Unit4 Everyday Ecnomics【速记清单】-2024-2025学年高二英语单元速记 · 巧练（外研版2019选择性必修第四册）

Unit 4 Everyday Ecnomics Unit1 话题 人与社会 词汇 1.forehead　2.sunrise　3.input　4.phase.5.manufacturer 6.bonus 7.calorie 8.freshman 9.interfere10.exceed 11.thereby 12.supervision 短语 1.as to 至于，关于2．a world away from 完全不同于3．row upon row 一排又一排地4．start out 启程，动身5．make ends meet 使收支仅能相抵6．interfere with 妨碍，阻止7.go into debt 陷入债务之中，负债8．response to 对……的回应 9．at rock­bottom prices 以最低价格10．rent out 出租(房屋、房间、土地等) 11．at the expense of 以损害……为代价12．be subject to易受……影响，可能会受……影响 句型 1.They stared back， their blank faces giving no clue as to what they would say next. 2. It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential. 3.Nonetheless，what is in no doubt is that the sharing economy is increasingly relevant to our daily lives as well as to the global economy. 语法 复习定语从句 写作 社会现象类说明文 考点1. They stared back, their blank faces giving no clue as to what they would say next.他们面无表情地凝视着她，让人对接下来会说什么毫无头绪。 （1）blank adj.无表情的，木然的；空白的　n．[C]空白处 【拓展】 (1) go blank (脑子里)突然一片空白； fill in the blanks 填表/填空 a blank expression/look 木然的表情 a blank face 茫然的面孔 blank eyes 茫然的眼睛 （2）blankly adv. 茫然地；毫无表情地 【经典练】 ①My mind went blank.我的脑子里一片空白。 ②There was a blank expression on her face.她脸上毫无表情。 ③Please fill in the blanks.请在空白处填写。 【好句背默】 ④At those boring meetings, people usually sit with a blank look, or write carelessly on blank paper. 在那些无聊的会议上，人们通常面无表情地坐着，或者在白纸上乱涂乱写。 考点2. potential adj.潜在的,可能的n.[U](事物的)潜力,可能性 It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential. 正是在从海外的大学毕业,回来看望父母之后,张才意识到它们的潜力。 【拓展】 (1) achieve/realize  one’s (full) potential (充分)发挥某人的潜能 have the potential to do   sth. 有潜力去做某事 potential　for   (doing) sth. (做)某事的可能性 (2) potentially adv.可能地,潜在地 【经典练】 ①Teachers make selfless contributions and work hard to help students achieve/realize their potential. 老师们无私奉献,努力帮助学生们发挥他们的潜能。 ②If you master English very well, there is greater potential for studying abroad. 如果你英语掌握得很好,出国留学的可能性更大。 ③With enough practice, you have the potential to succeed in the speaking contest under the guid-ance of experienced tutors.在经验丰富的导师的指导下,经过足够的练习,你有潜力在演讲比赛中成功。 考点3.purchase vt.购买;采购 n.购买;购买的东西 After I went on TV, a major Asian manufacturer of cosmetics was willing to purchase my product and help with its distribution. 在我上电视之后,亚洲一家大的化妆品制造商愿意购买我的产品,并帮助经销我的产品。  【拓展】 purchase sth. from    ... 从……购买某物 purchase sth.for    +金钱 花……钱购得某物 purchase by/with 用……换取/购买 make a purchase 采购 【经典练】 ①He purchased a ticket for 25 dollars from the box office. 他花了25美元从售票处买了一张票。 ②This weekend he is going to make a purchase in the supermarket with his parents. 这个周末他将和他的父母一起去超市采购。 ③Friendship, health and happiness can not be purchased with/by money. 友谊、健康和幸福是无法用金钱来换取的。 ④Such cameras, which can be purchased for less than $1,000, are highly profitable. 这类相机，售价不到1000美元，性能十分出色。 【好句背默】补全句子 ⑤If you are not satisfied with your purchase we will give you a full refund. 所购之物若不满意，我们将全额退款。 考点4. guidance n.[U]指导,引导 ...she advises that people be realistic and seek guidance from expert consultants before rushing into things. ……她建议人们要现实一点,在仓促行事之前要寻求专家顾问的指导。 【拓展】 (1)under   the guidance of... 在……的指导下 guidance　on    ... 关于……的指导 career guidance就业指导 (2)guide n.导游,向导;指南,手册;指导原则v.领路,指引,引导;指导 a tour guide 导游 guide sb. to... 带领某人去…… guided adj.有指导的；有导游的 guideline n．指导方针；指导原则 misguide vt.误导；使误入歧途 misguided adj.帮倒忙的；错误的 【经典练】 ①I hope that your English will make great progress under the guidance of this British teacher.我希望你的英语在这位英国老师的指导下取得长足的进步。 ②The vocabulary and grammar of the plot need to be adjusted, and we also need your guidance on our performance. 情节的词汇和语法需要调整,我们也需要您对我们的表演进行指导。  ③He will guide you to the top of the mountain.他将带领你们登上山顶。 考点5. superior adj.质量上乘的,优质的;更好的,占优势的;(在职位、级别上)更高的n.上级,上司 Special features: superior, smooth blend, with mild flavour 特点:质量上乘,顺滑的混合口味,并带有淡淡的味道 【拓展】 (1) be superior 　to  优越于……;(职位、级别)高于…… be superior　in    在……方面优越 superior quality 质量优等 (2) superiority n.优越(性);优势 superiority to/over... 比……有优势 superiority in... 在……方面的优势 【经典练】 ①Our products are superior in quality and moderate in price and are sure to be saleable in your market. 我们的产品质量上乘,价格适中,在贵方市场上一定适销。 ②Some people hold the opinion that reading paper books is superior to reading e-books in many ways while others argue that reading e-books is much better. 一些人认为阅读纸质书在很多方面优于阅读电子书,而其他人争辩称阅读电子书要好得多。 [名师提醒] superior用作形容词时,本身含有“较”的意思,因此没有比较级和最高级形式。表示比其他事物更好时,后面搭配介词to,而不用than。 考点6. sorrow n.令人悲伤的事,不幸;悲伤,悲痛 Parents and teachers keep reminding us to share toys, snacks, books, happy memories, and sometimes even sorrows with others. 家长和老师不断提醒我们与他人分享玩具、零食、书籍、快乐的回忆,有时甚至是伤心事。 【拓展】 (1)joys and sorrows喜与悲 in sorrow悲痛地,悲伤地 to one’s sorrow    使某人悲伤的是…… great/deep sorrow万分悲痛 (2)[近] grief n.悲伤,悲痛;伤心事 sorrowful adj.悲伤的,悲痛的,悲哀的 【经典练】 ①To his sorrow, his grandma passed away last night.令他悲伤的是,昨晚他奶奶去世了。 ②He sank to the ground and closed his eyes in sorrow, feeling extremely hopeless. 他倒在地上,悲伤地闭上眼睛,感到十分无助。 ③The sorrow she felt at the death of her husband was almost too much to bear. 她因丈夫去世而产生的悲痛之情简直难以承受。 【好句背默】 ④If you can't be a pencil to write anyone's happiness, try to be a nice eraser to remove their sorrow. 若是你无法成为一支铅笔来书写别人的快乐，那就尽力成为一块好的橡皮来抹去他们的悲伤。 考点7. start out开始(生活、职业、重要阶段)；出发，启程；起初(是)，最初(是) However, like any entrepreneur who was just starting out, she still had a lot to learn.然而，就像任何一个刚刚起步的企业家一样，她还有很多东西要学。 【拓展】 start off (=start out)出发，最初(是)；启程，动身 start up 创办，组建；启动，发动(引擎) start with＝begin with 以……开始 to start with＝to begin with 首先；起初 【经典练】 ①When the band first started out, they played at small clubs. 这支乐队刚开始时在小俱乐部里表演。 ②We need to start out/off early because the journey will take six hours. 我们需要早点儿出发，因为路上需要6个小时。 ③I started off working quite hard, but it didn't last. 我一开始非常勤奋，但没有坚持下去。 ④She started (up) her own software company. 她创办了自己的软件公司。 ⑤To start with, we need better computers—then we need more training. 首先，我们需要更好的电脑——其次，我们需要更多的培训。 【好句背默】 ⑥This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. 这就是每个人学习阅读的方式。我们会从句子开始，然后是段落，再然后是故事。 考点8. expense n．费用，花费 Some companies are taking unfair advantage of this situation to expand their share of the market, often at the expense of more traditional and established companies. 一些公司正不公平地利用这种情况来扩大他们的市场份额,往往以损害更传统和老牌的公司为代价。  【拓展】 (1) at the expense of 以损害……为代价 at one's expense 由某人付钱 spare no expense (in doing sth.) 不惜一切代价(做某事) at great/vast expense 以巨大的代价 (2)daily expenses   日常开支 living/household/medical expenses 生活开支/家庭开支/医疗开支 【经典练】 ①We are bound to cut down on our expenses.我们必须削减开支。 ②If it should break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.如果它在使用第一年就出现故障，我们将自费进行维修。 ③Some college students were accused of sparing no expense in enjoying luxury.有些大学生被指责不惜费用享受奢华。 【好句背默】 ④It is wrong to make economic profit at the expense of the environment.以损害环境为代价谋取经济利润是错误的。 考点9. do a further favour进一步帮助;再帮一个忙 And set-ups such as bike and car sharing do a further favour for the environment by reducing the number of polluting vehicles on the road. 此外,自行车和汽车共享等设置能通过减少道路上会造成污染的车辆的数量来进一步有利于环境。 【拓展】 do sb. a favour=do a favour 　for   sb. 帮某人一个忙 favour/favor n.帮助;好事;恩惠;赞同;支持;特别照顾;偏袒;偏爱 v.较喜欢;特别照顾;偏袒;有利于;有助于 in favour of 支持,赞成 in sb.’s favour 有利于某人;有助于某人 ask a favour 请求帮个忙 【经典练】 ①Would you do me a favour/do a favour for me and remove these books to the library?你能帮我把这些书搬到图书馆去吗? ②A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle-aged in this city were in favour of the proposal for health care reform. 去年进行的一项调查显示,该市80%的中年人支持医疗改革提案。  考点10. as is often the case 这是常有的事;情况常常如此 As is often the case all over the world with new areas of economic activity, the sharing economy is developing faster than existing regulations or ongoing supervision. 在世界各地,新的经济活动领域的情况都是如此,共享经济正在以快于现有法规或持续监管的速度发展。 【拓展】 (1) as is often the case=it  is often the case that... 这是常有的事 （2）case n.具体情况,事例 in case 以防;以防万一(后跟从句或单独使用) in case of 如果;假使;以免(后跟名词、代词或动名词) in no case 决不,无论如何都不(置于句首时句子要用部分倒装) in any case 无论如何,不管怎样 【经典练】 ①As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan in advance.=It is often the case that we have worked out the production plan in advance.我们已经提前制订出了生产计划,这是常有的事。 ②The doctor shares his phone number with the patients in case they need medical assistance.医生把他的电话号码分享给病人,以防他们需要医疗援助。 ③19 percent say they never use a landline phone while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.19%的人表示他们从不使用座机,而另有13%的人保留座机以防紧急情况。 【好句背默】 ④In no case should you give up chasing your dreams. 无论如何你都不应该放弃追逐梦想。 考点11 frustration n．懊丧，懊恼，沮丧 It is not just about sharing sweets or frustration;……不仅是关于分享糖果或懊恼，…… 【拓展】 (1) a sense of frustration 挫败感 (2)frustrate vt. 使沮丧 frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的 frustrated adj. 沮丧的 feel frustrated at/with 对……感到沮丧/懊恼 【经典练】 ①I could sense his frustration at not being able to help.我可以感觉到他因无力帮忙而沮丧。 ②I was practically screaming with frustration.我懊恼得几乎要大叫起来。 ③It's frustrating to have to wait so long.要等这么长时间，真令人懊恼。 【好句背默】 ④I have times when I feel frustrated and wish I could get away, to anywhere, just have a look of scenery for a minute!我有时会感到沮丧，希望我能离开，去任何地方，只需看一眼风景就好了！ 考点12 response n．回答，答复；反应，响应 This wealth of ways of sharing is a response to our increasing demand for quality goods and services at competitive prices, all delivered at the click of a button.我们需要价格有竞争力的优质产品和服务，大量的共享方式是对这种不断增长的需求的回应，现在这些需求都可以通过按一下按钮来实现。 【拓展】 (1)in response to 作为……的回应 make a response 作出回应 make no response 没有作出回应 (2)respond v. 回答；响应；反应；反响 respond to 回答，回复；对……作出反应 respond to 【经典练】 ①The product was developed in response to customer demand.这种产品是为了满足顾客的需要而开发的。 ②Carl made no response and carried on with his work.卡尔没有回答，继续他的工作。 ③How did they respond to the news?他们对这则消息有什么反应？ 考点13 hire v．(短期的)租用，租借；(短期)雇用；聘任 Whether it’s an online shop where we can hire designer clothes at rock-bottom prices, or …无论是我们能以最低价格租用名牌服装的网店，还是…… 【拓展】 hire sth. out 出租某物 hire oneself out (去为别人)打工；受雇 hire sb. to do sth. 聘请某人做某事 hire a car/room/video 租汽车/房间/录像带 【经典练】 ①The company hires out machinery by the day.公司按日计费出租机械设备。 ②We hired a public relations consultant to help improve our image.我们聘请了一位公共关系顾问来帮助提升我们的形象。 比较辨析：hire/employ/rent hire：短期、临时或一次性“雇用，租用”，宾语是人或物。 hire a boat租一条船 employ：长时间“雇用”，宾语多是人。 employ a security officer雇用安全员 rent：长时间“出租；租用”，宾语是房屋、土地等。 rent a house from sb.租某人的房子 rent out出租 考点14abuse v．& n．滥用；虐待；辱骂 In addition, the sharing economy is subject to abuse of trust. 此外,共享经济可能受滥用信任的影响。 【拓展】 alcohol/drug abuse 酗酒/吸毒 an abuse of power/ones's position 职权滥用 【经典练】 ①What she did was an abuse of her position as a manager.她的所作所为是对经理职权的滥用。 ②You are certainly at risk if you are addicted to cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking or drug abuse.如果你沉迷于吸烟、饮酒或吸毒，那你肯定处境危险。 ③He abused his power to help his family and was put into prison eventually.他滥用职权帮助家人，最终被关进了监狱。 考点15distribution n. (商品的)分销，经销；分发，分配；分布 After I went on TV, a major Asian manufacturer of cosmetics was willing to purchase my product and help with its distribution.我上了电视后，一家亚洲大型化妆品制造商表示愿意购买我的产品并且帮助分销。 【拓展】 (1)the unfair distribution of wealth 财富分配不公 the geographical distribution of the disease 疾病的地域分布情况 food distribution 食物分配 (2)distribute v. 分销，经销(商品)；分发，分配；使分布，分散 distribute...to... 把……分配给/分发给…… distribute...between/among... 在……之间分配…… 【经典练】 ①They could not agree on the distribution of the profits.他们不能就利润的分配达成一致意见。 ②The distribution of these language is hugely uneven.这些语言的分布极不平衡。 ③The money was distributed among schools in the area.这笔款项是在本地区的学校中分配的。 【好句背默】 ④The production, distribution, and use of products—as well as management of the resulting waste—all result in greenhouse gas release.产品的生产、分配和使用，以及由此产生的废物的管理，都导致温室气体的排放。 考点16(教材P38)It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential.直到她从海外大学毕业回国探望父母后，张悦才意识到这一潜力。 [句式分析]　强调句型 构成：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分 【拓展】 强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分？ Was it Tom that decided to pass up the opportunity? 是汤姆决定放弃这个机会吗？ 强调句型的特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他部分？ Who was it that seized the thief by the hand? 是谁抓住了那个小偷的手？ not...until...句型的强调句：It is/was not until...that＋其他部分 It was not until I told him that he knew about it. 直到我告诉他，他才知道这件事。 【经典练】 ①It was this thief that robbed me of my wallet.就是这个小偷抢了我的钱包。(强调主语) ②It was a handkerchief that I picked up at the school gate.我在学校大门口捡到的是一条手帕。(强调宾语) ③ It was on a cold morning that he dived into the lake and rescued a drowning child.是在一个寒冷的早晨，他跳入湖中救出了一名溺水儿童。(强调状语) [名师提醒]　 使用强调句型时需要注意以下几点： (1)强调句型中的it不能用其他词代替。 (2)用is还是was要根据原句的时态而定：属于现在或将来时间范畴的所有时态用is；属于过去时间范畴的所有时态用was。 (3)被强调部分指人时，可以用who代替that，其他情况一律用that。 考点17 They stared back, their blank faces giving no clue as to what they would say next.他们回望着她，脸上毫无表情，她不知道他们接下来要说什么。 [句式分析]　their blank faces giving no clue是“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。 (1)构成：名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语 (2)功能：在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况等。 【拓展】 ①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同。 ②当名词/代词与动词之间是主动关系时，用现在分词形式；当名词/代词与动词之间是被动关系时，用过去分词形式；当表示将来的动作时，用不定式形式。 ③可置于句首或句末，多用逗号将其与句子的其他成分隔开。 【经典练】 ①Weather permitting, we'll go climbing tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们明天去爬山。(名词＋现在分词) ②Roadworks finished, they went home.完成道路施工后，他们回家了。(名词＋过去分词) ③Lots of work to do, I was in no mood for dancing.由于有很多工作要做，我没心情跳舞。(名词＋不定式) 【好句背默】 ④He came into the room, his nose red with cold.他进了房间，鼻子冻得通红。(名词＋形容词) 1． 语法精讲——复习定语从句 1．This is the bike that I lost last week. 2．Norman Bethune was a great man who gave his life to help the Chinese people. 3．All the children like the teachers who can understand them. 4．He is the man whom I saw yesterday. 5．They want to develop a kind of dog­friendly food which will help dog owners cool down their pets. 6．I know the reason why he didn't come. 7．I saw my good friend in the supmarket where I bought a skirt. 8．He will never forget the day when he met her for the first time. 9．Xiao Hua, who is my sister,has gone to Shanghai. 10．As is known to all, the boy is very brave. 11．The house, whose roof is broken, is under repair. [共性呈现] 1．画线部分均为定语从句。 2．关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语(句1、2、3、4、5、9、10)。 3．关系副词在定语从句中作状语(句6、7、8)。 4．定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，限制性定语从句与先行词关系较密切(句1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8)。 5．非限制性定语从句与先行词之间关系较松散(句9、11)。 6．有时关系代词也可以代替一句话(句10)。 定语从句是指跟在一个名词或代词后，对其进行修饰限定的句子。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词(先行词)后。定语从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导。 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所作的成分 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物或事 主语、宾语、表语、定语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 as 人、物或事 主语、宾语 whose 人或物 定语 The man who/whom you saw just now is our manager. (先行词指人,who/whom在从句中作宾语) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语) Please pass me the book whose cover is green. (先行词指物 ,whose在从句中作定语 The prosperity which/that has never been seen before appears in the countryside (which/that在从句中作主语) The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which/that在从句中作宾语 ) They talked in such simple English as children could understand.(as在从句中作宾语) As is known to all, fish can’t live without water.(As在从句中作主语 ) 2. that和which 的用法区别 只用 that 不用which的情况 ①先行词为everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词；或为all, every, no, some, any, little, much等词或被这些词修饰时时。 Everything that we saw in this film was true. I have read all the books that you lend me. ②先行词为the only, the very（正是）, the right，the same等词时。 This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for. ③先行词为序数词或形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 Shanghai is the most beautiful city that I have  ever visited. This is the first film that I have seen since I came here. ④当先行词既有人又有物时 We often talk about the persons and things that we remember. ⑤句中其他位置已出现与关系代词相同的疑问词时，应避免重复 Which is the car that has overtaken us? 只用which不用that的情况： ①关系代词前有介词时。 The garden in which a variety of flowers are planted attracts a great many visitors. ②在非限制性定语从句中。 He failed in the match, which was a pity. 3.as与which的区别： 定语 从句 区别 例句 限制性定语从句　中 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 【经典练】单句语法填空 1.I read a report about his new book __________will soon be published. 2.Do you know the professor ________ is from Greece? 3.Mr. Green is the person_______________I like a lot. 4.The house _______ roof is red is mine. 5.I met Mr. Smith, _________daughter is a nurse. 6.He told me everything ________he knew. 7.That is my house, ________ is very expensive. 8.It is the very book ________I’m looking for. 9.This is the school from________I have graduated. 10.I will never forget the people and things_____I met in India. 【答案】1.that/which 2. that/who 3. whom/that 4. whose 5. whose 6. that 7. which 8. that 9. which 10. that 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所作的成分 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象名词（situation、 point、 activity、 case、 stage等） 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 （1）关系副词when：先行词是表示时间的名词 Do you know the date when he was born? She went to Japan in 2015, when she was 20. 注：when可以由“介词+which”替换 She went to Japan in 2015, in which she was 20. I will never forget the day on which I met him. （2）关系副词where：先行词是表示地点的名词 I love Beijing, where I made so many friends. This is the park where we often take a walk. 注：where可以由“介词+which”替换 This is the park in which we often take a walk. Do you know the bus station at which we met each other? 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point, position，situation, stage, case, condition, atmosphere等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。 I like the atmosphere where everyone helps each other. We have reached the stage where we must take action. 先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。 There came an occasion when she got promoted. A wedding is an occasion where people get dressed up. （3）关系副词why：先行词是reason Do you know the reason why he cried? 注：why可以由“for+which”替换 Do you know the reason for which he cried? 【经典练】单句语法填空 1.I will remember the days__________we spent together. 2.I will remember the days_______we loved each other. 3.This is the hotel__________we lived/stayed. 4.This is the hotel__________Lucy recommended to us. 5.That’s the reason___________ he was late. 6.That’s the reason___________ he told me. 【答案】1.that/which 2. when 3. where 4. that/which 5. why 6. that/which 三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 先行词指物:which This is the school with which he is familiar. 先行词指人:whom I thanked Tom from whom I got a lot of help. 关系代词前介词的选用: 依据定语从句中动词、形容词等的习惯搭配来确定。 The person to whom I gave the gift was my teacher. 依据与先行词的搭配来确定。 This is the house in which I grew up. 根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we can not live is called oxygen. 注意: 有些“动词（＋名词）＋介词”的固定搭配，如look for, look after, call on，take care of等，不能把介词提到关系代词前。 【经典练】单句语法填空 1.The book________which I told you is on the shelf. 2.The person_______whom I borrowed the money is my brother. 3.The situation______which we found ourselves was dangerous. 4.This is the thing_______which I am interested. 5.I will never forget Tom, _______ whom I couldn’t have succeeded. 【答案】1.about 2. from 3.in 4. in 5. without 二．写作精讲——社会现象类说明文 一、写作分析 社会现象类说明文指的是针对某种社会现象进行说明的文体，文章往往从正反两个方面加以说明。 2、 篇章结构 第一段：开门见山，引入话题； 第二段：列举正方(一方)观点及理由； 第三段：表明自己的观点。 3、 语言特点 语言需要简洁准确，用词要正式客观，结构层次分明。 1、 常用词汇 1. 社会现象类 Social phenomenon 社会现象 Trend/issue 趋势/问题 Globalization 全球化 Digitalization 数字化 Urbanization 城市化 Generation gap 代沟 Environmental protection 环境保护 2. 原因分析类 Contributing factors 促成因素 Root cause 根本原因 Economic development 经济发展 Technological advancement 技术进步 Changing values 价值观转变 3. 影响类 Positive/negative impact 积极/消极影响 Social cohesion 社会凝聚力 Mental health 心理健康 Interpersonal relationships 人际关系 Sustainable development 可持续发展 4.解决方案类 Raise awareness 提高意识 Government policies 政府政策 Public participation 公众参与 Strengthen regulations 加强监管 二、常用句式 1. 引出话题 In recent years, there has been a growing concern over...（近年来，人们越来越关注...） With the rapid development of..., ... has become a hotly debated issue.（随着...的快速发展，...成为热议话题） The phenomenon of ... is increasingly prevalent in modern society.（...现象在现代社会日益普遍） 2. 分析原因 The primary reason lies in...（主要原因在于...） This trend can be attributed to...（这一趋势可归因于...） A combination of factors contributes to this phenomenon, including...（多种因素共同导致这一现象，包括...） 3. 说明影响 While ... brings convenience, it also leads to...（尽管...带来便利，但也导致...） The consequences of ... cannot be ignored. For instance,...（...的后果不容忽视，例如...） From a long-term perspective, ... may pose a threat to...（从长远来看，...可能对...构成威胁） 4. 提出建议 To address this issue, joint efforts from individuals and authorities are essential.（解决这一问题需要个人和政府的共同努力） It is advisable to...（建议采取...措施） Raising public awareness through education could be an effective solution.（通过教育提高公众意识可能是有效方法） 5. 总结观点 In conclusion, ... is a double-edged sword that requires balanced handling.（总之，...是一把双刃剑，需平衡处理） Only by taking immediate action can we ensure a sustainable future.（只有立即行动，才能确保可持续的未来） 假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Jenny正在做一份关于中国移动支付(mobile payment)的问卷调查，你是她的重点采访对象。请你给她写封信，内容包括： 1．你或你身边的人在日常生活中使用移动支付的情况； 2．移动支付带来的好处； 3．你的看法。 注意： 1．写作词数应为80左右； 2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：微信WeChat　支付宝Alipay 二维码QR code ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 第一步　审题谋篇 体裁 议论文 时态 一般现在时 主题 社会现象类说明文 人称 第三人称 布局 首段：关于移动支付的总体介绍。 中段：移动支付的好处。 尾段：介绍自己的观点。 第二步　要点翻译 1.人们普遍认为，中国是全球最大的移动支付市场。 __________________China is the largest mobile payment market globally. 2. 随着移动支付的广泛使用，我们根本不需要带钱包或现金。 With the widespread use of mobile payment, we don't need to__________ or cash at all. 3. 在中国，移动支付极大地改变了人们的生活。 Mobile payment has greatly _____________________ in China. 【答案】1. It's generally believed that 2. carry a purse 3. changed people's lives 第三步　词句升级 1.用非限制性定语从句合并句子 Most of us are used to scanning QR codes to pay for whatever we purchase—such as books and clothes.It is a glimpse into the life of most Chinese like me and my family. →Most of us are used to scanning QR codes to pay for whatever we purchase—such as books and clothes, _______ is a glimpse into the life of most Chinese like me and my family. 2. 用倒装句升级We will never worry about getting fake notes or having to count change. →_________ we worry about getting fake notes or having to count change. 【答案】1.which 2. Never will 第四步　连句成篇 Dear Jenny， How is your survey on mobile payment going? I'm glad I can help with it. It's generally believed that China is the largest mobile payment market globally.Most of us are used to scanning QR codes to pay for whatever we purchase—such as books and clothes, which is a glimpse into the life of most Chinese like me and my family. With the widespread use of mobile payment, we don't need to carry a purse or cash at all. Besides, never will we worry about getting fake notes or having to count change.In short, mobile payment has greatly changed people's lives in China. Personally, I think mobile payment should be encouraged.First, it has won over consumers with its convenience.Another advantage is that there are often discounts if you make mobile payment, as major online payment platforms are competing to have more consumers take advantage of their service. I hope my explanation can be of some help to you.Wish you good luck. Yours faithfully， Li Hua 一、短 语 1.as to　　至于，关于 2.a world away from　　完全不同于 3.row upon row　　一排又一排地 4.start out　　启程，动身 5.make ends meet　　使收支仅能相抵 6.interfere with　　妨碍，阻止 7.go into debt　　陷入债务之中，负债 8.response to　　对……的回应 9.at rock－bottom prices　　以最低价格 10.rent out 　　出租（房屋、房间、土地等） 11.at the expense of　　以损害……为代价 12.take a deep breath　　深呼吸 13.be subject to易受……影响，可能会受……影响14.grow wild 　　（植物）自发生长，野生 15.meet with rejection　　遭到拒绝 16.all－important input　　极重要的投入 17.at the initial phase　　在初始阶段 18.sharing economy　　共享经济 19.designer clothes　　名牌服装 20.a win－win situation　　双赢的局面 21.individual preferences　　个人喜好 22.as is often the case 　　情况常常如此；这是常有的事 二、词性转变 1.dizzy adj.头晕目眩的→dizzily adv.眩晕地→dizziness n.头昏眼花 2.enterprising adj.有创业精神的；有事业心的；有进取心的→enterprise n.公司；企业 3.input n.投入（物）→output n.产量；输出 4.manufacturer n.制造商；制造公司，制造厂→manufacture v.生产；制造 5.consultant n.顾问→consult v.咨询；商量；查阅 6.conventional adj.传统的，常规的→convention n.习俗；常规；惯例 7.discriminate v.不公正地区别对待，歧视→discrimination n.歧视 8.mild adj.不浓烈的，淡的→mildly adv.轻微地 9.subjective adj.主观的→subjectivism n.主观主义；主观论→objective adj.客观的 10.financial adj.财政的，金融的；财务的→finance n.财政，金融 11.accumulate v.积累，积聚→accumulation n.积累→accumulative adj.累积的 12.automatically adv.自动地→automatic adj.自动的 13. frustration n.懊丧，懊恼，沮丧→frustrate v.挫败→frustrated adj.失意的→frustrating adj.使人沮丧的 三、句 子 1. Feeling dizzy, Zhang Yue took a deep breath as she struggled to finish her presentation. 张悦感到一阵眩晕，她深吸了一口气，然后努力完成她的陈述。 2. The early bird catches the worm. 早起的鸟儿有虫吃。 3. It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential. 直到她结束海外留学生活，回国看望父母时，她才意识到这里的潜力。 4. I want to experience the freedom of being my own boss. But I also want to give something back to my home town.我想体验自已做老板的自由，同时我也想回报我的家乡。 5. The road to their success is however still a long and difficult one, with many challenges along the way. 不过，他们的成功之路仍然漫长而艰难，一路上会遇到许多挑战。 6. What really matters is a sound business plan, access to capital, and good management and negotiating skills. 真正重要的是一个合理的商业计划，获得资金的渠道，以及良好的管理和谈判技巧。 7. Whether we're a lender or a borrower, it's a win-win situation; everyone makes or saves money.。 这对于贷方和借方来说都是一个双赢的局面，人人都能挣钱，或者说省钱。 8. What's more, sharing encourages us to reuse items, thereby cutting down on waste. 不仅如此，共享方式鼓励我们重复使用物品，从而减少浪费。 9. What is in no doubt is that the sharing economy is increasingly relevant to our daily lives as well as to the global economy. 共享经济无疑正在与我们的日常生活以及全球经济产生越来越密切的联系。 1. The sharing economy is about empowering people to use their assets in new ways. —Brian Chesky 共享经济的核心是让人们以新的方式利用自己的资产。——布莱恩·切斯基 2. We’re not just making car rides more efficient—we’re changing the way cities work. — Travis Kalanick 我们不仅让乘车更高效，更是在改变城市的运作方式。——特拉维斯·卡兰尼克 3. The sharing economy allows people to monetize their underutilized assets. —Robin Chase 共享经济让人们将未充分利用的资产变现。——罗宾·蔡斯 4. The sharing economy isn’t about sharing at all. It’s about access over ownership. —Jeremiah Owyang 共享经济根本不是‘共享’，而是‘使用权优于所有权’。 ——杰里米亚·奥扬 11 / 21 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit 4 Everyday Ecnomics Unit1 话题 人与社会 词汇 1.forehead　2.sunrise　3.input　4.phase.5.manufacturer 6.bonus 7.calorie 8.freshman 9.interfere10.exceed 11.thereby 12.supervision 短语 1.as to 至于，关于2．a world away from 完全不同于3．row upon row 一排又一排地4．start out 启程，动身5．make ends meet 使收支仅能相抵6．interfere with 妨碍，阻止7.go into debt 陷入债务之中，负债8．response to 对……的回应 9．at rock­bottom prices 以最低价格10．rent out 出租(房屋、房间、土地等) 11．at the expense of 以损害……为代价12．be subject to易受……影响，可能会受……影响 句型 1.They stared back， their blank faces giving no clue as to what they would say next. 2. It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential. 3.Nonetheless，what is in no doubt is that the sharing economy is increasingly relevant to our daily lives as well as to the global economy. 语法 复习定语从句 写作 社会现象类说明文 考点1. They stared back, their blank faces giving no clue as to what they would say next.他们面无表情地凝视着她，让人对接下来会说什么毫无头绪。 （1）blank adj.无表情的，木然的；空白的　n．[C]空白处 【拓展】 (1) ___________ (脑子里)突然一片空白； _____ the blanks 填表/填空 a blank expression/look 木然的表情 a blank face 茫然的面孔 blank eyes 茫然的眼睛 （2）______ adv. 茫然地；毫无表情地 【经典练】 ①My mind _______.我的脑子里一片空白。 ②There was a _______ expression on her face.她脸上毫无表情。 ③Please _______ the blanks.请在空白处填写。 【好句背默】 ④At those boring meetings, people usually sit with a_______, or write carelessly on _______. 在那些无聊的会议上，人们通常面无表情地坐着，或者在白纸上乱涂乱写。 考点2. potential adj.潜在的,可能的n.[U](事物的)潜力,可能性 It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential. 正是在从海外的大学毕业,回来看望父母之后,张才意识到它们的潜力。 【拓展】 (1) ____________  one’s (full) potential (充分)发挥某人的潜能 have the potential to do   sth. 有潜力去做某事 potential　for   (doing) sth. (做)某事的可能性 (2) ______________ adv.可能地,潜在地 【经典练】 ①Teachers make selfless contributions and work hard to help students __________________________. 老师们无私奉献,努力帮助学生们发挥他们的潜能。 ②If you master English very well, there is greater _______ studying abroad. 如果你英语掌握得很好,出国留学的可能性更大。 ③With enough practice, you have the potential _______the speaking contest under the guid-ance of experienced tutors.在经验丰富的导师的指导下,经过足够的练习,你有潜力在演讲比赛中成功。 考点3.purchase vt.购买;采购 n.购买;购买的东西 After I went on TV, a major Asian manufacturer of cosmetics was willing to purchase my product and help with its distribution. 在我上电视之后,亚洲一家大的化妆品制造商愿意购买我的产品,并帮助经销我的产品。  【拓展】 purchase sth. from    ... 从……购买某物 purchase sth.for    +金钱 花……钱购得某物 purchase by/with 用……换取/购买 make a purchase 采购 【经典练】 ①He _______ a ticket for 25 dollars from the box office. 他花了25美元从售票处买了一张票。 ②This weekend he is going to _______ in the supermarket with his parents. 这个周末他将和他的父母一起去超市采购。 ③Friendship, health and happiness can not be purchased _______ money. 友谊、健康和幸福是无法用金钱来换取的。 ④Such cameras, which can be purchased_______ less than $1,000, are highly profitable. 这类相机，售价不到1000美元，性能十分出色。 【好句背默】补全句子 ⑤If you _________________________we will give you a full refund. 所购之物若不满意，我们将全额退款。 考点4. guidance n.[U]指导,引导 ...she advises that people be realistic and seek guidance from expert consultants before rushing into things. ……她建议人们要现实一点,在仓促行事之前要寻求专家顾问的指导。 【拓展】 (1)under   the guidance of... 在……的指导下 guidance　on    ... 关于……的指导 career guidance就业指导 (2)guide n.导游,向导;指南,手册;指导原则v.领路,指引,引导;指导 a tour guide 导游 guide sb. to... 带领某人去…… guided adj.有指导的；有导游的 guideline n．指导方针；指导原则 misguide vt.误导；使误入歧途 misguided adj.帮倒忙的；错误的 【经典练】 ①I hope that your English will make great progress _______ this British teacher.我希望你的英语在这位英国老师的指导下取得长足的进步。 ②The vocabulary and grammar of the plot need to be adjusted, and we also need your _______ on our performance. 情节的词汇和语法需要调整,我们也需要您对我们的表演进行指导。  ③He will _______ you to the top of the mountain.他将带领你们登上山顶。 考点5. superior adj.质量上乘的,优质的;更好的,占优势的;(在职位、级别上)更高的n.上级,上司 Special features: superior, smooth blend, with mild flavour 特点:质量上乘,顺滑的混合口味,并带有淡淡的味道 【拓展】 (1) be superior 　to  优越于……;(职位、级别)高于…… be superior　in    在……方面优越 superior quality 质量优等 (2) superiority n.优越(性);优势 superiority to/over... 比……有优势 superiority in... 在……方面的优势 【经典练】 ①Our products __________ quality and moderate in price and are sure to be saleable in your market. 我们的产品质量上乘,价格适中,在贵方市场上一定适销。 ②Some people hold the opinion that reading paper books _______ reading e-books in many ways while others argue that reading e-books is much better. 一些人认为阅读纸质书在很多方面优于阅读电子书,而其他人争辩称阅读电子书要好得多。 [名师提醒] superior用作形容词时,本身含有“较”的意思,因此没有比较级和最高级形式。表示比其他事物更好时,后面搭配介词to,而不用than。 考点6. sorrow n.令人悲伤的事,不幸;悲伤,悲痛 Parents and teachers keep reminding us to share toys, snacks, books, happy memories, and sometimes even sorrows with others. 家长和老师不断提醒我们与他人分享玩具、零食、书籍、快乐的回忆,有时甚至是伤心事。 【拓展】 (1)joys and sorrows喜与悲 in sorrow悲痛地,悲伤地 to one’s sorrow    使某人悲伤的是…… great/deep sorrow万分悲痛 (2)[近] grief n.悲伤,悲痛;伤心事 sorrowful adj.悲伤的,悲痛的,悲哀的 【经典练】 ①_______, his grandma passed away last night.令他悲伤的是,昨晚他奶奶去世了。 ②He sank to the ground and closed his eyes _______, feeling extremely hopeless. 他倒在地上,悲伤地闭上眼睛,感到十分无助。 ③The sorrow she felt _______ the death of her husband was almost too much to bear. 她因丈夫去世而产生的悲痛之情简直难以承受。 【好句背默】 ④If you can't be a pencil to write anyone's happiness, try to be a nice eraser__________________. 若是你无法成为一支铅笔来书写别人的快乐，那就尽力成为一块好的橡皮来抹去他们的悲伤。 考点7. start out开始(生活、职业、重要阶段)；出发，启程；起初(是)，最初(是) However, like any entrepreneur who was just starting out, she still had a lot to learn.然而，就像任何一个刚刚起步的企业家一样，她还有很多东西要学。 【拓展】 start off (=start out)出发，最初(是)；启程，动身 start up 创办，组建；启动，发动(引擎) start with＝begin with 以……开始 to start with＝to begin with 首先；起初 【经典练】 ①When the band first _______ they played at small clubs. 这支乐队刚开始时在小俱乐部里表演。 ②We need to _______ early because the journey will take six hours. 我们需要早点儿出发，因为路上需要6个小时。 ③I _______ working quite hard, but it didn't last. 我一开始非常勤奋，但没有坚持下去。 ④She _______her own software company. 她创办了自己的软件公司。 ⑤_______, we need better computers—then we need more training. 首先，我们需要更好的电脑——其次，我们需要更多的培训。 【好句背默】 ⑥This is how everyone learned to read. We would_______ with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. 这就是每个人学习阅读的方式。我们会从句子开始，然后是段落，再然后是故事。 考点8. expense n．费用，花费 Some companies are taking unfair advantage of this situation to expand their share of the market, often at the expense of more traditional and established companies. 一些公司正不公平地利用这种情况来扩大他们的市场份额,往往以损害更传统和老牌的公司为代价。  【拓展】 (1) at the expense of 以损害……为代价 at one's expense 由某人付钱 spare no expense (in doing sth.) 不惜一切代价(做某事) at great/vast expense 以巨大的代价 (2)daily expenses   日常开支 living/household/medical expenses 生活开支/家庭开支/医疗开支 【经典练】 ①We are bound to cut down on our _______.我们必须削减开支。 ②If it should break down within the first year, we would repair it_______our expense.如果它在使用第一年就出现故障，我们将自费进行维修。 ③Some college students were accused of sparing no expense in_______luxury.有些大学生被指责不惜费用享受奢华。 【好句背默】 ④It is wrong to make economic profit ___________________.以损害环境为代价谋取经济利润是错误的。 考点9. do a further favour进一步帮助;再帮一个忙 And set-ups such as bike and car sharing do a further favour for the environment by reducing the number of polluting vehicles on the road. 此外,自行车和汽车共享等设置能通过减少道路上会造成污染的车辆的数量来进一步有利于环境。 【拓展】 do sb. a favour=do a favour 　for   sb. 帮某人一个忙 favour/favor n.帮助;好事;恩惠;赞同;支持;特别照顾;偏袒;偏爱 v.较喜欢;特别照顾;偏袒;有利于;有助于 in favour of 支持,赞成 in sb.’s favour 有利于某人;有助于某人 ask a favour 请求帮个忙 【经典练】 ①Would you _____________________and remove these books to the library?你能帮我把这些书搬到图书馆去吗? ②A survey carried out last year showed that 80% of the middle-aged in this city were_______ the proposal for health care reform. 去年进行的一项调查显示,该市80%的中年人支持医疗改革提案。  考点10. as is often the case 这是常有的事;情况常常如此 As is often the case all over the world with new areas of economic activity, the sharing economy is developing faster than existing regulations or ongoing supervision. 在世界各地,新的经济活动领域的情况都是如此,共享经济正在以快于现有法规或持续监管的速度发展。 【拓展】 (1) as is often the case=it  is often the case that... 这是常有的事 （2）case n.具体情况,事例 in case 以防;以防万一(后跟从句或单独使用) in case of 如果;假使;以免(后跟名词、代词或动名词) in no case 决不,无论如何都不(置于句首时句子要用部分倒装) in any case 无论如何,不管怎样 【经典练】 ①__________________, we have worked out the production plan in advance.=It is often the case that we have worked out the production plan in advance.我们已经提前制订出了生产计划,这是常有的事。 ②The doctor shares his phone number with the patients_______ they need medical assistance.医生把他的电话号码分享给病人,以防他们需要医疗援助。 ③19 percent say they never use a landline phone while a further 13 percent keep it _______emergencies.19%的人表示他们从不使用座机,而另有13%的人保留座机以防紧急情况。 【好句背默】 ④_______should you give up chasing your dreams. 无论如何你都不应该放弃追逐梦想。 考点11 frustration n．懊丧，懊恼，沮丧 It is not just about sharing sweets or frustration;……不仅是关于分享糖果或懊恼，…… 【拓展】 (1) a sense of frustration 挫败感 (2)frustrate vt. 使沮丧 frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的 frustrated adj. 沮丧的 feel frustrated at/with 对……感到沮丧/懊恼 【经典练】 ①I could sense his _______not being able to help.我可以感觉到他因无力帮忙而沮丧。 ②I was practically screaming _______.我懊恼得几乎要大叫起来。 ③It's_______ to have to wait so long.要等这么长时间，真令人懊恼。 【好句背默】 ④I have times when I _______ and wish I could get away, to anywhere, just have a look of scenery for a minute!我有时会感到沮丧，希望我能离开，去任何地方，只需看一眼风景就好了！ 考点12 response n．回答，答复；反应，响应 This wealth of ways of sharing is a response to our increasing demand for quality goods and services at competitive prices, all delivered at the click of a button.我们需要价格有竞争力的优质产品和服务，大量的共享方式是对这种不断增长的需求的回应，现在这些需求都可以通过按一下按钮来实现。 【拓展】 (1)in response to 作为……的回应 make a response 作出回应 make no response 没有作出回应 (2)respond v. 回答；响应；反应；反响 respond to 回答，回复；对……作出反应 respond to 【经典练】 ①The product was developed _______ customer demand.这种产品是为了满足顾客的需要而开发的。 ②Carl _______ and carried on with his work.卡尔没有回答，继续他的工作。 ③How did they _______ the news?他们对这则消息有什么反应？ 考点13 hire v．(短期的)租用，租借；(短期)雇用；聘任 Whether it’s an online shop where we can hire designer clothes at rock-bottom prices, or …无论是我们能以最低价格租用名牌服装的网店，还是…… 【拓展】 hire sth. out 出租某物 hire oneself out (去为别人)打工；受雇 hire sb. to do sth. 聘请某人做某事 hire a car/room/video 租汽车/房间/录像带 【经典练】 ①The company _______ machinery by the day.公司按日计费出租机械设备。 ②We _______a public relations consultant to help improve our image.我们聘请了一位公共关系顾问来帮助提升我们的形象。 比较辨析：hire/employ/rent hire：短期、临时或一次性“雇用，租用”，宾语是人或物。 hire a boat租一条船 employ：长时间“雇用”，宾语多是人。 employ a security officer雇用安全员 rent：长时间“出租；租用”，宾语是房屋、土地等。 rent a house from sb.租某人的房子 rent out出租 考点14abuse v．& n．滥用；虐待；辱骂 In addition, the sharing economy is subject to abuse of trust. 此外,共享经济可能受滥用信任的影响。 【拓展】 alcohol/drug abuse 酗酒/吸毒 an abuse of power/ones's position 职权滥用 【经典练】 ①What she did was ____________ as a manager.她的所作所为是对经理职权的滥用。 ②You are certainly at risk if you are addicted to cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking or _______.如果你沉迷于吸烟、饮酒或吸毒，那你肯定处境危险。 ③He __________ to help his family and was put into prison eventually.他滥用职权帮助家人，最终被关进了监狱。 考点15distribution n. (商品的)分销，经销；分发，分配；分布 After I went on TV, a major Asian manufacturer of cosmetics was willing to purchase my product and help with its distribution.我上了电视后，一家亚洲大型化妆品制造商表示愿意购买我的产品并且帮助分销。 【拓展】 (1)the unfair distribution of wealth 财富分配不公 the geographical distribution of the disease 疾病的地域分布情况 food distribution 食物分配 (2)distribute v. 分销，经销(商品)；分发，分配；使分布，分散 distribute...to... 把……分配给/分发给…… distribute...between/among... 在……之间分配…… 【经典练】 ①They could not agree on the distribution _______the profits.他们不能就利润的分配达成一致意见。 ②The_______ of these language is hugely uneven.这些语言的分布极不平衡。 ③The money was _______ among schools in the area.这笔款项是在本地区的学校中分配的。 【好句背默】 ④The production, _______, and use of products—as well as management of the resulting waste—all result in greenhouse gas release.产品的生产、分配和使用，以及由此产生的废物的管理，都导致温室气体的排放。 考点16(教材P38)It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential.直到她从海外大学毕业回国探望父母后，张悦才意识到这一潜力。 [句式分析]　强调句型 构成：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分 【拓展】 强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that＋其他部分？ Was it Tom that decided to pass up the opportunity? 是汤姆决定放弃这个机会吗？ 强调句型的特殊疑问句：疑问词＋is/was it＋that＋其他部分？ Who was it that seized the thief by the hand? 是谁抓住了那个小偷的手？ not...until...句型的强调句：It is/was not until...that＋其他部分 It was not until I told him that he knew about it. 直到我告诉他，他才知道这件事。 【经典练】 ①_______ this thief that robbed me of my wallet.就是这个小偷抢了我的钱包。(强调_______) ②It was a handkerchief _______ I picked up at the school gate.我在学校大门口捡到的是一条手帕。(强调_______语) ③ It was on a cold morning_______ he dived into the lake and rescued a drowning child.是在一个寒冷的早晨，他跳入湖中救出了一名溺水儿童。(强调_______语) [名师提醒]　 使用强调句型时需要注意以下几点： (1)强调句型中的it不能用其他词代替。 (2)用is还是was要根据原句的时态而定：属于现在或将来时间范畴的所有时态用is；属于过去时间范畴的所有时态用was。 (3)被强调部分指人时，可以用who代替that，其他情况一律用that。 考点17 They stared back, their blank faces giving no clue as to what they would say next.他们回望着她，脸上毫无表情，她不知道他们接下来要说什么。 [句式分析]　their blank faces giving no clue是“名词＋现在分词”构成的独立主格结构。 (1)构成：名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语 (2)功能：在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随状况等。 【拓展】 ①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同。 ②当名词/代词与动词之间是主动关系时，用现在分词形式；当名词/代词与动词之间是被动关系时，用过去分词形式；当表示将来的动作时，用不定式形式。 ③可置于句首或句末，多用逗号将其与句子的其他成分隔开。 【经典练】 ①_______, we'll go climbing tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们明天去爬山。(名词＋现在分词) ②_______, they went home.完成道路施工后，他们回家了。(名词＋过去分词) ③_______, I was in no mood for dancing.由于有很多工作要做，我没心情跳舞。(名词＋不定式) 【好句背默】 ④He came into the room, ______________.他进了房间，鼻子冻得通红。(名词＋形容词) 1． 语法精讲——复习定语从句 1．This is the bike that I lost last week. 2．Norman Bethune was a great man who gave his life to help the Chinese people. 3．All the children like the teachers who can understand them. 4．He is the man whom I saw yesterday. 5．They want to develop a kind of dog­friendly food which will help dog owners cool down their pets. 6．I know the reason why he didn't come. 7．I saw my good friend in the supmarket where I bought a skirt. 8．He will never forget the day when he met her for the first time. 9．Xiao Hua, who is my sister,has gone to Shanghai. 10．As is known to all, the boy is very brave. 11．The house, whose roof is broken, is under repair. [共性呈现] 1．画线部分均为定语从句。 2．关系代词在定语从句中作_________________ (句1、2、3、4、5、9、10)。 3．关系副词在定语从句中_______ (句6、7、8)。 4．定语从句分_________________________________，限制性定语从句与先行词关系较密切(句1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8)。 5．_______从句与先行词之间关系较松散(句9、11)。 6．有时关系代词也可以代替_______ (句10)。 定语从句是指跟在一个名词或代词后，对其进行修饰限定的句子。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词(先行词)后。定语从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导。 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所作的成分 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物或事 主语、宾语、表语、定语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 as 人、物或事 主语、宾语 whose 人或物 定语 The man who/whom you saw just now is our manager. (先行词指人,who/whom在从句中作宾语) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语) Please pass me the book whose cover is green. (先行词指物 ,whose在从句中作定语 The prosperity which/that has never been seen before appears in the countryside (which/that在从句中作主语) The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which/that在从句中作宾语 ) They talked in such simple English as children could understand.(as在从句中作宾语) As is known to all, fish can’t live without water.(As在从句中作主语 ) 2. that和which 的用法区别 只用 that 不用which的情况 ①先行词为everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词；或为all, every, no, some, any, little, much等词或被这些词修饰时时。 Everything that we saw in this film was true. I have read all the books that you lend me. ②先行词为the only, the very（正是）, the right，the same等词时。 This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for. ③先行词为序数词或形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 Shanghai is the most beautiful city that I have  ever visited. This is the first film that I have seen since I came here. ④当先行词既有人又有物时 We often talk about the persons and things that we remember. ⑤句中其他位置已出现与关系代词相同的疑问词时，应避免重复 Which is the car that has overtaken us? 只用which不用that的情况： ①关系代词前有介词时。 The garden in which a variety of flowers are planted attracts a great many visitors. ②在非限制性定语从句中。 He failed in the match, which was a pity. 3.as与which的区别： 定语 从句 区别 例句 限制性定语从句　中 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. 非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 【经典练】单句语法填空 1.I read a report about his new book __________will soon be published. 2.Do you know the professor ________ is from Greece? 3.Mr. Green is the person_______________I like a lot. 4.The house _______ roof is red is mine. 5.I met Mr. Smith, _________daughter is a nurse. 6.He told me everything ________he knew. 7.That is my house, ________ is very expensive. 8.It is the very book ________I’m looking for. 9.This is the school from________I have graduated. 10.I will never forget the people and things_____I met in India. 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所作的成分 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象名词（situation、 point、 activity、 case、 stage等） 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 （1）关系副词when：先行词是表示时间的名词 Do you know the date when he was born? She went to Japan in 2015, when she was 20. 注：when可以由“介词+which”替换 She went to Japan in 2015, in which she was 20. I will never forget the day on which I met him. （2）关系副词where：先行词是表示地点的名词 I love Beijing, where I made so many friends. This is the park where we often take a walk. 注：where可以由“介词+which”替换 This is the park in which we often take a walk. Do you know the bus station at which we met each other? 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point, position，situation, stage, case, condition, atmosphere等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。 I like the atmosphere where everyone helps each other. We have reached the stage where we must take action. 先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。 There came an occasion when she got promoted. A wedding is an occasion where people get dressed up. （3）关系副词why：先行词是reason Do you know the reason why he cried? 注：why可以由“for+which”替换 Do you know the reason for which he cried? 【经典练】单句语法填空 1.I will remember the days__________we spent together. 2.I will remember the days_______we loved each other. 3.This is the hotel__________we lived/stayed. 4.This is the hotel__________Lucy recommended to us. 5.That’s the reason___________ he was late. 6.That’s the reason___________ he told me. 三、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 先行词指物:which This is the school with which he is familiar. 先行词指人:whom I thanked Tom from whom I got a lot of help. 关系代词前介词的选用: 依据定语从句中动词、形容词等的习惯搭配来确定。 The person to whom I gave the gift was my teacher. 依据与先行词的搭配来确定。 This is the house in which I grew up. 根据所表达的意思来确定。 The colorless gas without which we can not live is called oxygen. 注意: 有些“动词（＋名词）＋介词”的固定搭配，如look for, look after, call on，take care of等，不能把介词提到关系代词前。 【经典练】单句语法填空 1.The book________which I told you is on the shelf. 2.The person_______whom I borrowed the money is my brother. 3.The situation______which we found ourselves was dangerous. 4.This is the thing_______which I am interested. 5.I will never forget Tom, _______ whom I couldn’t have succeeded. 二．写作精讲——社会现象类说明文 一、写作分析 社会现象类说明文指的是针对某种社会现象进行说明的文体，文章往往从正反两个方面加以说明。 2、 篇章结构 第一段：开门见山，引入话题； 第二段：列举正方(一方)观点及理由； 第三段：表明自己的观点。 3、 语言特点 语言需要简洁准确，用词要正式客观，结构层次分明。 1、 常用词汇 1. 社会现象类 Social phenomenon 社会现象 Trend/issue 趋势/问题 Globalization 全球化 Digitalization 数字化 Urbanization 城市化 Generation gap 代沟 Environmental protection 环境保护 2. 原因分析类 Contributing factors 促成因素 Root cause 根本原因 Economic development 经济发展 Technological advancement 技术进步 Changing values 价值观转变 3. 影响类 Positive/negative impact 积极/消极影响 Social cohesion 社会凝聚力 Mental health 心理健康 Interpersonal relationships 人际关系 Sustainable development 可持续发展 4.解决方案类 Raise awareness 提高意识 Government policies 政府政策 Public participation 公众参与 Strengthen regulations 加强监管 二、常用句式 1. 引出话题 In recent years, there has been a growing concern over...（近年来，人们越来越关注...） With the rapid development of..., ... has become a hotly debated issue.（随着...的快速发展，...成为热议话题） The phenomenon of ... is increasingly prevalent in modern society.（...现象在现代社会日益普遍） 2. 分析原因 The primary reason lies in...（主要原因在于...） This trend can be attributed to...（这一趋势可归因于...） A combination of factors contributes to this phenomenon, including...（多种因素共同导致这一现象，包括...） 3. 说明影响 While ... brings convenience, it also leads to...（尽管...带来便利，但也导致...） The consequences of ... cannot be ignored. For instance,...（...的后果不容忽视，例如...） From a long-term perspective, ... may pose a threat to...（从长远来看，...可能对...构成威胁） 4. 提出建议 To address this issue, joint efforts from individuals and authorities are essential.（解决这一问题需要个人和政府的共同努力） It is advisable to...（建议采取...措施） Raising public awareness through education could be an effective solution.（通过教育提高公众意识可能是有效方法） 5. 总结观点 In conclusion, ... is a double-edged sword that requires balanced handling.（总之，...是一把双刃剑，需平衡处理） Only by taking immediate action can we ensure a sustainable future.（只有立即行动，才能确保可持续的未来） 假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Jenny正在做一份关于中国移动支付(mobile payment)的问卷调查，你是她的重点采访对象。请你给她写封信，内容包括： 1．你或你身边的人在日常生活中使用移动支付的情况； 2．移动支付带来的好处； 3．你的看法。 注意： 1．写作词数应为80左右； 2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：微信WeChat　支付宝Alipay 二维码QR code ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 第一步　审题谋篇 体裁 议论文 时态 一般现在时 主题 社会现象类说明文 人称 第三人称 布局 首段：关于移动支付的总体介绍。 中段：移动支付的好处。 尾段：介绍自己的观点。 第二步　要点翻译 1.人们普遍认为，中国是全球最大的移动支付市场。 __________________China is the largest mobile payment market globally. 2. 随着移动支付的广泛使用，我们根本不需要带钱包或现金。 With the widespread use of mobile payment, we don't need to__________ or cash at all. 3. 在中国，移动支付极大地改变了人们的生活。 Mobile payment has greatly _____________________ in China. 第三步　词句升级 1.用非限制性定语从句合并句子 Most of us are used to scanning QR codes to pay for whatever we purchase—such as books and clothes.It is a glimpse into the life of most Chinese like me and my family. →Most of us are used to scanning QR codes to pay for whatever we purchase—such as books and clothes, _______ is a glimpse into the life of most Chinese like me and my family. 2. 用倒装句升级We will never worry about getting fake notes or having to count change. →_________ we worry about getting fake notes or having to count change. 第四步　连句成篇 Dear Jenny， How is your survey on mobile payment going? I'm glad I can help with it. It's generally believed that China is the largest mobile payment market globally.Most of us are used to scanning QR codes to pay for whatever we purchase—such as books and clothes, which is a glimpse into the life of most Chinese like me and my family. With the widespread use of mobile payment, we don't need to carry a purse or cash at all. Besides, never will we worry about getting fake notes or having to count change.In short, mobile payment has greatly changed people's lives in China. Personally, I think mobile payment should be encouraged.First, it has won over consumers with its convenience.Another advantage is that there are often discounts if you make mobile payment, as major online payment platforms are competing to have more consumers take advantage of their service. I hope my explanation can be of some help to you.Wish you good luck. Yours faithfully， Li Hua 一、短 语 1.as to　　至于，关于 2.a world away from　　完全不同于 3.row upon row　　一排又一排地 4.start out　　启程，动身 5.make ends meet　　使收支仅能相抵 6.interfere with　　妨碍，阻止 7.go into debt　　陷入债务之中，负债 8.response to　　对……的回应 9.at rock－bottom prices　　以最低价格 10.rent out 　　出租（房屋、房间、土地等） 11.at the expense of　　以损害……为代价 12.take a deep breath　　深呼吸 13.be subject to易受……影响，可能会受……影响14.grow wild 　　（植物）自发生长，野生 15.meet with rejection　　遭到拒绝 16.all－important input　　极重要的投入 17.at the initial phase　　在初始阶段 18.sharing economy　　共享经济 19.designer clothes　　名牌服装 20.a win－win situation　　双赢的局面 21.individual preferences　　个人喜好 22.as is often the case 　　情况常常如此；这是常有的事 二、词性转变 1.dizzy adj.头晕目眩的→dizzily adv.眩晕地→dizziness n.头昏眼花 2.enterprising adj.有创业精神的；有事业心的；有进取心的→enterprise n.公司；企业 3.input n.投入（物）→output n.产量；输出 4.manufacturer n.制造商；制造公司，制造厂→manufacture v.生产；制造 5.consultant n.顾问→consult v.咨询；商量；查阅 6.conventional adj.传统的，常规的→convention n.习俗；常规；惯例 7.discriminate v.不公正地区别对待，歧视→discrimination n.歧视 8.mild adj.不浓烈的，淡的→mildly adv.轻微地 9.subjective adj.主观的→subjectivism n.主观主义；主观论→objective adj.客观的 10.financial adj.财政的，金融的；财务的→finance n.财政，金融 11.accumulate v.积累，积聚→accumulation n.积累→accumulative adj.累积的 12.automatically adv.自动地→automatic adj.自动的 13. frustration n.懊丧，懊恼，沮丧→frustrate v.挫败→frustrated adj.失意的→frustrating adj.使人沮丧的 三、句 子 1. Feeling dizzy, Zhang Yue took a deep breath as she struggled to finish her presentation. 张悦感到一阵眩晕，她深吸了一口气，然后努力完成她的陈述。 2. The early bird catches the worm. 早起的鸟儿有虫吃。 3. It was only after graduating from university overseas and returning to visit her parents that Zhang realised the potential. 直到她结束海外留学生活，回国看望父母时，她才意识到这里的潜力。 4. I want to experience the freedom of being my own boss. But I also want to give something back to my home town.我想体验自已做老板的自由，同时我也想回报我的家乡。 5. The road to their success is however still a long and difficult one, with many challenges along the way. 不过，他们的成功之路仍然漫长而艰难，一路上会遇到许多挑战。 6. What really matters is a sound business plan, access to capital, and good management and negotiating skills. 真正重要的是一个合理的商业计划，获得资金的渠道，以及良好的管理和谈判技巧。 7. Whether we're a lender or a borrower, it's a win-win situation; everyone makes or saves money.。 这对于贷方和借方来说都是一个双赢的局面，人人都能挣钱，或者说省钱。 8. What's more, sharing encourages us to reuse items, thereby cutting down on waste. 不仅如此，共享方式鼓励我们重复使用物品，从而减少浪费。 9. What is in no doubt is that the sharing economy is increasingly relevant to our daily lives as well as to the global economy. 共享经济无疑正在与我们的日常生活以及全球经济产生越来越密切的联系。 1. The sharing economy is about empowering people to use their assets in new ways. —Brian Chesky 共享经济的核心是让人们以新的方式利用自己的资产。——布莱恩·切斯基 2. We’re not just making car rides more efficient—we’re changing the way cities work. — Travis Kalanick 我们不仅让乘车更高效，更是在改变城市的运作方式。——特拉维斯·卡兰尼克 3. The sharing economy allows people to monetize their underutilized assets. —Robin Chase 共享经济让人们将未充分利用的资产变现。——罗宾·蔡斯 4. The sharing economy isn’t about sharing at all. It’s about access over ownership. —Jeremiah Owyang 共享经济根本不是‘共享’，而是‘使用权优于所有权’。 ——杰里米亚·奥扬 20 / 20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$