy D．There are many other myths common is our society about food and health. E．This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces F．With such a steady stream of information, it's understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around. 【答案】1．F 2．E 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。讲述生活中一些关于食物和健康存在着一些“神话”宣传的现象。 1．根据前文“Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body(每天都有关于食品和保健品的新信息。报纸上经常有文章讨论某些食物或饮料是如何对你有益或有害的，一些电视节目经常处理关于摄入某些物质如何影响你的身体的新故事)”提到了电视和报纸讨论某些食物或饮料是如何对你有益或有害的信息，说明媒体宣传的方式，所以空处应该承接前文，讲述媒体宣传的作用。选项 F.“With such a steady stream of information, it's understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around.(有了这样源源不断的信息，一些关于食物和健康的流行神话就流传开来了，这是可以理解的。)”，说明因为这些源源不断的信息，一些关于食物和健康的流行神话就流传开来，符合题意，故选F项。 2．根据前面的“Although they are indeed high in cholesterol (胆固醇) and fat, it's not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. (虽然鸡蛋的胆固醇和脂含量确实很高，但并不是说每天吃鸡蛋就会损害你的心脏。)”，可知接下来应该描述的是吃鸡蛋不会损害心脏的原因，选项 E.“This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces(这是因为身体可以通过减少胆固醇的产生来处理多余的胆固醇)”，符合题意，故选E项。 3．根据后面的内容“Although it was once thought to have unique properties other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine.(尽管它一度被认为具有独特的特性但其他类型的酒精也有相同的效果。最近进行的一项研究表明，喝红酒的人并不比喝啤酒或白葡萄酒等其他烈酒的人长寿。）”可知这一段与喝红酒有关，且此句说的是喝红酒可能会有好处，所以空处应作为总括句，讲述人们对喝红酒带来的好处的认识。选项B.“Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart.”(除此之外，许多人认为喝红酒对心脏特别有好处)。符合题意，故选B项。 4．根据最后一句“Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television.(特别关心自己健康的消费者应该仔细考虑他们在电视上读到或看到的新信息。)”，提到关注健康的消费者要对电视上看到或了解到的新信息要持谨慎态度，同时结合第一段中提到报纸和电视节目有讨论食物或饮料是如何对你有益或有害的信息，第二段和第三段中提到报纸上关于食物和饮料的一些传言，可推知，空处中应该讲述，除了报纸之外，在生活中关于食物和健康还有其它的神话。 选项D.“There are many other myths common is our society about food and health.”(在我们的社会中，关于食物和健康还有许多其他常见的神话)。下文提到消费者需要对电视上的信息要谨慎，和空处呼应，故选D项。 (23-24高一下·上海复兴中学·期末) Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym). 1 The problem of self-control has puzzled psychologists and behavioral scientists for decades. A great deal of research has identified situations in which self-control failures are likely to happen and tools to help people exercise better control. 2 These motivating incentives can increase our self-control, at least up to a point. Entrepreneurs have also become interested in self-control, as is evident from the many diet and exercise apps and gadgets on the market. To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month). 3 If they meet their goal, they earn their money back. If they don’t, they lose the money. Tools like stickK.com can be effective, but they are often difficult to implement. My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals. 4 Players in all sorts of sports have rituals that involve actions such as eating the same foods in exactly the same order before a game. From the way some prepare their coffee to the way people celebrate important life events, like weddings or graduations, rituals are a part of our daily life. And though they may seem useless, or even silly, research has found that rituals are powerful. A．They have to point out someone to monitor them and ensure they reach the goal or donate the money. B．Despite our best intentions, we often fail to meet our goals. C．Rituals are series of steps we take while attaching some kind of symbolic meaning. D．In the past, my colleagues and I have found that rituals reduce anxiety before stressful tasks, and improve performance. E．They also need to state what will happen to the money if they don’t stick to their commitments (e.g., it’ll go to a friend or to a charity they do not like). F．For instance, research has found that people persist for longer on tasks that require self-control when they know they’ll be paid for their efforts, or when they are told that their work will benefit others. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．E 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。缺乏自制力往往让我们无法达成目标，文章对如何提高自制力进行了一些介绍。 1．根据前文“Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym). (我们最担心的问题，从暴饮暴食到没有足够的退休储蓄到没有足够的锻炼，都有一个共同点：缺乏自制力。自我控制是让我们有能力拒绝那些能让我们立刻感到满足，但从长远来看代价高昂的选择——一块巧克力蛋糕（而不是一个苹果），一个下午躺在沙发前（而不是去健身房）。)”可知，此处是讲缺乏自制力让我们往往无法达成目标，所以选项B“尽管我们的意愿是最好的，但我们经常无法实现我们的目标。”切合文意。故选B。 2．根据后文“These motivating incentives can increase our self-control, at least up to a point. (这些激励可以提高我们的自制力，至少在一定程度上是这样。)”可知，此处是指有自制力的人往往很有动力点，所以选项F“例如，研究发现，当人们知道他们的努力会得到回报，或者当他们被告知他们的工作将使他人受益时，他们会坚持更长的时间来完成需要自我控制的任务。”切合文意。故选F。 3．根据前文“To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month). (举一个著名的例子，在承诺合同网站stickK.com上，用户先投下一些钱（比如200美元），然后陈述一个他们想要实现的目标（比如一个月减掉10磅）。)”和后文“If they meet their goal, they earn their money back. If they don’t, they lose the money. (如果他们达到了目标，他们就能赚回自己的钱。如果他们不这样做，他们就会失去这笔钱。)”可知，此处是指用户需要陈述没有达成目标会受到的惩罚，所以选项E“他们还需要说明，如果他们不遵守承诺，这笔钱会怎么处理（例如，这笔钱会捐给他们不喜欢的朋友或慈善机构）。”切合文意。故选E。 4．根据前文“My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals. (我和我的同事进行了一项新的研究，指出了一个可能更容易实施的不同解决方案：使用仪式。)”和后文“Players in all sorts of sports have rituals that involve actions such as eating the same foods in exactly the same order before a game. (参加各种运动的运动员都有一些仪式，比如在比赛前按照完全相同的顺序吃同样的食物。)”可知，此处是介绍“仪式”是什么，所以选项C“仪式是我们采取的一系列步骤，同时附加某种象征意义。”切合文意。故选C。 (23-24高一下·上海建平中学·期末) Power Causes Brain Damage If power were a drug, it would come with a long list of known side effects. It can intoxicate. It can corrupt. It can even cause brain damage. Dacher Keltner, a psychology professor at UC Berkeley, found in studies spanning two decades that subjects under the influence of power acted as if they had suffered a brain injury: 1 Sukhvinder Obhi, a neuroscientist at McMaster University, recently described something similar. 2 And when he put the heads of the powerful and the not-so-powerful under a transcranial-magnetic-stimulation machine, he found that power, in fact, damages a specific neural (神经系统的) process, “mirroring,” that may be an important part of empathy. This gives a neurological basis to what Keltner has termed the “power paradox”: Once we have power, we lose some of the capacities we needed to gain it in the first place. 3 A 2006 study asked participants to draw the letter E on their forehead for others to view — a task that requires seeing yourself from an observer’s vantage point. Those feeling powerful were three times more likely to draw the E the right way to themselves — and backwards to everyone else. (This calls to mind George W. Bush, who memorably held up the American flag backwards at the 2008 Olympics.) Other experiments have shown that powerful people do worse at identifying what someone in a picture is feeling, or guessing how a colleague might interpret a remark. People tend to mimic the expressions and body language of their superiors, but the powerful stop mimicking others. 4 It helps trigger the same feelings those others are experiencing and provides a window into where they are coming from. Powerful people “stop simulating the experience of others,” Keltner says, which leads to what he calls an “empathy deficit.” This is a depressing finding, but is there nothing to be done? No and yes. It’s difficult to stop power’s tendency to affect your brain. What’s easier — from time to time, at least — is to stop feeling powerful. Power is not a post or a position but a mental state. Recount a time you did not feel powerful, Keltner suggests, and your brain can empathize with reality. A．Unlike Keltner, who studies behaviors, Obhi studies brains. B．It’s what Obhi and his team were trying to activate when they had their subjects watch a video of someone’s hand squeezing a rubber ball. C．That loss in capacity has been demonstrated in various creative ways. D．The historian Henry Adams described power as “a sort of tumor that ends by killing the victim’s sympathies.” E．Laughing when others laugh or tensing when others tense matters. F．They become more impulsive, less risk-aware, and, crucially, less capable of seeing things from other people’s point of view. 【答案】1．F 2．A 3．C 4．E 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明拥有权力会引起人脑损伤。 1．空前说“Dacher Keltner, a psychology professor at UC Berkeley, found in studies spanning two decades that subjects under the influence of power acted as if they had suffered a brain injury (加州大学伯克利分校的心理学教授Dacher Keltner在长达20年的研究中发现，受权力影响的受试者表现得就像遭受了脑损伤一样)”，空前有个冒号，说明空格处要解释说明这些受试者像遭受了脑损伤一样的具体表现是什么，F选项“They become more impulsive, less risk-aware, and, crucially, less capable of seeing things from other people’s point of view. (他们变得更冲动，更缺乏风险意识，至关重要的是，更无法从别人的角度看问题。)”陈述的是像脑损伤一样的表现，因此承接上文，符合语境。故选F。 2．空前说“Sukhvinder Obhi, a neuroscientist at McMaster University, recently described something similar. (麦克马斯特大学的神经科学家Sukhvinder Obhi最近也描述了类似的情况。)”，空格处应该介绍Sukhvinder Obhi是干什么的，A选项“Unlike Keltner, who studies behaviors, Obhi studies brains. (与研究行为的Keltner不同，Obhi研究的是大脑。)”说明了Obhi是研究大脑的人，因此承接上文，符合语境。故选A。 3．空前说“Once we have power, we lose some of the capacities we needed to gain it in the first place. (一旦我们拥有了权力，我们就会失去一些最初获得权力所需的能力。)”，空格处应该说这种能力的丧失会有什么影响，C选项“That loss in capacity has been demonstrated in various creative ways. (这种能力的丧失已经以各种创造性的方式表现出来。)”中的“That loss in capacity”和空前的“we lose some of the capacities”呼应，且说明了这种能力的丧失有各种表现，因此承接上文，引出下文具体的实验和研究结果，符合语境。故选C。 4．空前说“People tend to mimic the expressions and body language of their superiors, but the powerful stop mimicking others. (人们倾向于模仿上级的表情和肢体语言，但有权有势的人不会模仿别人。)”，说明有权有势的人不会模仿别人，空后说“It helps trigger the same feelings those others are experiencing and provides a window into where they are coming from. (它有助于触发其他人正在经历的同样的感觉，并提供了一个窗口，了解它们来自哪里。)”，说明了某个事情的好处，而这个事情应该出现在空格处，因此空格处应该会说其实模仿他人是有好处的，E选项“Laughing when others laugh or tensing when others tense matters. (别人笑的时候笑，别人紧张的时候紧张，这很重要。)”中的“Laughing when others laugh or tensing when others tense”就是模仿，说明模仿别人是有好处的，因此承上启下，符合语境。故选E。 (22-23高一下·上海闵行区·期末) Money Matters Parents should help their children understand money. The best time to teach a child anything about money is when he shows an interest.So you may start talking about money when your child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example. 1.The basic function of money Begin explaining the basic function of money by showing how people trade money for goods or services. It is important to show your child how money is traded for the things he wants to have. If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier. 1 When your child grows a bit older and understands the basic function of money, you can start explaining more complex ways of using money. 2. Money lessons Approach money lessons with openness and honesty. 2 If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain, “You have enough toy trucks for now.” Or, if the request is for many different things, say, “You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.” 3. 19 Begin at the grocery store. Pick out two similar brands of a product — a name-brand butter and a generic, for example. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money. 3 If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase with the money saved. Later, you may explain how the more expensive choice leaves less money for other purchases. A．Wise decisions. B．The value of money. C．Permit the child to choose between them. D．Tell your child why he can—or cannot—have certain things. E．Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you. F．Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store. 【答案】1．F 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章提出了家长如何帮助孩子们理解有关金钱的问题，并从三方面提供了解决问题的方法：解释钱的基本功能，教会孩子理性花钱和做出明智的选择。 1．根据上文“If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier. (如果他想要玩具，就把钱给他，让他把钱交给收银员)”可知，此处在讲关于买玩具的事情。故F选项“离开玩具店后，谈谈钱是如何买来这个东西的”符合语境，故选F。 2．根据后文的两个假设“If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain, “You have enough toy trucks for now.” Or, if the request is for many different things, say, “You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.”(如果你必须拒绝孩子花钱的要求，解释说：“你现在有足够的玩具卡车了。”或者，如果要求有很多不同的东西，你可以说：“你必须在这个玩具和那个玩具之间做出选择。”)”可知，两个if引导的从句来看，此处应是对后文意义的概括，即告诉孩子为什么能或者不能买某些东西。故D选项“告诉你的孩子为什么他可以或不可以拥有某些东西”符合语境，故选D。 3．此处是小标题，根据下文“Begin at the grocery store. Pick out two similar brands of a product—a kind of name-brand butter and a generic, for example. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money.(从杂货店开始。挑选两种类似品牌的产品，例如一种名牌黄油和一种普通品。你可以向孩子展示如何在不同品牌的产品之间做出选择，这样你就可以省钱)”可知，这一段主要讲的是家长在商店如何帮助孩子做出明智的选择。故A选项“明智的决定”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据下文“If he chooses the cheaper brand(如果他选择了更便宜的品牌)”可知，此处应说明允许孩子在不同的品牌之间做出选择。故C选项“允许孩子在它们之间做出选择”符合语境，故选C。 (22-23高一下·上海进才中学·期末) The Most Important Skill Nobody Taught You Before dying at the age of 39, Blaise Pascal made huge contributions to both physics and mathematics, notably in fluids, geometry, and probability. 1 Many fields that we now classify under the heading of social science did, in fact, also grow out of the foundation he helped lay. Interestingly enough, much of this was done in his teen years, with some of it coming in his twenties. As an adult, inspired by a religious experience, he actually started to move towards philosophy and theology (神学). Right before his death, he was discussing thoroughly fragments of private thoughts that would later be released as a collection by the name of Pensees. While the book is mostly a mathematician’s case for choosing a life of faith and belief, the more curious thing about it is its clear and comprehensible reflection on what it means to be human. 2 There is enough thought-provoking material in it to quote, and it attacks human nature from a variety of different angles, but one of its most famous thoughts aptly sums up the core of his argument: “ 3 ” According to Pascal, we fear the silence of existence, we dread boredom and instead choose aimless distraction, and we can’t help but run from the problems of our emotions into the false comforts of the mind. The issue at the root, essentially, is that we never learn the art of solitude. Today, more than ever, Pascal’s message rings true. 4 Information technologies have dominated our cultural direction. From the telephone to the radio to the TV to the internet, we have found ways to bring us all closer together, enabling constant worldly access. I can sit in my office in Canada and transport myself to practically anywhere I want through Skype. I don’t think I need to highlight the benefits of all this. But the downsides are also beginning to show, including leaks of privacy, unauthorized data collection and most importantly, our inability to sit quietly in a room by ourselves. A．All of humanity’s problems stem from man’s inability to sit quietly in a room alone. B．Solitude (独处) may not be the solution to everything, but it certainly is a start. C．If there is one word to describe the progress made in the last 100 years, it’s connectedness. D．It’s a blueprint of our psychology long before psychology was regarded as a formal discipline. E．These dedications, however, would influence more than just the realm (领域) of the natural sciences. F．Never facing ourselves is why we feel lonely and anxious in spite of being connected with everything else. 【答案】1．E 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍Blaise Pascal在文章表明，人类的很多问题都是因为人类无法独自安静地坐在房间里而产生的，而信息技术的发展也阻碍人们学习独处的艺术。 1．根据上文“Before dying at the age of 39, Blaise Pascal made huge contributions to both physics and mathematics, notably in fluids, geometry, and probability.(在39岁去世之前，布莱斯·帕斯卡在物理学和数学方面做出了巨大贡献，尤其是在流体、几何和概率方面)”和下文“Many fields that we now classify under the heading of social science did, in fact, also grow out of the foundation he helped lay.(事实上，我们现在归类为社会科学的许多领域也都是在他帮助奠定的基础上发展起来的)”可知，布莱斯·帕斯卡的贡献不止在物理和数学领域。E项“These dedications, however, would influence more than just the realm (领域) of the natural sciences.(然而，这些奉献将不仅仅影响自然科学领域)”符合语境，选项中these dedications指代上文提到的huge contributions。故选E。 2．空处位于段末应承接上文。根据上文“While the book is mostly a mathematician’s case for choosing a life of faith and belief, the more curious thing about it is its clear and comprehensible reflection on what it means to be human. (虽然这本书主要是数学家选择信仰生活的案例，但更令人好奇的是，它对人到底意味着什么作出了清晰的反思)”可知，这本书还是人类意味着什么的反思，由此推知，空处陈述这本书在心理学的作用。D项“It’s a blueprint of our psychology long before psychology was regarded as a formal discipline.(早在心理学被视为一门正式学科之前，它就已经是我们心理学的蓝图)”符合语境。故选D。 3．根据上文“There is enough thought-provoking material in it to quote, and it attacks human nature from a variety of different angles, but one of its most famous thoughts aptly sums up the core of his argument: (其中有足够多发人深省的材料可以引用，它从各种不同的角度攻击人性，但它最著名的思想之一恰当地总结了他的论点的核心：)”推知，空处应陈述核心论点的具体内容。结合下文“According to Pascal, we fear the silence of existence, we dread boredom and instead choose aimless distraction, and we can’t help but run from the problems of our emotions into the false comforts of the mind. The issue at the root, essentially, is that we never learn the art of solitude.(根据帕斯卡的说法，我们害怕存在的沉默，我们害怕无聊，而是选择漫无目的的分心，我们忍不住从情绪的问题中逃到精神的虚假安慰中。从根本上讲，问题的根源在于我们从未学习过独处的艺术)”推知，核心论点是人类无法独处。A项“All of humanity’s problems stem from man’s inability to sit quietly in a room alone.(人类的所有问题都源于人类无法独自安静地坐在房间里)”符合题意。故选A。 4．根据上文“Today, more than ever, Pascal’s message rings true.(今天，帕斯卡的信息比以往任何时候都更加真实)”和下文“Information technologies have dominated our cultural direction. From the telephone to the radio to the TV to the internet, we have found ways to bring us all closer together, enabling constant worldly access. I can sit in my office in Canada and transport myself to practically anywhere I want through Skype.(信息技术主导了我们的文化方向。从电话到收音机，从电视到互联网，我们找到了让我们更紧密地联系在一起的方法，使我们能够不断地接触世界。我可以坐在加拿大的办公室里，通过Skype把自己带到几乎任何我想去的地方)”可知，今日，人们无时无刻想要联通，不想独处的情况证实了帕斯卡的说法。由此推知，空处应陈述现在人们的状态——无时无刻联通。C项“If there is one word to describe the progress made in the last 100 years, it’s connectedness.(如果用一个词来形容过去100年取得的进步，那就是连通性)”符合题意，下文是对选项的具体说明。故选C。 (23-24高一下·上海浦东东昌中学·期末) Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable. In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. 1 Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own? Imitating role models is like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them. 2 If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others. In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. 3 Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them. 4 The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination. A．If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors. B．In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously hold poor role models. C．Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. D．I was very proud of myself. E．But soon I grew bored. F．Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what does not serve. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了盲目模仿的危害以及如何树立榜样。 1．根据上文“When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes.(当我第一次学习烹饪时，我用食谱做出一些美味的菜肴)”以及后文“Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own?(当我可以创造自己的烹饪方式时，为什么要遵循别人的烹饪方式呢？)”可知，本句与上文构成转折，指出作者不想再模仿别人了，故E选项“但很快我就厌倦了”符合语境，故选E。 2．根据本段内容“If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others.(当你还是个孩子的时候，如果你观察过那些生活糟糕的人，你可能会把他们的恐惧和痛苦当作正常的事情来接受，然后跟随他们的脚步。如果你不为自己做出强有力的选择，你就会得到别人软弱选择的结果)”可知，后文的例子表明不好的榜样，会带来负面的影响，故B选项“在日常生活中，如果我们下意识地树立了不好的榜样，模仿就会伤害我们”符合语境，故选B。 3．根据上文“In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous.(在娱乐领域，我们的文化颂扬名人。那些明星在银幕上看起来很棒。但当他们走出银幕，他们的个人生活可能是灾难性的)”可知，上文提到了明星在银幕上看着光鲜，实际上个人生活很糟糕，说明树立榜样不能仅凭外在，要多关注内在，故A选项“如果你要跟随某人，关注他们的才能，而不是他们的坏性格或不可接受的行为”符合语境，故选A。 4．根据上文“Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them.(有福的人，是愿意按照自己突然产生的创造独特事物的愿望去行动的人。想想那些对你影响最深的电影、书籍、老师和朋友。他们打动了你，因为他们的创作是出于灵感，而不是绝望。改变世界的不是那些按照前人的做法行事的人，而是那些按照自己内心的想法行事的人)”以及后文“The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination.(创作者面临的问题不是素材不足，是如何处理敲开想象之门的材料)”可知，上文提到了按照自己内心想法做事，后文则提到了想象，故本句是在说明有创造力的人想法很多，故C选项“有创造力的人有无穷无尽的想法”符合语境，故选C。 (23-24高一下·上海实验·期末) Beast from the East Causes Chaos Anyone expecting the arrival of spring was bitterly disappointed last week, as freezing temperatures and disruptive (破坏性的)snow swept across the UK. 1 The Beast from the East is a wintry storm caused by a major weather  event  in  the  North Pole. 2 Because it was weakened, cold air from Siberia, in Russia, swept in over Europe, bringing with it low temperatures and snowstorms. From 26 February, people around the country endured temperatures as low as-12 ℃ and some areas were told to expect as much as 20 centimetres of snowfall. 3 It was the first red snow alert ever to be issued in the UK. At least 2,000 schools in England were forced to close. Zoos around the country also shut in order to keep the animals safe and warm. Supermarkets reported queues of people waiting to stock up on supplies. A spokesperson for the Co-op supermarket said it was usual to see sales increase in extreme weather. “People stock up, ready to stay indoors,” he said. Normally, most people would be expecting to see signs of spring blossoming in the first week of March. Incredibly, in spite of the cold weather and official warnings, spring has actually sprung in Cornwall. The head gardeners of six major gardens in the county have reported blooms on their magnolia trees--a sign that the season is changing-even if it doesn’t feel like it. 4 A．A red weather warning--the most extreme-was issued as conditions became dangerous. B．It was all thanks to the so-called Beast from the East. C．There is further heavy snow forecast overnight for the north east and eastern parts of England and isolated showers elsewhere. D．For everyone else, however, the Beast from the East means winter won't be loosening its grip for at least a few days yet. E．Hundreds of trains and dozens of flights were cancelled as London’s transport services were thrown into total confusion. F．There, a rise in air temperature weakened the jet stream (喷射气流), which is a band of strong wind that moves weather around the planet. 【答案】1．B 2．F 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇新闻稿。文章主要讲述寒潮Beast from the East席卷英国。 1．由上文“Anyone expecting the arrival of spring was bitterly disappointed last week, as freezing temperatures and disruptive snow swept across the UK.(上周，严寒的气温和破坏性的大雪席卷了整个英国，所有期待春天到来的人都深感失望)”推知，空处应解释造成这一情况的原因。B项It was all thanks to the so-called Beast from the East.(这一切都要归功于所谓的Beast from the East)符合语境，并且“Beast from the East”也与下文呼应。故选B项。 2．由下文“Because it was weakened, cold air from Siberia, in Russia, swept in over Europe, bringing with it low temperatures and snowstorms. (因为它被削弱了，来自俄罗斯西伯利亚的冷空气席卷了整个欧洲，带来了低温和暴风雪)”可知，这里主要讲气流的削弱，所以冷气流流向欧洲。F项There, a rise in air temperature weakened the jet stream，which is a band of strong wind that moves weather around the planet.(在那里，气温上升减弱了喷射气流，喷射气流是一条强风带，可以改变地球周围的天气)符合语境，其中“weakened the jet stream”和下文“Because it was weakened”对应。故选F项。 3．由后文“It was the first red snow alert ever to be issued in the UK. At least 2,000 schools in England were forced to close. Zoos around the country also shut in order to keep the animals safe and warm. (这是英国有史以来首次发布红色降雪警报。英国至少有2000所学校被迫关闭。为了保护动物的安全和温暖，全国各地的动物园也关闭了)”可知，这里主要讲英国发布了红色降雪警报。A项A red weather warning--the most extreme-was issued as conditions became dangerous.(当天气变得危险时，发出了最极端的红色天气警报)符合语境。其中“A red weather warning”与下文“the first red snow alert”对应。故选A项。 4．由上文“Normally, most people would be expecting to see signs of spring blossoming in the first week of March. Incredibly, in spite of the cold weather and official warnings, spring has actually sprung in Cornwall. The head gardeners of six major gardens in the county have reported blooms on their magnolia trees --a sign that the season is changing-even if it doesn't feel like it.(通常，大多数人都希望在三月的第一周看到春天开花的迹象。令人难以置信的是，尽管天气寒冷，官方也发出警告，康沃尔郡却迎来了春天。该县六大花园的园长报告说，他们的木兰树开花了，这表明季节正在改变，即使感觉不到)”可知，一些地方天气已经回暖，D项For everyone else, however, the Beast from the East means winter won’t be loosening its grip for at least a few days yet.(然而，对于其他人来说，the Beast from the East意味着冬天至少在几天内不会放松)符合语境，其中 however表与前文转折，“a sign that the season is changing”与后文“winter won’t be loosening its grip for at least a few days yet”形成对比。故选D项。 (23-24高一下·上海进才中学·期末) Everyone knows that running is a good way to stay in shape. The simplicity of running appeals to many people. You don’t need a lot of complicated or expensive equipment; you just need a good pair of running shoes. Well, that idea is changing. 1 This is not a surprise to the Tarahumara Indians, who live in northwest Mexico. The rough terrain (地势) in their area makes it easier to travel on foot than by horse or by car. Traditionally, the Tarahumara were hunters. They follow their prey over long distances, sometimes, for days, until the animals became exhausted. 2 They are known for their endurance, running races of 50 miles or longer. When Tarahumara athletes ra n in the marathon at the 1968 Olympics, they didn’t understand that the race was over after only 26.2 miles, so they kept running. “Too short, too short,” they complained. But here is the amazing part: Tarahumara runners don’t wear running shoes. Tarahumara shoes are very simple. The sole (鞋底) is a piece of rubber held to the foot with homemade belt. These rubber soles protect against sharp objects, but they don’t provide any support or cushioning. How is it possible that some of the best runners in the world don’t wear running shoes? Scientific studies are beginning to point to something the Tarahumara have known for centuries: Human beings are built for running barefoot. In a recent study, researchers used a video camera to examine how athletes run when they are barefoot. 3 When they do this, the arch (足弓) of foot absorbs the impact. Then that force is redirected back up through the leg. 4 Walk into a sporting goods store today and you will find sections that are devoted to the shoes using the simplest structure. With a thin sole and heel, they are designed to be the shoes that feel like no shoes. The increasing number of these shoes on the market is evidence of this new trend. It is clear that shoe companies and runners are beginning to accept the wisdom of Tarahumara — barefoot may be the best. A．The study revealed that barefoot runners land on the middle of their foot. B．Some researchers suggest that perhaps you do not need shoes at all. C．As a result, for the Tarahumara, running very long distances became part of daily life. D．Many of these shoes have higher heels that are equipped with special materials. E．As the force of impact drives the foot toward the ground, the arch flattens and expands. F．In response to this research, shoe companies started to reconsider the design of running shoes. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学研究指出塔拉乌马拉人几个世纪以来就知道的事情：人类天生适合赤脚跑步。世界上一些最好的跑步者不穿跑鞋。一些制鞋公司也开始重新考虑跑鞋的设计。 1．上文“You don’t need a lot of complicated or expensive equipment; you just need a good pair of running shoes. Well, that idea is changing (你不需要很多复杂或昂贵的设备；你只需要一双好跑鞋。这个想法正在改变)”说明“跑步需要好鞋”这个想法在发生改变，以及下文第三段“But here is the amazing part: Tarahumara runners don’t wear running shoes. (但令人惊奇的是：塔拉乌马拉的跑步者不穿跑鞋)”举例来说明或许跑步不需要穿鞋子，因此B项“一些研究人员建议，也许你根本不需要鞋子”符合语境，故选B。 2．上文“They follow their prey over long distances, sometimes, for days, until the animals became exhausted. (他们跟随猎物长途跋涉，有时长达数天，直到动物筋疲力尽)”说明他们会跑很长的路是他们生活的一部分。因此C项“因此，对于塔拉乌马拉人来说，跑很长的距离成了日常生活的一部分”符合语境，故选C。 3．上文“In a recent study, researchers used a video camera to examine how athletes run when they are barefoot. (在最近的一项研究中，研究人员使用摄像机检查运动员赤脚跑步的情况)”说明研究人员分析运动员赤脚跑步时脚部的运动特点，A项“研究显示，赤脚跑步者是脚中部着地”是脚部运动特点之一，故选A。 4．下文“Walk into a sporting goods store today and you will find sections that are devoted to the shoes using the simplest structure. With a thin sole and heel, they are designed to be the shoes that feel like no shoes. (今天走进一家体育用品店，你会发现一些区域专门销售结构最简单的鞋子。由于鞋底和鞋跟很薄，它们被设计成感觉没有鞋穿的鞋子)”说明制鞋公司在鞋子的设计上有了变化，因此F项“作为对这项研究的回应，制鞋公司开始重新考虑跑鞋的设计”符合语境，故选F。 (22-23高一下·上海复旦附中·期末) What a chatbot can teach us about the art of conversation After lunchtime on May 2, 1989, a student at Drake University in Iowa started an online text chat with a user at University College Dublin. The UCD user’s handle was “MGonz”. Over the next hour and 20 minutes, the two exchanged insults (谩骂). When the student logged off, he wrote off MGonz as an abusive troll (山怪). But while MGonz was abusive, it was not a troll—it was a simple chatbot programmed by UCD undergrad Mark Humphrys. The next day, Humphrys reviewed the chat logs in astonishment. His MGonz chatbot had passed the Turing test. The Turing test was invented by the mathematician, codebreaker and computing pioneer Alan Turing in 1950. 1 Turing’s test is a benchmark for artificial intelligence—but I am less interested in the test itself than in the moral of the story of MGonz’s success. Faced with the difficult task of convincing a human that a chatbot is human, the obvious strategy is to increase the sophistication (复杂) of the chatbot, Humphrys try an alternative: reduce the sophistication of the human. MGonz had passed the Turing test, but is it not also fair to say that the student had failed it? 2 These are all things that any chatbot finds hard. But MGonz generates dialogue because insults need neither context nor memory. And it is impossible to read the MGonz transcript without thinking of ugly parallels on social media. We are at our best when our conversation explores complex issues and is sensitive to context. 3 The qualities that distinguish us from MGonz are the qualities that get driven out by a fast-moving, soundbite-driven world. Brian Christian’s book The Most Human Human explores the history of chatbots, while reflecting on the nature of good conversation. Christian argues that chatbots tend to pass for human because we humans set the benchmark so low. 4 No wonder the chatbots find us easy to imitate. Conversation is not easy. But the best conversations are delightful. So let’s start by promising to do better than MGonz and see what we can build from there. A．So many of our interactions are predictable or downright rude. B．A good conversation involves give and take, builds over time and exists in a context. C．That is understandable response to the limited range of modern communication. D．But complexity and context do not play well on social media. E．The test is simply for a computer to successfully pretend to be a human in a text-based conversation with another human. F．Turing had something more uplifting in mind than MGonz’s exchange with the student. 【答案】1．E 2．B 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过聊天机器人和一名学生进行聊天通过了图灵测试的故事介绍了这项人工智能测试，并认为我们可以从这种人机对话中学到谈话的艺术。 1．根据前文“The Turing test was invented by the mathematician, codebreaker and computing pioneer Alan Turing in 1950.(图灵测试是由数学家、密码破译者和计算机先驱阿兰·图灵于1950年发明的。)”和后文“Turing’s test is a benchmark for artificial intelligence(图灵的测试是人工智能的基准)”可知，此处是对图灵测试的介绍，所以选项E“这项测试只是让计算机成功地假装成人类，与另一个人进行基于文本的对话。”切合文意。故选E。 2．根据后文“These are all things that any chatbot finds hard.(这些都是聊天机器人很难做到的。)”可知，此处是列举聊天机器人很难做到的事情，所以选项B“良好的对话包括给予和接受，建立在时间和环境中。”切合文意。故选B。 3．根据前文“We are at our best when our conversation explores complex issues and is sensitive to context.(当我们的谈话探讨复杂的问题，并对语境敏感时，我们处于最佳状态。)”和后文“The qualities that distinguish us from MGonz are the qualities that get driven out by a fast-moving, soundbite-driven world.(将我们与MGonz区分开来的品质是那些被快速移动的、由声音驱动的世界所淘汰的品质。)”可知，此处是讲复杂性和语境在社交媒体上并不管用，所以选项D“但复杂性和背景在社交媒体上并不管用。”切合文意。故选D。 4．根据后文“No wonder the chatbots find us easy to imitate.(难怪聊天机器人发现我们很容易被模仿。)”和前文“Christian argues that chatbots tend to pass for human because we humans set the benchmark so low.(克里斯蒂安认为，聊天机器人往往会冒充人类，因为我们人类设定的标准太低了。)”可知，此处是讲聊天机器人发现我们很容易被模仿的原因，所以选项A“我们的许多互动都是可以预测的，或者是非常粗鲁的。”切合文意。故选A。 试卷第18页，共19页 试卷第19页，共19页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 专题06 阅读还原六选四（优选上海名校真题） (23-24高一下·上海交大附中·期末) Time, What is it? If I were to stop you on the street and say,“ Excuse me, what time is it?” what would you do? You’d probably look at your watch and say, “ It’s a quarter to three,” or some such thing. 1 But if I were to stop you on the street and say the same words but in a different order, “ Time, what is it?” you’d probably look at me as if I were crazy. What is time? How would you define it? For centuries, philosophers and wise men have tried to explain time. Saint Augustine once tried to answer this question. He said: “For what is time? Who is able easily and briefly to explain it? …Surely we understand well enough when we speak of it. What then is time? If nobody asks me, I know; but if I were desirous to explain it to someone — plainly I know not.” 2 Sir Isaac Newton said that time was absolute, that it occurred whether the universe was here or not. Leibnitz came along and turned Newton’s definition upside down. He said, “ Time is merely the order of events, not an entity itself.” Albert Einstein followed Leibnitz, and made the statement that “ Time has no independent existence apart from the order of events by which we measure it.” 3 He said the train does not arrive at the station at 7 :00 PM; the train arrives at the station at the same moment the little hand reaches seven. 4 Everything is an event. Reading this book is an event. Getting out of bed this morning is an event. Driving your car is an event. Arriving at work is an event. Your phone ringing is an event. Eating lunch is an event.  I was in New York doing a time management seminar for Merrill Lynch executives, when a fellow handed me a card on which he had written his definition of time: “Time is what keeps one damned thing after another from becoming every damned thing at once.” Ben Franklin said, “ Dost thou love life? Then do not squander (挥霍) time, for that’s the stuff life is made of.” If this is true, then controlling your life means controlling your time, and controlling your time means controlling the events in your life. A．The astute Augustine obviously wasn’t much help on this matter. B．The definition from the dictionary says: “Time is the occurrence of events in sequence, one after the other.” C．He then developed an idea called “simultaneous events.” D．Time is what is happening now and will happen in the future replace what happened in the past E．In America we don’t usually stop people on the street and ask them philosophical questions. F．If we waste time, how can we say we love our lives? (23-24高一下·上海七宝中学·期末) Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. Food & Health Myths Every day there is new information about food and health products. Newspapers regularly have articles that discuss how certain foods or drinks are good or bad for you, Some television shows often deal with new stories about how consuming certain substances can affect your body 1 One myth about food and health is that eggs are bad for your heart. Although they are indeed high in cholesterol(胆固醇)and fat, it's not true that eating eggs every day will damage your heart. 2 As far as fat goes, it's the yellow part of the egg that contains all the fat. So if you're worried about the fat content of eggs, go ahead and just eat the whites. You might also choose to buy certain kinds of eggs that have less fat content depending on the diet of the animal. Check your local supermarket for more information. 3 Although it was once thought to have unique properties, other types of alcohol can have the same effects. A study conducted recently revealed that people who drank red wine did not live any longer than those who drank other kinds of spirits, such as beer or white wine. It seems that the alcohol itself improves an individual's health by raising the levels of good cholesterol and decreasing bad cholesterol. The alcohol also serves to increase blood flow and assist in blood clotting (凝结). 4 Consumers who are especially concerned about their health should think carefully about new information they read about or see on television. A．Another popular belief is that red wine, like other drinks, may be harmful to you if consumed too much. B．Apart from that, many people believe drinking red wine is especially good for your heart C．Eggs are high in cholesterol and fat despite the fact that they are a nutritious source of energy D．There are many other myths common is our society about food and health. E．This is because the body can deal with the extra cholesterol by reducing the amount it produces F．With such a steady stream of information, it's understandable that a few popular myths about food and health are floating around. (23-24高一下·上海复兴中学·期末) Many of our most worrying problems, from overeating to not saving enough for retirement to not working out enough have something in common: lack of self-control. Self-control is what gives us the capacity to say no to choices that are immediately satisfying but costly in the long term — that a piece of chocolate cake (instead of an apple), that afternoon in front of the couch (instead of a visit to the gym). 1 The problem of self-control has puzzled psychologists and behavioral scientists for decades. A great deal of research has identified situations in which self-control failures are likely to happen and tools to help people exercise better control. 2 These motivating incentives can increase our self-control, at least up to a point. Entrepreneurs have also become interested in self-control, as is evident from the many diet and exercise apps and gadgets on the market. To take one notable example, on the commitment contract website stickK.com, users put down some money (say, $200) and state a goal they want to achieve (such as to lose ten pounds in a month). 3 If they meet their goal, they earn their money back. If they don’t, they lose the money. Tools like stickK.com can be effective, but they are often difficult to implement. My colleagues and I conducted a new research to point to a different solution that may be easier to carry out: using rituals. 4 Players in all sorts of sports have rituals that involve actions such as eating the same foods in exactly the same order before a game. From the way some prepare their coffee to the way people celebrate important life events, like weddings or graduations, rituals are a part of our daily life. And though they may seem useless, or even silly, research has found that rituals are powerful. A．They have to point out someone to monitor them and ensure they reach the goal or donate the money. B．Despite our best intentions, we often fail to meet our goals. C．Rituals are series of steps we take while attaching some kind of symbolic meaning. D．In the past, my colleagues and I have found that rituals reduce anxiety before stressful tasks, and improve performance. E．They also need to state what will happen to the money if they don’t stick to their commitments (e.g., it’ll go to a friend or to a charity they do not like). F．For instance, research has found that people persist for longer on tasks that require self-control when they know they’ll be paid for their efforts, or when they are told that their work will benefit others. (23-24高一下·上海建平中学·期末) Power Causes Brain Damage If power were a drug, it would come with a long list of known side effects. It can intoxicate. It can corrupt. It can even cause brain damage. Dacher Keltner, a psychology professor at UC Berkeley, found in studies spanning two decades that subjects under the influence of power acted as if they had suffered a brain injury: 1 Sukhvinder Obhi, a neuroscientist at McMaster University, recently described something similar. 2 And when he put the heads of the powerful and the not-so-powerful under a transcranial-magnetic-stimulation machine, he found that power, in fact, damages a specific neural (神经系统的) process, “mirroring,” that may be an important part of empathy. This gives a neurological basis to what Keltner has termed the “power paradox”: Once we have power, we lose some of the capacities we needed to gain it in the first place. 3 A 2006 study asked participants to draw the letter E on their forehead for others to view — a task that requires seeing yourself from an observer’s vantage point. Those feeling powerful were three times more likely to draw the E the right way to themselves — and backwards to everyone else. (This calls to mind George W. Bush, who memorably held up the American flag backwards at the 2008 Olympics.) Other experiments have shown that powerful people do worse at identifying what someone in a picture is feeling, or guessing how a colleague might interpret a remark. People tend to mimic the expressions and body language of their superiors, but the powerful stop mimicking others. 4 It helps trigger the same feelings those others are experiencing and provides a window into where they are coming from. Powerful people “stop simulating the experience of others,” Keltner says, which leads to what he calls an “empathy deficit.” This is a depressing finding, but is there nothing to be done? No and yes. It’s difficult to stop power’s tendency to affect your brain. What’s easier — from time to time, at least — is to stop feeling powerful. Power is not a post or a position but a mental state. Recount a time you did not feel powerful, Keltner suggests, and your brain can empathize with reality. A．Unlike Keltner, who studies behaviors, Obhi studies brains. B．It’s what Obhi and his team were trying to activate when they had their subjects watch a video of someone’s hand squeezing a rubber ball. C．That loss in capacity has been demonstrated in various creative ways. D．The historian Henry Adams described power as “a sort of tumor that ends by killing the victim’s sympathies.” E．Laughing when others laugh or tensing when others tense matters. F．They become more impulsive, less risk-aware, and, crucially, less capable of seeing things from other people’s point of view. (22-23高一下·上海闵行区·期末) Money Matters Parents should help their children understand money. The best time to teach a child anything about money is when he shows an interest.So you may start talking about money when your child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example. 1.The basic function of money Begin explaining the basic function of money by showing how people trade money for goods or services. It is important to show your child how money is traded for the things he wants to have. If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier. 1 When your child grows a bit older and understands the basic function of money, you can start explaining more complex ways of using money. 2. Money lessons Approach money lessons with openness and honesty. 2 If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain, “You have enough toy trucks for now.” Or, if the request is for many different things, say, “You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.” 3. 19 Begin at the grocery store. Pick out two similar brands of a product — a name-brand butter and a generic, for example. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money. 3 If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase with the money saved. Later, you may explain how the more expensive choice leaves less money for other purchases. A．Wise decisions. B．The value of money. C．Permit the child to choose between them. D．Tell your child why he can—or cannot—have certain things. E．Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you. F．Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store. (22-23高一下·上海进才中学·期末) The Most Important Skill Nobody Taught You Before dying at the age of 39, Blaise Pascal made huge contributions to both physics and mathematics, notably in fluids, geometry, and probability. 1 Many fields that we now classify under the heading of social science did, in fact, also grow out of the foundation he helped lay. Interestingly enough, much of this was done in his teen years, with some of it coming in his twenties. As an adult, inspired by a religious experience, he actually started to move towards philosophy and theology (神学). Right before his death, he was discussing thoroughly fragments of private thoughts that would later be released as a collection by the name of Pensees. While the book is mostly a mathematician’s case for choosing a life of faith and belief, the more curious thing about it is its clear and comprehensible reflection on what it means to be human. 2 There is enough thought-provoking material in it to quote, and it attacks human nature from a variety of different angles, but one of its most famous thoughts aptly sums up the core of his argument: “ 3 ” According to Pascal, we fear the silence of existence, we dread boredom and instead choose aimless distraction, and we can’t help but run from the problems of our emotions into the false comforts of the mind. The issue at the root, essentially, is that we never learn the art of solitude. Today, more than ever, Pascal’s message rings true. 4 Information technologies have dominated our cultural direction. From the telephone to the radio to the TV to the internet, we have found ways to bring us all closer together, enabling constant worldly access. I can sit in my office in Canada and transport myself to practically anywhere I want through Skype. I don’t think I need to highlight the benefits of all this. But the downsides are also beginning to show, including leaks of privacy, unauthorized data collection and most importantly, our inability to sit quietly in a room by ourselves. A．All of humanity’s problems stem from man’s inability to sit quietly in a room alone. B．Solitude (独处) may not be the solution to everything, but it certainly is a start. C．If there is one word to describe the progress made in the last 100 years, it’s connectedness. D．It’s a blueprint of our psychology long before psychology was regarded as a formal discipline. E．These dedications, however, would influence more than just the realm (领域) of the natural sciences. F．Never facing ourselves is why we feel lonely and anxious in spite of being connected with everything else. (23-24高一下·上海浦东东昌中学·期末) Blind imitation is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth, imitation appears attractive; to those who know their strength, imitation is unacceptable. In the early stages of skill or character development, imitation is helpful. When I first learned to cook, I used recipes and turned out some tasty dishes. 1 Why follow someone else’s way of cooking when I could create my own? Imitating role models is like using training wheels on a child’s bicycle; they help you get going, but once you find your own balance, you fly faster and farther without relying on them. 2 If, as a child, you observed people whose lives were bad, you may have accepted their fear and pain as normal and gone on to follow what they did. If you do not make strong choices for yourself, you will get the results of the weak choices of others. In the field of entertainment, our culture glorifies celebrities. Those stars look great on screen. But when they step off screen, their personal lives may be disastrous. 3 Blessed is the person willing to act on their sudden desire to create something unique. Think of the movies, books, teachers, and friends that have affected you most deeply. They touched you because their creations were motivated by inspiration, not desperation. The world is changed not by those who do what has been done before them, but by those who do what has been done inside them. 4 The problem a creator faces is not running out of material; it is what to do with the material knocking at the door of imagination. A．If you are going to follow someone, focus on their talent, not their bad character or unacceptable behaviors. B．In daily life, imitation can hurt us if we subconsciously hold poor role models. C．Creative people have an endless resource of ideas. D．I was very proud of myself. E．But soon I grew bored. F．Study your role models, accept the gifts they have given, and leave behind what does not serve. (23-24高一下·上海实验·期末) Beast from the East Causes Chaos Anyone expecting the arrival of spring was bitterly disappointed last week, as freezing temperatures and disruptive (破坏性的)snow swept across the UK. 1 The Beast from the East is a wintry storm caused by a major weather  event  in  the  North Pole. 2 Because it was weakened, cold air from Siberia, in Russia, swept in over Europe, bringing with it low temperatures and snowstorms. From 26 February, people around the country endured temperatures as low as-12 ℃ and some areas were told to expect as much as 20 centimetres of snowfall. 3 It was the first red snow alert ever to be issued in the UK. At least 2,000 schools in England were forced to close. Zoos around the country also shut in order to keep the animals safe and warm. Supermarkets reported queues of people waiting to stock up on supplies. A spokesperson for the Co-op supermarket said it was usual to see sales increase in extreme weather. “People stock up, ready to stay indoors,” he said. Normally, most people would be expecting to see signs of spring blossoming in the first week of March. Incredibly, in spite of the cold weather and official warnings, spring has actually sprung in Cornwall. The head gardeners of six major gardens in the county have reported blooms on their magnolia trees--a sign that the season is changing-even if it doesn’t feel like it. 4 A．A red weather warning--the most extreme-was issued as conditions became dangerous. B．It was all thanks to the so-called Beast from the East. C．There is further heavy snow forecast overnight for the north east and eastern parts of England and isolated showers elsewhere. D．For everyone else, however, the Beast from the East means winter won't be loosening its grip for at least a few days yet. E．Hundreds of trains and dozens of flights were cancelled as London’s transport services were thrown into total confusion. F．There, a rise in air temperature weakened the jet stream (喷射气流), which is a band of strong wind that moves weather around the planet. (23-24高一下·上海进才中学·期末) Everyone knows that running is a good way to stay in shape. The simplicity of running appeals to many people. You don’t need a lot of complicated or expensive equipment; you just need a good pair of running shoes. Well, that idea is changing. 1 This is not a surprise to the Tarahumara Indians, who live in northwest Mexico. The rough terrain (地势) in their area makes it easier to travel on foot than by horse or by car. Traditionally, the Tarahumara were hunters. They follow their prey over long distances, sometimes, for days, until the animals became exhausted. 2 They are known for their endurance, running races of 50 miles or longer. When Tarahumara athletes ra n in the marathon at the 1968 Olympics, they didn’t understand that the race was over after only 26.2 miles, so they kept running. “Too short, too short,” they complained. But here is the amazing part: Tarahumara runners don’t wear running shoes. Tarahumara shoes are very simple. The sole (鞋底) is a piece of rubber held to the foot with homemade belt. These rubber soles protect against sharp objects, but they don’t provide any support or cushioning. How is it possible that some of the best runners in the world don’t wear running shoes? Scientific studies are beginning to point to something the Tarahumara have known for centuries: Human beings are built for running barefoot. In a recent study, researchers used a video camera to examine how athletes run when they are barefoot. 3 When they do this, the arch (足弓) of foot absorbs the impact. Then that force is redirected back up through the leg. 4 Walk into a sporting goods store today and you will find sections that are devoted to the shoes using the simplest structure. With a thin sole and heel, they are designed to be the shoes that feel like no shoes. The increasing number of these shoes on the market is evidence of this new trend. It is clear that shoe companies and runners are beginning to accept the wisdom of Tarahumara — barefoot may be the best. A．The study revealed that barefoot runners land on the middle of their foot. B．Some researchers suggest that perhaps you do not need shoes at all. C．As a result, for the Tarahumara, running very long distances became part of daily life. D．Many of these shoes have higher heels that are equipped with special materials. E．As the force of impact drives the foot toward the ground, the arch flattens and expands. F．In response to this research, shoe companies started to reconsider the design of running shoes. (22-23高一下·上海复旦附中·期末) What a chatbot can teach us about the art of conversation After lunchtime on May 2, 1989, a student at Drake University in Iowa started an online text chat with a user at University College Dublin. The UCD user’s handle was “MGonz”. Over the next hour and 20 minutes, the two exchanged insults (谩骂). When the student logged off, he wrote off MGonz as an abusive troll (山怪). But while MGonz was abusive, it was not a troll—it was a simple chatbot programmed by UCD undergrad Mark Humphrys. The next day, Humphrys reviewed the chat logs in astonishment. His MGonz chatbot had passed the Turing test. The Turing test was invented by the mathematician, codebreaker and computing pioneer Alan Turing in 1950. 1 Turing’s test is a benchmark for artificial intelligence—but I am less interested in the test itself than in the moral of the story of MGonz’s success. Faced with the difficult task of convincing a human that a chatbot is human, the obvious strategy is to increase the sophistication (复杂) of the chatbot, Humphrys try an alternative: reduce the sophistication of the human. MGonz had passed the Turing test, but is it not also fair to say that the student had failed it? 2 These are all things that any chatbot finds hard. But MGonz generates dialogue because insults need neither context nor memory. And it is impossible to read the MGonz transcript without thinking of ugly parallels on social media. We are at our best when our conversation explores complex issues and is sensitive to context. 3 The qualities that distinguish us from MGonz are the qualities that get driven out by a fast-moving, soundbite-driven world. Brian Christian’s book The Most Human Human explores the history of chatbots, while reflecting on the nature of good conversation. Christian argues that chatbots tend to pass for human because we humans set the benchmark so low. 4 No wonder the chatbots find us easy to imitate. Conversation is not easy. But the best conversations are delightful. So let’s start by promising to do better than MGonz and see what we can build from there. A．So many of our interactions are predictable or downright rude. B．A good conversation involves give and take, builds over time and exists in a context. C．That is understandable response to the limited range of modern communication. D．But complexity and context do not play well on social media. E．The test is simply for a computer to successfully pretend to be a human in a text-based conversation with another human. F．Turing had something more uplifting in mind than MGonz’s exchange with the student. 试卷第10页，共10页 试卷第9页，共10页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$