专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期末真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （23-24高一下·北京顺义·期末）With a pleasant-evening wind and the view of the setting sun, a night tour of parks offers people a special experience. Let’s discover the beauty of a summer night in Beijing. Yuyuantan Park is famous for a huge outdoor light and shadow (阴影) art space of 19,000 square meters, and as night falls, 15 immersive scenes (沉浸式场景) there create a fantastic planet of light. Starting from June 8th, Jingxinzhai in Beihai Park opens for an immersive nighttime cultural experience, where visitors can enjoy the beautiful and attractive royal (皇家的) garden, hear the sounds of the ancient zither (guzheng) and watch Kunqu Opera performances while taking in Jiangnan (areas south of the Yangtze River) umbrella dances. Additionally, the Jingshan Park Summer Cultural Season shows the impressive view of the central line of Beijing and highlights the features of Beijing. It is worth mentioning that the park organizes evening tours, puts on an amazing light and shadow performance, and redesigns its ancient red walls and traditional Beijing architecture (建筑). Based on its rich garden resources and exhibitions featuring old objects in the  Garden Museum, every Wednesday the Museum of Chinese Gardens and Landscape  Architecture holds a “Meet the Future Speechmakers”  overnight event. The popular “Xiangshan Midsummer Night” event has reopened. Under the guidance of the park’s science lecturers, visitors have the opportunities to listen to the lively insects singing in the mountains at night and observe the entire process of the insects coming out of eggs. This summer, the closing time for Jingshan Park, Beihai Park and Zhongshan Park is 21:00, while the closing time for Zizhuyuan Park is 22:00. The closing time for Yuyuantan Park is 22:30. 1．What can people do in Beihai Park during the night time? A．Tour the royal garden. B．Play the ancient zither. C．Experience Jiangnan fan dances. D．Watch Beijing Opera performances. 2．People interested in light and shadow performances can go to . A．Beihai Park B．Xiangshan Park C．Jingshan Park D．Zhongshan Park 3．Xiangshan Park is a perfect choice for . A．tour managers B．insect lovers C．cultural fans D．history experts 4．People should leave Yuyuantan Park no later than . A．21:00 B．21:30 C．22:00 D．22:30 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To study the differences of parks in Beijing. B．To present the beauty of parks in Beijing in different seasons. C．To give information about the closing time of parks in Beijing. D．To attract people to enjoy the summer night of parks in Beijing. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了北京几座公园夏季夜游活动及其特色。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Starting from June 8th, Jingxinzhai in Beihai Park opens for an immersive nighttime cultural experience, where visitors can enjoy the beautiful and attractive royal (皇家的) garden,”（从6月8日开始，北海公园的静心斋开放，提供沉浸式的夜间文化体验，游客可以欣赏美丽而吸引人的皇家花园）可知，人们在北海公园的夜晚可以参观皇家花园。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“It is worth mentioning that the park organizes evening tours, puts on an amazing light and shadow performance, and redesigns its ancient red walls and traditional Beijing architecture (建筑).”（值得一提的是，公园组织晚间游览，上演了精彩的光影表演，并重新设计了古老的红墙和传统的北京建筑。）可知，对光影表演感兴趣的人可以去景山公园。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“Under the guidance of the park’s science lecturers, visitors have the opportunities to listen to the lively insects singing in the mountains at night and observe the entire process of the insects coming out of eggs.”（在公园科学讲师的指导下，游客有机会听到夜晚山中活跃的昆虫的歌声，并观察昆虫从卵中孵化的整个过程。）可知，香山公园是昆虫爱好者的理想选择。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The closing time for Yuyuantan Park is 22:30.”（玉渊潭公园的闭园时间是22:30。）可知，人们应该在22:30之前离开玉渊潭公园。故选D。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“With a pleasant-evening wind and the view of the setting sun, a night tour of parks offers people a special experience. Let’s discover the beauty of a summer night in Beijing.”（伴随着宜人的晚风和落日的景色，公园夜游给人们提供了一种特殊的体验。让我们一起来发现北京夏夜的美丽。）可知，文章主要介绍了北京几座公园夏季夜游活动及其特色，目的是吸引人们去享受北京公园的夏夜。故选D。 （23-24高一下·北京丰台·期末）For years, scientists have been trying to figure out whether “brain workouts” such as puzzles (字谜) and online cognitive games could strengthen our minds and slow the process of aging. Now, a study has found that regularly attempting a crossword may help slow decline in some people with mild cognitive impairment (障碍), an early stage of faltering memory that can sometimes progress to dementia (痴呆症). While the study didn't investigate whether crosswords benefit younger adults who are not dealing with cognitive decline, it suggests that keeping your mind active as you age may benefit your brain. And the research offers hope to those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment that they may be able to stave off further declines in the memory, language problems and decision-making that are the hallmark of the condition. The American Academy of Neurology estimates that mild cognitive impairment affects about 8 percent of people ages 65 to 69; 10 percent of people ages 70 to 74; 15 percent of people ages 75 to 79; 25 percent of those ages 80 to 84; and about 37 percent of people 85 and older. The research, which was funded by the National Institute on Aging, recruited 107 adults ages 55 to 95 with mild cognitive impairment. For 12 weeks, they were all asked to play one of two types of games, four times a week—spending either 30 minutes on Lumosity, a popular cognitive training platform, or 30 minutes attempting a digital crossword. After 12 weeks, the participants were reevaluated and given "booster" doses of game play six more times during the 78-week experiment. By the end of the study, participants were given standard assessments used to measure cognitive decline, and friends and family reported on their day-to-day functioning. MRI scans also were used to measure brain volume changes. Researchers found that in key measurements—cognitive decline scores, functional skills and brain volume changes—the regular crossword players fared better than the game players. The finding surprised the scientists behind the study who had expected that challenging web-based brain games, which were specifically designed to boost cognitive function, would offer the most benefit. “Our study shows that in people with mild cognitive impairment, crossword puzzles beat the computerized games on multiple metrics, ” said Murali Doraiswamy, a co-author of the study. “So, if you have mild cognitive impairment, which is different from normal aging, then the recommendation would be to keep your brain active with crossword puzzles.” People with higher degrees of cognitive impairment appeared to benefit the most from doing the crossword, which was designed to be a moderately difficult puzzle comparable to the Thursday game. The study has limitations. Some of the participants may have just been more familiar with crosswords and that's why they responded better to the puzzles than to Lumosity's computer games. More years of follow-up also are needed to determine whether interventions such as crossword puzzles can “truly prevent dementia,” Doraiswamy said. 1．What does the underlined phrase "stave off" in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Promote. B．Prevent. C．Experience. D．Cause. 2．Paragraph 4 is written to_________. A．show a concerning condition B．compare different groups C．present real-life examples D．prove an assumption 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．One's degree of cognitive impairment depends on how old he is. B．Solving crossword puzzles is a recommendation to elderly people. C．The efficiency of puzzles in preventing dementia has been proved. D．Crosswords' effects are linked to how serious cognitive impairment is. 4．What makes the findings of the study far from conclusive? A．The lack of variables. B．The weaknesses of assessments. C．The insufficiency of time span. D．The subjects' preference for games. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一项研究发现，定期尝试填字游戏可能有助于减缓一些轻度认知障碍患者的衰退。 1．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“And the research offers hope to those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (这项研究给那些被诊断患有轻度认知障碍的人带来了希望)”由此可推知下文they may be able to stave off further declines in the memory意思是“他们可能能够避免记忆力、语言问题和决策能力的进一步下降”，可知stave off意思是阻止，预防，和prevent同义，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“The American Academy of Neurology estimates that mild cognitive impairment affects about 8 percent of people ages 65 to 2; 10 percent of people ages 70 to 74; 15 percent of people ages 75 to 79; 25 percent of those ages 80 to 84; and about 37 percent of people 85 and older. (美国神经病学学会(American Academy of Neurology)估计，在65岁至2岁的人群中，约有8%的人患有轻度认知障碍；70 - 74岁的人占10%；15%的人年龄在75到79岁之间；年龄在80到84岁之间的人占25%；大约37%的85岁及以上的人。)”和第五段“The research, which was funded by the National Institute on Aging, recruited 107 adults ages 55 to 95 with mild cognitive impairment. (这项研究由美国国家老龄研究所(National Institute on Aging)资助，招募了107名年龄在55岁至95岁之间、患有轻度认知障碍的成年人。)”可推知写第四段是为了说明研究对象的相关情况，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““Our study shows that in people with mild cognitive impairment, crossword puzzles beat the computerized games on multiple metrics, ” said Murali Doraiswamy, a co-author of the study. (“我们的研究表明，在轻度认知障碍的人群中，填字游戏在多个指标上都胜过电脑游戏，”该研究的合著者穆拉利·多雷斯瓦米(Murali Doraiswamy)说。)”可推知填字游戏的效果与认知障碍的严重程度有关。故选D。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“More years of follow-up also are needed to determine whether interventions such as crossword puzzles can “truly prevent dementia,” Doraiswamy said. (Doraiswamy说，还需要更多年的随访来确定填字游戏等干预措施是否能“真正预防痴呆”。)”可知还需要更多年的随访来确定填字游戏等干预措施是否能“真正预防痴呆”，也就是时间不足，故选C。 （23-24高一下·北京海淀·期末）As you craft your resolutions for 2025, consider adding one to experience more flow. Psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi has called flow as “the secret to happiness.” Flow is a state of positive experience that each of us can incorporate into our everyday lives, one characterized by great joy that makes a life worth living. When people feel flow, they are in a state of intense concentration. Their thoughts are focused on an experience rather than on themselves. They lose a sense of time and feel as if their actions and awareness become one. Flow occurs when both the task’s challenge and skill level are high. People will not feel flow when they are doing the dishes. Csíkszentmihályi’s research in the 1970s focused on people doing tasks they enjoyed. He studied swimmers, music composers, dancers, mountain climbers and other athletes. He found out that so long as that task’s challenge is high, and so are your skills, you should be able to achieve flow. Why is flow “the secret to happiness”? For one thing, the experience can help people pursue their long-term goals. Research shows that taking a break to feel flow can enhance one’s self-control, goal pursuit and well-being. A recent study also shows that flow helps people stay resilient (有适应力的) in the face of difficulty. Part of this is because flow can help refocus thoughts away from something stressful to something enjoyable. In fact, studies have shown that experiencing flow can help guard against depression and burnout. What is going on in the brain during flow? Studies show that the experience is associated with increasing activation in brain structures related to feeling reward. This may be one reason why flow feels so enjoyable and why people are so focused on tasks that make them feel flow. Research also shows that flow is associated with dampened activity in brain structures related to self-focus and negative thoughts. This may help explain why feeling flow can help distract (转移) people from worry. However, the above-mentioned studies were correlational, not causal. Further study of this connection is vital. 1．According to the passage, flow is most likely to occur when someone is ______. A．playing chess against a tough opponent B．attending a concert of his favorite singer C．doing daily chores for his family members D．sharing his traveling experience with friends 2．Flow is called “the secret to happiness” partly because it can help ______. A．turn demanding tasks into easier ones B．distract people from negative thoughts C．remind people to take necessary breaks D．break long-term goals into shorter ones 3．What does the underlined word “dampened” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Planned. B．Imbalanced. C．Reduced. D．Activated. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．When does the state of “flow” occur? B．What happens in our brain during “flow”? C．Why does experiencing “flow” feel so good? D．How can “flow” be achieved in everyday life? 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。心理学家米哈伊·契克森米哈赖将心流称为“幸福的秘诀”。文章主要解释了为什么体验“心流”的感觉这么好。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“When people feel flow, they are in a state of intense concentration. Their thoughts are focused on an experience rather than on themselves. They lose a sense of time and feel as if their actions and awareness become one. Flow occurs when both the task’s challenge and skill level are high. (当人们感受到心流时，他们处于高度集中的状态。他们的思想集中在体验上，而不是自己身上。他们失去了时间感，感觉他们的行动和意识融为一体。当任务的挑战性和技能水平都很高时，就会出现心流。)”和“He studied swimmers, music composers, dancers, mountain climbers and other athletes. He found out that so long as that task’s challenge is high, and so are your skills, you should be able to achieve flow.(他研究了游泳运动员、作曲家、舞蹈家、登山者和其他运动员。他发现，只要任务的挑战性很高，你的技能也很高，你就应该能够实现心流)”可知，当人们处于高度集中的状态，思想集中在体验上，而不是自己身上，他们失去了时间感，感觉他们的行动和意识融为一体，当任务的挑战性和技能水平都很高时，人们容易出现心流，结合选项可推知，当某人处于与强大的对手下棋时，最容易出现心流，因为此时人们思想高度集中，任务挑战性和技能水平都很高，故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Part of this is because flow can help refocus thoughts away from something stressful to something enjoyable. In fact, studies have shown that experiencing flow can help guard against depression and burnout.(部分原因是心流可以帮助将注意力从压力转移到愉快的事情上。事实上，研究表明，心流可以帮助预防抑郁和倦怠。)”可知，心流被称为“幸福的秘词诀”，部分原因是它可以分散人们对消极想法的注意力，故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“This may help explain why feeling flow can help distract (转移) people from worry.(这或许可以解释为什么感觉心流可以帮助人们转移注意力)”以及划线单词所在句中“Research also shows that flow is associated with dampened activity in brain structures related to self-focus and negative thoughts.(研究还表明，心流与大脑结构中与自我关注和消极思想相关的活动dampened有关。)”可知，心流可以帮助人们转移注意力，这是因为心流能使大脑结构中与自我关注和消极思想相关的活动减弱，由此可知，划线单词意为“减弱的”，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi has called flow as “the secret to happiness.” Flow is a state of positive experience that each of us can incorporate into our everyday lives, one characterized by great joy that makes a life worth living.(心理学家米哈伊·契克森米哈赖将心流称为“幸福的秘诀”。心流是一种积极体验的状态，我们每个人都可以将其融入到日常生活中，这种状态的特点是极大的快乐，让生活变得有价值)”可知，文章主要解释了为什么体验“心流”的感觉这么好，C项“为什么体验‘心流’的感觉这么好？”适合作文章标题，故选C。 （23-24高一下·北京通州·期末）An international team of fossil (化石) hunters has discovered the remains of a “nursery” of prehistoric sea creatures in China. The fossils date back to around 518 million years ago—a time known as the Cambrian Period, when all life on Earth lived in the oceans. It is very rare to find so many fossils from the Cambrian Period in one place. The scientists, led by Xianfeng Yang from Yunnan University, found 2,846 fossils from 118 different species at the site, near the city of Kunming. They include ancient ancestors of modern-day insects, shellfish and worms, as well as extinct trilobites (三叶虫). Seventeen of the species discovered are new to science, and more than half of the fossils are young animals. This has led researchers to the conclusion that the site was a sort of deep-sea nursery where conditions were well suited for young creatures to grow. When the sea bed was covered by soft mud (泥) these creatures’ remains were perfectly preserved, eventually creating a layer of fossil-rich rock. Alongside hard body parts, like bones and teeth, soft tissue was also preserved, which is especially important when looking back to a period when most animals had soft bodies. Some of the fossils are so well preserved that researchers have been able to spot body parts they’ve never seen before. One benefit of all the young creatures fossils is that scientists will be able to learn how the creatures changed as they aged. “We’ll see how different body parts grew over time,” explained researcher Julien Kimmig, from Penn State University in the US, “which is something we currently do not know about for most of these groups.” What’s more, Kimmig and his colleagues will be able to compare the creatures with living things today. “We will see if how these animals develop today is similar to how they developed 500 million years ago, or if something has changed throughout time.” 1．What can we learn about the fossils found? A．Half of them are extinct sea creatures. B．They are spread out over different sites. C．Some of them are previously unknown species. D．They belong to rare animals living in the oceans. 2．What kept the creatures’ remains from being damaged? A．They were protected in rocks. B．They were buried in the deep sea. C．The seafloor was coated with mud. D．The sea bed was in good condition. 3．What do scientists want to learn from the fossils? A．The creatures’ age. B．Changes in the creatures’ growth. C．Similarities between these species groups. D．The creatures’ impact on living things today. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了一个国际化石猎人小组在中国发现了一个史前海洋生物“托儿所”的遗迹。这些化石可以追溯到大约5.18亿年前——一个被称为寒武纪的时期，当时地球上所有的生命都生活在海洋中。在一个地方发现这么多寒武纪的化石是非常罕见的。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Seventeen of the species discovered are new to science, and more than half of the fossils are young animals.(发现的物种中有17个是科学上的新物种，超过一半的化石是年轻的动物)”可知，发现的化石中一些是以前不为人知的物种。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When the sea bed was covered by soft mud (泥) these creatures’ remains were perfectly preserved, eventually creating a layer of fossil-rich rock.(当海床被软泥覆盖时，这些生物的遗骸被完好地保存了下来，最终形成了一层富含化石的岩石)”可知，海床状况良好让这些生物的遗骸不被破坏。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“One benefit of all the young creatures fossils is that scientists will be able to learn how the creatures changed as they aged.(所有这些年轻生物化石的一个好处是，科学家将能够了解这些生物随着年龄的增长是如何变化的)”可知，科学家们想从这些化石中了解生物生长的变化。故选B。 （23-24高一下·北京东城·期末）Arseny Moskvichev dreams of the day he can have a meaningful conversation with artificial intelligence. But the problem is that Large Language Models (LLMs) are complete amnesiacs. “Even the most advanced chatbots can only process about 16,000 words of text within a prompt (提示框) when in conversation with a human user,” says the cognitive and computer scientist. “They only have so much context they can attend to. If you’re out of this context, they forget everything you spoke about with them. And they can’t connect the information they receive during different ‘conversations’ with a human, or build a storyline.” To help chatbots improve their comprehension of the deep complexities (复杂性) of context, Moskvichev and his colleagues are teaching them to read novels, the way we might learn to read them in high school literature classes. The act of reading a novel might seem like an entertaining (娱乐的) pastime, but it requires intelligence. We use memory and complex comprehension to follow multiple characters through plots, scene changes, and narrative. The average novel averages around 80,000 words. All those words gradually build a story we hold and examine in our minds. But such skills are currently out of reach to LLMs, which can process text but cannot be said to read the way we do. Moskvichev and his group built a new database from 1,500 books. They train LLMs in reading comprehension by having the AI read a book in the database, analyzing long stretches of text, then asking it to find a correct scene summary from a pool of options. As a training tool the database offers more than a million questions for LLMs to practice on. However, to accurately summarize a book requires someone to read it, and design the training questions. “It’s very expensive to collect a data set of this type,” Moskvichev says. It is here that the scientists showed their power of creative imagination — they got ChatGPT-3.5 to summarize short book sections. It is an example of a machine being used to train a more powerful machine. While Moskvichev and his group have found the LLMs still make mistakes about half of the time, they have observed significant improvement in trained LLM performance versus untrained. “There’s still room for improvement,” Moskvichev says. 1．The underlined word “amnesiacs” in Para 1 refers to the people who ______. A．tend to forget things B．are poor at giving speech C．stick to one’s own opinion D．have trouble analyzing texts 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．What is related to humans and AI needs deep comprehension. B．What matters to AI may be of the same importance for humans. C．What humans do to relax themselves can be a big trouble for AI. D．What humans and AI share may be some seemingly simple skills. 3．For Moskvichev and his group, what is the challenge of building training tools for chatbots? A．Raising narrative ability. B．Seeking suitable novels. C．Designing training tools. D．Finding human resources. 4．What is Moskvichev’s attitude toward LLMs’ future? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Worried. D．Changing. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．A 【导语】本文的体裁是说明文，主要介绍了人工智能领域中大型语言模型（LLMs）在处理上下文理解方面的局限性，以及科学家Arseny Moskvichev和他的团队如何通过训练这些模型阅读小说来提高它们的阅读理解能力。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段“They only have so much context they can attend to. If you’re out of this context, they forget everything you spoke about with them. And they can’t connect the information they receive during different “conversations” with a human, or build a storyline.( 他们只能关注有限的上下文。如果你离开了这个上下文，他们会忘记你和他们说过的一切。他们无法将在不同“对话”中接收到的信息联系起来，也无法构建一个故事线)”可知，LLMs 只能关注有限的上下文，超出范围就会忘记，所以“But the problem is that Large Language Models (LLMs) are complete amnesiacs.(但问题是大型语言模型（LLMs）是完全 amnesiacs。”中的“amnesiacs”指的是会忘记事情的人。故选A项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“The act of reading a novel might seem like an entertaining (娱乐的) pastime, but it requires intelligence. We use memory and complex comprehension to follow multiple characters through plots, scene changes, and narrative. The average novel averages around 2,000 words. All those words gradually build a story we hold and examine in our minds. But such skills are currently out of reach to LLMs, which can process text but cannot be said to read the way we do(阅读小说的行为可能看起来像是一种娱乐性的消遣，但它需要智力。我们使用记忆和复杂的理解能力来跟随多个角色在情节、场景变化和叙述中的发展。平均而言，一本小说大约有2,000个单词。所有这些单词逐渐构建了一个我们在脑海中持有并审视的故事。但这样的技能目前对LLMs来说还遥不可及，它们可以处理文本，但不能像我们这样阅读)”可知第二段主要讲述了阅读小说这一人类的娱乐活动需要运用记忆和复杂的理解能力，而目前 LLMs还无法达到这种能力，即阅读这一对人类来说是放松自己的活动，对AI来说却是一项巨大的挑战。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段“However, to accurately summarize a book requires someone to read it, and design the training questions. “It’s very expensive to collect a data set of this type,” Moskvichev says.( 然而，要准确地总结一本书需要有人去阅读它，并设计训练问题。‘收集这种类型的数据集非常昂贵，’莫斯克维奇说)”可知，为聊天机器人构建训练工具的挑战在于需要有人阅读书籍并设计训练问题，而收集这种类型的数据集非常昂贵；由此推知，Moskvichev和他的团队在为聊天机器人构建训练工具时面临的挑战是找到人力资源。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While Moskvichev and his group have found the LLMs still make mistakes about half of the time, they have observed significant improvement in trained LLM performance versus untrained. “There’s still room for improvement,” Moskvichev says.(虽然Moskvichev和他的团队发现LLMs仍然有一半的时间会犯错误，但他们观察到训练过的LLM性能相比未训练的有了显著提升。‘还有改进的空间，’Moskvichev说)”可知，尽管还有错误和改进的空间，但他们看到了训练后的进步；因此，Moskvichev对LLMs的未来持积极态度。故选A项。 （23-24高一下·北京昌平·期末）What Is A Sand Battery? Generally, when one pictures a battery, one imagines the lithium battery (锂电池) in various high-tech forms. Yet in 2022, Polar Night Energy launched the world’s first commercial sand battery, capable of storing 500-600℃ in heat energy for months. With the environmental concern of mining for lithium batteries, investors and companies are looking for alternatives, and sand batteries are one of them. The concept for a sand battery is simple: storing large amounts of heat in sand or sand-like materials for later use. The advantage of sand is its ability to store large amounts of heat in a small volume, its large quantity, and its low cost. Sand batteries serve as storage for spare wind and solar power and extra energy when demand is low. They can provide heated water as well as heated air to homes and industries that would otherwise use fossil fuels. The heat can also be changed back to electricity using a steam turbine (蒸气涡轮). This technique dates back centuries. Ancient Egyptian homes were made of sand mixed with mud and straw that would keep the heat of the hot desert sun and then release it slowly during the cool nights. Many native Americans used mud to build houses for the same reason. They would also store heat from campfires in rocks wrapped (包裹) in leather skin and use these rocks for heating their beds at night. This ancient wisdom can now be applied to modern solutions through sand batteries. Now, Polar Night Energy, working with the heating company Lovisan Lämpð, will launch a sand battery 10 times the size and capable of storing up to100megawatts hour of heat. This battery will eliminate the need for oil-based energy for the entire town of Pornainen, Finland, and keep 160 tonnes of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere annually. According to the Washington Post, more than $900 million has been invested in clean storage technologies in the past three years, a number that is expected to reach $3 trillion by 2040. This money is being directed towards various small companies that are investigating natural batteries. There are challenges to overcome before this technology can be adopted widely. It remains to be seen whether natural batteries can be a steady source of energy. Furthermore, because it’s an emerging industry, natural battery projects will need to be built from scratch, meaning only developed countries can afford to use them. Despite this, sand and other natural battery solutions are an exciting step forward towards a green future. 1．The idea of sand batteries is ________. A．to process fossil fuels for industries B．to change solar energy into electricity C．to store energy in special materials as heat D．to generate wind energy when it is necessary 2．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The advantages of sand batteries. B．The inspiration of sand batteries. C．The application of sand batteries. D．The development of sand batteries. 3．What does the word “eliminate” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Meet. B．Remove. C．Create. D．Ignore. 4．What can we learn about sand batteries? A．They are a high-tech form of lithium battery. B．They can be widely used across the world soon. C．They are a steady source of energy for a green future. D．They can provide heat and power for homes or industries. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了什么是沙电池、其原理以及优势等情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The concept for a sand battery is simple: storing large amounts of heat in sand or sand-like materials for later use.(沙电池的概念很简单：将大量热量储存在沙子或类似沙子的材料中以备后用)”可知，沙电池的理念是将能量以热量的形式储存在特殊材料中。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第四段“This technique dates back centuries. Ancient Egyptian homes were made of sand mixed with mud and straw that would keep the heat of the hot desert sun and then release it slowly during the cool nights. Many native Americans used mud to build houses for the same reason. They would also store heat from campfires in rocks wrapped (包裹) in leather skin and use these rocks for heating their beds at night. This ancient wisdom can now be applied to modern solutions through sand batteries.(这种技术可以追溯到几个世纪以前。古埃及人的房子是用沙子、泥土和稻草混合而成的，这样可以抵挡沙漠里炙热的太阳，然后在凉爽的夜晚慢慢释放热量。出于同样的原因，许多印第安人用泥土盖房子。他们还将篝火的热量储存在包裹在皮革中的岩石中，并在晚上使用这些岩石为他们的床加热。这种古老的智慧现在可以通过沙电池应用于现代解决方案)”可知，第四段的主旨是沙子电池的灵感。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据第五段“Now, Polar Night Energy, working with the heating company Lovisan Lämpð, will launch a sand battery 10 times the size and capable of storing up to100megawatts hour of heat.(现在，极地之夜能源公司与供暖公司Lovisan Lämpð合作，将推出一种沙子电池，其尺寸是原来的10倍，能够储存高达100兆瓦时的热量)”以及划线词后文“the need for oil-based energy for the entire town of Pornainen, Finland, and keep 160 tonnes of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere annually”可知，建立巨大的沙子电池是为了去除芬兰Pornainen镇对石油能源的需求，并每年减少160吨二氧化碳的排放。故划线词意思是“去除”。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据第三段“They can provide heated water as well as heated air to homes and industries that would otherwise use fossil fuels.(它们可以为家庭和工业提供热水和加热空气，否则这些家庭和工业将使用化石燃料)”可知，沙电池可以为家庭或工业提供热量和电力。故选D。 （23-24高一下·北京朝阳·期末）Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. The history of science is full of competition. Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. Despite the fame of these competitions, scientists know little about how credit is shared among competing discoveries. Theoretical models analysing patent (专利) races, for instance, often suppose that to the winner go all the advantages. In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all. The cost of being scooped was moderate. Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first. As a share of total citations out of a 100, the first paper would receive 58 and the second 42. But when questioned about the effects of being scooped, scientists were much more negative than those data show. They predicted that, out of 100 citations, a scooped paper would receive just 29. But not all scientists were put at a disadvantage equally for coming second. When research teams at leading universities were beaten by a team at a lower-profile college, the second-placed team got slightly more citations. And the teams at top departments took an even larger share of citations when they did the scooping. “But the psychological effects of being scooped cannot be ignored,” says Venki Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist in Cambridge. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, his group raced several teams to determine the structure of the ribosome, a cell machine that produces proteins. In September 2000, a team led by Ada Yonath at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, published the structure of a ribosome subunit in Cell that Ramakrishnan’s team had also characterized. Ramakrishnan’s study came out weeks later in Nature. “For that month, I and my lab were pretty depressing,” says Ramakrishnan. The researchers worried that they wouldn’t receive proper recognition for their work. That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. Ramakrishnan’s paper has roughly twice as many citations as the one that scooped it. In the long run, it didn’t matter. 1．Why does the author mention the book On the Origin of Species? A．To stress the value of scooping. B．To show discovery races are common. C．To illustrate fame comes from discoveries. D．To explain why winners get the advantages. 2．What does the underlined word “moderate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Minor. B．High. C．Unclear. D．Controlled. 3．As for Ramakrishnan’s concerns on being scooped, the author considers it ________. A．understandable B．unacceptable C．unnecessary D．unexpected 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Scooped in Science: Scientists’ Bad Dream B．Scientific Discoveries: Citations Matter or Not? C．Scientific Discoveries: Should Winners Take All? D．Scooped in Science: Credit Will Come Your Way 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了科学界存在发现竞争的情况，有些人担心被他人抢先发表了发现，但事实上这是不必要的担心。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中第一句话“The history of science is full of competition. (科学史充满竞争。)”和“Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. (查尔斯·达尔文在收到阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士的手稿后，匆忙出版了他的《物种起源》一书，手稿中详细描述了艾萨克·牛顿、戈特弗里德·威廉·莱布尼茨和他们的支持者为谁发明了微积分而争论不休。)”可知，作者提到《物种起源》这本书是为了表明发现竞赛很常见。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all.(然而，在现实世界中，科学发现的荣誉不太可能是赢家通吃的)”以及后文“Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first.(第二公开的结构被发表的可能性只有2.5%，尽管它们往往出现在不太知名的期刊上，而不是首先发表的结构)”可知，上文提到科学发现的荣誉不太可能是赢家通吃的，说明被抢先的代价较小。故划线词意思是“较小的”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. (但事实并非如此。Ramakrishnan和Yonath的团队都因发现核糖体而受到赞誉，两位科学家各自分享了2009年诺贝尔化学奖的三分之一)”可推知，至于罗摩克里希南担心被抢先，作者认为没有必要，这是因为他们的团队都因为发现核糖体而受到赞誉。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge.(被抢先发现是科学家最不希望发生的事。位于剑桥的麻省理工学院(MIT)的经济学家卡罗琳·斯坦说：“你率先获得了一个有意义的优势，但被抢先可能并不像人们所担心的那样具有破坏性。”)”结合文章主要说明了科学界存在发现竞争的情况，有些人担心被他人抢先发表了发现，但事实上这是不必要的担心。可知，D选项“科学被抢先发表：声誉总会找上你”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （23-24高一下·北京朝阳·期末）Whether picturing your next vacation or an ideal mark for an important exam, it is enjoyable to let your mind wander into daydreaming. Also daydreaming allows us to move mentally in time and space, rehearsing (预演) different possible scenes of the future. However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships. Psychologists call repetitive actions that hold back an individual’s ability to cope with daily life “maladaptive behaviours”. In recent years, Somer has teamed up with others to explore the behaviour. One of their studies compared 340 maladaptive daydreamers with the control group. The former reported that their daydreams were hard to control and disturbed their lives. They spent an average of 56 percent of their waking hours in fantasy worlds featuring imaginary characters and detailed plots (情节). Unlike regular daydreams, theirs often involved rocking from side to side or uncontrollable facial expressions. Other research suggests that maladaptive daydreams can take many forms, from amusing to serious, but they tend to be more emotionally intense than regular daydreams. Exploring this behaviour further, Somer’s team asked 77 people to keep a diary of the emotions associated with their maladaptive daydreaming. This revealed that it brought increases in negative emotions, along with signs of depression, social anxiety and general anxiety. The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction. The scientists who first proposed this in 2018 pointed out that, like many addictive tendencies, it offers a momentary escape from stressful thoughts and unfavourable realities. “Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested. Monitoring the behaviour, its conditions and emotional consequences (后果) may help individuals control it. Also, practising mindfulness meditation may be helpful in staying in the present rather than escaping to fantasy worlds. Other techniques involve recording occurrences of maladaptive daydreaming and possible causes in a journal, and rewarding personal milestones in preventing these fantasies. Noam, an Israeli student who has been struggling with maladaptive daydreaming, is proof that maladaptive daydreaming can be managed. Just two months after starting treatment with Somer, his daily daydreaming has fallen from 16 hours to around 7 hours. “I really want to get better, to take pleasure in my life as it is and to love only the people who are part of my life and deserve my care,” he says. 1．What can we learn from the passage? A．Regular daydreams take a wider range of forms. B．Maladaptive daydreaming is more likely to be habitual. C．More detailed imaginary plots lead to better daydreaming. D．Fewer emotional changes are seen in maladaptive daydreams. 2．As for maladaptive daydreaming, which would Somer agree with? A．Experts should take it seriously. B．It can lead us to preview future events. C．It provides us with an access to relieving stress. D．Keeping a journal has proved to be its reliable cure. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To make a comparison between two kinds of daydreaming. B．To present the findings of studies on maladaptive daydreaming. C．To introduce approaches to managing maladaptive daydreaming. D．To attach importance to dealing with the dark side of daydreaming. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了不适应白日梦会导致负面情绪的增加，以及行为成瘾等问题。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction.(研究还发现，不适应白日梦是一种行为成瘾)”可知，不适应白日梦更可能成瘾。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested.(“许多专业人士反对把不适应白日梦当作疾病来对待，”萨默说。正如你所期望的那样，这种疾病尚未得到广泛认可，治疗和管理方案仍在开发和测试中)”可知，对于不适应白日梦，萨默认为专家们应该认真对待。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships.(然而，当白日做梦的好处逐渐显现的时候，心理学家Eli Somer发现，他的一些病人的幻想取代了真实的社会交往，结果削弱了他们维持日常关系的能力)”结合文章主要说明了不适应白日梦会导致负面情绪的增加，以及行为成瘾等问题。可知，文章的主要目的是重视处理白日梦的阴暗面。故选D。 （23-24高一下·北京西城·期末）Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives. And when we do try to think back to our earliest memories, it’s often unclear whether they are the real thing or just recollections based on photos or stories told to us by others. The phenomenon (现象), known as “childhood amnesia”, has been puzzling psychologists for more than a century—and we still don’t fully understand it. At first glance, it may seem that the reason we don’t remember being babies is that babies don’t have a fully developed memory. But babies as young as six months can form both short-term memories that last for minutes and long-term memories that last weeks. In one study, six-month-olds who learned how to press a button to operate a toy train remembered how to perform this action for two to three weeks after they had last seen the toy. Preschoolers can remember events that go years back. Of course, memory capabilities at these ages are not adult-like. In fact, developmental changes in basic memory processes have been put forward as an explanation for childhood amnesia. These basic processes involve several brain regions and include forming, maintaining and then later retrieving (检索) the memory. For example, the hippocampus, thought to be responsible for forming memories, continues developing until the age of seven. The typical boundary for the offset of childhood amnesia—three and a half years—changes with age. Children and teenagers have earlier memories than adults do. This suggests that the problem may be less with forming memories than with maintaining them. But this does not seem to be the whole story; language also plays a role. From the ages of one to six, children progress from the one-word stage of speaking to becoming fluent in their native language(s), so there are major changes in their verbal (言语的) ability that overlap with the childhood amnesia period. This includes using the past tense, and memory-related words such as “remember” and “forget”. It’s true to some extent that a child’s ability to verbalize about an event at the time that it happened predicts how well they remember it months or years later. One lab group conducted this work by interviewing young children brought to accident and emergency departments for common childhood injuries. Those over 26 months, who could verbalize about the event at the time, recalled (回忆起) it up to five years later, while those under 26 months, who could not talk about it, recalled little or nothing. Even if we can’t clearly remember specific events from when we were very young, their accumulation, however, leaves lasting tracks that influence our behavior. The first few years of life are forgettable and yet powerful in shaping the adults that we become. 1．According to the passage, childhood amnesia refers to ________. A．inability to recall early childhood experiences B．difficulty children have forming memories C．concern about the truth of early memories D．loss of memory abilities in the childhood 2．What do the words “overlap with” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Have a lot in common with. B．Happen at the same time as. C．Play an important role in. D．Are closely related to. 3．What may the results of the interview mentioned in Paragraph 5 suggest? A．Children start to form long-term memories at 26 months. B．Children’s ability to recall specific events increases with age. C．Preverbal memories may be lost if they are not translated into language. D．Injuries probably influence how well children verbalize about events. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Childhood amnesia: How memory works in kids B．The brain and memory: How memories are formed C．Verbal ability: Why it matters in the memory process D．The forgotten childhood: Why early memories disappear 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“童年失忆症”这一现象，分析了背后的原因以及相关研究。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives. And when we do try to think back to our earliest memories, it’s often unclear whether they are the real thing or just recollections based on photos or stories told to us by others. The phenomenon (现象), known as “childhood amnesia”, has been puzzling psychologists for more than a century—and we still don’t fully understand it.(我们大多数人对生命的前三到四岁没有任何记忆。当我们试图回想起我们最早的记忆时，往往不清楚它们是真实的，还是仅仅是基于照片或别人告诉我们的故事的回忆。这种现象被称为“童年失忆症”，一个多世纪以来一直困扰着心理学家，我们仍然没有完全理解它)”可知，童年健忘症是指无法回忆起童年早期的经历。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives.(我们大多数人对生命的前三到四岁没有任何记忆)”以及划线词上文“From the ages of one to six, children progress from the one-word stage of speaking to becoming fluent in their native language(s), so there are major changes in their verbal (言语的) ability that”可知，大多数人对生命的前三到四岁没有任何记忆，这时因为从1岁到6岁，孩子们从一个单词的说话阶段发展到流利地说母语，所以他们的语言能力发生了重大变化，与儿童失忆症时期同时发生。故划线词意思是“与……同时发生”。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Those over 26 months, who could verbalize about the event at the time, recalled (回忆起) it up to five years later, while those under 26 months, who could not talk about it, recalled little or nothing.(超过26个月的婴儿当时可以用语言描述这件事，五年后他们还能回忆起这件事，而26个月以下的婴儿不能谈论这件事，几乎什么也记不起来)”可知，访谈结果可能表明如果不将言语前的记忆翻译成语言，可能会丢失。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“The phenomenon (现象), known as “childhood amnesia”, has been puzzling psychologists for more than a century—and we still don’t fully understand it.(这种现象被称为“童年失忆症”，一个多世纪以来一直困扰着心理学家，我们仍然没有完全理解它)”结合文章主要介绍了“童年失忆症”这一现象，分析了背后的原因以及相关研究。可知，D选项“被遗忘的童年：为什么早期记忆会消失”最符合文章标题。故选D。 （23-24高一下·北京西城·期末）In the 1970s, a gorilla (大猩猩) known as Koko became world-famous when scientists taught her to use human sign language to communicate with people. There were numerous attempts in the mid-1900s to teach human language to nonhumans, such as Koko. But what we should have been thinking about was their abilities to engage in complex communication on their own terms instead of trying to teach an animal to talk to us in human language. Today scientists are trying to figure out how living things already share information using their particular methods. This new field of study is known as digital bioacoustics, and it involves using tools to understand the production of sounds and their effects on living things. Scientists in this field are using sensors, which are devices that pick up and record information on physical or chemical conditions. Some are also using artificial intelligence (AI) technology, an approach that uses algorithms (算法). The same algorithms that we use in tools such as Google Translate to translate documents can also be used to find patterns in nonhuman communication. Jeremy of Tel Aviv University studied nearly two dozen Egyptian fruit bats for two and a half months and recorded their vocalizations. His team adapted a voice-recognition program to study 15,000 of the sounds. The algorithm matched specific sounds with specific things the bats were doing. Using this program, the researchers were able to classify most of the bats’ sounds. Jeremy and other researchers have found that bats have a much more complex language than we previously understood. Bats argue over food; they distinguish (区分) between genders when they communicate with one another and they have individual names, or “signature calls”. That’s a great example of how AI is able to find these patterns from information gathered by sensors and microphones. AI reveals things that we can’t hear with our human ears alone because most bat communication happens above our hearing range, and because bats speak much faster than we do, we have to slow it down to listen to it. So we cannot listen like a bat, but our computers can. And our computers can also speak back to the bat by producing specific patterns. Digital bioacoustics is like an amazing hearing aid. It lets us listen to animals with both our digitally enhanced (增强的) ears and our imagination. This is slowly opening our minds not only to the wonderful sounds that nonhumans make, but to a fundamental set of questions about the so-called divide between humans and nonhumans, as well as our connection to other species. It’s also opening up new ways to think about protecting living things and our relationship with the planet. It’s pretty meaningful. 1．Regarding scientists’ efforts to teach animals human language, the author feels ________. A．negative B．unconcerned C．uncertain D．supportive 2．Scientists in digital bioacoustics are trying to study ________. A．how animals use different tools to share information B．how animals are affected by the production of sounds C．how animals are taught to talk in human sign language D．how animals communicate with one another using sounds 3．What can we learn about AI applied in digital bioacoustics? A．It pairs certain animals’ sounds with their behaviors. B．It slows down animals’ sounds within humans’ hearing range. C．It adapts voice-recognition programs to analyze animals’ sounds. D．It translates specific nonhuman sound patterns into human language. 4．According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A．animals can be classified according to their sound patterns B．scientists need to keep studying how animals produce sounds C．digital bioacoustics may inspire humans to rethink their relationship with animals D．the focus of digital bioacoustics should be the divide between humans and nonhumans 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲的是科学家们正试图弄清楚生物是如何用它们独特的方法共享信息的。这个新的研究领域被称为数字生物声学，它不仅让我们听到了非人类发出的美妙声音，而且让我们看到了一系列关于所谓的人类和非人类之间的鸿沟的基本问题，以及我们与其他物种的联系。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“But what we should have been thinking about was their abilities to engage in complex communication on their own terms instead of trying to teach an animal to talk to us in human language.(但我们应该考虑的是它们用自己的方式进行复杂交流的能力，而不是试图教会动物用人类的语言与我们交谈。)”可知作者认为我们应该考虑让动物用它们自己的方式进行复杂交流，而不是试图教会动物用人类的语言与我们交谈，所以作者对于科学家教动物人类语言的努力的态度是消极的。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Today scientists are trying to figure out how living things already share information using their particular methods..(今天，科学家们正试图弄清楚生物是如何用它们独特的方法共享信息的。)”可知数字生物声学的科学家们正试图研究动物是如何利用它们独特的方法即声音相互交流的。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The algorithm matched specific sounds with specific things the bats were doing. Using this program, the researchers were able to classify most of the bats’ sounds.(该算法将特定的声音与蝙蝠正在做的特定事情相匹配。利用这个程序，研究人员能够对大多数蝙蝠的声音进行分类。)”可知应用于数字生物声学的人工智能将某些动物的声音与它们的行为配对。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It’s also opening up new ways to think about protecting living things and our relationship with the planet. It’s pretty meaningful.(它也开辟了新的方式来思考保护生物和我们与地球的关系。这很有意义。)”可知作者认为数字生物声学可能会激发人类重新思考他们与动物的关系。故选C项。 （23-24高一下·北京·期末）Awe is not an everyday emotion. You don’t wake up awestruck. A satisfying lunch doesn’t leave you filled with awe. Even a great day is unlikely to leave you in a state of breathtaking, all-knowing fear and trembling. Then what is-awe? Psychologists Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt suggested that awe（typically includes feelings of grandness. That means awe is inspired by something larger than a person’s self or experience. And it usually helps expand the person s understanding of the world. For example, awe might come from seeing a mountain taller than you thought a mountain could be. Or it might come from listening to a symphony that contains both shockingly 4oud and touchingly quiet notes. People can be awe-inspiring, too: think of meeting a political leader whose power seems limitless. In order to find out more about the mysterious feeling, the psychologists laid out a research plan. In the years since, they and other researchers have been testing awe. What is it? How does it work? What seems awesome, and why? For the first time, they’re starting to understand both what a we does to us and what it might do for us. When psychologists first started studying awe, one of the unanswered questions was: What do we look like when we’re feeling it? Emotions come with facial expressions. Keltner and two workmates guessed that an awe-filled person would widen her eyes and raise her head, eyes and eyebrows, just a bit. And they were on track. When they asked people to perform awe, they found that people indeed often raised their eyebrows and widened their eyes. They also opened their mouths and dropped their jaws. Another question was the purpose of the emotion. “We developed emotions to help us deal with and survive certain dangers,” explains Craig Anderson, a student in Keltner’s lab, “When people are scared, they freeze or run away. People that behaved like that tended to survive long enough.” In the same way, awe should have some sort of reason for existing. So far, it seems that the purpose of awe might draw people together. When people are awestruck, they feel like time has slowed. down somehow, and when they feel so, they are more willing to use it to help others. The study also shows that awe promotes generosity. It improves people’s moral decision making. A paper still under review indicates that a we can make people more modest, too. “We actually experience awe a lot more often than we think,” says one of the researchers, Rudd, “We meet something in the big wide world, our minds open as we look for an explanation, and as a result we open up to connecting to other people. But if you are keeping yourself in your own small world, it’s going to be hard to experience that feeling. Just go out into newness and you’re going to be more likely to run into something that’s awe-inspiring. 1．According to Keltner and Haidt, which of the following can most likely inspire awe? A．Eating Beijing duck at Quanjude Restaurant. B．Listening to a pleasant flute solo in a famous bar. C．Enjoying a sound sleep after an extremely tiring day. D．Seeing a huge elephant up close in its natural setting. 2．What can we infer from the passage? A．We should try to avoid awe because it can fill people with fear. B．Awe is a complex feeling and no one can understand it. C．Awe is socially beneficial and we should be open to it. D．We should try to feel awe because it helps us survive. 3．What’s the author’s purpose of writing this passage? A．To move readers with touching stories about awe. B．To explain what awe is and what it brings to people. C．To show awe functions differently from other emotions. D．To persuade readers to experience awe as much as possible. 【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了什么是敬畏，敬畏给人类带来的积极影响以及人类对于敬畏所持态度。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“That means awe is inspired by something larger than a person’s self or experience.(这意味着敬畏来自于比个人或经历更大的事物)”和“For example, awe might come from seeing a mountain taller than you thought a mountain could be(例如，敬畏可能来自于看到一座比自己想象中更高的山)”可知，人们会向比自己或经历更大的事物表达敬畏。D选项中自然环境中的大象可能比我们想象的要大，会让我们产生敬畏。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第七段“So far, it seems that the purpose of awe might draw people together. When people are awestruck, they feel like time has slowed. down somehow, and when they feel so, they are more willing to use it to help others.(到目前为止，似乎敬畏的目的可以把人们聚在一起。当人们感到敬畏时，他们会觉得时间不知何故慢了下来，当他们感到敬畏时，他们会更愿意用它来帮助别人)”及最后一段“But if you are keeping yourself in your own small world, it’s going to be hard to experience that feeling. Just go out into newness and you’re going to be more likely to run into something that’s awe-inspiring.(但如果你把自己关在自己的小世界里，就很难体验到那种感觉。走出去接触新鲜事物，你更有可能遇到令人敬畏的东西)”可推测，敬畏对社会有帮助，我们应该对此持开放态度。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“What is it? How does it work? What seems awesome, and why? For the first time, they’re starting to understand both what a we does to us and what it might do for us.(它是什么?它是如何工作的?什么看起来很棒?为什么?第一次，他们开始理解敬畏对我们的影响以及它可能对我们的影响)”及全文内容可推断，作者写此文的目的主要解释什么是敬畏，它给人们带来了什么。故选B项。 （23-24高一下·北京丰台·期末）Debate about artificial intelligence (AI) tends to focus on its potential dangers: algorithmic bias (算法偏见) and discrimination, the mass destruction of jobs and even, some say, the extinction of humanity. However, others are focusing on the potential rewards. Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery. Could they be right? Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance to fears about large-scale unemployment and killer robots. Many previous technologies have, of course, been falsely hailed as panaceas (万灵药). But the mechanism by which AI will supposedly solve the world’s problems has a stronger historical basis. In the 17th century microscopes and telescopes opened up new vistas of discovery and encouraged researchers to favor their own observations over the received wisdom of antiquity (古代), while the introduction of scientific journals gave them new ways to share and publicize their findings. Then, starting in the late 19th century, the establishment of research laboratories, which brought together ideas, people and materials on an industrial scale, gave rise to further innovations. From the mid-20th century, computers in turn enabled new forms of science based on simulation and modelling. All this is to be welcomed. But the journal and the laboratory went further still: they altered scientific practice itself and unlocked more powerful means of making discoveries, by allowing people and ideas to mingle in new ways and on a larger scale. AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation. Two areas in particular look promising. The first is “literature-based discovery” (LBD), which involves analyzing existing scientific literature, using ChatGPT-style language analysis, to look for new hypotheses, connections or ideas that humans may have missed. The second area is “robot scientists”. These are robotic systems that use AI to form new hypotheses, based on analysis of existing data and literature, and then test those hypotheses by performing hundreds or thousands of experiments, in fields including systems biology and materials science. Unlike human scientists, robots are less attached to previous results, less driven by bias—and, crucially, easy to replicate. They could scale up experimental research, develop unexpected theories and explore avenues that human investigators might not have considered. The idea is therefore feasible. But the main barrier is sociological: it can happen only if human scientists are willing and able to use such tools. Governments could help by pressing for greater use of common standards to allow AI systems to exchange and interpret laboratory results and other data. They could also fund more research into the integration of AI smarts with laboratory robotics, and into forms of AI beyond those being pursued in the private sector. Less fashionable forms of AI, such as model-based machine learning, may be better suited to scientific tasks such as forming hypotheses. 1．Regarding Demis and Yann’s viewpoint, the author is likely to be ______. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．LBD focuses on testing the reliability of ever-made hypotheses. B．Resistance to AI prevents the transformation of scientific practice. C．Robot scientists form hypotheses without considering previous studies. D．Both journals and labs need adjustments in promoting scientific findings. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Official standards have facilitated the exchange of data. B．Performing scientific tasks relies on government funding. C．Less popular AI forms might be worth paying attention to. D．The application of AI in public sector hasn’t been launched. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Transforming Science. How Can AI Help? B．Making Breakthroughs. What Is AI’s Strength? C．Reshaping History. How May AI Develop Further? D．Redefining Discovery. How Can AI Overcome Its Weakness? 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能可以改变科学实践，以及人工智能是如何帮助改变科学实践的。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery.(Demis Hassabis和Yann LeCun等该领域的杰出人物相信人工智能可以推动科学进步并引领发现的黄金时代)”和第二段中“Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance to fears about large-scale unemployment and killer robots. Many previous technologies have, of course, been falsely hailed as panaceas (万灵药). But the mechanism by which AI will supposedly solve the world’s problems has a stronger historical basis.(这些说法值得研究，并且可能为人们对大规模失业和杀手机器人的担忧提供有用的平衡。当然，许多以前的技术被错误地誉为万灵药。但人工智能解决世界问题的机制有着更强有力的历史基础)”可知，作者认为Demis和Yann的观点值得研究，且认为人工智能解决世界问题的机制有着更强有力的历史基础。由此推知，作者可能支持Demis和Yann的观点——人工智能可以推动科学进步并引领发现的黄金时代。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“But the journal and the laboratory went further still: they altered scientific practice itself and unlocked more powerful means of making discoveries, by allowing people and ideas to mingle in new ways and on a larger scale. AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation.(但该杂志和实验室走得更远：它们改变了科学实践本身，并通过允许人和思想以新的方式和更大规模的融合，开启了更强大的发现手段。人工智能也有可能引发这样的转变)”可知，人工智能能引起科学实践的改变。由此推知，对人工智能的抵制阻碍科学实践的转变。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Less fashionable forms of AI, such as model-based machine learning, may be better suited to scientific tasks such as forming hypotheses.(如基于模型的机器学习这种不太流行的人工智能形式，可能更适合科学任务，例如形成假设)”可知，不太流行的人工智能形式，可能更适合科学任务。由此推知，不太流行的人工智能形式可能值得关注。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读第一段到第四段，尤其是第一段中“Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery.(Demis Hassabis和 Yann LeCun等该领域的杰出人物相信人工智能可以推动科学进步并引领发现的黄金时代) ”和第四段中“AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation.(人工智能也有可能引发这样的转变)”可知，前四段指出人工智能可以实现科学时间的转变，接着根据第五段中“Two areas in particular look promising.(有两个领域看起来尤其有希望)”可知，第五段介绍了人工智能从两个领域改变科学实践，最后一段总结人工智能改变科学实践是可行的。由此可知，文章主要介绍了人工智能是如何帮助改变科学的。A项“改变科学。人工智能有何帮助？”适合作文章标题。故选A。 2022-2023学年北京期末真题 （22-23高一下·北京顺义·期末）Teenagers who spend more than three hours a day on social media may have doubled the risk of mental health problems compared with those who avoid it, research suggests. The study of more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 found those who used social media more heavily were more likely to report situations such as sadness, anxiety and loneliness, as well as aggression (攻击性) and anti-social actions, than teenagers who did not use social media. The findings held true even when researchers took into account mental health problems experienced by young persons in the year before they were asked about social media use. The research, from a team at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Maryland, was published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry(精神病学). Some previous studies have suggested no connection between poorer mental health and screen time. Dr Rina Dutta, senior medical lecturer at Kings College London, said, “A main strength of this study compared to previous research is that the researchers took into account mental health problems the young people already had a year before the measurement of social media use. This largely overcomes the ‘what came first-mental health problem or high social media use? ’question.” The study looked at two types of actions that can show mental health problems: internalising(内化行为)and externalising(外化行为). Internalising can include social disconnection or difficulty dealing with anxiety or sadness. Externalising can include aggression or breaking instructions. The study found that the use of social media for at least three hours a day was connected with around twice the risk of mental health problems, compared with those who avoided it. Lead author Kira Riehm said, “Many present studies have found a connection between digital or social media use and the health of teens, but few look at this connection across time. We cannot say that social media causes mental health problems, but we do think that less time on social media may be better for the health of teens. The study found that fewer than 17 percent of teenagers did not use social media. Of those who did, 32 percent spent less than 30 minutes a day; 31 percent spent 30 minutes to three hours; 12 percent spent three to six hours and 8 percent spent more than six hours per day. Ms Riehm said, “Social media has the ability to connect teenagers who may be excluded(排除在外) in their daily life. We need to find a better way to balance the benefits of social media with possible harmful health results.” 1．The research published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry aims to prove________ A．the advantages and disadvantages of social media. B．the mental health problems experienced by teenagers. C．the connection between mental health and screen time D．the sadness, anxiety and loneliness caused by social media 2．Compared to previous researches, an advantage of the research published in JAMA Psychiatry is that________ A．it supports the less use of social media B．it reports the health risks caused by the screen time C．it includes more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 D．it considers mental health problems the young people already had 3．Which of the following might be one of the internalising actions? A．Aggression. B．Following instructions. C．Skillfully dealing with anxiety. D．Being afraid of talking to people. 4．What was Kira Riehm’s view on social media? A．It would play a balanced role. B．It might disconnect teenagers. C．It caused mental health problems. D．It might be better for the health of teens. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Social media is capable of connecting teenagers. B．Teenagers have mental health problems before using social media. C．Social media connects to increased risk of mental health problems D．Teenagers with less time on social media do better than those with more time. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．A 5．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了社交媒体的过多使用会增加青少年心理健康的问题的风险。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“The study of more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 found those who used social media more heavily were more likely to report situations such as sadness, anxiety and loneliness, as well as aggression (攻击性) and anti-social actions, than teenagers who did not use social media. The findings held true even when researchers took into account mental health problems experienced by young persons in the year before they were asked about social media use.(这项针对6000多名12岁至15岁儿童的研究发现，与不使用社交媒体的青少年相比，频繁使用社交媒体的儿童更有可能出现悲伤、焦虑、孤独、攻击性和反社会行为等情况。即使研究人员考虑到年轻人在被问及社交媒体使用情况之前一年经历的心理健康问题，这一发现仍然成立。)”可知，发表在《美国医学会精神病学》杂志上的这项研究旨在证明心理健康和盯着屏幕看的时间之间的联系。故选C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“Some previous studies have suggested no connection between poorer mental health and screen time. Dr Rina Dutta, senior medical lecturer at Kings College London, said, ‘A main strength of this study compared to previous research is that the researchers took into account mental health problems the young people already had a year before the measurement of social media use. This largely overcomes the ‘what came first-mental health problem or high social media use?’ question.’(与之前的研究相比，这项研究的一个主要优势是，研究人员在测量社交媒体使用前一年就考虑到了年轻人已经存在的心理健康问题。这在很大程度上克服了‘最初出现的心理健康问题或社交媒体的大量使用？’这个问题。)”可知，最近关于心理健康和盯着屏幕看的时间之间的联系的研究是在考虑年轻人在测量社交媒体使用前一年就已经存在的心理健康问题的前提下进行的。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第五段中“Internalising can include social disconnection or difficulty dealing with anxiety or sadness.(内化包括与社会脱节或难以处理焦虑或悲伤。)”可知，害怕与人交谈，是与社会脱节的行为表现，属于内化行为。故选D项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Ms Riehm said, ‘Social media has the ability to connect teenagers who may bee excluded(排除在外) in their daily life. We need to find a better way to balance the benefits of social media with possible harmful health results. ’(Riehm女士说：‘社交媒体有能力将那些在日常生活中可能被排除在外的青少年联系起来。我们需要找到一种更好的方法来平衡社交媒体的好处和可能对健康有害的结果。’)”可知，Kira Riehm的看法是社交媒体将发挥平衡的作用，青少年应该对自己有利的社交媒体来平衡社交媒体带来的利与弊。故选A项。 5．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Teenagers who spend more than three hours a day on social media may have doubled the risk of mental health problems compared with those who avoid it, research suggests.(研究表明，每天花在社交媒体上的时间超过3小时的青少年患心理健康问题的风险可能是不上社交媒体的青少年的两倍。)”可知，本文主要讲述了社交媒体的过多使用会增加青少年心理健康问题的风险。故选C项。 （22-23高一下·北京通州·期末）Is Space Exploration Necessary? We see space exploration updates in the news almost every week now. This is great for those who want a future like in science fiction movies. On the other hand, some believe space exploration is not necessary because there are a few reasonable cons to it. So, read further to see what the space exploration pros and cons are. It’s true that space exploration technologies are costly and consume many resources. Only launching space exploration satellites takes at least $ 40 million per launch and can go for as much as $ 400 million. Analyzing some space exploration facts, we are aware that space exploring costs a lot. While the UN says $ 30 billion could end world hunger, NASA is being offered a lot every year. And this is a good argument for those who are against space exploration. While space exploration is highly important for learning about who we are, some are worried about what it can do to humanity. Countries can use their space crafts and satellites to collect information about other countries they’re in conflict with. Obviously, this can lead to tensions between countries and eventually to wars. Another issue that space exploration brings is that it poses a great danger for astronauts involved in it. Nasa mentions in an article how damaging cosmic (外太空的) radiation is for the human body because it can damage the nervous system both severely and in the long run. Besides, cosmic radiation sickness causes extreme tiredness, nausea (呕吐感), anorexia, and vomiting. From this point of view, space exploration does put our astronauts at great risks. However, preventive measures are taken, and their health is kept in check through intensive training and daily checkups. While all previously mentioned observations are very good and make great points, space exploration still has more benefits than negative effects. It allows us to develop our technologies, which are already advanced thanks to space exploration. Moreover, by exploring space, we can discover new resources that we could use to better our lives here on Earth. And another thing is certain as well: we couldn’t build a better future for our children without space exploration. 1．Why does the author show the amount of money spent on Space exploration in Paragraph 2? A．To show the disadvantage of space exploration. B．To prove space exploration is highly important. C．To criticize NASA for spending too much money. D．To call on more money to be spent to stop world hunger. 2．What does the underlined word “poses” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Avoids. B．Provides. C．Causes. D．Prevents. 3．What is the writer’s attitude towards “space exploration”? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Opposed. D．Neutral. 4．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To stress the importance of space exploration. B．To argue against the advance of space exploration. C．To show people’s concern about the astronauts’ health. D．To introduce the problems that space exploration brings to people. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了太空探索的利弊，包括成本高、可能引发国际冲突、对宇航员健康的危害等。尽管存在一些负面影响，但太空探索仍然有更多的好处，可以促进技术发展、发现新资源等，对人类的未来也有重要意义。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“It’s true that space exploration technologies are costly and consume many resources.(诚然，太空探索技术成本高昂，消耗大量资源。)”以及“Only launching space exploration satellites takes at least $ 40 million per launch and can go for as much as $ 400 million. (仅发射太空探索卫星，每次发射至少需要4000万美元，最高可达4亿美元。)”可知，本段主要讲述的是太空技术成本高昂，消耗大量资源，由此后文通过具体事例即发射太空探索卫星至少需要4000万美元，最高可达4亿美元来对此问题进行说明。故举出该例子的目的是为了展示太空探索的缺点。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词前面的内容“Another issue that space exploration brings(太空探索带来的另一个问题)”以及划线词后面的内容“ a great danger for astronauts involved in it(这对参与其中的宇航员来说是极大的危险)”可知，太空探索带来另外的一个问题，划线词所在的表语从句是对该问题进行解释说明，即太空探索所导致的问题对宇航员来说是极大的危险。故推断划线词pose的意思为“产生，带来”与C选项为同义词。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“space exploration still has more benefits than negative effects. It allows us to develop our technologies, which are already advanced thanks to space exploration. Moreover, by exploring space, we can discover new resources that we could use to better our lives here on Earth.(太空探索仍然利大于弊。它使我们能够发展我们的技术，这些技术由于太空探索而已经很先进了。此外，通过探索太空，我们可以发现新的资源，我们可以用来改善我们在地球上的生活。)”可知，作者认为太空探索利大于弊。故作者对太空探索的态度是积极和支持的。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Moreover, by exploring space, we can discover new resources that we could use to better our lives here on Earth. And another thing is certain as well: we couldn’t build a better future for our children without space exploration.(此外，通过探索太空，我们可以发现新的资源，我们可以用来改善我们在地球上的生活。还有一件事是肯定的:如果没有太空探索，我们就无法为我们的孩子建立一个更美好的未来。)”可知，文章的目的介绍太空探索的重要性。故选A。 （22-23高一下·北京西城·期末）A cornerstone of environmental policy is the debate over protecting nature for humans’ sake (instrumental values) or for nature’s (intrinsic values). We propose that focusing only on instrumental or intrinsic values may fail to resonate (引起共鸣) views on personal and collective well-being, or “what is right,” about nature and the environment. It is time to engage seriously with a third class of values, one with diverse roots and current expressions: relational values. By doing so, we reframe the discussion about environmental protection, and open the door to new, potentially more productive policy approaches. In philosophical terms, relational values are preferences, principles, and virtues associated with relationships, both interpersonal and as required by policies and social norms. Relational values can apply to interactions with nature. Some people’s identities are rooted in long-term care and stewardship, such as volunteer river-keepers, gardeners or farmers. Other people and social organizations hold worldviews that value kinship (亲属关系) between people and nature. They subscribe to the concepts of “Mother Nature,” “Mother Earth,” and so on. Also, many people believe that their cultural identity and well-being originate from their relationships with human and nonhuman beings, connected by particular places. Caring for and attending to places can be extremely important for maintaining cultural practices and core values. According to these views, the value of the land is not independent of humans. Therefore, environmental policy and management should always consider the kinds of relationships people already have with nature, and how these might be engaged to lessen the negative effects of human lifestyles on ecosystems and enhance positive ones. For example, the bond between parent or teacher and child can serve as a channel for social norms, encouraging respect and passion for nature, through activities including fishing and hunting, gardening, hiking, or bird-watching. It is also possible to develop values and relationships through long-term and repeated experiences with peer groups, by laboring on the land or taking part in outdoor adventure. Bonding is strengthened through play, struggling, suffering, and celebrating together. Relational values are finally receiving attention. If activists, researchers, policymakers, and private-sector leaders internalize this message, perhaps environmental decisions will better account for our relationships with nature and many concepts of a good life. Attending to such values is key to the real inclusion of diverse groups in environmental protection, and to achieving social-ecological relationships that provide fulfilling lives for present and future generations. 1．According to the author, relational values ________. A．are traditional expressions with a long history B．provide more productive philosophical approaches C．help reflect on the right views about protecting nature D．prove to be an effective way to improve the environment 2．What does the underlined word “stewardship” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Management. B．Friendship. C．Application. D．Happiness. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．Outdoor adventure may damage social relationships. B．The parent-child bond usually leads to new social norms. C．The value of the land is related to human interactions with it. D．Human lifestyles will have more negative effects on ecosystems. 4．What’s the purpose of the passage? A．To encourage environmental protection through group work. B．To propose new values for environmental policy making. C．To stress the importance of a better living environment. D．To compare different environmental protection values. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“关系价值”这一概念，只关注工具价值或内在价值可能无法引起人们对个人和集体福祉的共鸣，或者对自然和环境的“正确”看法。通过关系价值，我们可以重新构建关于环境保护的讨论，并为新的、可能更有成效的政策方法打开了大门。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“It is time to engage seriously with a third class of values, one with diverse roots and current expressions: relational values. By doing so, we reframe the discussion about environmental protection, and open the door to new, potentially more productive policy approaches.(现在是认真对待第三类价值观的时候了，它有着不同的根源和当前的表现形式：关系价值观。通过这样做，我们重新构建了关于环境保护的讨论，并为新的、可能更有成效的政策方法打开了大门)”可知，关系价值观有助于反思保护自然的正确观点。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“such as volunteer river-keepers, gardeners or farmers.”可知，列举了志愿的河流管理员、园丁或农民，说明有些人的身份根植于长期的照顾和管理，故划线词意思是“管理”。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“According to these views, the value of the land is not independent of humans.(根据这些观点，土地的价值不是独立于人类的)”以及倒数第二段“It is also possible to develop values and relationships through long-term and repeated experiences with peer groups, by laboring on the land or taking part in outdoor adventure. Bonding is strengthened through play, struggling, suffering, and celebrating together.(通过在土地上劳动或参加户外冒险，与同伴群体长期和反复的经历，也可以发展价值观和关系。通过玩耍、挣扎、痛苦和共同庆祝，纽带得以加强)”可知，土地的价值与人类与土地的互动有关。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Relational values are finally receiving attention. If activists, researchers, policymakers, and private-sector leaders internalize this message, perhaps environmental decisions will better account for our relationships with nature and many concepts of a good life.(关系价值最终得到了关注。如果活动人士、研究人员、政策制定者和私营部门领导人将这一信息内化，也许环境决策将更好地解释我们与自然的关系以及许多美好生活的概念)”可推知，文章的目的是为制定环境政策提出新的价值。故选B。 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文15篇 2023-2024学年北京期末真题 （23-24高一下·北京顺义·期末）With a pleasant-evening wind and the view of the setting sun, a night tour of parks offers people a special experience. Let’s discover the beauty of a summer night in Beijing. Yuyuantan Park is famous for a huge outdoor light and shadow (阴影) art space of 19,000 square meters, and as night falls, 15 immersive scenes (沉浸式场景) there create a fantastic planet of light. Starting from June 8th, Jingxinzhai in Beihai Park opens for an immersive nighttime cultural experience, where visitors can enjoy the beautiful and attractive royal (皇家的) garden, hear the sounds of the ancient zither (guzheng) and watch Kunqu Opera performances while taking in Jiangnan (areas south of the Yangtze River) umbrella dances. Additionally, the Jingshan Park Summer Cultural Season shows the impressive view of the central line of Beijing and highlights the features of Beijing. It is worth mentioning that the park organizes evening tours, puts on an amazing light and shadow performance, and redesigns its ancient red walls and traditional Beijing architecture (建筑). Based on its rich garden resources and exhibitions featuring old objects in the  Garden Museum, every Wednesday the Museum of Chinese Gardens and Landscape  Architecture holds a “Meet the Future Speechmakers”  overnight event. The popular “Xiangshan Midsummer Night” event has reopened. Under the guidance of the park’s science lecturers, visitors have the opportunities to listen to the lively insects singing in the mountains at night and observe the entire process of the insects coming out of eggs. This summer, the closing time for Jingshan Park, Beihai Park and Zhongshan Park is 21:00, while the closing time for Zizhuyuan Park is 22:00. The closing time for Yuyuantan Park is 22:30. 1．What can people do in Beihai Park during the night time? A．Tour the royal garden. B．Play the ancient zither. C．Experience Jiangnan fan dances. D．Watch Beijing Opera performances. 2．People interested in light and shadow performances can go to . A．Beihai Park B．Xiangshan Park C．Jingshan Park D．Zhongshan Park 3．Xiangshan Park is a perfect choice for . A．tour managers B．insect lovers C．cultural fans D．history experts 4．People should leave Yuyuantan Park no later than . A．21:00 B．21:30 C．22:00 D．22:30 5．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To study the differences of parks in Beijing. B．To present the beauty of parks in Beijing in different seasons. C．To give information about the closing time of parks in Beijing. D．To attract people to enjoy the summer night of parks in Beijing. （23-24高一下·北京丰台·期末）For years, scientists have been trying to figure out whether “brain workouts” such as puzzles (字谜) and online cognitive games could strengthen our minds and slow the process of aging. Now, a study has found that regularly attempting a crossword may help slow decline in some people with mild cognitive impairment (障碍), an early stage of faltering memory that can sometimes progress to dementia (痴呆症). While the study didn't investigate whether crosswords benefit younger adults who are not dealing with cognitive decline, it suggests that keeping your mind active as you age may benefit your brain. And the research offers hope to those diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment that they may be able to stave off further declines in the memory, language problems and decision-making that are the hallmark of the condition. The American Academy of Neurology estimates that mild cognitive impairment affects about 8 percent of people ages 65 to 69; 10 percent of people ages 70 to 74; 15 percent of people ages 75 to 79; 25 percent of those ages 80 to 84; and about 37 percent of people 85 and older. The research, which was funded by the National Institute on Aging, recruited 107 adults ages 55 to 95 with mild cognitive impairment. For 12 weeks, they were all asked to play one of two types of games, four times a week—spending either 30 minutes on Lumosity, a popular cognitive training platform, or 30 minutes attempting a digital crossword. After 12 weeks, the participants were reevaluated and given "booster" doses of game play six more times during the 78-week experiment. By the end of the study, participants were given standard assessments used to measure cognitive decline, and friends and family reported on their day-to-day functioning. MRI scans also were used to measure brain volume changes. Researchers found that in key measurements—cognitive decline scores, functional skills and brain volume changes—the regular crossword players fared better than the game players. The finding surprised the scientists behind the study who had expected that challenging web-based brain games, which were specifically designed to boost cognitive function, would offer the most benefit. “Our study shows that in people with mild cognitive impairment, crossword puzzles beat the computerized games on multiple metrics, ” said Murali Doraiswamy, a co-author of the study. “So, if you have mild cognitive impairment, which is different from normal aging, then the recommendation would be to keep your brain active with crossword puzzles.” People with higher degrees of cognitive impairment appeared to benefit the most from doing the crossword, which was designed to be a moderately difficult puzzle comparable to the Thursday game. The study has limitations. Some of the participants may have just been more familiar with crosswords and that's why they responded better to the puzzles than to Lumosity's computer games. More years of follow-up also are needed to determine whether interventions such as crossword puzzles can “truly prevent dementia,” Doraiswamy said. 1．What does the underlined phrase "stave off" in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Promote. B．Prevent. C．Experience. D．Cause. 2．Paragraph 4 is written to_________. A．show a concerning condition B．compare different groups C．present real-life examples D．prove an assumption 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．One's degree of cognitive impairment depends on how old he is. B．Solving crossword puzzles is a recommendation to elderly people. C．The efficiency of puzzles in preventing dementia has been proved. D．Crosswords' effects are linked to how serious cognitive impairment is. 4．What makes the findings of the study far from conclusive? A．The lack of variables. B．The weaknesses of assessments. C．The insufficiency of time span. D．The subjects' preference for games. （23-24高一下·北京海淀·期末）As you craft your resolutions for 2025, consider adding one to experience more flow. Psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi has called flow as “the secret to happiness.” Flow is a state of positive experience that each of us can incorporate into our everyday lives, one characterized by great joy that makes a life worth living. When people feel flow, they are in a state of intense concentration. Their thoughts are focused on an experience rather than on themselves. They lose a sense of time and feel as if their actions and awareness become one. Flow occurs when both the task’s challenge and skill level are high. People will not feel flow when they are doing the dishes. Csíkszentmihályi’s research in the 1970s focused on people doing tasks they enjoyed. He studied swimmers, music composers, dancers, mountain climbers and other athletes. He found out that so long as that task’s challenge is high, and so are your skills, you should be able to achieve flow. Why is flow “the secret to happiness”? For one thing, the experience can help people pursue their long-term goals. Research shows that taking a break to feel flow can enhance one’s self-control, goal pursuit and well-being. A recent study also shows that flow helps people stay resilient (有适应力的) in the face of difficulty. Part of this is because flow can help refocus thoughts away from something stressful to something enjoyable. In fact, studies have shown that experiencing flow can help guard against depression and burnout. What is going on in the brain during flow? Studies show that the experience is associated with increasing activation in brain structures related to feeling reward. This may be one reason why flow feels so enjoyable and why people are so focused on tasks that make them feel flow. Research also shows that flow is associated with dampened activity in brain structures related to self-focus and negative thoughts. This may help explain why feeling flow can help distract (转移) people from worry. However, the above-mentioned studies were correlational, not causal. Further study of this connection is vital. 1．According to the passage, flow is most likely to occur when someone is ______. A．playing chess against a tough opponent B．attending a concert of his favorite singer C．doing daily chores for his family members D．sharing his traveling experience with friends 2．Flow is called “the secret to happiness” partly because it can help ______. A．turn demanding tasks into easier ones B．distract people from negative thoughts C．remind people to take necessary breaks D．break long-term goals into shorter ones 3．What does the underlined word “dampened” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Planned. B．Imbalanced. C．Reduced. D．Activated. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．When does the state of “flow” occur? B．What happens in our brain during “flow”? C．Why does experiencing “flow” feel so good? D．How can “flow” be achieved in everyday life? （23-24高一下·北京通州·期末）An international team of fossil (化石) hunters has discovered the remains of a “nursery” of prehistoric sea creatures in China. The fossils date back to around 518 million years ago—a time known as the Cambrian Period, when all life on Earth lived in the oceans. It is very rare to find so many fossils from the Cambrian Period in one place. The scientists, led by Xianfeng Yang from Yunnan University, found 2,846 fossils from 118 different species at the site, near the city of Kunming. They include ancient ancestors of modern-day insects, shellfish and worms, as well as extinct trilobites (三叶虫). Seventeen of the species discovered are new to science, and more than half of the fossils are young animals. This has led researchers to the conclusion that the site was a sort of deep-sea nursery where conditions were well suited for young creatures to grow. When the sea bed was covered by soft mud (泥) these creatures’ remains were perfectly preserved, eventually creating a layer of fossil-rich rock. Alongside hard body parts, like bones and teeth, soft tissue was also preserved, which is especially important when looking back to a period when most animals had soft bodies. Some of the fossils are so well preserved that researchers have been able to spot body parts they’ve never seen before. One benefit of all the young creatures fossils is that scientists will be able to learn how the creatures changed as they aged. “We’ll see how different body parts grew over time,” explained researcher Julien Kimmig, from Penn State University in the US, “which is something we currently do not know about for most of these groups.” What’s more, Kimmig and his colleagues will be able to compare the creatures with living things today. “We will see if how these animals develop today is similar to how they developed 500 million years ago, or if something has changed throughout time.” 1．What can we learn about the fossils found? A．Half of them are extinct sea creatures. B．They are spread out over different sites. C．Some of them are previously unknown species. D．They belong to rare animals living in the oceans. 2．What kept the creatures’ remains from being damaged? A．They were protected in rocks. B．They were buried in the deep sea. C．The seafloor was coated with mud. D．The sea bed was in good condition. 3．What do scientists want to learn from the fossils? A．The creatures’ age. B．Changes in the creatures’ growth. C．Similarities between these species groups. D．The creatures’ impact on living things today. （23-24高一下·北京东城·期末）Arseny Moskvichev dreams of the day he can have a meaningful conversation with artificial intelligence. But the problem is that Large Language Models (LLMs) are complete amnesiacs. “Even the most advanced chatbots can only process about 16,000 words of text within a prompt (提示框) when in conversation with a human user,” says the cognitive and computer scientist. “They only have so much context they can attend to. If you’re out of this context, they forget everything you spoke about with them. And they can’t connect the information they receive during different ‘conversations’ with a human, or build a storyline.” To help chatbots improve their comprehension of the deep complexities (复杂性) of context, Moskvichev and his colleagues are teaching them to read novels, the way we might learn to read them in high school literature classes. The act of reading a novel might seem like an entertaining (娱乐的) pastime, but it requires intelligence. We use memory and complex comprehension to follow multiple characters through plots, scene changes, and narrative. The average novel averages around 80,000 words. All those words gradually build a story we hold and examine in our minds. But such skills are currently out of reach to LLMs, which can process text but cannot be said to read the way we do. Moskvichev and his group built a new database from 1,500 books. They train LLMs in reading comprehension by having the AI read a book in the database, analyzing long stretches of text, then asking it to find a correct scene summary from a pool of options. As a training tool the database offers more than a million questions for LLMs to practice on. However, to accurately summarize a book requires someone to read it, and design the training questions. “It’s very expensive to collect a data set of this type,” Moskvichev says. It is here that the scientists showed their power of creative imagination — they got ChatGPT-3.5 to summarize short book sections. It is an example of a machine being used to train a more powerful machine. While Moskvichev and his group have found the LLMs still make mistakes about half of the time, they have observed significant improvement in trained LLM performance versus untrained. “There’s still room for improvement,” Moskvichev says. 1．The underlined word “amnesiacs” in Para 1 refers to the people who ______. A．tend to forget things B．are poor at giving speech C．stick to one’s own opinion D．have trouble analyzing texts 2．What can we infer from Paragraph 2? A．What is related to humans and AI needs deep comprehension. B．What matters to AI may be of the same importance for humans. C．What humans do to relax themselves can be a big trouble for AI. D．What humans and AI share may be some seemingly simple skills. 3．For Moskvichev and his group, what is the challenge of building training tools for chatbots? A．Raising narrative ability. B．Seeking suitable novels. C．Designing training tools. D．Finding human resources. 4．What is Moskvichev’s attitude toward LLMs’ future? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Worried. D．Changing. （23-24高一下·北京昌平·期末）What Is A Sand Battery? Generally, when one pictures a battery, one imagines the lithium battery (锂电池) in various high-tech forms. Yet in 2022, Polar Night Energy launched the world’s first commercial sand battery, capable of storing 500-600℃ in heat energy for months. With the environmental concern of mining for lithium batteries, investors and companies are looking for alternatives, and sand batteries are one of them. The concept for a sand battery is simple: storing large amounts of heat in sand or sand-like materials for later use. The advantage of sand is its ability to store large amounts of heat in a small volume, its large quantity, and its low cost. Sand batteries serve as storage for spare wind and solar power and extra energy when demand is low. They can provide heated water as well as heated air to homes and industries that would otherwise use fossil fuels. The heat can also be changed back to electricity using a steam turbine (蒸气涡轮). This technique dates back centuries. Ancient Egyptian homes were made of sand mixed with mud and straw that would keep the heat of the hot desert sun and then release it slowly during the cool nights. Many native Americans used mud to build houses for the same reason. They would also store heat from campfires in rocks wrapped (包裹) in leather skin and use these rocks for heating their beds at night. This ancient wisdom can now be applied to modern solutions through sand batteries. Now, Polar Night Energy, working with the heating company Lovisan Lämpð, will launch a sand battery 10 times the size and capable of storing up to100megawatts hour of heat. This battery will eliminate the need for oil-based energy for the entire town of Pornainen, Finland, and keep 160 tonnes of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere annually. According to the Washington Post, more than $900 million has been invested in clean storage technologies in the past three years, a number that is expected to reach $3 trillion by 2040. This money is being directed towards various small companies that are investigating natural batteries. There are challenges to overcome before this technology can be adopted widely. It remains to be seen whether natural batteries can be a steady source of energy. Furthermore, because it’s an emerging industry, natural battery projects will need to be built from scratch, meaning only developed countries can afford to use them. Despite this, sand and other natural battery solutions are an exciting step forward towards a green future. 1．The idea of sand batteries is ________. A．to process fossil fuels for industries B．to change solar energy into electricity C．to store energy in special materials as heat D．to generate wind energy when it is necessary 2．What is the main idea of Paragraph 4? A．The advantages of sand batteries. B．The inspiration of sand batteries. C．The application of sand batteries. D．The development of sand batteries. 3．What does the word “eliminate” underlined in Paragraph 5 most probably mean? A．Meet. B．Remove. C．Create. D．Ignore. 4．What can we learn about sand batteries? A．They are a high-tech form of lithium battery. B．They can be widely used across the world soon. C．They are a steady source of energy for a green future. D．They can provide heat and power for homes or industries. （23-24高一下·北京朝阳·期末）Being scooped (抢先) to a discovery is a scientist’s least desirable thing. “You get a meaningful advantage for being first, but being scooped may not be as damaging as people seem to fear,” says Carolyn Stein, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge. The history of science is full of competition. Charles Darwin rushed out his book On the Origin of Species after receiving a manuscript (手稿) detailing similar ideas from Alfred Russel Wallace, and Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and their supporters argued over who invented calculus. Despite the fame of these competitions, scientists know little about how credit is shared among competing discoveries. Theoretical models analysing patent (专利) races, for instance, often suppose that to the winner go all the advantages. In the real world, however, credit for scientific discoveries is unlikely to be winner-takes-all. The cost of being scooped was moderate. Structures that were made public second were only 2.5% less likely ever to be published, although they tended to appear in less famous journals than were structures published first. As a share of total citations out of a 100, the first paper would receive 58 and the second 42. But when questioned about the effects of being scooped, scientists were much more negative than those data show. They predicted that, out of 100 citations, a scooped paper would receive just 29. But not all scientists were put at a disadvantage equally for coming second. When research teams at leading universities were beaten by a team at a lower-profile college, the second-placed team got slightly more citations. And the teams at top departments took an even larger share of citations when they did the scooping. “But the psychological effects of being scooped cannot be ignored,” says Venki Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist in Cambridge. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, his group raced several teams to determine the structure of the ribosome, a cell machine that produces proteins. In September 2000, a team led by Ada Yonath at the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot, published the structure of a ribosome subunit in Cell that Ramakrishnan’s team had also characterized. Ramakrishnan’s study came out weeks later in Nature. “For that month, I and my lab were pretty depressing,” says Ramakrishnan. The researchers worried that they wouldn’t receive proper recognition for their work. That didn’t turn out to be the case. Ramakrishnan’s and Yonath’s teams are both credited with working out the ribosome and the scientists each shared one-third of the 2009 Nobel chemistry prize. Ramakrishnan’s paper has roughly twice as many citations as the one that scooped it. In the long run, it didn’t matter. 1．Why does the author mention the book On the Origin of Species? A．To stress the value of scooping. B．To show discovery races are common. C．To illustrate fame comes from discoveries. D．To explain why winners get the advantages. 2．What does the underlined word “moderate” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Minor. B．High. C．Unclear. D．Controlled. 3．As for Ramakrishnan’s concerns on being scooped, the author considers it ________. A．understandable B．unacceptable C．unnecessary D．unexpected 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Scooped in Science: Scientists’ Bad Dream B．Scientific Discoveries: Citations Matter or Not? C．Scientific Discoveries: Should Winners Take All? D．Scooped in Science: Credit Will Come Your Way （23-24高一下·北京朝阳·期末）Whether picturing your next vacation or an ideal mark for an important exam, it is enjoyable to let your mind wander into daydreaming. Also daydreaming allows us to move mentally in time and space, rehearsing (预演) different possible scenes of the future. However, while the benefits of daydreaming were coming to light, psychologist Eli Somer found that some of his patients’ fantasies were replacing real social interactions and, as a result, were undermining (逐渐削弱) their ability to maintain daily relationships. Psychologists call repetitive actions that hold back an individual’s ability to cope with daily life “maladaptive behaviours”. In recent years, Somer has teamed up with others to explore the behaviour. One of their studies compared 340 maladaptive daydreamers with the control group. The former reported that their daydreams were hard to control and disturbed their lives. They spent an average of 56 percent of their waking hours in fantasy worlds featuring imaginary characters and detailed plots (情节). Unlike regular daydreams, theirs often involved rocking from side to side or uncontrollable facial expressions. Other research suggests that maladaptive daydreams can take many forms, from amusing to serious, but they tend to be more emotionally intense than regular daydreams. Exploring this behaviour further, Somer’s team asked 77 people to keep a diary of the emotions associated with their maladaptive daydreaming. This revealed that it brought increases in negative emotions, along with signs of depression, social anxiety and general anxiety. The study also found that maladaptive daydreaming was a behavioural addiction. The scientists who first proposed this in 2018 pointed out that, like many addictive tendencies, it offers a momentary escape from stressful thoughts and unfavourable realities. “Many professionals object to treating maladaptive daydreaming as disease,” says Somer. As you would expect for a condition that isn’t yet widely recognised, treatment and management options are still being developed and tested. Monitoring the behaviour, its conditions and emotional consequences (后果) may help individuals control it. Also, practising mindfulness meditation may be helpful in staying in the present rather than escaping to fantasy worlds. Other techniques involve recording occurrences of maladaptive daydreaming and possible causes in a journal, and rewarding personal milestones in preventing these fantasies. Noam, an Israeli student who has been struggling with maladaptive daydreaming, is proof that maladaptive daydreaming can be managed. Just two months after starting treatment with Somer, his daily daydreaming has fallen from 16 hours to around 7 hours. “I really want to get better, to take pleasure in my life as it is and to love only the people who are part of my life and deserve my care,” he says. 1．What can we learn from the passage? A．Regular daydreams take a wider range of forms. B．Maladaptive daydreaming is more likely to be habitual. C．More detailed imaginary plots lead to better daydreaming. D．Fewer emotional changes are seen in maladaptive daydreams. 2．As for maladaptive daydreaming, which would Somer agree with? A．Experts should take it seriously. B．It can lead us to preview future events. C．It provides us with an access to relieving stress. D．Keeping a journal has proved to be its reliable cure. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To make a comparison between two kinds of daydreaming. B．To present the findings of studies on maladaptive daydreaming. C．To introduce approaches to managing maladaptive daydreaming. D．To attach importance to dealing with the dark side of daydreaming. （23-24高一下·北京西城·期末）Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives. And when we do try to think back to our earliest memories, it’s often unclear whether they are the real thing or just recollections based on photos or stories told to us by others. The phenomenon (现象), known as “childhood amnesia”, has been puzzling psychologists for more than a century—and we still don’t fully understand it. At first glance, it may seem that the reason we don’t remember being babies is that babies don’t have a fully developed memory. But babies as young as six months can form both short-term memories that last for minutes and long-term memories that last weeks. In one study, six-month-olds who learned how to press a button to operate a toy train remembered how to perform this action for two to three weeks after they had last seen the toy. Preschoolers can remember events that go years back. Of course, memory capabilities at these ages are not adult-like. In fact, developmental changes in basic memory processes have been put forward as an explanation for childhood amnesia. These basic processes involve several brain regions and include forming, maintaining and then later retrieving (检索) the memory. For example, the hippocampus, thought to be responsible for forming memories, continues developing until the age of seven. The typical boundary for the offset of childhood amnesia—three and a half years—changes with age. Children and teenagers have earlier memories than adults do. This suggests that the problem may be less with forming memories than with maintaining them. But this does not seem to be the whole story; language also plays a role. From the ages of one to six, children progress from the one-word stage of speaking to becoming fluent in their native language(s), so there are major changes in their verbal (言语的) ability that overlap with the childhood amnesia period. This includes using the past tense, and memory-related words such as “remember” and “forget”. It’s true to some extent that a child’s ability to verbalize about an event at the time that it happened predicts how well they remember it months or years later. One lab group conducted this work by interviewing young children brought to accident and emergency departments for common childhood injuries. Those over 26 months, who could verbalize about the event at the time, recalled (回忆起) it up to five years later, while those under 26 months, who could not talk about it, recalled little or nothing. Even if we can’t clearly remember specific events from when we were very young, their accumulation, however, leaves lasting tracks that influence our behavior. The first few years of life are forgettable and yet powerful in shaping the adults that we become. 1．According to the passage, childhood amnesia refers to ________. A．inability to recall early childhood experiences B．difficulty children have forming memories C．concern about the truth of early memories D．loss of memory abilities in the childhood 2．What do the words “overlap with” underlined in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Have a lot in common with. B．Happen at the same time as. C．Play an important role in. D．Are closely related to. 3．What may the results of the interview mentioned in Paragraph 5 suggest? A．Children start to form long-term memories at 26 months. B．Children’s ability to recall specific events increases with age. C．Preverbal memories may be lost if they are not translated into language. D．Injuries probably influence how well children verbalize about events. 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．Childhood amnesia: How memory works in kids B．The brain and memory: How memories are formed C．Verbal ability: Why it matters in the memory process D．The forgotten childhood: Why early memories disappear （23-24高一下·北京西城·期末）In the 1970s, a gorilla (大猩猩) known as Koko became world-famous when scientists taught her to use human sign language to communicate with people. There were numerous attempts in the mid-1900s to teach human language to nonhumans, such as Koko. But what we should have been thinking about was their abilities to engage in complex communication on their own terms instead of trying to teach an animal to talk to us in human language. Today scientists are trying to figure out how living things already share information using their particular methods. This new field of study is known as digital bioacoustics, and it involves using tools to understand the production of sounds and their effects on living things. Scientists in this field are using sensors, which are devices that pick up and record information on physical or chemical conditions. Some are also using artificial intelligence (AI) technology, an approach that uses algorithms (算法). The same algorithms that we use in tools such as Google Translate to translate documents can also be used to find patterns in nonhuman communication. Jeremy of Tel Aviv University studied nearly two dozen Egyptian fruit bats for two and a half months and recorded their vocalizations. His team adapted a voice-recognition program to study 15,000 of the sounds. The algorithm matched specific sounds with specific things the bats were doing. Using this program, the researchers were able to classify most of the bats’ sounds. Jeremy and other researchers have found that bats have a much more complex language than we previously understood. Bats argue over food; they distinguish (区分) between genders when they communicate with one another and they have individual names, or “signature calls”. That’s a great example of how AI is able to find these patterns from information gathered by sensors and microphones. AI reveals things that we can’t hear with our human ears alone because most bat communication happens above our hearing range, and because bats speak much faster than we do, we have to slow it down to listen to it. So we cannot listen like a bat, but our computers can. And our computers can also speak back to the bat by producing specific patterns. Digital bioacoustics is like an amazing hearing aid. It lets us listen to animals with both our digitally enhanced (增强的) ears and our imagination. This is slowly opening our minds not only to the wonderful sounds that nonhumans make, but to a fundamental set of questions about the so-called divide between humans and nonhumans, as well as our connection to other species. It’s also opening up new ways to think about protecting living things and our relationship with the planet. It’s pretty meaningful. 1．Regarding scientists’ efforts to teach animals human language, the author feels ________. A．negative B．unconcerned C．uncertain D．supportive 2．Scientists in digital bioacoustics are trying to study ________. A．how animals use different tools to share information B．how animals are affected by the production of sounds C．how animals are taught to talk in human sign language D．how animals communicate with one another using sounds 3．What can we learn about AI applied in digital bioacoustics? A．It pairs certain animals’ sounds with their behaviors. B．It slows down animals’ sounds within humans’ hearing range. C．It adapts voice-recognition programs to analyze animals’ sounds. D．It translates specific nonhuman sound patterns into human language. 4．According to the passage, the author may agree that ________. A．animals can be classified according to their sound patterns B．scientists need to keep studying how animals produce sounds C．digital bioacoustics may inspire humans to rethink their relationship with animals D．the focus of digital bioacoustics should be the divide between humans and nonhumans （23-24高一下·北京·期末）Awe is not an everyday emotion. You don’t wake up awestruck. A satisfying lunch doesn’t leave you filled with awe. Even a great day is unlikely to leave you in a state of breathtaking, all-knowing fear and trembling. Then what is-awe? Psychologists Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt suggested that awe（typically includes feelings of grandness. That means awe is inspired by something larger than a person’s self or experience. And it usually helps expand the person s understanding of the world. For example, awe might come from seeing a mountain taller than you thought a mountain could be. Or it might come from listening to a symphony that contains both shockingly 4oud and touchingly quiet notes. People can be awe-inspiring, too: think of meeting a political leader whose power seems limitless. In order to find out more about the mysterious feeling, the psychologists laid out a research plan. In the years since, they and other researchers have been testing awe. What is it? How does it work? What seems awesome, and why? For the first time, they’re starting to understand both what a we does to us and what it might do for us. When psychologists first started studying awe, one of the unanswered questions was: What do we look like when we’re feeling it? Emotions come with facial expressions. Keltner and two workmates guessed that an awe-filled person would widen her eyes and raise her head, eyes and eyebrows, just a bit. And they were on track. When they asked people to perform awe, they found that people indeed often raised their eyebrows and widened their eyes. They also opened their mouths and dropped their jaws. Another question was the purpose of the emotion. “We developed emotions to help us deal with and survive certain dangers,” explains Craig Anderson, a student in Keltner’s lab, “When people are scared, they freeze or run away. People that behaved like that tended to survive long enough.” In the same way, awe should have some sort of reason for existing. So far, it seems that the purpose of awe might draw people together. When people are awestruck, they feel like time has slowed. down somehow, and when they feel so, they are more willing to use it to help others. The study also shows that awe promotes generosity. It improves people’s moral decision making. A paper still under review indicates that a we can make people more modest, too. “We actually experience awe a lot more often than we think,” says one of the researchers, Rudd, “We meet something in the big wide world, our minds open as we look for an explanation, and as a result we open up to connecting to other people. But if you are keeping yourself in your own small world, it’s going to be hard to experience that feeling. Just go out into newness and you’re going to be more likely to run into something that’s awe-inspiring. 1．According to Keltner and Haidt, which of the following can most likely inspire awe? A．Eating Beijing duck at Quanjude Restaurant. B．Listening to a pleasant flute solo in a famous bar. C．Enjoying a sound sleep after an extremely tiring day. D．Seeing a huge elephant up close in its natural setting. 2．What can we infer from the passage? A．We should try to avoid awe because it can fill people with fear. B．Awe is a complex feeling and no one can understand it. C．Awe is socially beneficial and we should be open to it. D．We should try to feel awe because it helps us survive. 3．What’s the author’s purpose of writing this passage? A．To move readers with touching stories about awe. B．To explain what awe is and what it brings to people. C．To show awe functions differently from other emotions. D．To persuade readers to experience awe as much as possible. （23-24高一下·北京丰台·期末）Debate about artificial intelligence (AI) tends to focus on its potential dangers: algorithmic bias (算法偏见) and discrimination, the mass destruction of jobs and even, some say, the extinction of humanity. However, others are focusing on the potential rewards. Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery. Could they be right? Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance to fears about large-scale unemployment and killer robots. Many previous technologies have, of course, been falsely hailed as panaceas (万灵药). But the mechanism by which AI will supposedly solve the world’s problems has a stronger historical basis. In the 17th century microscopes and telescopes opened up new vistas of discovery and encouraged researchers to favor their own observations over the received wisdom of antiquity (古代), while the introduction of scientific journals gave them new ways to share and publicize their findings. Then, starting in the late 19th century, the establishment of research laboratories, which brought together ideas, people and materials on an industrial scale, gave rise to further innovations. From the mid-20th century, computers in turn enabled new forms of science based on simulation and modelling. All this is to be welcomed. But the journal and the laboratory went further still: they altered scientific practice itself and unlocked more powerful means of making discoveries, by allowing people and ideas to mingle in new ways and on a larger scale. AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation. Two areas in particular look promising. The first is “literature-based discovery” (LBD), which involves analyzing existing scientific literature, using ChatGPT-style language analysis, to look for new hypotheses, connections or ideas that humans may have missed. The second area is “robot scientists”. These are robotic systems that use AI to form new hypotheses, based on analysis of existing data and literature, and then test those hypotheses by performing hundreds or thousands of experiments, in fields including systems biology and materials science. Unlike human scientists, robots are less attached to previous results, less driven by bias—and, crucially, easy to replicate. They could scale up experimental research, develop unexpected theories and explore avenues that human investigators might not have considered. The idea is therefore feasible. But the main barrier is sociological: it can happen only if human scientists are willing and able to use such tools. Governments could help by pressing for greater use of common standards to allow AI systems to exchange and interpret laboratory results and other data. They could also fund more research into the integration of AI smarts with laboratory robotics, and into forms of AI beyond those being pursued in the private sector. Less fashionable forms of AI, such as model-based machine learning, may be better suited to scientific tasks such as forming hypotheses. 1．Regarding Demis and Yann’s viewpoint, the author is likely to be ______. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．LBD focuses on testing the reliability of ever-made hypotheses. B．Resistance to AI prevents the transformation of scientific practice. C．Robot scientists form hypotheses without considering previous studies. D．Both journals and labs need adjustments in promoting scientific findings. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Official standards have facilitated the exchange of data. B．Performing scientific tasks relies on government funding. C．Less popular AI forms might be worth paying attention to. D．The application of AI in public sector hasn’t been launched. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Transforming Science. How Can AI Help? B．Making Breakthroughs. What Is AI’s Strength? C．Reshaping History. How May AI Develop Further? D．Redefining Discovery. How Can AI Overcome Its Weakness? 2022-2023学年北京期末真题 （22-23高一下·北京顺义·期末）Teenagers who spend more than three hours a day on social media may have doubled the risk of mental health problems compared with those who avoid it, research suggests. The study of more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 found those who used social media more heavily were more likely to report situations such as sadness, anxiety and loneliness, as well as aggression (攻击性) and anti-social actions, than teenagers who did not use social media. The findings held true even when researchers took into account mental health problems experienced by young persons in the year before they were asked about social media use. The research, from a team at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Maryland, was published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry(精神病学). Some previous studies have suggested no connection between poorer mental health and screen time. Dr Rina Dutta, senior medical lecturer at Kings College London, said, “A main strength of this study compared to previous research is that the researchers took into account mental health problems the young people already had a year before the measurement of social media use. This largely overcomes the ‘what came first-mental health problem or high social media use? ’question.” The study looked at two types of actions that can show mental health problems: internalising(内化行为)and externalising(外化行为). Internalising can include social disconnection or difficulty dealing with anxiety or sadness. Externalising can include aggression or breaking instructions. The study found that the use of social media for at least three hours a day was connected with around twice the risk of mental health problems, compared with those who avoided it. Lead author Kira Riehm said, “Many present studies have found a connection between digital or social media use and the health of teens, but few look at this connection across time. We cannot say that social media causes mental health problems, but we do think that less time on social media may be better for the health of teens. The study found that fewer than 17 percent of teenagers did not use social media. Of those who did, 32 percent spent less than 30 minutes a day; 31 percent spent 30 minutes to three hours; 12 percent spent three to six hours and 8 percent spent more than six hours per day. Ms Riehm said, “Social media has the ability to connect teenagers who may be excluded(排除在外) in their daily life. We need to find a better way to balance the benefits of social media with possible harmful health results.” 1．The research published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry aims to prove________ A．the advantages and disadvantages of social media. B．the mental health problems experienced by teenagers. C．the connection between mental health and screen time D．the sadness, anxiety and loneliness caused by social media 2．Compared to previous researches, an advantage of the research published in JAMA Psychiatry is that________ A．it supports the less use of social media B．it reports the health risks caused by the screen time C．it includes more than 6,000 children aged 12 to 15 D．it considers mental health problems the young people already had 3．Which of the following might be one of the internalising actions? A．Aggression. B．Following instructions. C．Skillfully dealing with anxiety. D．Being afraid of talking to people. 4．What was Kira Riehm’s view on social media? A．It would play a balanced role. B．It might disconnect teenagers. C．It caused mental health problems. D．It might be better for the health of teens. 5．What is the main idea of the passage? A．Social media is capable of connecting teenagers. B．Teenagers have mental health problems before using social media. C．Social media connects to increased risk of mental health problems D．Teenagers with less time on social media do better than those with more time. （22-23高一下·北京通州·期末）Is Space Exploration Necessary? We see space exploration updates in the news almost every week now. This is great for those who want a future like in science fiction movies. On the other hand, some believe space exploration is not necessary because there are a few reasonable cons to it. So, read further to see what the space exploration pros and cons are. It’s true that space exploration technologies are costly and consume many resources. Only launching space exploration satellites takes at least $ 40 million per launch and can go for as much as $ 400 million. Analyzing some space exploration facts, we are aware that space exploring costs a lot. While the UN says $ 30 billion could end world hunger, NASA is being offered a lot every year. And this is a good argument for those who are against space exploration. While space exploration is highly important for learning about who we are, some are worried about what it can do to humanity. Countries can use their space crafts and satellites to collect information about other countries they’re in conflict with. Obviously, this can lead to tensions between countries and eventually to wars. Another issue that space exploration brings is that it poses a great danger for astronauts involved in it. Nasa mentions in an article how damaging cosmic (外太空的) radiation is for the human body because it can damage the nervous system both severely and in the long run. Besides, cosmic radiation sickness causes extreme tiredness, nausea (呕吐感), anorexia, and vomiting. From this point of view, space exploration does put our astronauts at great risks. However, preventive measures are taken, and their health is kept in check through intensive training and daily checkups. While all previously mentioned observations are very good and make great points, space exploration still has more benefits than negative effects. It allows us to develop our technologies, which are already advanced thanks to space exploration. Moreover, by exploring space, we can discover new resources that we could use to better our lives here on Earth. And another thing is certain as well: we couldn’t build a better future for our children without space exploration. 1．Why does the author show the amount of money spent on Space exploration in Paragraph 2? A．To show the disadvantage of space exploration. B．To prove space exploration is highly important. C．To criticize NASA for spending too much money. D．To call on more money to be spent to stop world hunger. 2．What does the underlined word “poses” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Avoids. B．Provides. C．Causes. D．Prevents. 3．What is the writer’s attitude towards “space exploration”? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Opposed. D．Neutral. 4．What is the purpose of the passage? A．To stress the importance of space exploration. B．To argue against the advance of space exploration. C．To show people’s concern about the astronauts’ health. D．To introduce the problems that space exploration brings to people. （22-23高一下·北京西城·期末）A cornerstone of environmental policy is the debate over protecting nature for humans’ sake (instrumental values) or for nature’s (intrinsic values). We propose that focusing only on instrumental or intrinsic values may fail to resonate (引起共鸣) views on personal and collective well-being, or “what is right,” about nature and the environment. It is time to engage seriously with a third class of values, one with diverse roots and current expressions: relational values. By doing so, we reframe the discussion about environmental protection, and open the door to new, potentially more productive policy approaches. In philosophical terms, relational values are preferences, principles, and virtues associated with relationships, both interpersonal and as required by policies and social norms. Relational values can apply to interactions with nature. Some people’s identities are rooted in long-term care and stewardship, such as volunteer river-keepers, gardeners or farmers. Other people and social organizations hold worldviews that value kinship (亲属关系) between people and nature. They subscribe to the concepts of “Mother Nature,” “Mother Earth,” and so on. Also, many people believe that their cultural identity and well-being originate from their relationships with human and nonhuman beings, connected by particular places. Caring for and attending to places can be extremely important for maintaining cultural practices and core values. According to these views, the value of the land is not independent of humans. Therefore, environmental policy and management should always consider the kinds of relationships people already have with nature, and how these might be engaged to lessen the negative effects of human lifestyles on ecosystems and enhance positive ones. For example, the bond between parent or teacher and child can serve as a channel for social norms, encouraging respect and passion for nature, through activities including fishing and hunting, gardening, hiking, or bird-watching. It is also possible to develop values and relationships through long-term and repeated experiences with peer groups, by laboring on the land or taking part in outdoor adventure. Bonding is strengthened through play, struggling, suffering, and celebrating together. Relational values are finally receiving attention. If activists, researchers, policymakers, and private-sector leaders internalize this message, perhaps environmental decisions will better account for our relationships with nature and many concepts of a good life. Attending to such values is key to the real inclusion of diverse groups in environmental protection, and to achieving social-ecological relationships that provide fulfilling lives for present and future generations. 1．According to the author, relational values ________. A．are traditional expressions with a long history B．provide more productive philosophical approaches C．help reflect on the right views about protecting nature D．prove to be an effective way to improve the environment 2．What does the underlined word “stewardship” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Management. B．Friendship. C．Application. D．Happiness. 3．What can we learn from this passage? A．Outdoor adventure may damage social relationships. B．The parent-child bond usually leads to new social norms. C．The value of the land is related to human interactions with it. D．Human lifestyles will have more negative effects on ecosystems. 4．What’s the purpose of the passage? A．To encourage environmental protection through group work. B．To propose new values for environmental policy making. C．To stress the importance of a better living environment. D．To compare different environmental protection values. 试卷第1页，共3页 3 / 3 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$