专题02 Units 1～8 语法精讲【考点串讲】-2024-2025学年八年级英语下学期期末考点大串讲（沪教牛津版）

牛津版八年级下期末考点串讲 Units1-8 语法精讲 01 Unit 1 动词不定式 02 Unit 2 动名词 04 unit 4 含情态动词被动语态 目录 CONTENTS 03 Unit 3 被动语态 05 Unit 5 It’s +adj+(for/of) sb. +to do Adj/adv +enough to do 06 Unit 6 副词的用法 08 Unit 8 过去进行时 目录 CONTENTS 07 Unit 7 原因状语从句 PART 01 冠词 Unit 1 Helping those in need Infinitive （不定式） 定义： 主要行为动词后面的动词都采用了”to+动词原形”的结构（有时可以不带to）。 （注：动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能做谓语。） 用法一： 不定式作宾语是及物动词后带to的不定式，表明意图、希望或决定的内容等。我们常见的动词+ to do sth. 的结构主要是动宾结构。 通常只能接不定式作宾语的动词有：agree (同意); offer (提出); intend， plan (打算，计划); demand， ask (要求); promise (答应); help (帮忙); prepare (准备); decide (决定); refuse (拒绝);dare (敢于); choose (选择); wish，hope，want， expect (希望，想要); fail ;(不能;忘记); pretend (假装); manage (设法); determine (决心)。 为了便于记忆，我们可用以下口诀: 同意提出做计划， 要求答应来帮忙。 准备决定遭拒绝， 敢于选择有希望。 不能做到莫假装， 设法做成决心坚。 He agreed to help us. 他同意帮助我们。 My parents offered to take us around the teahouse. 我的父母主动提出带我们去参观茶馆。 We all hope to see the great musician. 我们都希望见到那位伟大的音乐家。 特殊疑问词与不定式常连用作宾语，在功能上相当于一个宾语从句，但不能构成复合宾语。这些词为:know, decide, ask, forget, get, remember, like, learn, think, tell, want, wish, advise, show等。 I don’t know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。 I haven’t decided how to go there. 我还没决定怎样去那里。 The map can show you where to go. 这张地图可以告诉你往哪走。 用法二： 用法三 *动词不定式可以作宾语补足语 如:Annie taught Tim to sing beautiful songs. We want them to be happy. *动词不定式常在以下动词（短语）的宾语后面作宾语补足语： advise encourage teach warn allow expect tell ask order want等。 *否定形式为not + to + do 如：The teacher tells us not to be late. *动词不定式在let，make，have 等使役动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略to。 如：I will let him go with us. 我会让他跟我们一起去。 I made her cry. 我把她弄哭了。 不定式的用法四 动词不定式可以作目的状语 如: Every Saturday, he went there to look after the patients. 他每周六都去那照顾病人。 为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时，常用短语in order to 如: We learn a language in order to communicate. 我们学习语言是为了交流。 PART 02 动名词 1. V-ing: work-working 2. 以e结尾的去e+-ing: make-making 3. 以重读闭音节结尾的双写最后一个辅音字 母,再+-ing: put-putting 4. 特例: lie-lying die-dying 动名词的构成 Unit 2 Body language 动名词的用法总结一 1. 动名词是以-ing结尾的名词。这些名词描述动作和活动。 2. 动名词可作主语、宾语以及表语等句子成分。 3. 我们通常通过在动词后加-ing来构成动名词。 4. 动名词通常都是不可数的，不能在前面加a或an。 5. 动名词可以有自己的宾语。 ▲ 动名词作主语时，谓语用单数。 Communicating is not just speaking. 交流不仅仅是说话。 ▲ 两个或两个以上不同的动名词作主语，谓语用复数。 Playing computer games and playing basketball are my hobbies. 打游戏和打篮球是我的兴趣爱好。 动名词的用法总结二 1. 英语中有一些动词（短语）后面常接动名词作宾语。如： enjoy（like, love) , suggest ，mind, finish, practise, deny，avoid，admit, keep, miss He denied stealing my bike. 他否认偷了我的自行车。 2.介词后要使用动名词。 He is good at drawing pictures. 他善于画画。 动名词的用法总结三 3. 常见的“动词＋介词+动名词”的短语有：prefer... to, be used to, look forward to , feel like, give up, keep on, insist on, succeed in等。 You must give up smoking at once. 你必须马上戒烟。 He doesn’t feel like doing his homework. 他不想做家庭作业。 4. 用于某些惯用法中。例如： be busy doing sth “忙于做某事” Mother is busy cooking dinner in the kitchen. 妈妈在厨房忙着做饭。 (2) be worth doing sth “值得做某事” The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 (3) It’s no use / good doing sth “做……无用 / 无好处” It’s no use going to him for help. 向他寻求帮助没有用。 动名词 1 动名词的基本形式：动词原形+ing；否定式：not +动词原形+ing。 2 动名词在句中的作用： （1）作主语。如：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 注意：动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 （2）作表语。如：Her Job is teaching English. 她的工作是教英语。 （3）作宾语。如：I like travelling very much. 我很喜欢旅游。 （4）作定语。如：This is our reading room. 这是我们的阅览室。 动名词的语法功能总结 3 习惯接动名词作宾语的动词有：enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, practise等。如： My sister enjoys playing tennis. 我姐姐喜欢打网球。 Do you mind opening the window? 你介意开窗吗？ 4 动名词也可以在短语动词和介词后作宾语，习惯接动名词作宾语的短语有：be afraid of, be busy, be good at, be interested in, be worth, feel like, how / what about, look forward to, pay attention to, succeed in, think of等。如： Are you interested in playing chess? 你对下象棋感兴趣吗？ I’m looking forward to visiting the Great Wall. 我盼望去参观长城。 5 接动词不定式或动名词均可且含义相同的动词有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue等。接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为。如： He likes to sing / singing. 他喜欢唱歌。 It began to rain / raining. 开始下雨了。 6 以下动词接不定式和动名词意义大不相同： stop to do something 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing something 停止正在做的事 remember / forget / regret to do something 记得 / 忘记 / 遗憾要做某事（指动作尚未发生） remember / forget / regret doing something 记得 / 忘记 / 遗憾做了某事（指动作已经发生） try to do something 设法，努力去做，尽力 try doing something 试试去做，看有何结果 can’t help to do something 不能帮忙做 can’t help doing something 忍不住要做 go on to do something 接着做另外一件事 go on doing something 接着做同一件事 mean to do something 打算做，企图做 mean doing something 意思是，意味着 PART 03 被动语态 被动语态 英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。在主动语态时，句子的主语是这个动作的执行者；在被动语态时，句子的主语是这个动作的承受者。如： They built this house. 他们建造了这座房子。 主语they是built这个动作的执行者，动词用主动语态。 The house was built by them. 这座房子是由他们建造的。 主语the house是built这个动作的承受者，动词用被动语态。 1 “be +（及物动词的）过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。be有人称、数和时态的变化。 Unit 3 Traditional skills 以动词do为例，几种常用时态的主动语态和被动语态的结构形式如下： 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 do / does am / is / are done 一般过去时 did was / were done 现在进行时 am / is / are doing am / is / are being done 过去进行时 was / were doing was / were being done 一般将来时 will / shall do will / shall be done 现在完成时 has / have done has / have been done This kind of machine is made in Guangzhou. 这种机器是广州制造的。 The computer was stolen.那台电脑被偷了。 A new road is being built outside my house. 我家门口正在修一条新路。 The man was being questioned by the police. 这个人当时正在被警察盘问。 Your wallet has been found. 你的钱夹已经找到了。 Your watch will be repaired. 你的表将会被修理好。 2 被动语态的否定句和疑问句。 (1) 被动语态的否定句在be后加not。如： The song is not liked by young people. 这首歌不受年轻人喜爱。 (2) 被动语态的疑问句将be提至主语前。如： Is Chinese used only in China? 汉语只在中国使用吗？ — Are these computers made in the USA? 这些电脑是美国制造的吗？ — Yes, they are. 是的。 No, they aren’t. 不，不是的。 PART 04 含情态动词的被动语态 含情态动词的被动语态 1. 构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 2. 含must的被动语态句型变化： Young trees must be watered often. 小树必须经常浇水。 Young trees mustn't be watered often. 小树不必须经常浇水。 Must young trees be watered often? 小树必须经常浇水吗？ Yes, they must. / No, they mustn't. 是的。/ 不是。 Unit 4 Cartoons and comic strips 3. 含 should的被动语态句型变化： Your mistakes should be corrected right now. 你应该现在就改正你的错误。 Your mistakes shouldn't be corrected right now. 你不应该现在就改正你的错误。 Should my mistakes be corrected right now? 我应该现在就改正我的错误吗？ Yes, they should. / No, they shouldn't. 是的。/ 不是。 4. 含 may的被动语态句型变化： The door may be locked inside. 这扇门可以反锁。 The door may not be locked inside. 这扇门可以反锁。 May the door be locked inside. 这扇门可以反锁吗？ Yes, it may. /No, it may not. 是的，可以。/不，不可以。 5. 含can的被动语态句型变化： Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 你的家庭作业可以明天交。 Your homework can't be handed in tomorrow. 你的家庭作业不可以明天交。 Can my homework be handed in tomorrow? 我的家庭作业可以明天交吗？ Yes, it can./ No, it can't. 是的，可以。/ 不，不可以。 含现在完成时的被动语态 1. 构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 2. 含have的被动语态句型变化： Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 在许多国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。 Many man-made satellites haven't been sent up into space by many countries. 在许多国家没有许多人造卫星被送上了太空。 Have many man-made satellites been sent up into space by many countries? 在许多国家有许多人造卫星被送上了太空吗？ Yes, they have./ No, they haven't. 是的。/ 不是。 3.含has的被动语态句型变化： This book has been translated into many languages. 这本书被翻译成多种文字。 This book hasn't been translated into many languages. 这本书没有被翻译成多种文字。 Has this book been translated into many languages? 这本书被翻译成多种文字吗？ Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t. 是的。/ 不，没有。 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 They paint the wall. The wall _____________. 一般过去时 They painted the wall. The wall _____________. 一般将来时 They will paint the wall. The wall _____________. 现在完成时 They have painted the wall. The wall _____________. 含情态动词 They can paint the wall. The wall _____________. is painted was painted will be painted has been painted can be painted PART 05 句式: It’s +adj+(for/of) sb. +to do Adj/adv +enough to do Unit 5 Save the endangered animals A. It is+adjective + for + noun / pronoun + to + verb 句型“It is + adjective +for somebody to do something”表示“对某人来说，做某事是……的”。其中的形容词是对所做的事情进行描述，如difficult，easy，hard，important，necessary, dangerous, possible, convenient等。 C. It is+ adjective + of + noun / pronoun + to + verb 句型“It is + adjective +of somebody to do something”的意思是“某人做某事真是太……了”。其中的形容词是对人的性格、品质进行描述，如kind，good，nice， clever，careless，polite，foolish等。 B. adjective + enough + to + verb 句型“somebody / something + be + adjective + enough to do something”意思是“某人或某物足够……，可以做某事”。注意enough放在形容词后面，表示达到必要的程度 1.选择for或of填空。 1. It is possible _______ him to get there on time. 2. It was silly ________ you to leave the keys at home. 3. Is it important _________ us to learn a foreign language? 4. It was brave _________ him to save the girl. 5.It is difficult _________ such a little boy to run fast. 【答案】1.for 2.of 3.for 4.of 5.for 2.完成句子。 1. 这个小女孩够年龄去上学了。 The little girl is _______ ________ to go to school. 2.对于我们来说，三天内完成这项工作是不可能的。 ________ _______ impossible for us ________ __________ the job in three days. 3. 保护环境对我们来说很重要。 _______ _______ very important _______ ______ to protect the environment. 4. 她够勇敢，抓住了小偷。 It is brave ________ ________ to catch the thief. 5. 这个书包太小了，装不下15本书。 The schoolbag is _________ small ________ carry 15 books. 1.old enough 2.It is to finish 3.It is for us 4.of her 5.too to PART 06 副词的用法 Unit 6 Save the endangered animals A 副词的用法 1 在英语中副词可以用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或修饰整个句子 2 形容词构成相应的副词的一般规律： 形容词类型 构成相应副词的方法 举例 一般情况 在形容词后直接加 -ly quick — quickly slow — slowly 以y结尾的形容词 先将y改成i,再加 -ly happy — happily busy — busily 绝大多数以e结尾的形容词 直接加 -ly polite — politely wide — widely 少数以e结尾的形容词 要去掉e再加 -ly true — truly terrible — terribly 特殊情况 与形容词同形 early adj. — early adv. high adj. — high adv. 3 在英语中，有些词既可以作形容词，又可以作副词，如early, much, fast, late, hard, high, little, wide, loud等。 由于这类词词性虽不同，但词形却一样，这就需要大家学会在特定语境中判断它们各自的词性。 B 副词的比较级和最高级 副词的比较级和最高级的构成： 1 单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-est。如：hard — harder — hardest; fast — faster — fastest 2 以字母e结尾的副词，直接加-r或-st。如： late — later — latest 3 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先改“y”为“i”，再加-er或-est。如：early — earlier — earliest 4 凡由形容词后加-ly构成的副词，前加more或 most。如： beautifully — more beautifully — most beautifully; clearly — more clearly — most clearly 5 不规则变化：well — better — best; badly — worse — worst; little — less — least; much — more — most; far — farther / further — farthest / furthest 1. Imaginary things can sometimes create excitement __________ (easy)than real ones. 【答案】 more easily修饰动词用副词。两者比较用比较级。 2. Cornelius and Rosa grew their flowers ____________ (quick)and they won the competition. 【答案】 （the）most quickly通过句意这里用副词最高级。The可以省略。 3. The book was extremely successful and sold________ (fast)than any of Dumas’s other works. 【答案】 faster fast副词与形容词同形。 4. I can write ________________ (beautiful)than the others in our class. 【答案】 more beautiful 修饰动词用副词。 5. Your handwriting is _______ good. (real) 【答案】 really副词修饰形容词。 6. These apples taste ________ and sell _______. (good) 【答案】 good well taste尝试起来后面用形容词构成系表结构。相似的词还有：feel sound smell look。后一空用副词。 7. We decided not to climb the mountains because it was raining ________. (hard) 【答案】 hard hard副词激烈地，剧烈地。Hardly 几乎不 8. Ken often works ______ into the night but he is never _____ for work. (late) 【答案】 late， late 第一空late副词， 第二空late 形容词。 9. He listened __________ and answered the question. (careful) 【答案】 carefully副词修饰动词。 8. Jack doesn’t jump so _______ as his classmates. (high) 【答案】high high形容词和副词同形。 PART 07 原因状语从句 Unit 7 The unknown world A 原因状语从句 在句中表示原因、理由的从句叫原因状语从句。 1 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, since, as。 2 表示语气的强弱顺序是：because﹥since﹥as。 3 这些连词都不能和so连用。 4 当原因状语从句放于句首时，通常要用逗号与主句隔开。 引导词because 1 because强调明确直接的因果关系，回答“why”问题 2 because从句可与for互换，但for是并列连词，连接的是并列句，并且在for前必须有逗号隔开。如： 引导词since 1 since表示明摆着的理由或原因，常译为“既然” 2 since还可引导时间状语从句，表示“自从……以来” 引导词as 1 as语气最弱，表示附带说明的原因 2 as还可引导时间状语从句，表示“当……的时候”、“随着……”。 B because与 because of的区别 because和because of的意思都是“因为；由于”。 但because 是连词，其后接句子。because of 是复合介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。 1.She won’t go to the cinema ______ she has already seen the film. A. until B. if C. so D. because 2 ______ you’re tired, you’d better stay at home and have a rest. A. Since B. Or C. Though D. Till 3. — Why didn’t you go to the party? — ______ I wasn’t invited. A. As B. Since C. Because D. So 4. ______ we have no money, we can’t buy it. A. Until B. Unless C. As D. Although 5.______ it was raining, _______ they stayed at home. A. Because; so B. Because; / C. Since; so D. As; so 6. They were late for the meeting ______ the heavy rain. A. because of B. because C. since D. as 7.It rained last night, _______ the ground is wet. A. or B. for C. but D. though 8.The baby is sleeping, _______ you’d better keep quiet. A. but B. or C. because D. so D A C C B A B D 完成句子。 1 他因为一场事故失去了双亲。 He lost his parents __________ ________ an accident. 2 既然你已经在这儿了，何不多待两天？ ____________ you are here, why not stay for two more days? 3 你生病了，最好去看看医生。 ________________ you are ill, you’d better go to see a doctor. 4 我没去那里，因为我不想见到他。 I didn’t go there _________ I didn’t want to see him. 5 因为要赶去火车站，他们很早就起床了。 ________________ they needed to go to the train station, they got up early. because of Since Since/As/Because because Since/because/As PART 08 过去进行时 Unit 8 Life in the future 1. 过去进行时的构成： 肯定句形式：主语+was/were+动词的现在分词. 否定句形式：主语+was not(wasn’t)/were not(weren’t)+动词的现在分词. 一般疑问句形式：Was/Were+主语+动词的现在分词? 肯定回答：Yes, 主语+was/were. 否定回答：No, 主语+was not (wasn’t)/ were not (weren’t). 2. 过去进行时的基本用法： (1)过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常用的时间状语有：at that time/ moment, (at)this time yesterday(last night/ Sunday/week …), at+几点钟+yesterday(last night / Sunday …)，when sb. did sth. 等。 (2)when和while表示“当……的时候”时，when后面通常接短暂性动词的一般时态，while后面通常接持续性动词的进行时态。 1. 当你看见他们的时候他们在干什么？ 他们在打扫教室。 What were they doing when you saw them? They were cleaning the classroom. 2. 今天上午放学的时候在下雨吗？ 是的，天正下着大雨。 Was it raining when school was over this morning? Yes, it was raining heavily. 3. 当我离开的时候他正在画一幅世界地图。 When I left, he was drawing a map of the world. 4. 母亲下班回家的时候，约翰在写给一个朋友写信。 John was writing to one of his friends when his mothers came back from work. 5. 老师走进教室的时候，学术们正在谈论当天的新闻 When the teacher came into the classroom, the students were talking about that day’s news. $$