专题-S732 选修四 Unit 3 Sea Exploration 七选五【题型易-考试题型精练】高二下(选择性必修四)英语单元话题中心题型梯度训练 月考突破 题型特训（人教版2019）

专题-S732七选五 人教版选择性必修四 题型特训 Unit 3 Sea Exploration 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 （2024高二下·全国·专题练习）China will pay more attention to the research and development of techniques and equipment 1 , according to a senior researcher in the country’s shipbuilding industry. “Deep-sea mining has become 2 on science, technology, resources and industries, because there are a lot of polymetallic nodules on ocean floors that contain rich concentrations of nickel, copper, manganese and cobalt that are essential to the renewable energy industry,” said Ye Cong, deputy director of the China Ship Scientific Research Center in Jiangsu province’s Wuxi. “A large proportion of the metals I mentioned, which are extensively used at Chinese factories, needs to be imported. 3 will help us reduce the heavy reliance on foreign suppliers,” said Ye, who is a member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. Internationally, some Western nations have owned key technologies and the capability of manufacturing major hardware 4 and at least one company has launched experimental commercial mining operations expected to retrieve thousands of metric tons of ores each day. However, China lags behind in terms of knowledge, technology and hardware, which highlights the importance of 5 . A．a new frontier of international competition B．a new study of great importance C．used for deep-sea mining D．used for marine exploration E．mining them from seabed F．government attention and investment G．required in deep-sea mining 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. E 4. G 5. F 【导语】这是一篇新闻报道，文章主要讲述了中国在深海开采领域的发展研究现状。 1. 根据下文的关键词“Deep-sea mining”可知，C项(用于深海开采)表示中国研发设备的目的，本段“China will pay more attention to the research and development of techniques and equipment used for deep-sea mining, according to a senior researcher in the country’s shipbuilding industry. (中国造船业的一位高级研究员表示，中国将更加关注深海采矿技术和设备的研发。)”为该篇文章的主题段落，指出了中国在深海开采领域的重点发展方向，故选C项。 2. 根据下文的“because there are a lot of polymetallic nodules on ocean floors that contain rich concentrations of nickel, copper, manganese and cobalt that are essential to the renewable energy industry(因为海底有许多多金属结核，其中含有丰富的镍、铜、锰和钴，这些对可再生能源产业至关重要)”可知，A项(国际竞争的新前沿)指出了深海开采的地位所在，“Deep-sea mining has become a new frontier of international competition on science(深海采矿已经成为国际科学、技术、资源和产业竞争的新前沿)”为本段的主题句，下文指出了进行深海开采的原因，故选A项。 3. 上文的“A large proportion of the metals I mentioned, which are extensively used at Chinese factories, needs to be imported. (我提到的金属在中国工厂广泛使用，其中很大一部分需要进口。)”指出了中国某些金属资源的缺乏，再由上文的“because there are a lot of polymetallic nodules on ocean floors that contain rich concentrations of nickel, copper, manganese and cobalt that are essential to the renewable energy industry(因为海底有许多多金属结核，其中含有丰富的镍、铜、锰和钴，这些对可再生能源产业至关重要)”可知，金属资源的缺乏可以通过从海底开采得到缓解或解决，E项(从海底开采)指出了解决问题的办法，“Mining them from seabedwill help us reduce the heavy reliance on foreign suppliers,” said Ye, who is a member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.(叶说，“从海底开采稀土将有助于我们减少对外国供应商的严重依赖”，他是中国人民政治协商会议第十四届全国委员会委员。)”指出了从海底开采带来的好处，故选E项。 4. 根据下文的“at least one company has launched experimental commercial mining operations expected to retrieve thousands of metric tons of ores each day(至少有一家公司已经启动了实验性的商业采矿作业，预计每天可回收数千吨矿石)”和上文的“Internationally, some Western nations have owned key technologies and the capability of manufacturing major hardware(在国际上，一些西方国家已经拥有了关键技术和制造主要硬件的能力)”可知做到深海开采是需要技术研发能力的，G项(深海开采所需)指出了技术的使用范畴，与文章的关键词“Deep-sea mining”相呼应，故选G项。 5. 根据上文的“However, China lags behind in terms of knowledge, technology and hardware (然而，中国在知识、技术和硬件方面落后)”可知，现实的情况需要政府更多关注并加大投入才能发生改变，F项(政府的关注与投入)指出了改变局面的做法，“However, China lags behind in terms of knowledge, technology and hardware, which highlights the importance of government attention and investment.(然而，中国在知识、技术和硬件方面落后，这凸显了政府关注和投资的重要性。)”呼应文章手段，故选F项。 Passage 2 （23-24高二下·四川遂宁·阶段练习）How to Make Your Garden Pet-Friendly? Whether you have a dog, cat or a host of different animals to spend your time with, have you ever thought of providing your pet with a comfortable garden? 1 And it’s crucial that they have a safe environment in which to play in the open air. 2 This could stretch the whole breadth of your garden, or just a section if you’d prefer to keep a part of your space as a human-only zone. When choosing what to have underfoot, grass is a clear winner and paved pathways are also safe for paws to pad about on. Try to avoid loose materials such as small stones since they can get stuck and injure your pet. Meanwhile, some flowers such as Daffodils, English Ivy and Mistletoe can be harmful to dogs. 3 Can you imagine spending summer in a fur coat without a break? Apparently, finding shade for an animal is vital. Be sure to provide areas where pets can rest and retreat from the sun. 4 Since animals aren’t known for their lavatorial (入厕的) manners, you will be left to clear up their business. 5 Other than being an eyesore for your much-loved landscape, not clearing up after your pets could lead to health problems for humans and other animals. A．Our furry companions definitely love the outdoors. B．So you’d better research what flowers your pet like. C．However annoying the chore, it’s an important one. D．Start with a strong, firm fence to assign their boundaries. E．It is also a polite behavior for the pet-owner in public places. F．Leaving water in these spaces can encourage them to visit. G．Thus, knowing what plants could be potentially poisonous is important. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. G 4. F 5. C 【导语】本文是说明文，介绍了怎样布置一个适合宠物的花园。 1. 根据上文“Whether you have a dog, cat or a host of different animals to spend your time with, have you ever thought of providing your pet with a comfortable garden? (无论你是养狗、养猫还是养一群不同的动物，你有没有想过给你的宠物提供一个舒适的花园?)”和下文“And it’s crucial that they have a safe environment in which to play in the open air. (给它们一个安全的户外玩耍环境是很重要的)”可知，前文提到问题是不是想要给自己的宠物提供一个舒适的花园，下文说明户外玩耍环境对动物很重要，A项“Our furry companions definitely love the outdoors.(我们毛茸茸的伙伴喜欢户外活动) ”符合语境，承上启下。故选A。 2. 此处为段落主题句。根据下文“This could stretch the whole breadth of your garden, or just a section if you’d prefer to keep a part of your space as a human-only zone. (这可以延伸整个花园的宽度，或者如果你想保留一部分空间作为人类专用区域，也可以只是一小部分。) ”可以看出本段是讲空间布置， D项“Start with a strong, firm fence to assign their boundaries.(用一个坚固的栅栏来划分他们的界限。) ”符合语境，下文的This指代选项中的 a strong, firm fence。故选D。 3. 根据上文“Try to avoid loose materials such as small stones since they can get stuck and injure your pet. Meanwhile, some flowers such as Daffodils, English Ivy and Mistletoe can be harmful to dogs. (尽量避免像小石头这样松散的东西，因为它们会卡住并伤害你的宠物。与此同时，水仙花、英国常春藤和槲寄生等一些花可能对狗有害。)”可知，此处讲述知道哪些植物可能有毒，这一点非常重要。G项“Thus, knowing what plants could be potentially poisonous is important.( 因此，了解哪些植物可能有毒是很重要的。)”选项中的 poisonous对应上文的harmful。故选G。 4. 前文“Apparently, finding shade for an animal is vital. Be sure to provide areas where pets can rest and retreat from the sun.(显然，为动物寻找荫凉处是至关重要的。一定要提供宠物可以休息和躲避阳光的地方。)”说了要考虑宠物在阳光下应有一个遮阴的地方，F选项“Leaving water in these spaces can encourage them to visit.(把水留在这些地方就足够鼓励它们来这里了。)”符合语境。 areas对应these spaces。说明在这些阴凉处摆放一些水能鼓励他们来躲避阳光，故选F。 5. 前文“Since animals aren’t known for their lavatorial(入厕的) manners, you will be left to clear up their business.(因为动物们不知道它们的厕所礼仪，你将留下清理它们的东西。)”说你可能要清理宠物的粪便，后面“Other than being an eyesore for your much-loved landscape, not clearing up after your pets could lead to health problems for humans and other animals.(除了对你心爱的风景造成伤害外，不清理宠物的粪便还会导致人类和其他动物的健康问题。)”说不清理会对人或其他动物产生不良影响，所以这个活不管多么艰难，讨厌，都必须做。故C选项“However annoying the chore, it’s an important one.(不管这项工作有多烦人，它都是很重要的)”切题。clear up their business对应the chore。故选C。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·辽宁锦州·期末）Many scientists and marine biologists are quite worried about the state of coral reefs around the globe. They have been experiencing “bleaching” (白化) which is a process that involves the slow starvation and eventual death of coral reefs. 1 This has huge effects on the organisms that rely on the coral reefs in the ocean and us humans. 2 In the Turks and Caicos Islands, it has been reported that the coral reefs have been relatively untouched by the bleaching events. Even more surprising is the news that even the ones affected have recovered very well. The problem is caused by many reasons. Pollution, introduced species, over-fishing, and over-tourism have all contributed to the issue. 3 Since the 1970’s, about 80% of the coral reefs in the Caribbean have died out. An organization has taken steps to help out. They asked divers to observe over 100 reef sites off the South Caicos Island and set up a database. After scanning the data, they found surprising results. 4 But other corals did suffer bleaching. But they quickly rebounded to normal within months of the irregularly high thermal stress (热应力). Two years later, when the same corals were observed, they were even more colored. 5 There were theories that Hurricanes Irma and Maria helped, as they resulted in much less tourism and thus decreased damage to the surrounding ecosystems. Experts are continuing to observe the phenomenon to see if there is anything going on that can help save other reefs. A．It meant their health improved. B．So they are dying out at alarming rates. C．Many coral reefs can survive bleaching. D．Some corals proved no significant bleaching. E．The worst of bleaching events took place in 2017. F．But the coral reefs are doing surprisingly well in one region. G．The warming temperatures of the oceans have also caused great harm. 【答案】1. B 2. F 3. G 4. D 5. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讨论了全球珊瑚礁白化现象的严峻问题及其成因。 1. 根据上文“They have been experiencing “bleaching”(白化)which is a process that involves the slow starvation and eventual death of coral reefs. (他们一直在经历“白化”，这是一个涉及珊瑚礁缓慢饥饿和最终死亡的过程。)”可知，珊瑚正在死亡，与B项“So they are dying out at alarming rates. (因此，它们正在以惊人的速度消亡。)”上下文一致，符合文意，故选B项。 2. 根据下文“In the Turks and Caicos Islands, it has been reported that the coral reefs have been relatively untouched by the bleaching events. (据报道，在特克斯和凯科斯群岛，珊瑚礁相对没有受到白化事件的影响。)”可知，在特克斯和凯科斯群岛珊瑚礁与其他地方的不同，空处与上文为转折关系，与F项“But the coral reefs are doing surprisingly well in one region. (但是，在一个地区，珊瑚礁的表现令人惊讶。)”上下文一致，符合文意，故选F项。 3. 根据上文“The problem is caused by many reasons. Pollution, introduced species, over-fishing, and over-tourism have all contributed to the issue. (该问题是由许多原因引起的。污染、引进物种、过度捕捞和过度旅游都加剧了这个问题。)”可知，本段主要讲述的是珊瑚礁死亡的因素，与G项“The warming temperatures of the oceans have also caused great harm. (海洋温度上升也造成了巨大的伤害。)”上下文一致，符合文意。故选G项。 4. 根据下文“But other corals did suffer bleaching. (但其他珊瑚确实遭受了白化。)”可知，一些珊瑚礁没有白化现象，与D项“Some corals proved no significant bleaching. (一些珊瑚被证明没有明显的白化。)”上下文一致，符合文意，故选D项。 5. 根据上文“Two years later, when the same corals were observed, they were even more colored. (两年后，当观察到相同的珊瑚时，它们的颜色更加丰富。)”可知，珊瑚礁的健康状况有所好转，与A项“It meant their health improved. (这意味着他们的健康状况有所改善。)”上下文一致，符合文意，故选A项。 Passage 4 （22-23高二下·山东青岛·期末）Many animal populations seem to be decreasing sharply. 1 It is America’s native wood stork (木鹳). The wood stork is the only stork that breeds in North America. In 1984, it was declared an endangered species after its population dropped to just 5,000 mating pairs. At the time, scientists predicted that the bird would be completely wiped out by 2000. 2 The Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing a delisting (移除) of the wood stork as an endangered species. So how did the population bounce back? 3 The wood stork’s native home was in the Everglades in Florida, but it migrated north as the Everglades were being destroyed by development. In 1987, former Savannah Coastal Refuges biologist John Robinette noticed stork nests in Georgia, as stork populations moved to safer wetlands. According to Stephanie Kurose, a senior policy specialist at the Centre for Biological Diversity, the Endangered Species Act is also to thank for this recovery. She said, “The act saved the wood stork. 4 It has improved water quality and benefited countless other species who call the area home.” The Endangered Species Act has saved 99 per cent of the species that were on the list since 1973. A hundred types of plants and animals have been delisted as their populations become stable again. If the wood stork is delisted, it will remain protected by other laws. 5 A．Today, it numbers 10, 000 mating pairs. B．However, one species is moving in the opposite direction. C．The success is in part down to the flexibility of the wood stork. D．It helped preserve and rebuild vital habitats throughout the southeast. E．The birds have adapted to new nesting areas and enlarged their colonies. F．It serves as an indicator species for restoration of the Everglades ecosystem. G．A monitoring plan will be put in place to ensure the population remains stable. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. G 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述木鹳数量增长，从濒危物种名单中除名，并介绍了木鹳数量增长的原因。 1. 上文“Many animal populations seem to be decreasing sharply. (许多动物的数量似乎正在急剧减少。)”提到，许多动物的数量似乎正在急剧减少，结合空后“It is America’s native wood stork (木鹳). (它是美国本土的木鹳。)”和第二段末句“So how did the population bounce back? (那么数量是如何反弹的呢？)”可知，木鹳反其道而行之，数量不降反增，B项“然而，有一个物种正朝着相反的方向移动。”符合语境，故选B。 2. 上文“At the time, scientists predicted that the bird would be completely wiped out by 2000. (当时，科学家预测这种鸟将在2000年完全灭绝。)”提到科学家曾预测木鹳将在2000年完全灭绝，结合下文“The Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing a delisting (移除) of the wood stork as an endangered species. So how did the population bounce back? (美国鱼类和野生动物管理局正提议将林鹳从濒危物种名单中移除。那么数量是如何反弹的呢？)”可知，木鹳数量增加，从濒危物种名单中移除，A项“今天，它有1万对配偶。”符合语境，故选A。 3. 上一段末“So how did the population bounce back?(那么数量是如何反弹的呢？)”提出问题：木鹳数量是如何增长的？根据本段内容“The wood stork’s native home was in the Everglades in Florida, but it migrated north as the Everglades were being destroyed by development. In 1987, former Savannah Coastal Refuges biologist John Robinette noticed stork nests in Georgia, as stork populations moved to safer wetlands. (木鹳的故乡在佛罗里达州的大沼泽地，但随着大沼泽地被开发破坏，它们向北迁移。1987年，前萨凡纳海岸保护区生物学家John Robinette注意到佐治亚州的鹳巢，因为鹳群搬到了更安全的湿地。)”可知，本段是作出回答，鹳群因迁移搬到了更安全的湿地，数量才得以增加，C项“这一成功在一定程度上要归功于木鹳的灵活性。”符合语境，故选C。 4. 根据上文“The act saved the wood stork. (这一法案救了木鹳。)”和下文“It has improved water quality and benefited countless other species who call the area home. (它改善了水质，并使无数以该地区为家的其他物种受益。)”可知，此处是讲述《濒危物种法》对木鹳的积极影响，D项“它帮助保护和重建了整个东南部的重要栖息地”符合语境，故选D。 5. 上文“If the wood stork is delisted, it will remain protected by other laws. (如果木鹳被移除，它将继续受到其他法律的保护。)”提到，如果木鹳被移除，它将继续受到其他法律的保护，G项“一项监测计划将到位，以确保种群数量保持稳定。”承接上文，具体说明其他法律对木鹳的保护，故选G。 Passage 5 （2024·浙江·三模）We love our pets. In fact, for most people they are more than me re pets and become more like family members. It is likely then that their owners, at some point, are going to want photographs of their furry friends. However, pet photography presents its own special problems. 1 If you’re thinking of trying pet photography, here are a few pointers to get you started. Find out about your subject’s personality and habits. Where does it nod off if the sun is out? What is its favourite toy? 2 It’s also worth spending a little time getting to know the animal yourself. Cats, dogs, horses, they all have personality, and you need to ensure they are comfortable being around you, and you around them. 3 If the pet is comfortable with you, and if it isn’t too nervous, fill the frame with the pet’s face. Get the eyes nice and sharp. Just like humans, this is a natural point of focus, although focusing on the nose or mouth of a dog or cat can also make for an interesting image in its own right. See the world from pets’ perspective. If you photograph a pet while you’re standing up, all you’re going to see is the top of their head and their backs, not what you want for a portrait. Get down to their eye level. Try pre-focusing your camera and just holding it at ground level so you can look up at the pet. 4 . Bring a flash with the owner’s permission. While greeting or playing with a new pet, fire a couple of test flashes away from them to see their reaction. In daylight particularly, they never seem to mind the flash at all. 5 . A．Think about getting in close to your subject. B．It’s worth a try just for a new angle on things. C．Animals can be unpredictable, lazy, aggressive and excitable. D．A good photograph focuses on the subject and not the background. E．If they do mind, then stick with natural light and use a white reflector. F．The more you shoot, the greater your chances of hitting that perfect shot! G．Take time to chat with the owner and observe your subject to gain some insight. 【答案】1. C 2. G 3. A 4. B 5. E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文就如何给动物拍照片提出了几点建议。 1. 根据上文“However, pet photography presents its own special problems.”（然而，宠物摄影也有其特殊的问题）可知，选项承接上文说明动物的具体问题。故C选项“动物可能是不可预测的、懒惰的、好斗的和容易激动的”切题。故选C项。 2. 根据上文“Where does it nod off if the sun is out? What is its favourite toy?”（太阳出来的时候它在哪里打盹?它最喜欢的玩具是什么?）可知，选项承接上文说明通过一起洗渠道了解动物的一些情况。故G选项“花点时间和主人聊天，观察你的拍摄对象，获得一些洞察力”切题，且呼应下文“It’s also worth spending a little time getting to know the animal yourself.”（花一点时间去了解这种动物也是值得的）切题。故选G项。 3. 根据下文“If the pet is comfortable with you, and if it isn’t too nervous, fill the frame with the pet’s face. Get the eyes nice and sharp.”（如果宠物和你在一起很舒服，如果它不太紧张，照整张脸。把眼睛弄得漂亮而锐利）可知，本段告诉读者要接近拍摄对象。故A选项“考虑接近你的拍摄对象。”切题，为本段的标题。故选A项。 4. 根据上文“See the world from pets’ perspective.”（从宠物的角度看世界）可知，选项总结上文呼应主题，从从宠物的角度看世界是一个新的视角，值得去做。故B选项“从新的角度看问题，值得一试。”切题。故选B项。 5. 根据上文“In daylight particularly, they never seem to mind the flash at all.”（尤其是在白天，它们似乎根本不在乎闪光灯。）可知，选项承接上文说明相反的情况怎么办。故E选项“如果它们介意，那就坚持使用自然光，使用白色的反光镜”切题。故选E项。 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 （23-24高二下·山东泰安·期末）Laughter is a universal language for humans to connect with each other and form social bonds. Even as babies, we giggle when our parents pull funny faces, and then gradually learn to make others laugh as we grow up. 1 Scientists have observed behaviors in animals that suggest that your pets might be secret jokesters. Have you ever seen dogs let people come close to their toy, and then playfully run away with it? Biologist Charles Darwin saw this as the dog’s version of a practical joke. Mare Bekoff, biology professor, also observed dogs playfully teasing each other by approaching slowly and then quickly running away. 2 And he’s also said that animals may goof around (瞎胡闹) as a way to cope with stress. In a 2024 study, Isabelle Laumer and colleagues watched four ape species interact with each other and observed 18 distinct teasing behaviors. They saw young apes move towards an adult quietly, pat them to surprise them and then wait and watch the response, behaviour similar to that shown by human children. 3 What about laughing? While playing, dogs sometimes produce a breathy snort (哼) that could sound like laughter. 4 Rats make a joyful squeak (吱吱声) similar to a giggle when they are tickled, says Jeffrey Burgdorf, professor at Northwestern University. 5 Are the apes in Laumer’s study really joking around or just attention-seeking? What would be the evolutionary purpose of animals teasing? “In humans, humour can serve as an ice-breaker, removing social barriers and strengthening relationships,” says Laumer. “We don’t know if it’s the same in apes or other animals, but it’s possible.” A．But is it a uniquely human experience? B．His study showed that rats intend to tease. C．Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry. D．Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting. E．His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun. F．But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour? G．So, a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline. 【答案】1. A 2. E 3. G 4. D 5. F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了动物界中可能存在幽默感的现象，科学家观察到狗、猿类和老鼠等动物展现出类似人类幽默行为的例子，如戏弄、玩笑和笑声，提示幽默感或许在进化早期就已出现。 1. 上文“Laughter is a universal language for humans to connect with each other and form social bonds. Even as babies, we giggle when our parents pull funny faces, and then gradually learn to make others laugh as we grow up.(笑是人类相互联系和形成社会纽带的通用语言。即使在婴儿时期，当父母做出滑稽的表情时，我们也会咯咯地笑，然后随着我们的成长，我们逐渐学会让别人发笑)”说明人类会笑和让别人发笑，A项“但这是一种独特的人类体验吗？”承接上文，并引出下文“Scientists have observed behaviors in animals that suggest that your pets might be secret jokesters.(科学家观察到动物的行为表明，你的宠物可能是秘密的爱开玩笑的动物)”，说明动物也可能会笑。故选A。 2. 上文“Mare Bekoff, biology professor, also observed dogs playfully teasing each other by approaching slowly and then quickly running away.(生物学教授Mare Bekoff也观察到，狗会慢慢靠近，然后迅速跑开，开玩笑地互相逗弄)”说明生物学教授研究狗的行为，E项“他的研究得出结论，狗只是想玩得开心。”说明这位教授的研究结果，承接上文，符合题意。故选E。 3. 上文“They saw young apes move towards an adult quietly, pat them to surprise them and then wait and watch the response, behaviour similar to that shown by human children.(他们看到幼猿悄悄地走向一只成年猿，拍拍它们让它们大吃一惊，然后等待并观察它们的反应，这种行为类似于人类儿童的表现)”说明猿的幼崽会做出类似人类儿童的表现，G项“因此，幽默感可能出现在我们进化的早期。”承接上文，作为上文介绍的结果，说明幽默感可能出现在进化的早期。故选G。 4. 上文“While playing, dogs sometimes produce a breathy snort (哼) that could sound like laughter.(在玩耍时，狗有时会发出一种听起来像笑声的喘息声)”以及下文“Rats make a joyful squeak (吱吱声) similar to a giggle when they are tickled, says Jeffrey Burgdorf, professor at Northwestern University.(西北大学教授Jeffrey Burgdorf说，老鼠被挠痒时会发出类似咯咯笑声的快乐吱吱声)”说明动物会在快乐时发出像笑声的声音，D项“海豚在打闹时发出欢乐的声音。”以海豚为例，说明动物在快乐时会发出声音，与上下文并列，符合题意。故选D。 5. 上文“Rats make a joyful squeak (吱吱声) similar to a giggle when they are tickled, says Jeffrey Burgdorf, professor at Northwestern University.(西北大学教授Jeffrey Burgdorf说，老鼠被挠痒时会发出类似咯咯笑声的快乐吱吱声)”说明老鼠被挠痒时会发出类似咯咯笑的声音，F项中a rat’s giggle是关键词，F项“但是老鼠的咯咯笑声真的是幽默感的表现吗？”承接上文，并提出问题，引出下文的问题“Are the apes in Laumer’s study really joking around or just attention-seeking?(Laumer研究中的猿类真的是在开玩笑还是只是在寻求关注？)”，质疑动物发出的声音是否是真地开心。故选F。 Passage 7 （23-24高二下·安徽阜阳·期末）Biodiversity doesn’t only revolve around species we consider rare and threatened but around every living being. 1 Here are some ways to protect biodiversity in your backyard garden. Pesticides are known to be poisonous to humans, animals, and the Earth. Thus, to protect biodiversity in your yard, avoid using harmful and poisonous chemicals. 2 These organic fertilizers provide the necessary nutrients needed for plant growth without harming the Earth. Prevention is the best way to discourage and deal with pests and diseases. Check your plants regularly for unwanted visitors. Another way to protect biodiversity in your garden is to create various habitats. To do so, you can choose to plant fruit trees or berry bushes and add a bird feeder or other open water sources. Perennials (多年生植物) can provide shelter for some species. 3 Plants grow better in their native habitats, where climate and soil are perfect for their development and growth. Plants also form symbiotic (共生的) relationships with other native plants that help them spread their seeds and discourage pests and diseases. 4 Easier to build such relationships, native plants require fewer resources to grow healthily compared to non-native plants. 5 Plants that aren’t native to your area can be invasive (侵入性的), take over your garden, and threaten the growth and survival of native plants. Their removal provides space for native plants to develop. These plants are part of the local ecosystem in your garden and provide habitat for other animals. A．Instead, turn to natural pest control and natural fertilizers. B．Insects aren’t the only reason for the great damage to your plants. C．Creating a flowering wall is a good way to beautify your backyard. D．Relationships like this help native plants defend themselves naturally. E．Balanced biodiversity in your yard positively impacts the environment. F．Removing invasive and non-native plants leaves more space for other plants. G．Even a dead tree can also serve as a habitat for insects, birds, and other animals. 【答案】1. E 2. A 3. G 4. D 5. F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了如何在自己的院子里打造健康的自然生态系统，保护生物多样性。 1. 上文“Biodiversity doesn’t only revolve around species we consider rare and threatened but around every living being.(生物多样性不仅仅以我们所认为的稀有以及濒临灭绝的物种为中心，而且和每一种生物都息息相关。)”和下文的“Here are some ways to protect biodiversity in your backyard garden.(以下是一些在你的花园里保护生物多样性的方法)”可推知，设空处应与花园里的生物多样性有关，E项“院子里的生物多样性达到平衡，会对环境产生积极的影响”符合语境。故选E。 2. 根据上文的“Pesticides are known to be poisonous to humans, animals, and the Earth. Thus, to protect biodiversity in your yard, avoid using harmful and poisonous chemicals.(众所周知，杀虫剂对人类、动物以及地球都是有毒的。因此，为了保护院子里的生物多样性，应该避免使用有毒和有害的化学物质)”和下文“These organic fertilizers provide the necessary nutrients needed for plant growth without harming the Earth.(这些有机肥料提供了植物生长所必需的营养，但不会危害地球)”可知，空格处引出如何避免使用有毒和有害的化学物质，也就是应对方法，A项“相反，可以转用天然的害虫防治手段和天然肥料。”符合题意。故选A。 3. 根据本段第一句“Another way to protect biodiversity in your garden is to create various habitats.(另一种保护花园生物多样性的方法是创造各种栖息地。)”可知本段的主旨是保护花园里的生物多样性需要在花园里创造一些栖息地，且根据设空处前一句讲到的“Perennials (多年生植物) can provide shelter for some species.(多年生植物可以为一些物种提供庇护场所)”可知空格处列举一些提供栖息地的例子，将答案定位为G项“枯树甚至也能为昆虫、鸟类和其他动物提供栖息地。”，habitat 是同词复现。故选G。 4. 根据上文讲到“Plants grow better in their native habitats, where climate and soil are perfect for their development and growth. Plants also form symbiotic (共生的) relationships with other native plants that help them spread their seeds and discourage pests and diseases. (植物在它们的原生栖息地生长得更好，那里的气候和土壤非常适合它们的生长和发育。植物还与其他本地植物形成共生关系，帮助它们传播种子，防止病虫害。)”由此可以推知空格处填入这种关系带来的影响，D项“像这样的共生关系天然地有助于植物保护自己”符合语境，D项中的Relationships指代的就是上文的symbiotic relationships。故选D。 5. 根据下文“Plants that aren’t native to your area can be invasive (侵入性的), take over your garden, and threaten the growth and survival of native plants. Their removal provides space for native plants to develop. These plants are part of the local ecosystem in your garden and provide habitat for other animals.(你所在地区的非本地植物可能会入侵，占据你的花园，威胁本地植物的生长和生存。它们的移除为本地植物的生长提供了空间。这些植物是你花园中当地生态系统的一部分，并为其他动物提供栖息地。)”可知，本段主要讲外来植物入侵会对本地植物造成危害，F项“清除入侵植物和外来植物从而为其他植物留下更多空间”符合语境，故选F。 Passage 8 （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期末）Gardening 380 Kilometers above Earth Astronauts have to go through physical, psychological, and technical training. They also go through training in how to care for plants. These “astronaut gardeners” share their work and living space with plants. Taking seeds and plants along on a trip isn’t a new idea. As space trips become longer, it will be necessary to grow food in space. 1 Because of this, it’s not practical to send everything needed for a long journey, only to be used once and thrown away. Plants can serve many uses on a space journey. They can provide more fresh things. 2 Also, plants can help to make air quality better because they produce oxygen. They can improve the quality of the air inside the spacecraft — the only air the astronauts can breathe. 3 Due to the lack of gravity in space, the oxygen that the plants produce stays around the plants. This can actually kill them, so fans are needed to circulate the air. Without gravity, roots don’t “know” to grow down, leaves don’t “know” to grow up, and water doesn’t easily travel up the roots to the leaves. 4 Besides, soil is too heavy to send to space, and special liquid gels (胶) are used to help plant growth. Scientists are also working on the plants themselves. They are trying to make plants grow more rapidly and grow with less water and light in space, and they are looking for ways to make plants more resistant to disease. 5 Imagine that deserts may one day provide lots of fresh food for local people, saving transportation costs. Similarly, plants that are resistant to disease could provide an important food supply. With the world’s population now at seven billion (十亿) people, our astronaut gardeners may help discover ways to feed those billions. A．Every plant grown in space must have several uses. B．However, there are challenges with growing plants in space. C．Such methods may result in improvements back here on Earth. D．The cost of taking anything into space is about $22,000 per kilogram. E．Specialized containers are being developed to help the plants grow correctly. F．Astronauts will welcome the addition of fruits and vegetables to their diet of dry foods. G．Currently all oxygen is taken aboard in tanks and then caught again so it can be reused. 【答案】1. D 2. F 3. B 4. E 5. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讨论了在太空中种植植物的必要性、面临的挑战以及科学家们正在进行的研究。 1. 前文“As space trips become longer, it will be necessary to grow food in space. (随着太空旅行时间的延长，在太空中种植食物将是必要的)”提到在太空中种植食物的必要性，后文“Because of this, it’s not practical to send everything needed for a long journey, only to be used once and thrown away. (正因为如此，把长途旅行所需的所有东西都送去，只使用一次就扔掉是不现实的)”提到送上太空的物资不能是一次性的，因此D项“The cost of taking anything into space is about $22,000 per kilogram. (将任何东西送入太空的成本约为每公斤2.2万美元)”与下文构成因果关系，指出送物资上太空成本高昂，承上启下，后文的this指代选项内容。故选D。 2. 前文“Plants can serve many uses on a space journey. They can provide more fresh things. (在太空旅行中，植物有多种用途。他们可以提供更多新鲜的东西)”指出太空中的植物用途很多，可以提供更多新鲜事物，F项“Astronauts will welcome the addition of fruits and vegetables to their diet of dry foods. (宇航员将欢迎在他们的干粮中添加水果和蔬菜)”指出宇航员会喜欢吃到新鲜水果和蔬菜，承接上文，继续阐述太空中植物的用途，符合语境。故选F。 3. 根据后文“Due to the lack of gravity in space, the oxygen that the plants produce stays around the plants. This can actually kill them, so fans are needed to circulate the air. Without gravity, roots don’t “know” to grow down, leaves don’t “know” to grow up, and water doesn’t easily travel up the roots to the leaves. (由于太空中缺乏重力，植物产生的氧气留在植物周围。这实际上会杀死它们，所以需要风扇来循环空气。没有重力，根‘不知道’向下生长，叶‘不知道’向上生长，水也不容易从根流向叶)”可知，在太空中种植植物面临各种挑战，如氧气的滞留、重力的缺失等；空处位于段首，是段落主旨句，应该与挑战相关；B项“However, there are challenges with growing plants in space. (然而，在太空中种植植物也存在挑战)”指出在太空中种植植物面临挑战，契合段落内容；上一段阐述太空植物的多种用途，B选项与上一段构成转折关系，符合语境。故选B。 4. 前文“Without gravity, roots don’t “know” to grow down, leaves don’t “know” to grow up, and water doesn’t easily travel up the roots to the leaves. (没有重力，根‘不知道’向下生长，叶‘不知道’向上生长，水也不容易从根流向叶)”指出由于缺乏重力，植物的根系和叶片生长方向会出现问题，因此E项“Specialized containers are being developed to help the plants grow correctly. (专门的容器正在开发，以帮助植物正确生长)”符合语境，指出需要特殊的容器来帮助植物正确生长，承接前文。故选E。 5. 前文“They are trying to make plants grow more rapidly and grow with less water and light in space, and they are looking for ways to make plants more resistant to disease. (他们正在努力使植物在太空中生长得更快，在更少的水和光的条件下生长，他们正在寻找使植物更抗病的方法)”提到科学家为了在太空中种植植物，围绕植物本身开展的各种研究，后文“Imagine that deserts may one day provide lots of fresh food for local people, saving transportation costs. Similarly, plants that are resistant to disease could provide an important food supply. (想象一下，有一天沙漠可能会为当地人提供大量新鲜食物，从而节省运输成本。同样，抗病的植物可以提供重要的食物供应)”提到这些研究应用于地球环境时带来的用处，因此C项“Such methods may result in improvements back here on Earth. (这些方法可能会在地球上带来改进)”符合语境，承上启下。故选C。 Passage 9 （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）What Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? Chickens are one of the most economically important animals in the world today. 1 , Recent advancements in archaeological methodologies have unveiled that numerous bone discoveries, once believed to be evidence of early chickens, actually belong to wild birds. Now, in a new publication, an international team of archaeologists, historians, and biomolecular scientists present the earliest clear evidence for the raising of chickens for egg production. Using eggshell fragments collected from 12 archaeological sites covering roughly 1500 years, the researchers show that chickens were widely raised in Central Asia from approximately 400 BCE to 1000 CE and were likely spread along the ancient Silk Road. 2 . It was this trait of productive egg laying, the researchers argue, that made the domestic chicken so attractive to ancient peoples 3 . They collected tens of thousands of eggshell fragments from sites located along the main Central Asian corridor of the Silk Road. They then used a method of biomolecular analysis called ZooMS to identify the source of the eggs.  The identification of these shell fragments as chickens, and their abundance at each site, led the researchers to an important conclusion. 4 . In the wild, this kind of bird nests once per year and typically lays six eggs per clutch (窝). This is the earliest evidence for the loss of seasonal egg laying yet identified in the archaeological record. Meanwhile, it is an important clue for better understanding the mutualistic (共生的) relationships between humans and animals that resulted in domestication Taken together, the new study suggests an answer to the age-old riddle of the chicken and the egg. 5 . A．To reach these conclusions, the team did a lot of work. B．The abundance of eggshells further suggests that the birds were laying out of season. C．Yet, the story of how they originated and spread throughout the ancient world remains largely unclear. D．Research shows chickens were bred throughout southern Central Asia, and were spread along the ancient Silk Road. E．The birds must have been laying more frequently than their wild ancestor, the red jungle fowl F．They argue that the loss of seasonal egg laying was the main drive for the spread of domestic chickens across Eurasia and northeast Africa G．As the evidence in Central Asia suggests, the ability to lay a large number of eggs is what made the chicken the chicken we know today. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. A 4. E 5. G 【导语】本文属于说明文。文章探讨了关于鸡与鸡蛋的经典问题，并通过介绍一项新的考古研究成果，阐述了家鸡驯化史中关于鸡蛋生产的重要发现，以及这些发现对理解家鸡起源和传播的意义。 1. 由下文的“Recent advancements in archaeological methodologies have unveiled that numerous bone discoveries, once believed to be evidence of early chickens, actually belong to wild birds. (考古学方法的最新进展揭示了许多曾经被认为是早期鸡的证据的骨头发现，实际上属于野生鸟类，)”可知，下文则提到了关于鸡的考古新发现，说明对于鸡如何起源和传播的故事并不清晰。因此，C选项“Yet, the story of how they originated and spread throughout the ancient world remains largely unclear (然而，它们如何起源并在古代世界中传播的故事仍很大程度上不清楚)”能引起下文，符合题意。故选C。 2. 由上文的“Now, in a new publication, an international team of archaeologists, historians, and biomolecular scientists present the earliest clear evidence for the raising of chickens for egg production. Using eggshell fragments collected from 12 archaeological sites covering roughly 1500 years, the researchers show that chickens were widely raised in Central Asia from approximately 400 BCE to 1000 CE and were likely spread along the ancient Silk Road. (现在，在一份新的出版物中，一个由考古学家、历史学家和生物分子科学家组成的国际团队提出了最早的明确证据，证明养鸡是为了产蛋。研究人员从12个考古遗址收集了大约1500年的蛋壳碎片，研究人员表明，从公元前400年到公元1000年，鸡在中亚被广泛饲养，并可能沿着古丝绸之路传播。)”可知，科学家发现大量的蛋壳，本空继续谈论这些蛋壳的发现的意义。B选项“The abundance of eggshells further suggests that the birds were laying out of season. (大量蛋壳进一步表明，这些鸟是在淡季产卵的。)”能承接上文，符合题意。故选B。 3. 根据下文的“They collected tens of thousands of eggshell fragments from sites located along the main Central Asian corridor of the Silk Road. They then used a method of biomolecular analysis called ZooMS to identify the source of the eggs.   The identification of these shell fragments as chickens, and their abundance at each site, led the researchers to an important conclusion. (他们从丝绸之路中亚主要走廊沿线的遗址收集了数以万计的蛋壳碎片。然后，他们使用一种称为ZooMS的生物分子分析方法来确定卵子的来源。这些壳碎片被鉴定为鸡，以及它们在每个地点的丰度，使研究人员得出了一个重要的结论。)”可知，下文谈论了团队做的工作，故本空也与团队做的工作有关。A选项“To reach these conclusions, the team did a lot of work (为了得出这些结论，团队做了大量工作)”能引起下文，符合题意。故选A。 4. 根据上文的“The identification of these shell fragments as chickens, and their abundance at each site, led the researchers to an important conclusion. (这些壳碎片被鉴定为鸡，以及它们在每个地点的丰度，使研究人员得出了一个重要的结论。)”可知，本空要阐述这一结论，根据下文的“In the wild, this kind of bird nests once per year and typically lays six eggs per clutch (窝). (在野外，这种鸟每年筑巢一次，通常每窝产六个蛋)”可知，这种鸟下蛋更多，E选项“The birds must have been laying more frequently than their wild ancestor, the red jungle fowl (这些鸟一定比它们的野生祖先红原鸡更频繁地下蛋)”是对研究结果的直接阐述，能承上启下，符合题意。故选E。 5. 根据上文的“Taken together, the new study suggests an answer to the age-old riddle of the chicken and the egg. (总的来说，这项新研究为古老的鸡生蛋还是蛋生鸡之谜提供了答案。)”可知，最后一个空格要求总结全文，总结研究的核心发现。G选项“As the evidence in Central Asia suggests, the ability to lay a large number of eggs is what made the chicken the chicken we know today. (正如中亚的证据所表明的那样，大量产蛋的能力使鸡成为我们今天所知道的鸡。)”既回应了文章开头的问题，也总结了研究的核心发现，大量产蛋的能力使鸡成为我们今天所知道的鸡，能承接上文，符合题意。故选G。 Passage 10 （23-24高二下·福建福州·期末）My, what a big beak you have! For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful. 1 In a paper published in Trends & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shows that is already. happening. Climate change is already changing the bodies of many animal species: bigger beaks (喙), limbs and ears. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10%since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. 2 All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary (进化) theory, “Allen’s rule”. Allen suggested it in 1877, holding that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions. 3 Being richly filled with blood vessels (血管), and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Ms. Ryding examined museum specimens (标本) to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors might have been driving the changes. Her team combined data from different species in different places. They have little in common apart from living on a warming planet. 4 For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%. 5 Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. A．Therefore, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. B．That may change as warming accelerates (加速). C．Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors. D．It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to. E．Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies. F．Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat. G．Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings. 【答案】1. C 2. G 3. F 4. A 5. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。介绍了地球变暖正在改变动物的外貌，如嘴巴变大。 1. 根据上文“For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful.(对人类来说，适应气候变化将主要是一个技术问题。更多的空调，更好设计的房屋和更大的防洪系统可能有助于减少全球变暖的危害)”可知，人类依靠的是科学技术来适应气候变化。选项C“动物将不得不依靠改变它们的身体或行为（去适应）。”承接上文，说明和人类不同，动物要适应气候变化就只能依靠它们的身体和行为。从而引出下文对于动物适应气候变化发生的变化的讲述，上下文通顺合理。故选C项。 2. 空处位于段末应承接上文。上文“In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10%since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern.(例如，在一些澳大利亚鹦鹉中，自1871年以来，喙的大小增加了4%到10%。另一项研究，这次是在另一种鸟类北美黑眼鹦鹉中，发现了同样的模式)”列举了一些动物因为天气变暖，喙变大的例子。由此推知，空处承接上文，继续举例。选项G“哺乳动物也有类似的趋势，老鼠、鼩鼱和蝙蝠进化出更大的耳朵、尾巴、腿和翅膀”符合语境，是动物应对天气变化外貌发生变化的例子。故选G项。 3. 根据上文“All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary (进化) theory, “Allen’s rule”. Allen suggested it in 1877, holding that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions.(所有这些都完全符合进化论的“艾伦法则”。艾伦在1877年提出了这个观点，他认为生活在炎热地区的温血动物往往比生活在温带地区的动物有更大的身体部位)”可知，炎热地区的温血动物往往长有更大的附属物，这是动物对气候的一种适应，选项F“这种适应性增加了动物相对于其身体体积的表面积，帮助它释放多余的热量。”解释了这种现象的产生原因。下文“Being richly filled with blood vessels (血管), and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat.(喙部充满了血管，没有被羽毛覆盖，是鸟类散热的理想场所)”举例说明动物的这种适应性。上下文通顺合理。故选F项。 4. 根据上文“Ms. Ryding examined museum specimens (标本) to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors might have been driving the changes. Her team combined data from different species in different places. They have little in common apart from living on a warming planet.(赖丁检查了博物馆的标本，以证明气候变化是导致解剖结构变化的原因。各种各样的其他因素可能推动了这些变化。她的团队结合了来自不同地方不同物种的数据。除了生活在一个变暖的星球上，它们几乎没有什么共同之处)”可知，本句与上文构成因果关系，对生物结构变化的原因进行解释说明。故A选项“因此，气候变化是最合理的解释”符合语境，故选A项。 5. 根据上文“For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%.(至少就目前而言，增幅很小，不会超过10%)”以及后文“Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go.(由于任何进化适应都伴随着权衡，目前尚不清楚这个过程会走多远)”可知，上文提到了目前的情况，推测本句是在说明未来可能会发生何种改变。故B选项“随着气候变暖的加速，这可能会改变”符合语境，故选B项。 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11 （23-24高二下·浙江宁波·期中）Homeless animals are usually left without a permanent home when their owners give them up or they’re found on the street. With millions of animals living in shelters every year, there aren’t enough people to take them in. 1 If you’d like to help homeless animals, then there are tons of ways to do so. ●  Adopt a pet When you adopt an animal from a shelter or rescue group, you save two lives. 2 , but you’ve made room at the shelter for another homeless cat or dog. There’s nothing more rewarding than adopting a pet who knows what home life is like and has been missing it — until the day you bring that pet home. Adopting truly makes you a hero. ●   3 Whether you like rolling up your sleeves and cleaning cages, socializing with a few of your kitten friends or working with numbers, your skills and interests can make a huge impact on the lives of homeless pets in your community. 4 . Shelters and rescue groups rely on foster (收养的) families to take in dogs and cats on a short-term basis. No matter what you like to do and what you’re good at, there’s a volunteer job for you. ●  Donate to the animals 5 . Consider paying it forward by sponsoring (发起) a pet’s adoption or donating food, cleaning supplies, blankets or towels to your local rescue. You can also help animals right from your computer or phone by donating items from the Best Friends Amazon wish list. A．Volunteer with animals B．So, many animals don’t get the love and care that they need C．Host an animal shelter talk at your school or workplace D．Fostering is a fun way to get lots of helpful hands-on time E．Not only can you feel good about saving the pet you adopted F．You’ll find rescue groups for just about any type of pet G．Whenever you give something to a shelter or a rescue group in your community, you’re helping to save lives 【答案】1. B 2. E 3. A 4. D 5. G 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些方法帮助无家可归的动物。 1. 根据空前“With millions of animals living in shelters every year, there aren’t enough people to take them in. (每年有数百万只动物生活在收容所里，没有足够的人收留它们。)”可知，空前主要介绍了很多动物没有人照顾，故B项“所以，许多动物得不到它们所需要的爱和照顾。”符合，和前文构成因果关系，很多动物在收容所里，因此得不到所需要的爱和照顾，故选B项。 2. 根据空后“but you’ve made room at the shelter for another homeless cat or dog.”but you've made room at the shelter for another homeless cat or dog.(而且你在收容所为另一只无家可归的猫或狗腾出了空间。)可知，空后是E项“你不仅能为救你收养的宠物而感到高兴”的顺义承接，not only…but “不仅……而且……”搭配，不仅能为就你收养的宠物而高兴，而且还为另一只无家可归的猫或狗腾出了空间，故选E项。 3. 根据空后“Whether you like rolling up your sleeves and cleaning cages, socializing with a few of your kitten friends or working with numbers, your skills and interests can make a huge impact on the lives of homeless pets in your community. (无论你是喜欢卷起袖子打扫笼子，还是喜欢与一些小猫朋友社交，还是喜欢数字工作，你的技能和兴趣都会对你所在社区无家可归宠物的生活产生巨大影响。)”可知，本段主要介绍当志愿者帮助动物，故A项“与动物一起做志愿者”符合，不管你的技能和爱好是什么，都会对你所在的社区的无家可归的宠物生物带来巨大的影响，因此和动物一起做志愿者吧，故选A项。 4. 根据空后“Shelters and rescue groups rely on foster (收养的) families to take in dogs and cats on a short-term basis. No matter what you like to do and what you’re good at, there’s a volunteer job for you. (收容所和救援组织依靠寄养家庭短期收留猫狗。无论你喜欢做什么，擅长什么，都有一份志愿者工作适合你。)”可知，这里主要介绍了寄养家庭，故D项“寄养是一种有趣的方式，可以获得大量有益的动手时间”符合，故选D项。 5. 根据空前的小标题“Donate to the animals(捐赠给动物)”可知，本段主要介绍向动物捐赠东西，故G项“每当你向社区里的避难所或救援组织捐赠东西时，你就是在帮助拯救生命”符合，故选G项。 Passage 12 （23-24高二下·山西晋城·开学考试）Why don’t birds on a wire get a shock?? Now how is that possible? The fact is, for a living creature to get a shock there has to be a substantial flow of currents through the body. 1 Firstly, the bird not only forms a circuit with the wire, but it also offers high resistance to currents, so currents pass through the wire instead of the bird. It’s a bit like this, would you prefer going on a smooth road or a road full of holes? The answer is obvious. 2 All objects offer some amount of resistance to the flow of currents, depending on the material. 3 However, the most important reason why currents don’t pass through the bird is, there is barely any voltage (电压) difference across the bird. Current flow is actually just a flow of minute charged particles (粒子). These charged particles need an energy input in order for them to move. The amount of energy needed to move the charges from one point to another is measured in terms of the potential difference between the two points. A bird sitting on high-tension wires has both its feet placed firmly on the same wire. 4 In order for currents to flow through the bird, there must be a sizeable difference in voltage across the body. The potential difference between the bird’s two feet is tiny and so a very small current flows through the bird which can barely be registered. 5 On the other hand if it were to touch the wire and some other object connected to the ground, it would receive a deadly shock. A．Currents travel like water. B．There are differences in birds’ shapes. C．Just like you, the current prefers taking the easier path. D．This is just one of the reasons why birds don’t get a shock. E．However, there’s barely any current running through the bird’s body for two reasons. F．Therefore, the net potential difference from one end of the bird to the other is almost zero. G．If the bird were to touch the wire and another wire at the same time, it would receive a mild shock. 【答案】1. E 2. C 3. D 4. F 5. G 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章解释了为什么鸟站在电线上不会被电击的原因。 1. 由下文“Firstly, the bird not only forms a circuit with the wire, but it also offers high resistance to currents, so currents pass through the wire instead of the bird.(首先，鸟不仅与电线形成电路，而且对电流具有高电阻，因此电流通过电线而不是鸟。)”可知，这里解释了为什么电流不通过鸟的原因。而E项“However, there’s barely any current running through the bird’s body for two reasons.(然而，由于两个原因，几乎没有电流流过这只鸟的身体。)”符合语境，其中reasons与下文的解释对应，有启下作用。故选E项。 2. 由上文“It’s a bit like this, would you prefer going on a smooth road or a road full of holes? The answer is obvious.(有点像这样，你更喜欢走平坦的路还是满是凹凸不平的路？答案是显而易见的。)”可知，这里提出问题，显而易见，你会选择平坦的路。而C项“Just like you, the current prefers taking the easier path.(和你一样，电流更喜欢走更容易的路。)”符合语境，其中you与上文对应，path与上文 road对应，有承上作用。故选C项。 3. 由下文“However, the most important reason why currents don’t pass through the bird is, there is barely any voltage (电压) difference across the bird.(然而，电流不能通过鸟的最重要原因是，鸟身上几乎没有任何电压差。)”可知，这里在讲另外的原因，而D项“This is just one of the reasons why birds don’t get a shock(这只是鸟类不会受到电击的原因之一)”符合语境，其中This指代上文的解释，just one of the reasons也与后文the most important reason 对应，所以本句有承上启下作用。故选D项。 4. 由上文“A bird sitting on high-tension wires has both its feet placed firmly on the same wire.(一只鸟坐在高压电线上，双脚牢牢地放在同一根电线上。)”可知，这里讲述鸟的双脚是放在同一根电线上，而F项“Therefore, the net potential difference from one end of the bird to the other is almost zero(因此，从鸟的一端到另一端的净电势差几乎为零。)”符合语境，针对上一句的现象解释了鸟不被点击的原因。所以有承上作用。故选F项。 5. 由下文“On the other hand if it were to touch the wire and some other object connected to the ground, it would receive a deadly shock.(另一方面，如果它接触到电线和其它连接到地面的物体，它会受到致命的电击)”可知，这里讲述了鸟会被电击的一种情况，而G项“If the bird were to touch the wire and another wire at the same time, it would receive a mild shock(如果这只鸟同时接触电线和另一根电线，它会受到轻微的电击)”符合语境，也讲了鸟被电击的一种情况，If与后文对应，有启下作用。故选G项。 Passage 13 （23-24高二下·河北张家口·期中）How to Successfully Adopt a Dog Caring for a dog goes far beyond providing food, water and shelter. It takes research and careful planning to bring the right dog into your home, 1 Research and prepare 2 Consider factors such as size, energy level, grooming (梳毛) requirements, and so on. Assess your living situation to ensure it’s suitable for a pet. Prepare yourself mentally and emotionally for the commitment of dog ownership.Visit local animal shelters and rescue organizations Explore nearby animal shelters and rescue organizations to see the dogs available for adoption. 3 Then you may find one that you connect with and fits your preferences.Prepare your home Before bringing your new dog home, ensure your living space is safe and equipped to meet their needs. Purchase essential supplies such as food and water bowls, a comfortable bed, toys, leash, collar, and identification tags. Create a designated area for your dog to eat, sleep, and relax.Introduce your new dog to its environment Once you’ve adopted a dog, introduce it gradually to its new home environment. Start in a small area and gradually expand its access as it becomes more comfortable. 4 Give lots of praise, be patient, and make sure your dog feels safe in its new surroundings.Schedule a veterinary check-up (兽医检查) Soon after adoption, schedule a comprehensive veterinary examination for your new dog. 5 It will also ensure your dog is up-to-date on vaccinations and preventive care. Discuss a plan for ongoing healthcare if necessary. A．Create a safe environment. B．Spend time interacting with different dogs. C．This visit will help identify any possible health issues. D．Dogs benefit from several hours of exercise every day. E．Establish a routine for feeding, exercise, and bathroom breaks. F．Read on for tips to prepare yourself and your home for a new furry friend. G．Before adopting a dog, conduct research to understand various breeds and their needs. 【答案】1. F 2. G 3. B 4. A 5. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何成功领养一只狗。 1. 根据上文“Caring for a dog goes far beyond providing food, water and shelter. It takes research and careful planning to bring the right dog into your home(照顾一只狗远远超过提供食物、水和住所。把合适的狗带回家需要研究和仔细的计划)”可知，上文提到了养狗需要研究和仔细的计划，结合后文给出了养狗的建议，故F选项“请继续阅读下面的小贴士，为你和你的家准备一个新的毛茸茸的朋友”符合语境，故选F。 2. 根据后文“Consider factors such as size, energy level, grooming (梳毛) requirements, and so on. Assess your living situation to ensure it’s suitable for a pet. Prepare yourself mentally and emotionally for the commitment of dog ownership.(考虑诸如大小、能量水平、梳理要求等因素。评估一下你的生活环境，确保它适合养宠物。做好心理上和情感上的准备，迎接养狗的承诺)”可知，本段的主旨是养狗之前先要了解狗的情况和需求，故G选项“在领养狗之前，进行研究，了解不同的品种和它们的需求”符合语境，故选G。 3. 根据上文“Explore nearby animal shelters and rescue organizations to see the dogs available for adoption.(探索附近的动物收容所和救援组织，看看可供收养的狗)”以及后文“Then you may find one that you connect with and fits your preferences.(然后你可能会找到一个与你有联系并符合你喜好的狗)”可知，上文提到了探索附近有狗的地方，本句承接上文，说明接下来如何挑选出自己喜爱的狗。故B选项“花时间和不同的狗狗交流”符合语境，故选B。 4. 根据上文“Once you’ve adopted a dog, introduce it gradually to its new home environment. Start in a small area and gradually expand its access as it becomes more comfortable.(一旦你收养了一只狗，慢慢地让它适应新的家庭环境。从一个小的区域开始，逐渐扩大它的范围，因为它变得更舒适)”以及后文“Give lots of praise, be patient, and make sure your dog feels safe in its new surroundings. (多给予赞美，要有耐心，并确保你的狗在新环境中感到安全)”可知，本段主要关于如何让狗适应新环境，故A选项“创造一个安全的环境”符合语境，故选A。 5. 根据上文“Soon after adoption, schedule a comprehensive veterinary examination for your new dog.(领养后不久，为你的新狗安排一次全面的兽医检查)”和下文“It will also ensure your dog is up-to-date on vaccinations and preventive care.(这也将确保你的狗是最新的疫苗接种和预防保健。)”可知，上文提到了进行兽医检查，下文also是提示词，说明后文说的是兽医检查的好处，空格处也应如此。故C选项“这次访问将有助于发现任何可能的健康问题”符合语境，故选C。 Passage 14 （22-23高二下·云南保山·期末）Giant pandas are among the most lovable animals alive today. 1 So why and how have pandas abandoned their taste for meat to pick up a vegetarian diet? Pandas today don’t eat meat. However, they’ve kept much of their meat-eating adaptations from times past. Their digestive systems have not changed much from their meat-eating days. 2 Only about 17% of it is digested. To survive, pandas eat large amounts of bamboo while having a low-metabolic (新陈代谢的), lazy lifestyle to make up for the poor energy return. The giant panda’s shift to a vegetarian diet is in line with the inactivation (失活) of a specific gene—Taslrl, which provides them with the ability to taste certain amino acids (氨基酸) abundant in meat. 3 Pandas have evolved (进化) to a great degree to cope with their relatively recent bamboo-eating lifestyle. Pandas must seize long and thin pieces of bamboo shoots. To help with this, they have developed a long “fake-thumb” (伪拇指). So giant pandas have six fingers in each paw which provides better support for them to seize objects such as bamboo in one paw quickly. 4 While other bears and many meat-eating animals have smooth tongues, pandas have evolved tiny projections on the surface of their tongues that serve to file down food. This is especially useful for pandas as they remove the outer cover of bamboo. Time will tell if pandas will adapt and survive, go back to eating meat, or disappear in the wild. 5 A．They eat 12.5 kg of bamboo in a single day. B．Bamboo is the healthier diet for captive (圈养的) pandas. C．Its inactivation in pandas would lead to their dietary change. D．The newborn panda is blind and covered with only a thin all-white coat. E．Researchers have found that the surface of the panda’s tongue is different. F．Unlike their relatives, pandas don’t eat meal but survive on a diet of only bamboo. G．Whatever the future holds, we get to share our planet with these adorable animals. 【答案】1. F 2. A 3. C 4. E 5. G 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要分析了熊猫饮食方面进化的原因及特征。 1. 根据下文“So why and how have pandas abandoned their taste for meat to pick up a vegetarian diet?(那么，大熊猫为什么以及如何放弃对肉食的口味而选择素食呢？)”可知空处内容应与熊猫吃素食有关，与F项“Unlike their relatives, pandas don’t eat meal but survive on a diet of only bamboo.(与它们的亲戚不同，大熊猫不吃食物，而是只以竹子为食。)”上下文一致，a diet of only bamboo与a vegetarian diet前后呼应，故选F项。 2. 根据下文“Only about 17% of it is digested.(其中只有17%能被消化。)”可知，空处应为每天吃的总量，与A项“They eat 12.5 kg of bamboo in a single day.(它们一天要吃掉12.5公斤的竹子)”上下文一致，12.5 kg of bamboo与Only about17% of it前后呼应，故选A项。 3. 根据上文“The giant panda’s shift to a vegetarian diet is in line with the inactivation (失活) of a specific gene—Taslrl, which provides them with the ability to taste certain amino acids (氨基酸) abundant in meat.(大熊猫转向素食与特定基因Taslrl的失活相一致，该基因使它们能够品尝肉类中富含的某些氨基酸。)”可知是特定基因Taslrl的失活导致大熊猫的饮食改变，与C项“Its inactivation in pandas would lead to their dietary change.(它在熊猫体内的失活将导致它们的饮食改变。)”上下文一致，inactivation (失活) of a specific gene与Its inactivation in pandas为前后呼应，故选C项。 4. 根据下文“While other bears and many meat-eating animals have smooth tongues, pandas have evolved tiny projections on the surface of their tongues that serve to file down food.(虽然其他熊类和许多食肉动物的舌头都很光滑，但熊猫的舌头表面已经进化出了微小的突起，可以把食物锉下来。)”可知，空处内容应与大熊猫的舌头表面相关，与E项“Researchers have found that the surface of the panda’s tongue is different.(研究人员发现，大熊猫舌头的表面是不同的。)”上下文一致，panda’s tongue与their tongues为前后呼应，故选E项。 5. 根据上文“Time will tell if pandas will adapt and survive, go back to eating meat, or disappear in the wild.(时间会告诉我们，大熊猫是会适应并生存下来，还是会重新吃肉，还是会在野外消失。)”可知，本段讨论的是大熊猫的未来，与G项“Whatever the future holds, we get to share our planet with these adorable animals.(无论未来如何，我们都要和这些可爱的动物分享我们的星球。)”上下文一致，符合题意，故选G项。 Passage 15 （22-23高二下·山东济宁·期末）While ”televet“ services have been available for some years now, their popularity has exploded since COVID． 1 But Britain has recently welcomed this style of vet ( 兽 医 )care service with open arms. Televet consults can be done over the Internet through typed chats or video calls, or can be conducted over the phone. 2 This is especially true for patients who dislike travelling and who become anxious in the clinic. There are a range of consults that can be safely and easily done remotely, including some post-operation checks, behavioral consults and weight clinics. Owners generally feel more relaxed when reporting from their home. 3 We all know how tricky it is to get an unwilling cat into a carrier. It is sometimes useful for owners to send photos and videos for the vet to assess. When possible, these should be uploaded prior to the consultation starting to ensure the vet has had time to view them. Photos must be taken in good lighting and the animal should be still to avoid blur(模糊). 4 As well as those services offered by an owner’s clinic, there are also online vets who ar not connected with clinics. This sort of service can be especially useful during non-working hours, when an owner needs advice but their regular clinic is closed. 5 A pet which is unwell needs to be examined and evaluated at the clinic. This is not only so a vet can get a feel for how unwell they are, but also so medical tests can be run. On top of this, minor procedures like claw clipping and vaccinating cannot be done remotely. A．And it can save them time and trouble. B．They have become an instant hit around the globe. C．They were once seen as more of an American offering. D．Otherwise, it might make the images trickier to interpret. E．Televet services have both advantages and disadvantages. F．Nevertheless, in-person consults will never be completely replaced G．For owner and vet alike, remote consultation can be more convenient 【答案】1. C 2. G 3. A 4. D 5. F 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了远程兽医咨询的利弊。 1. 根据下文“But Britain has recently welcomed this style of vet ( 兽 医 )care service with open arms.（但英国最近对这种形式的兽医护理服务表示欢迎。）”尤其是句中的But可知，上文应该说的是远程兽医服务此前在其他地方受欢迎，C项“它们曾经更多地被视为美国产品”符合题意，故选择C项。 2. 根据下文“This is especially true for patients who dislike travelling and who become anxious in the clinic.（对于那些不喜欢旅行和在诊所里感到焦虑的患者来说尤其如此。）”可知，这段主要说的是远程咨询带来的便利，G项“对于主人和兽医来说，远程咨询会更方便”符合题意，故选择G项。 3. 根据上文“Owners generally feel more relaxed when reporting from their home.（业主在家里报告时通常会感到更放松。）”以及下文“We all know how tricky it is to get an unwilling cat into a carrier.（我们都知道把一只不情愿的猫带进猫包是多么棘手。）”可知，这里要说的是远程咨询可以省去这些麻烦，A项“这可以为他们节省时间和麻烦。”符合题意，故选择A项。 4. 根据上文“Photos must be taken in good lighting and the animal should be still to avoid blur(模糊).（照片必须在良好的光线下拍摄，动物应该静止以避免模糊。）”可知，这里说的是图像不清晰，会带来解读不便，D项“否则，这可能会使图像更难解读。”符合题意，故选择D项。 5. 根据下文“A pet which is unwell needs to be examined and evaluated at the clinic. This is not only so a vet can get a feel for how unwell they are, but also so medical tests can be run. On top of this, minor procedures like claw clipping and vaccinating cannot be done remotely.（身体不适的宠物需要在诊所接受检查和评估。这不仅是为了让兽医能感觉到他们的身体有多不适，也是为了进行医学测试。除此之外，像夹爪和接种疫苗这样的小程序无法远程完成。）”可知，这里说的是面对面咨询的不可替代性，F项“尽管如此，面对面的咨询永远不会被完全取代”符合题意，故选择F项。 高二下学期 单元话题 梯度训练 27 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$专题-S732七选五 人教版选择性必修四 题型特训 Unit 3 Sea Exploration 学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________ 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 - 5 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 -10 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11-15 一、 初阶练手 Passage 1 （2024高二下·全国·专题练习）China will pay more attention to the research and development of techniques and equipment 1 , according to a senior researcher in the country’s shipbuilding industry. “Deep-sea mining has become 2 on science, technology, resources and industries, because there are a lot of polymetallic nodules on ocean floors that contain rich concentrations of nickel, copper, manganese and cobalt that are essential to the renewable energy industry,” said Ye Cong, deputy director of the China Ship Scientific Research Center in Jiangsu province’s Wuxi. “A large proportion of the metals I mentioned, which are extensively used at Chinese factories, needs to be imported. 3 will help us reduce the heavy reliance on foreign suppliers,” said Ye, who is a member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. Internationally, some Western nations have owned key technologies and the capability of manufacturing major hardware 4 and at least one company has launched experimental commercial mining operations expected to retrieve thousands of metric tons of ores each day. However, China lags behind in terms of knowledge, technology and hardware, which highlights the importance of 5 . A．a new frontier of international competition B．a new study of great importance C．used for deep-sea mining D．used for marine exploration E．mining them from seabed F．government attention and investment G．required in deep-sea mining Passage 2 （23-24高二下·四川遂宁·阶段练习）How to Make Your Garden Pet-Friendly? Whether you have a dog, cat or a host of different animals to spend your time with, have you ever thought of providing your pet with a comfortable garden? 1 And it’s crucial that they have a safe environment in which to play in the open air. 2 This could stretch the whole breadth of your garden, or just a section if you’d prefer to keep a part of your space as a human-only zone. When choosing what to have underfoot, grass is a clear winner and paved pathways are also safe for paws to pad about on. Try to avoid loose materials such as small stones since they can get stuck and injure your pet. Meanwhile, some flowers such as Daffodils, English Ivy and Mistletoe can be harmful to dogs. 3 Can you imagine spending summer in a fur coat without a break? Apparently, finding shade for an animal is vital. Be sure to provide areas where pets can rest and retreat from the sun. 4 Since animals aren’t known for their lavatorial (入厕的) manners, you will be left to clear up their business. 5 Other than being an eyesore for your much-loved landscape, not clearing up after your pets could lead to health problems for humans and other animals. A．Our furry companions definitely love the outdoors. B．So you’d better research what flowers your pet like. C．However annoying the chore, it’s an important one. D．Start with a strong, firm fence to assign their boundaries. E．It is also a polite behavior for the pet-owner in public places. F．Leaving water in these spaces can encourage them to visit. G．Thus, knowing what plants could be potentially poisonous is important. Passage 3 （23-24高二下·辽宁锦州·期末）Many scientists and marine biologists are quite worried about the state of coral reefs around the globe. They have been experiencing “bleaching” (白化) which is a process that involves the slow starvation and eventual death of coral reefs. 1 This has huge effects on the organisms that rely on the coral reefs in the ocean and us humans. 2 In the Turks and Caicos Islands, it has been reported that the coral reefs have been relatively untouched by the bleaching events. Even more surprising is the news that even the ones affected have recovered very well. The problem is caused by many reasons. Pollution, introduced species, over-fishing, and over-tourism have all contributed to the issue. 3 Since the 1970’s, about 80% of the coral reefs in the Caribbean have died out. An organization has taken steps to help out. They asked divers to observe over 100 reef sites off the South Caicos Island and set up a database. After scanning the data, they found surprising results. 4 But other corals did suffer bleaching. But they quickly rebounded to normal within months of the irregularly high thermal stress (热应力). Two years later, when the same corals were observed, they were even more colored. 5 There were theories that Hurricanes Irma and Maria helped, as they resulted in much less tourism and thus decreased damage to the surrounding ecosystems. Experts are continuing to observe the phenomenon to see if there is anything going on that can help save other reefs. A．It meant their health improved. B．So they are dying out at alarming rates. C．Many coral reefs can survive bleaching. D．Some corals proved no significant bleaching. E．The worst of bleaching events took place in 2017. F．But the coral reefs are doing surprisingly well in one region. G．The warming temperatures of the oceans have also caused great harm. Passage 4 （22-23高二下·山东青岛·期末）Many animal populations seem to be decreasing sharply. 1 It is America’s native wood stork (木鹳). The wood stork is the only stork that breeds in North America. In 1984, it was declared an endangered species after its population dropped to just 5,000 mating pairs. At the time, scientists predicted that the bird would be completely wiped out by 2000. 2 The Fish and Wildlife Service is proposing a delisting (移除) of the wood stork as an endangered species. So how did the population bounce back? 3 The wood stork’s native home was in the Everglades in Florida, but it migrated north as the Everglades were being destroyed by development. In 1987, former Savannah Coastal Refuges biologist John Robinette noticed stork nests in Georgia, as stork populations moved to safer wetlands. According to Stephanie Kurose, a senior policy specialist at the Centre for Biological Diversity, the Endangered Species Act is also to thank for this recovery. She said, “The act saved the wood stork. 4 It has improved water quality and benefited countless other species who call the area home.” The Endangered Species Act has saved 99 per cent of the species that were on the list since 1973. A hundred types of plants and animals have been delisted as their populations become stable again. If the wood stork is delisted, it will remain protected by other laws. 5 A．Today, it numbers 10, 000 mating pairs. B．However, one species is moving in the opposite direction. C．The success is in part down to the flexibility of the wood stork. D．It helped preserve and rebuild vital habitats throughout the southeast. E．The birds have adapted to new nesting areas and enlarged their colonies. F．It serves as an indicator species for restoration of the Everglades ecosystem. G．A monitoring plan will be put in place to ensure the population remains stable. Passage 5 （2024·浙江·三模）We love our pets. In fact, for most people they are more than me re pets and become more like family members. It is likely then that their owners, at some point, are going to want photographs of their furry friends. However, pet photography presents its own special problems. 1 If you’re thinking of trying pet photography, here are a few pointers to get you started. Find out about your subject’s personality and habits. Where does it nod off if the sun is out? What is its favourite toy? 2 It’s also worth spending a little time getting to know the animal yourself. Cats, dogs, horses, they all have personality, and you need to ensure they are comfortable being around you, and you around them. 3 If the pet is comfortable with you, and if it isn’t too nervous, fill the frame with the pet’s face. Get the eyes nice and sharp. Just like humans, this is a natural point of focus, although focusing on the nose or mouth of a dog or cat can also make for an interesting image in its own right. See the world from pets’ perspective. If you photograph a pet while you’re standing up, all you’re going to see is the top of their head and their backs, not what you want for a portrait. Get down to their eye level. Try pre-focusing your camera and just holding it at ground level so you can look up at the pet. 4 . Bring a flash with the owner’s permission. While greeting or playing with a new pet, fire a couple of test flashes away from them to see their reaction. In daylight particularly, they never seem to mind the flash at all. 5 . A．Think about getting in close to your subject. B．It’s worth a try just for a new angle on things. C．Animals can be unpredictable, lazy, aggressive and excitable. D．A good photograph focuses on the subject and not the background. E．If they do mind, then stick with natural light and use a white reflector. F．The more you shoot, the greater your chances of hitting that perfect shot! G．Take time to chat with the owner and observe your subject to gain some insight. 二、 进阶练习 Passage 6 （23-24高二下·山东泰安·期末）Laughter is a universal language for humans to connect with each other and form social bonds. Even as babies, we giggle when our parents pull funny faces, and then gradually learn to make others laugh as we grow up. 1 Scientists have observed behaviors in animals that suggest that your pets might be secret jokesters. Have you ever seen dogs let people come close to their toy, and then playfully run away with it? Biologist Charles Darwin saw this as the dog’s version of a practical joke. Mare Bekoff, biology professor, also observed dogs playfully teasing each other by approaching slowly and then quickly running away. 2 And he’s also said that animals may goof around (瞎胡闹) as a way to cope with stress. In a 2024 study, Isabelle Laumer and colleagues watched four ape species interact with each other and observed 18 distinct teasing behaviors. They saw young apes move towards an adult quietly, pat them to surprise them and then wait and watch the response, behaviour similar to that shown by human children. 3 What about laughing? While playing, dogs sometimes produce a breathy snort (哼) that could sound like laughter. 4 Rats make a joyful squeak (吱吱声) similar to a giggle when they are tickled, says Jeffrey Burgdorf, professor at Northwestern University. 5 Are the apes in Laumer’s study really joking around or just attention-seeking? What would be the evolutionary purpose of animals teasing? “In humans, humour can serve as an ice-breaker, removing social barriers and strengthening relationships,” says Laumer. “We don’t know if it’s the same in apes or other animals, but it’s possible.” A．But is it a uniquely human experience? B．His study showed that rats intend to tease. C．Dolphins let out a squeak when they are hungry. D．Dolphins let out sounds of joy when play-fighting. E．His work concluded that dogs just want to have fun. F．But is a rat’s giggle really a sign of a sense of humour? G．So, a sense of humour may have appeared early in our evolutionary timeline. Passage 7 （23-24高二下·安徽阜阳·期末）Biodiversity doesn’t only revolve around species we consider rare and threatened but around every living being. 1 Here are some ways to protect biodiversity in your backyard garden. Pesticides are known to be poisonous to humans, animals, and the Earth. Thus, to protect biodiversity in your yard, avoid using harmful and poisonous chemicals. 2 These organic fertilizers provide the necessary nutrients needed for plant growth without harming the Earth. Prevention is the best way to discourage and deal with pests and diseases. Check your plants regularly for unwanted visitors. Another way to protect biodiversity in your garden is to create various habitats. To do so, you can choose to plant fruit trees or berry bushes and add a bird feeder or other open water sources. Perennials (多年生植物) can provide shelter for some species. 3 Plants grow better in their native habitats, where climate and soil are perfect for their development and growth. Plants also form symbiotic (共生的) relationships with other native plants that help them spread their seeds and discourage pests and diseases. 4 Easier to build such relationships, native plants require fewer resources to grow healthily compared to non-native plants. 5 Plants that aren’t native to your area can be invasive (侵入性的), take over your garden, and threaten the growth and survival of native plants. Their removal provides space for native plants to develop. These plants are part of the local ecosystem in your garden and provide habitat for other animals. A．Instead, turn to natural pest control and natural fertilizers. B．Insects aren’t the only reason for the great damage to your plants. C．Creating a flowering wall is a good way to beautify your backyard. D．Relationships like this help native plants defend themselves naturally. E．Balanced biodiversity in your yard positively impacts the environment. F．Removing invasive and non-native plants leaves more space for other plants. G．Even a dead tree can also serve as a habitat for insects, birds, and other animals. Passage 8 （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期末）Gardening 380 Kilometers above Earth Astronauts have to go through physical, psychological, and technical training. They also go through training in how to care for plants. These “astronaut gardeners” share their work and living space with plants. Taking seeds and plants along on a trip isn’t a new idea. As space trips become longer, it will be necessary to grow food in space. 1 Because of this, it’s not practical to send everything needed for a long journey, only to be used once and thrown away. Plants can serve many uses on a space journey. They can provide more fresh things. 2 Also, plants can help to make air quality better because they produce oxygen. They can improve the quality of the air inside the spacecraft — the only air the astronauts can breathe. 3 Due to the lack of gravity in space, the oxygen that the plants produce stays around the plants. This can actually kill them, so fans are needed to circulate the air. Without gravity, roots don’t “know” to grow down, leaves don’t “know” to grow up, and water doesn’t easily travel up the roots to the leaves. 4 Besides, soil is too heavy to send to space, and special liquid gels (胶) are used to help plant growth. Scientists are also working on the plants themselves. They are trying to make plants grow more rapidly and grow with less water and light in space, and they are looking for ways to make plants more resistant to disease. 5 Imagine that deserts may one day provide lots of fresh food for local people, saving transportation costs. Similarly, plants that are resistant to disease could provide an important food supply. With the world’s population now at seven billion (十亿) people, our astronaut gardeners may help discover ways to feed those billions. A．Every plant grown in space must have several uses. B．However, there are challenges with growing plants in space. C．Such methods may result in improvements back here on Earth. D．The cost of taking anything into space is about $22,000 per kilogram. E．Specialized containers are being developed to help the plants grow correctly. F．Astronauts will welcome the addition of fruits and vegetables to their diet of dry foods. G．Currently all oxygen is taken aboard in tanks and then caught again so it can be reused. Passage 9 （23-24高二下·北京丰台·期末）What Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? Chickens are one of the most economically important animals in the world today. 1 , Recent advancements in archaeological methodologies have unveiled that numerous bone discoveries, once believed to be evidence of early chickens, actually belong to wild birds. Now, in a new publication, an international team of archaeologists, historians, and biomolecular scientists present the earliest clear evidence for the raising of chickens for egg production. Using eggshell fragments collected from 12 archaeological sites covering roughly 1500 years, the researchers show that chickens were widely raised in Central Asia from approximately 400 BCE to 1000 CE and were likely spread along the ancient Silk Road. 2 . It was this trait of productive egg laying, the researchers argue, that made the domestic chicken so attractive to ancient peoples 3 . They collected tens of thousands of eggshell fragments from sites located along the main Central Asian corridor of the Silk Road. They then used a method of biomolecular analysis called ZooMS to identify the source of the eggs.  The identification of these shell fragments as chickens, and their abundance at each site, led the researchers to an important conclusion. 4 . In the wild, this kind of bird nests once per year and typically lays six eggs per clutch (窝). This is the earliest evidence for the loss of seasonal egg laying yet identified in the archaeological record. Meanwhile, it is an important clue for better understanding the mutualistic (共生的) relationships between humans and animals that resulted in domestication Taken together, the new study suggests an answer to the age-old riddle of the chicken and the egg. 5 . A．To reach these conclusions, the team did a lot of work. B．The abundance of eggshells further suggests that the birds were laying out of season. C．Yet, the story of how they originated and spread throughout the ancient world remains largely unclear. D．Research shows chickens were bred throughout southern Central Asia, and were spread along the ancient Silk Road. E．The birds must have been laying more frequently than their wild ancestor, the red jungle fowl F．They argue that the loss of seasonal egg laying was the main drive for the spread of domestic chickens across Eurasia and northeast Africa G．As the evidence in Central Asia suggests, the ability to lay a large number of eggs is what made the chicken the chicken we know today. Passage 10 （23-24高二下·福建福州·期末）My, what a big beak you have! For humans, adapting to climate change will mostly be a matter of technology. More air conditioning, better-designed houses and bigger flood defenses may help to make the effects of a warmer world less harmful. 1 In a paper published in Trends & Evolution, a team led by Sara Ryding, a PhD candidate at Deakin University, shows that is already. happening. Climate change is already changing the bodies of many animal species: bigger beaks (喙), limbs and ears. In some species of Australian parrot, for instance, beak size has increased by between 4% and 10%since 1871. Another study, this time in North American dark-eyed juncos, another bird, found the same pattern. 2 All that is perfectly consistent with evolutionary (进化) theory, “Allen’s rule”. Allen suggested it in 1877, holding that warm-blooded animals in hot places tend to have larger body parts than those in temperate (温带的) regions. 3 Being richly filled with blood vessels (血管), and not covered by feathers, beaks make an ideal place for birds to get rid of heat. Ms. Ryding examined museum specimens (标本) to prove that climate change was the cause of an anatomical (解剖学的) changes. All sorts of other factors might have been driving the changes. Her team combined data from different species in different places. They have little in common apart from living on a warming planet. 4 For now, at least, the increase is small, never much more than 10%. 5 Since any evolutionary adaptation comes with trade-offs (妥协), it is unclear how far the process might go. A．Therefore, climate change is the most reasonable explanation. B．That may change as warming accelerates (加速). C．Animals will have to rely on changing their bodies or their behaviors. D．It seems that the future world is going to be hotter than humans are used to. E．Therefore, the negative effects of a warmer world are visible in these animals’ bodies. F．Such adaptations boost an animal’s surface area relative to its body, helping it to release extra heat. G．Similar trends are seen in mammals, with species of mice and bats evolving bigger ears, legs and wings. 三、 高阶提升 Passage 11 （23-24高二下·浙江宁波·期中）Homeless animals are usually left without a permanent home when their owners give them up or they’re found on the street. With millions of animals living in shelters every year, there aren’t enough people to take them in. 1 If you’d like to help homeless animals, then there are tons of ways to do so. ●  Adopt a pet When you adopt an animal from a shelter or rescue group, you save two lives. 2 , but you’ve made room at the shelter for another homeless cat or dog. There’s nothing more rewarding than adopting a pet who knows what home life is like and has been missing it — until the day you bring that pet home. Adopting truly makes you a hero. ●   3 Whether you like rolling up your sleeves and cleaning cages, socializing with a few of your kitten friends or working with numbers, your skills and interests can make a huge impact on the lives of homeless pets in your community. 4 . Shelters and rescue groups rely on foster (收养的) families to take in dogs and cats on a short-term basis. No matter what you like to do and what you’re good at, there’s a volunteer job for you. ●  Donate to the animals 5 . Consider paying it forward by sponsoring (发起) a pet’s adoption or donating food, cleaning supplies, blankets or towels to your local rescue. You can also help animals right from your computer or phone by donating items from the Best Friends Amazon wish list. A．Volunteer with animals B．So, many animals don’t get the love and care that they need C．Host an animal shelter talk at your school or workplace D．Fostering is a fun way to get lots of helpful hands-on time E．Not only can you feel good about saving the pet you adopted F．You’ll find rescue groups for just about any type of pet G．Whenever you give something to a shelter or a rescue group in your community, you’re helping to save lives Passage 12 （23-24高二下·山西晋城·开学考试）Why don’t birds on a wire get a shock?? Now how is that possible? The fact is, for a living creature to get a shock there has to be a substantial flow of currents through the body. 1 Firstly, the bird not only forms a circuit with the wire, but it also offers high resistance to currents, so currents pass through the wire instead of the bird. It’s a bit like this, would you prefer going on a smooth road or a road full of holes? The answer is obvious. 2 All objects offer some amount of resistance to the flow of currents, depending on the material. 3 However, the most important reason why currents don’t pass through the bird is, there is barely any voltage (电压) difference across the bird. Current flow is actually just a flow of minute charged particles (粒子). These charged particles need an energy input in order for them to move. The amount of energy needed to move the charges from one point to another is measured in terms of the potential difference between the two points. A bird sitting on high-tension wires has both its feet placed firmly on the same wire. 4 In order for currents to flow through the bird, there must be a sizeable difference in voltage across the body. The potential difference between the bird’s two feet is tiny and so a very small current flows through the bird which can barely be registered. 5 On the other hand if it were to touch the wire and some other object connected to the ground, it would receive a deadly shock. A．Currents travel like water. B．There are differences in birds’ shapes. C．Just like you, the current prefers taking the easier path. D．This is just one of the reasons why birds don’t get a shock. E．However, there’s barely any current running through the bird’s body for two reasons. F．Therefore, the net potential difference from one end of the bird to the other is almost zero. G．If the bird were to touch the wire and another wire at the same time, it would receive a mild shock. Passage 13 （23-24高二下·河北张家口·期中）How to Successfully Adopt a Dog Caring for a dog goes far beyond providing food, water and shelter. It takes research and careful planning to bring the right dog into your home, 1 Research and prepare 2 Consider factors such as size, energy level, grooming (梳毛) requirements, and so on. Assess your living situation to ensure it’s suitable for a pet. Prepare yourself mentally and emotionally for the commitment of dog ownership.Visit local animal shelters and rescue organizations Explore nearby animal shelters and rescue organizations to see the dogs available for adoption. 3 Then you may find one that you connect with and fits your preferences.Prepare your home Before bringing your new dog home, ensure your living space is safe and equipped to meet their needs. Purchase essential supplies such as food and water bowls, a comfortable bed, toys, leash, collar, and identification tags. Create a designated area for your dog to eat, sleep, and relax.Introduce your new dog to its environment Once you’ve adopted a dog, introduce it gradually to its new home environment. Start in a small area and gradually expand its access as it becomes more comfortable. 4 Give lots of praise, be patient, and make sure your dog feels safe in its new surroundings.Schedule a veterinary check-up (兽医检查) Soon after adoption, schedule a comprehensive veterinary examination for your new dog. 5 It will also ensure your dog is up-to-date on vaccinations and preventive care. Discuss a plan for ongoing healthcare if necessary. A．Create a safe environment. B．Spend time interacting with different dogs. C．This visit will help identify any possible health issues. D．Dogs benefit from several hours of exercise every day. E．Establish a routine for feeding, exercise, and bathroom breaks. F．Read on for tips to prepare yourself and your home for a new furry friend. G．Before adopting a dog, conduct research to understand various breeds and their needs. Passage 14 （22-23高二下·云南保山·期末）Giant pandas are among the most lovable animals alive today. 1 So why and how have pandas abandoned their taste for meat to pick up a vegetarian diet? Pandas today don’t eat meat. However, they’ve kept much of their meat-eating adaptations from times past. Their digestive systems have not changed much from their meat-eating days. 2 Only about 17% of it is digested. To survive, pandas eat large amounts of bamboo while having a low-metabolic (新陈代谢的), lazy lifestyle to make up for the poor energy return. The giant panda’s shift to a vegetarian diet is in line with the inactivation (失活) of a specific gene—Taslrl, which provides them with the ability to taste certain amino acids (氨基酸) abundant in meat. 3 Pandas have evolved (进化) to a great degree to cope with their relatively recent bamboo-eating lifestyle. Pandas must seize long and thin pieces of bamboo shoots. To help with this, they have developed a long “fake-thumb” (伪拇指). So giant pandas have six fingers in each paw which provides better support for them to seize objects such as bamboo in one paw quickly. 4 While other bears and many meat-eating animals have smooth tongues, pandas have evolved tiny projections on the surface of their tongues that serve to file down food. This is especially useful for pandas as they remove the outer cover of bamboo. Time will tell if pandas will adapt and survive, go back to eating meat, or disappear in the wild. 5 A．They eat 12.5 kg of bamboo in a single day. B．Bamboo is the healthier diet for captive (圈养的) pandas. C．Its inactivation in pandas would lead to their dietary change. D．The newborn panda is blind and covered with only a thin all-white coat. E．Researchers have found that the surface of the panda’s tongue is different. F．Unlike their relatives, pandas don’t eat meal but survive on a diet of only bamboo. G．Whatever the future holds, we get to share our planet with these adorable animals. Passage 15 （22-23高二下·山东济宁·期末）While ”televet“ services have been available for some years now, their popularity has exploded since COVID． 1 But Britain has recently welcomed this style of vet ( 兽 医 )care service with open arms. Televet consults can be done over the Internet through typed chats or video calls, or can be conducted over the phone. 2 This is especially true for patients who dislike travelling and who become anxious in the clinic. There are a range of consults that can be safely and easily done remotely, including some post-operation checks, behavioral consults and weight clinics. Owners generally feel more relaxed when reporting from their home. 3 We all know how tricky it is to get an unwilling cat into a carrier. It is sometimes useful for owners to send photos and videos for the vet to assess. When possible, these should be uploaded prior to the consultation starting to ensure the vet has had time to view them. Photos must be taken in good lighting and the animal should be still to avoid blur(模糊). 4 As well as those services offered by an owner’s clinic, there are also online vets who ar not connected with clinics. This sort of service can be especially useful during non-working hours, when an owner needs advice but their regular clinic is closed. 5 A pet which is unwell needs to be examined and evaluated at the clinic. This is not only so a vet can get a feel for how unwell they are, but also so medical tests can be run. On top of this, minor procedures like claw clipping and vaccinating cannot be done remotely. A．And it can save them time and trouble. B．They have become an instant hit around the globe. C．They were once seen as more of an American offering. D．Otherwise, it might make the images trickier to interpret. E．Televet services have both advantages and disadvantages. F．Nevertheless, in-person consults will never be completely replaced G．For owner and vet alike, remote consultation can be more convenient 高二下学期 单元话题 梯度训练 9 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$