专题02 阅读理解（说明文）（山东专用）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 1.（23-24高二下·山东菏泽·期末） At Nature Fresh Farms in Leamington, Canada, there’s something new among the rows of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers and strawberries. Using thousands of sensors in every greenhouse, artificial-intelligence technology is helping the farm in aspects such as lighting, irrigation and harvest timing, aiming to increase the yields of its crops and reduce its use of power and water. Farmers use drones(无人机) to survey farms and look for information on weeds, pests and disease. A lot of research into AI and agriculture is done at institutions, but it then needs to be tested in a network of smart farms. One of the farms is Emili’s Innovation Farms. “We really show how they work in a commercial setting and in a sense, act as a risk reducer as we try out these technologies and then share with others (including other farmers) how they actually work as a means to make it easier to adopt and fully use those new technologies,” said Ms. Keena, managing director of Emili. It takes time to find out whether new technology has affected a crop, and this can be a barrier to adoption for farmers. Sometimes it’s within a year, or within a few years. Ms. Keena said, “We can’t ask them to take big risks on integrating new technologies at scale as part of their operations in things that are unproven.” Innovation Farms addresses a piece of one of the barriers of people needing to be able to see these technologies rolled out in a full-scale and commercial way ahead of being able to adopt them themselves. Farmers’ trust levels are also a barrier. Data are important to AI models, but farmers need to be better inspired to share their data in order to make the technology better. But over time, there’s an increase in engagement from farmers. “Farmer engagement is absolutely critical to developing AI tools for agriculture. If they’ve seen it demonstrated essentially in their backyard through a smart farm, well, then we’re that much further ahead toward adoption.” 1．What can be learned about AI from Paragraph 1? A．It shortens production cycle. B．It replaces employees. C．It adds vegetable diversity. D．It changes how farms run. 2．Why is AI technology tested at Emilli’s Innovation Farms? A．To predict its future. B．To confirm its dependability. C．To expand its market. D．To introduce its advantage. 3．What’s the key to removing the barriers? A．Bettering AI models. B．Developing more AI tools. C．Gaining farmers’ recognition. D．Enlarging the farm scales 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI: a promoter of farmers’ life B．AI: a driver of agricultural development C．Smart farms: The Key to Solving Water Scarcity D．Smart farms:  Replacing Traditional Farming 2.（23-24高二下·山东威海·期末） Permanent lunar habitation will be one of the most difficult things mankind has ever done, and it poses several immediate questions. For a start, where on the Moon would such a settlement be? Not everywhere on our friendly satellite is equal when it comes to settling there. Thanks to its orbital path, the Moon has a long day-night cycle, with each day or night lasting more than two weeks on Earth. This means that the most likely place for human settlements is near one of the poles, where light is all but permanent, and the variations between temperature extremes are much less severe than in equatorial (赤道) regions. There are also thought to be significant water reserves at the poles. Two specific sites often mentioned are Mount Malapert, near the south pole, and the rim of the Peary Crater, near the north. Experts say that Mount Malapert is probably filled with hydrogen and helium deposits. There’s a broad, smooth landing area, clearly in continuous microwave visibility of Earth (for tracking and communications). And, not far away, are permanently shaded areas to the south, which could be easily reached by a vehicle driven down the south slope of the mountain. But if that doesn’t appeal, advantages of the rim of the Peary Crater include its large, flat landscape, surrounded by four mountainous regions on the rim, which stay bright all lunar day. This light source means a relatively stable temperature and solar power. Having chosen the location, accommodation would also likely take one of two forms: below the surface in underground lava tubes, or on the surface in biodomes (生物圈). Underground has the advantage of greater protection from meteorite strikes and from solar radiation, which is around 200 times more powerful on the Moon than on Earth. But overground offers easier access and transport, not to mention the mental thrill of being “outside”. A mixture of the two is most likely. Lunar buildings could be created with 3D-printing technology, using moon dust as the primary construction material. Like any Earth city, settlements would need supplies of energy and food — so where would they be found? 1．What does “this” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The Moon’s long day-night cycle. B．The Moon’s path around the Earth. C．Nearly permanent sunlight at the poles. D．Small difference between temperature extremes. 2．What is the unique advantage of the rim of the Peary Crater for lunar settlement? A．Vast water resources. B．Large, flat landing area. C．Consistent light source. D．Mountainous landscapes. 3．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．What an ideal lunar accommodation is like. B．What is a must for an ideal lunar accommodation. C．What technology is needed for lunar accommodation. D．What the next focus of an ideal lunar accommodation is. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the permanent lunar habitation? A．Neutral about its prospects. B．Concerned about the risks involved. C．Doubtful about its possibility. D．Positive about the potential and benefits. 3.（23-24高二下·山东威海·期末） When you watch a great film, there’s always a great mix of everything you enjoy: Explosions! Exotic (异国的) locations! Amazing stunts (特技)! And all of it anchored by famous A-list actors. However, all that could soon be changed. Hollywood was rocked recently by an AI program called Sora. All you need to do is type in a description of what you want to watch, and it creates a video up to one minute long. This is possible because the programme has been fed thousands of hours of existing videos, searched through them for patterns, and then used this learning to create new content. As it develops, this technology could allow filmmakers to greatly expand their creativity. Simply give the computer program a script (脚本), tell it what actors you want, and it will create a movie for you. This will make it much cheaper to make films. AI might even help to create films tailored to personal tastes by analyzing viewing history and making a custom movie. Amazing developments in AI could fuel a new era of filmmaking. However, there are concerns. Many argue that AI can’t be truly creative, as humans are. AI expert Bernard Marr writes, “No matter how impressive a piece of computer-created artwork might be, it’s always built from blocks carved out of the data that’s used to train it.” AI actors could lead to a flood of poor quality, cheap films. As AI films copy and remix data from each other, researchers warn that this could lead to a “downward spiral”, where films become more similar and more boring over time. “Human emotion must always come first,” says Avatar director James Cameron. AI actors may never recreate the complexity of emotions that humans can. They will probably stay trapped in the “uncanny valley” — the uncomfortable feeling we get when we see something that’s almost — but not quite — human. 1．Why is Sora mentioned in the text? A．To explain the principles of AI filmmaking. B．To highlight AI’s impact on filmmakers’ creativity. C．To show how AI can change traditional filmmaking. D．To introduce an AI program for creating custom films. 2．What is a possible concern about AI films? A．They may cause copyright issues. B．They may be much like each other. C．They may change the way humans enjoy films. D．They may not be as impressive as human-made films. 3．How do people typically feel about AI actors imitating human emotions? A．Awkward. B．Confused. C．Frightened. D．Shocked. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．Sora Is Shaking Hollywood B．Create Your Films with Sora C．Should AI Replace Real Actors? D．Does AI Guarantee Great Films? 4.（23-24高二下·山东威海·期末） Dr. Jane Goodall was only 26 when she traveled to Tanzania to learn about wild chimpanzees in 1960. The world knew very little about the species at the time. Over the course of six decades, her groundbreaking research has transformed the way we see human relationships with chimpanzees and has showed us an entirely new method for wildlife research. Goodall’s research was revolutionary because she integrated herself within the wild chimpanzee communities to learn about their social and familial interactions. She named each animal and formed close bonds with them, learning how very similar they were to us. “Their behavior, with their gestures, kissing, embracing, holding hands,” she said of what she learned about chimpanzees in her research. “In fact, they can use and make tools, the fact they can be violent and can have a kind of war — but they are also loving and selfless.” Goodall said even after all this time, there is still so much to learn from them. “It’s like if you’re watching a group of people. New ideas crop up. New behaviors start. That means an evolving culture.” In addition to her research, she has been a tireless advocate for conservation and animal rights and has been an outspoken climate change activist. She says the coronavirus pandemic has shown us how humans are affecting our global ecosystem. “We brought this pandemic to a large extent on ourselves — we have disrespected the natural world and animals, and we’ve been cutting down forests. Animals are being driven in closer contact with people.” she said. “This creates a fantastic environment where animal-to-human disease can be transmitted.” She warns while we’ve made it through COVID-19, climate change, another result of humans “disrespecting” the earth, will be a tougher opponent. However, she remains hopeful. She urges global collective action and a renewed commitment, which, she believes, can help turn the tide. “It’s cooperation that we need if we’re going to reverse climate change and loss of biodiversity.” she said. 1．What was Goodall’s new method for chimpanzee research? A．Analyzing experimental data. B．Observing and recording their behavior. C．Living among them in the wild. D．Grouping them and making comparisons. 2．What is the groundbreaking finding of Goodall? A．Chimpanzees are endangered species. B．Chimpanzees are ancestors of humans. C．Chimpanzees have their own language. D．Chimpanzees have complex social systems. 3．Why did Goodall mention COVID-19? A．To stress the need of global cooperation. B．To highlight the value of pandemic prevention. C．To show the consequences of disrespecting nature. D．To reveal the impact of COVID-19 on global health. 4．In which column of a magazine is this text most likely to appear? A．Pioneer. B．Opinion. C．Wildlife. D．Lifestyle. 5.（23-24高二下·山东德州·期末） It’s one of the most common questions adults ask children: what do you want to be when you grow up? Although childhood is supposed to be fun, kids also discuss important topics regarding their futures. Now, a new study finds that children who set big goals regarding their future status and education often set themselves up for success as they age. The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, are the first to reveal a connection between life goal development and future success in school or the workplace. Rodica Damian, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Houston, and other researchers discovered that as children grow up, their goals naturally begin to change. However, as some childhood goals fall away, other goals related to a family stay strong. These include being close to relatives, building more friendships or finding a romantic partner, and even becoming more involved in the community or helping others. During the study, researchers compared how their goals evolved as children moved from adolescence to adulthood and how a person's goals impacted their success in school and as an employee later on. Overall, a child’s goals focusing on their education and future status were the most consistent predictors of income in adulthood. Simply, when a child dreams big about doing well in school or achieving great success as an adult, these goals accurately paint a picture of how successful these children will be. So, the message is simple: dream big and dream of success, kids! Those goals can drive you to success when you grow up! “Our work proves a strong connection between a child’s life goals, educational achievement, and future occupational outcomes. This information is valuable for parents and educators who can use it to encourage children to set ambitious goals. Additionally, it helps develop strategies to support individuals in achieving their goals and reaching their full potential,” Damian concludes. 1．What does the study mainly focus on? A．Why children change their dreams over time. B．Whether childhood goals re late to future success. C．How childhood education determines future career. D．What impact early experiences have on characters. 2．Which of the following goals remains strong as children grow up? A．Connecting with others. B．Achieving academic success. C．Hunting for a high-salary job. D．Improving personal social status. 3．What message does the author convey in paragraph 3? A．Future careers is determined by Childhood achievements. B．Childhood ambition is potentially connected with success. C．Setting small goals is more beneficial than dreaming big. D．Adjusting goals can create new opportunities for success. 4．What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To summarize learning strategies. B．To offer suggestions for future studies. C．To stress the significance of the study. D．To point out the limitations of the study. 6.（23-24高二下·山东德州·期末） Buried in ash after Vesuvius’ eruption, hundreds of scrolls (卷轴) have kept their secrets hidden for centuries. But archaeologists have now been able to reveal some of the ancient text with the help of artificial intelligence. Discovered in the ruins of a villa, the Herculaneum scrolls are a collection of around1,000 scrolls, along with other relics. In earlier times, many people tried to unlock the secrets of scrolls but in vain, mainly because most of them were fragile (易碎的) and would shatter into pieces if unrolled. Until now, the only way to read what's inside the scrolls is to put together the thousands of pieces, which may take 500 years to reveal their content. Fortunately, a team led by professor Seales had already pioneered a way to “virtually unwrap” an ancient scroll using X-ray tomography (断层成像技术). But that was not enough to read the barely visible ink on the ancient documents. The chemistry of the ink from the ancient world is different than the chemistry from medieval times. It's largely invisible to the naked eye even when caught by the X-ray. In 2019, they did come up with a solution based on artificial intelligence to “see” the ink, but it needed much data. So they launched the Vesuvius Challenge to accelerate the work and released software and thousands of 3D X-ray images of pieces and two rolled-up scrolls, in the hope that global research groups would take up the challenge. In the end, a team of three students shared the grand prize. They could read 2,000letters from the scroll after training machine-learning algorithms on the scans. After creating a 3D scan of the text using a CT scan, the scroll was then separated into segments. A machine learning model—an application of AI—then detected the inked regions, allowing them to decipher the text. Mastro, a professor at Naples’ University, called the technique “revolutionary.” “We worked literally day and night to study them, but I am more excited that using this method we can reveal what has been hidden in the scrolls for almost 2,000 years,” said Mastro. 1．What issue was resolved with X-ray tomography? A．The fragile nature of the scrolls. B．Putting together divided pieces. C．Showing the scrolls without opening it. D．The difficulty in understanding ancient languages. 2．How did AI function in processing the scrolls? A．By unwrapping the scrolls. B．By analyzing the chemistry. C．By separating them with relics. D．By detecting the barely visible ink. 3．What does the underlined word “decipher” mean in paragraph 5? A．Adapt. B．Summarize. C．Arrange. D．Interpret. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Scrolls promote technological revolution. B．AI advanced the way to read ancient scrolls. C．New technology discovered relics in Vesuvius. D．Hidden secrets are recorded by archaeologists. 7.（23-24高二下·山东临沂·期末） Last year, in San Antonio, Dr. Pascal Badiou carefully implanted an outer ear on a woman born without right ear. For Badiou, a recognized expert in the field, such a procedure would normally be routine. But this case had a unique aspect: For the first time, the ear he was implanting was the product of a 3D bioprinter using the woman's own cartilage (软骨) cells. The ability to 3D print human organs is astonishing. Nearly 106, 000 Americans are currently on waiting lists for organ donations, and 17 die each day while waiting, according to the federal Health Resources and Services Administration. A 3D bioprinting process that uses the patient’s own cells to grow organs would potentially curb that waiting list. In 3D bioprinting, the name of the game is cells. The process begins by generating the cells that researchers want to bioprint, which are then instructed to become organ specific cell types. The cells are then turned into a printable bio-ink, mixing them with extra materials to give them a toothpaste-like consistency (黏稠度). The bio-ink is loaded into syringes (注射器) and squeezed out of a nozzle (喷嘴). Once it is finished, the printed tissue is sometimes connected to a pump that drives oxygen and nutrients through it. Given time, the tissue develops on its own and increases in both maturity and function “The 3D bioprinter gives you several advantages, ” says Atala, director of Wake Forest Institute. “Instead of making these tissues and organs by hand one at a time, you can automate the printer to do it. What’s more, we can more precisely locate the cells where they’re needed, and lower overall cost for the increased scale. And in terms of organ transplant, a new organ made of a patient's own cells makes rejection far less likely. ” It sounds science fiction, but it's already happening. “I think that in 10 years we will have organs for transplantation,” says Atala. “We will start with simple organs like skin and cartilage, but then we'll move on to more complicated tissues — eventually the heart, liver, kidney.” 1．What makes the implant operation special? A．Humans first successfully implanted an outer ear B．It made Dr. Badiou a recognized expert of his field. C．The 3D bio-printed product was used in implanting. D．The implant procedure was designed by 3D technology. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The advantages of 3D bioprinting. B．The urgent need of 3D bioprinting. C．The potential market of organ donations. D．The increasing number of organ donations. 3．What can we learn about the process? A．The cells are mixed to increase consistency. B．The printed tissue can develop itself by time. C．3D bioprinter generates organ specific cell types D．The tissue drives oxygen and nutrients through a pump. 4．What can we infer from what Atala says? A．Lowering overall cost leads to the increased scale. B．3D bioprinted organs minimize the risk of rejection. C．More complicated tissues will replace simple organs. D．3D bioprinter precisely locate the organs that are needed. 8.（23-24高二下·山东临沂·期末） You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you might not know where you are or what time it is. The heat roof masting millions of people across the Pacific Northwest and swaths of Canada, has already claimed hundreds of lives. A study published last month in Nature Climate Change found 37 percent of heat-related deaths is caused by global warming between 1991 and 2023. As temperatures tick ever higher, that figure may well rise. The following is what happens if you’re one of the next people whom extreme heat kills, according to W. Lawrence Kenney, an expert at Penn State University. First, your brain sends a series of messages to your sweat glands telling them to increase sweat production. Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is also directed away from your liver, kidneys, and gut. That’s your body attempting to make your skin hotter than the air outside, hoping to move heat away from you. If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb from a normal level of between 97 degrees and 99 degrees Fahrenheit to somewhere closer to 104 degrees and 105 degrees. “These are the situations where people die of classical heat stroke,” Kenney said. At that temperature, the tissues in the brain become affected. You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you may lose consciousness. While you struggle to stay awake, the overmuch internal heat harms your gut. Your body will likely cause an inflammatory (炎性的) response. Left untreated, what follows is a series of organ failure that leads to all but certain death. We are learning more about how to avoid overheating. A 2019 study by University of Sydney researcher Ollie Jay found that electric fans cooled body temperatures and reduced cardiovascular (心血管的) strain in hot, humid weather. But in dry heat, fans actually increase body temperature —meaning access to air conditioning is crucial. But the most likely assurance against dying of extreme heat is avoiding the rise of global temperatures. Changing that requires rapidly reducing fossil fuel use and finding ways to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than we release. “Efforts so far have remained pitifully insufficient,” Kenney said. 1．What is the main issue discussed in paragraph 1? A．The increasing number of heat-related deaths. B．The changes brought about by global warming. C．The research published in Nature Climate Change. D．The hot weather near the Pacific Northwest and Canada 2．What does your body react in extreme heat conditions? A．The brain sends incorrect instructions. B．The body helps to reduce the skin temperature. C．Sweat increases sharply and blood flows slower. D．Heart rate increases and blood flows to the skin. 3．What is likely to happen if your body fails to cool down? A．The skin temperature will reach its peak. B．Headache will cause your gut inflammatory. C．Organ failure and a high risk of death will appear. D．The internal heat will make you struggle to stay awake 4．What is suggested as the most effective way to avoid overheating? A．Increasing the use of electric fans. B．Installing air-conditioners in homes. C．Decreasing fossil fuel use and carbon emissions. D．Reducing cardiovascular strain in humid weather. 9.（23-24高二下·山东日照·期末） If you’ve ever been pleasant to a rude customer while waiting tables, or smilingly received a truly ugly sweater as a gift, you’ve participated in a display rule. This is hiding a negative emotion usually to promote harmony between two individuals. However, they can have negative consequences for the person suppressing a negative emotion or opinion. As daily interactions become increasingly virtual, display rules are changing. A group of researchers from the University of Tokyo in Japan set out to answer the questions of how emojis are used to reflect emotions in different contexts, if the same display rules apply to emojis, and how they affect a person’s well being. The study observed 1,289 participants who use Simeji, the most-downloaded emoji keyboard in Japan, and how the emojis were used to either express an emotion or mask it. The participants answered questions about their subjective well being, and rated how often they use emojis. They were also given messages with different social contexts and asked to respond to them as they would normally, and then rated the intensity of the expression of their emotions. The study found that texters chose to express more emotions via emoji with people in a private context or with a close friend. The respondents expressed the least amount of emotion with higher-status individuals. The most intense expressions of emotion came with matching emojis, unless the respondents felt the need to mask their true feelings, such as using a smiling emoji to mask sadness. Only when negative feelings were very strongly felt did the respondents use a negative emoji. Additionally, using emojis to express emotions was associated with higher subjective well being compared to masking emotions. The researchers would like to expand this study with a larger and more varied sample, including more males since the Simeji keyboard is more popular among young women and from different cultural backgrounds. “First, the highly gender-imbalanced sample may have led to stronger results. Future research should explore potential gender differences in emoji display rules,” said a researcher. “Second, Japanese culture’s emphasis on interpersonal harmony and concealment (隐瞒) of negative emotions may have influenced the results.” 1．Why do people apply display rules? A．To keep the peace. B．To make more friends. C．To avoid being hurt. D．To create a good impression. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The research findings. B．The research process. C．The research subjects. D．The research purpose. 3．What did the study find about the participants’ use of emojis? A．It was influenced by different contexts. B．It promoted interpersonal relationships. C．It improved their subjective well being. D．It was a way of masking their true feelings. 4．Why do the researchers want to expand the study? A．To make it known to more people. B．To achieve more convincing results. C．To benefit people from different cultures. D．To explore gender differences in emoji use. 10.（23-24高二下·山东日照·期末） Consumers’ love for avocados (牛油果) in the USA seems to know no bounds. From 2001 through 2020, consumption of this fruit rich in healthy fats tripled nationwide, rising to over 8 pounds per person yearly. On average, 90% of those avocados are grown in the southwest Mexican state of Michoacán. As with other foods that have become trendy; such as acai berries, intensive avocado production is causing significant environmental damage. Michoacán is the only place on earth that grows avocados year-round, thanks to its mild climate, abundant rainfall and deep volcanic soils. Even so, however, monocultures are never environmentally sustainable. Introducing single, high-yielding plant varieties leads growers to quit native crops. This makes the local ecosystem easily harmed by threats such as pest attacks and reduces food options. It also destroys soils and increases use of agrochemicals. Monoculture also can cause deforestation. Mexican officials estimate that avocado production spurred the clearance of 2,900 to 24,700 acres of forests per year from 2010 through 2020. And it’s resource-intensive: Avocado trees consume four to five times more water than Michoacán's native pines, damaging water resources for human consumption. Today, avocados are one of the most-regulated exports from Mexico. However, these rules do little to address the industry’s environmental impacts. Farmers in Michoacán continue to clear woodlands, spray agrochemicals, and exhaust aquifers (蓄水层). U. S. Ambassador promised that the U. S. would block imports of avocados. However, this won’t restore local ecosystems. As I see it, expecting small-scale growers to protect the environment puts responsibility in the wrong place. And refusing to import Mexican avocados likely would simply lead growers to look for other markets. In my view, importing avocados from different areas of Mexico and the world to reduce the single market share may be the most effective environmental protection strategy. In 2022, the USDA approved imports of avocados grown in the Mexican state of Jalisco. This is a start, but Jalisco will follow Michoacán’s lead unless the U. S. finds more sources and develops more avocado sorts. 1．What is a result of monocultures? A．Improvement to soil quality. B．Resistance to pest attacks. C．Abandoned field of local plants. D．Pollution of water resources. 2．What does the underlined word “spurred” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Drove. B．Held back. C．Ended. D．Depended on. 3．Which of the following does the author agree with? A．Making stricter rules on avocado exports. B．Calling on growers to look for other markets. C．Increasing agrochemical use for higher output. D．Buying avocados from more areas and countries. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Avocados: A Green Choice? B．The Benefits of Avocado Exports C．The Process of Avocado Production D．Avocado Planting: A Worldwide Trend? 11.（23-24高二下·山东聊城·期末） Just like any other living thing, plants can get stressed. Usually, it’s conditions like heat and drought that lead to this stress, and when they’re stressed, plants might not grow as large or produce as much. Many scientists have tried genetically changing plants. But plants changed for higher crop output tend to have a lower stress tolerance because they put more energy into growth than into protection against stresses. Similarly, improving the ability of plants to survive stress often results in plants that produce less because they put more energy into protection than into growth. Our lab instead focuses on how plants and bacteria sense ethylene (乙烯) and how it interacts with other chemicals to regulate plant development. For this experiment, we exposed the seeds to ethylene gas for several days in the dark to see what effect this might have. After gathering data on these seedlings (young plants), we transferred them to a place with much light. Several days later, some lab members unexpectedly observed that the plants briefly treated with ethylene had larger leaves as well as stronger root systems than plants that had not been exposed to ethylene. These plants continued growing at a faster rate throughout their whole lifetime. But what made our observation even more pleasing is that the brief ethylene treatment also increased tolerance to various stresses such as high temperature and low oxygen conditions. Long-term effects on growth and stress tolerance from brief exposure to a stimulus (刺激物) are often called priming effects (启动效应). So what’s the underlying logic? What we’ve found is that ethylene increases photosynthesis(a process by which plants gain chemical energy from inorganic matters). Part of photosynthesis includes what is called carbon fixation, where plants pull carbon from the atmosphere and use the CO₂ as building blocks to make sugars to fuel their activities. Understanding this is more important than ever and could help improve crop production to feed the world’s population. 1．What is the challenge faced by scientists behind genetically changed plants? A．Guaranteeing a healthy environment for the plants. B．Balancing plants’ productivity and stress resistance. C．Raising survival rates of genetically changed plants. D．Identifying stress factors affecting genetically changed plants. 2．What serves as a stimulus in the author’s experiment? A．Ethylene. B．Bacteria. C．Darkness. D．Sunlight. 3．What is the role of carbon fixation in photosynthesis? A．It changes sugars into CO₂. B．It makes plants absorb much sunlight. C．It helps plants generate energy from CO₂. D．It enhances the process of ethylene priming. 4．Which of following is the best title for the text? A．Why do Some Plants Have a Higher Stress Level? B．Employing a Chemical Early on May Help Feed the World C．How do Priming Effects Increase Photosynthesis in Plants? D．Exposure to Ethylene is a Good Way to Protect Plants 12.（23-24高二下·山东聊城·期末） AI systems can now learn and use human language, but they learn from astronomical amounts of language input—much more than children receive when learning how to understand and speak a language. The best AI systems are trained on text datasets containing trillions of words, whereas children receive just millions per year. But a recent study suggests AI systems can acquire some language with a small set of clues. Researchers took advantage of an existing library of camera footage that captured one baby’s experience. The baby named Sam wore a headcam (头戴式设备) for 61 hours between the ages of six months and 25 months. The headcam recorded video and audio while Sam took part in activities including playing, eating and reading. The researchers fed their AI model individual video images and a written text of what people were saying at that time. They wondered what the model would learn and whether it could provide insights into the language acquisition process in children. Across multiple tests, the AI model correctly matched words with images 62 percent of the time. The AI was also able to match words it had learned with representative images that it had never seen before, such as a common image of an apple, about 35 percent of the time. Words including “car” and “sand” were frequently recognized by the AI, but it struggled with objects that might have more variations, such as “room”. “The findings demonstrate how some aspects of word meaning are learnable by association. However, the study didn’t prove how children actually acquire words,” Joshua Tenenbaum, a scientist who was not involved in the research, says. “The study also focused just on the names of objects—it didn’t show that the AI could learn about verbs, structures and other aspects of language through the recordings,” another scientist adds. With future research, similar studies of learning could pull back the curtain on the mysterious process of language acquisition. 1．What phenomenon about AI systems and children is mainly described in paragraph 1? A．The data gap in language acquisition. B．Sharp distinctions in language learning ability. C．The difficulty of processing large numbers of words. D．Inaccessibility of certain datasets on language learning. 2．How does the AI model learn language in the study? A．By reading and playing with Sam for 61 hours. B．By communicating with Sam for several months. C．By analyzing a large number of words spoken by Sam. D．By engaging in Sam’s daily experiences through recordings. 3．Which of the following words might the AI model most probably struggle to match? A．Bottle. B．Banana. C．Toy. D．Car. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The limitations of the study. B．Different aspects of language. C．Improvements of the AI model. D．The directions for further study. 13.（23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末）More people who feel stressed about living in cities have been seeking protection in green spaces for the proven positive impacts on physical and mental health, but the benefits of “blue space” — the sea and coastline, but also rivers, lakes, canals, waterfalls, even fountains — are less well advertised, yet the science has kept in place for at least a decade: being by water is good for body and mind. “Many of the processes are exactly the same as with green space — with some added benefits,” says Dr Mathew White, a senior lecturer at the University of Exeter. White says there are three established pathways by which the presence of water is positively related to health and happiness. First, there are the beneficial environmental factors, such as less polluted air and more sunlight. Second, people who live by water tend to be more physically active. Third — and this is where blue space seems to have an advantage over other natural environments — water has a psychological recovery effect. When you are sailing, surfing o swimming, says White, “you're really in step with natural forces there.” Catherine Kelly is a wellness practitioner who teaches classes in “mindfulness by the sea” She says the sea has a quality that can make people thoughtful. “To go to the sea means letting go,” says Kelly. “It could be lying on a beach or somebody handing you a cocktail. For somebody else, it could be a wild, empty coast. But there is this really human sense of: 'Oh, look, there's the sea’ — and the shoulders drop.” 1．Why are blue spaces less popular than green spaces? A．Because green spaces are good to people's health. B．Because the benefits of green spaces are better advertised. C．Because green spaces have more benefits than blue spaces. D．Because little research has been done on blue spaces. 2．In what way is blue space better than other natural environments according to White? A．Where there's water, there's fresh air B．Water helps people restore mental health. C．People living near water are healthier. D．The sea can make people lost in deep thought. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The sea will put you at ease. B．The sea will hurt your shoulder. C．The sea will bring you loneliness. D．The sea will make you feel down. 4．What does the author mainly want to tell us? A．Ways to keep us healthy. B．People in cities prefer green spaces. C．Green spaces have been out of date. D．Blue spaces benefit your body and mind. 14.（23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末） Researchers from The University of Queensland (UQ) have helped design a new app to protect birds at risk of extinction across the world by eliminating (消除) language barriers among scientists. The Bird Language Diversity web app will help provide a “birds eye view”, ensuring vital information is shared to improve worldwide conservation. Dr Pablo Negret said the research team analyzed more than 10,000 bird species, and found that 1,587 species have 10 languages or more spoken within their distributions, “Scientific information on species can be spread across different languages, but valuable information can go missing or get lost in translation,” Dr Negret said. “Without enough sharing of information, this can affect the effectiveness of conservation measures.” Take the common bird Pochard for example. It is classified as vulnerable species (易危种) and crosses 108 countries in Europe, Asia and north Africa, where a total of 75 official languages are spoken. The survival of the common Pochard, and so many other species, depends on effective cooperation and policy agreements among people with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This app reveals where threatened and migratory birds exist geographically, in relation to the human language spoken in those regions. “We hope the app will encourage researchers and conservation organizations to interact with their peers in other regions, especially if they speak different languages, and be a starting point to allow everyone to work together to protect threatened species,” Dr Negret said. Dr Tatsuya Amano, a researcher and the co-author of the paper, said this work could extend further than bird species. “Any species, whether they're mammals, amphibians (两栖动物), or plants, with a range crossing multiple countries will be impacted by language barriers, as well as species that migrate across different countries, such as marine species and butterflies,” he said. “the impact of poor communication on such an important issue is evident, and it is the reason why we're working hard to improve science communication across languages.” 1．For what purpose is the app developed? A．To improve worldwide conservation B．To educate people about bird species. C．To collect more bird information. D．To promote the bird diversity worldwide. 2．Why is bird Pochard mentioned in the text? A．To present valuable information collected about the bird. B．To highlight the clear communication in its conservation C．To attract people with various linguistic and cultural backgrounds. D．To show the achievements of the scientists from different countries. 3．What is shown on the app? A．The producer of the app. B．The organizations involved. C．The information of new geographers. D．The location of endangered birds. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Birds Protection Is an Urgency B．A New Bird App Helps Learn Languages C．A New Bird App Spreads Its Wings D．Poor Communication Impacts Cooperation 15.（23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末） Places all over the world are named in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. Many roads and places in Singapore are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries — in both the West and the East. Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were at first from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named after former British military bases (军事基地). If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus — obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force soldiers. Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay (马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road?” The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road. A few roads in Singapore are named by what they look like. There is “Circular Road” for one. Another road Paya Lebar Crescent is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A．Many places tend to have more than one name. B．The government is usually the first to name a place. C．A ceremony will be held when a place is named. D．People prefer the place names given by the government. 2．What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Change suddenly. B．Change greatly. C．Disappear very slowly. D．Disappear secretly. 3．Which of the following places is named by its shape? A．Raffles Place. B．Selector Airbase. C．Piccadilly Circus. D．Paya Lebar Crescent. 16.（23-24高二下·山东菏泽·期末） The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a relic of the past in our screen-dominated world. But giving up this slower, more tactile (触知的) way of expressing ourselves may come at a significant cost. Both handwriting and typing involve moving our hands and fingers to create words on a page. But handwriting, it turns out, requires a lot more fine-tuned coordination (协调) between the motor and visual systems. Holding a pen skillfully enough to write is a complicated task, as it requires your brain to continuously monitor the pressure that each finger apply to the pen. Then, your motor system has to delicately modify that pressure to re-create each letter of the words in your head on the page. That’s not true for typing. To type “tap” your fingers doesn’t have to trace out the form of the letters — they just make three relatively simple and uniform movements. The clearest consequence of screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might be on kids’ ability to learn the building blocks of literacy — letters. In kids, these visually demanding, fine motor actions, like tracing out ABCs, bake in nervous communication patterns that are really important for learning later on. Ditching (放弃) handwriting instruction could mean that those skills don’t get developed as well, which could impair kids’ ability to learn down the road. For adults, one of the main benefits of writing by hand is that it simply forces us to slow down. During a meeting or lecture, you can’t write everything down if you take notes by hand, which forces you to process the information, writing key words or phrases and using drawing or arrows to work through ideas. You make the information your own, which helps it stick in the brain. However, we don’t have to ditch digital tools to embrace the power of handwriting. So far, research suggests that writing with a stylus (手写笔) on a screen activates the same brain pathways as that with ink on paper. It’s the movement that counts, not its final form. 1．What is the current situation of writing on paper? A．It’s becoming outdated. B．It’s dominating the world. C．It’s at risk of disappearing. D．It’s more costly than ever 2．How does the writer support his argument in paragraph 2? A．By making comparisons. B．By giving definitions. C．By drawing conclusions. D．By introducing evidences. 3．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “bake in” in paragraph 3? A．stick in. B．break up. C．melt away. D．warm up. 4．What does the author intend to show in the last paragraph? A．The value of digital tools. B．The impact on brain pathways. C．The significance of writing by hand. D．The difference between screen and paper. 17.（23-24高二下·山东枣庄·期末） Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to develop more efficient methods of farming in order to fight global warming. Global warming threatens every aspect of our everyday lives, including crop production. It will reduce the soil moisture (水分), especially in areas close to the equator and greatly affect the crop production. Climate change harms poorer countries that do not have money to import food. The result is food shortage. However, agriculture is not just affected by global warming. Agriculture is part of a vicious cycle in which farming leads to global warming, which in turn destroys agricultural production. The process of clearing land for agriculture results in widespread deforestation and contributes to 40 percent of global methane (甲烷) production. Therefore, to deal with climate change, it is necessary to ensure efficient, environmentally-conscious farming. This is where AI enters the scene. Farmers use AI for methods such as precision agriculture, monitoring crop moisture, soil composition, and temperature in growing areas, and enabling farmers to increase production by learning how to take care of their crops and determine the ideal amount of water to use. Furthermore, this technology may help reduce deforestation by allowing humans to grow food in urban areas. It could be especially beneficial for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, where much of the population lives in cities. However, AI is far from a silver bullet — it could actually contribute to global warming as well. Due to the large amount of data that AI needs to process, training a single AI releases five times the emissions that an average car would give off during its lifetime. Further, securing access to AI on a global scale may pose some challenges. Countries will need experts in the field who can successfully use the technology and Internet connection, neither of which are always readily available. Therefore, there is still a long way for developing countries to take advantage of the benefits of AI. Given these concerns, global leaders must consider the potential costs, and the environmental consequences of data processing before developing AI for use in agriculture. 1．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A．To advocate greener farming. B．To show the importance of forestation. C．To promote low-carbon living. D．To analyze impacts of global warming. 2．In which aspect can farmers apply Al in crop production? A．Reducing soil pollution. B．Precision farming. C．Solving the food problem. D．Expanding farmland. 3．What do the underlined words “silver bullet” mean in paragraph 4? A．A big fortune. B．A risky attempt. C．A costly method. D．A perfect solution. 4．What’s the author’s attitude to the use of Al in farming? A．Critical. B．Optimistic. C．Cautious. D．Confident. 18.（23-24高二下·山东泰安·期末） Think twice before you reply to a message with just an emoji (表情符号) . An emoji that represents happiness to one person may express a different emotion to another. To learn more, Ruth Filik at the University of Nottingham, UK, and her colleagues employed 270 British people and 253 people from other countries aged between 18 and 84 years old, with a roughly equal split of men and women, to take part in an online survey. The researchers chose 24 emojis that represented six emotions: happy, disgusted, fearful, sad, surprised or angry, based on the suggested ones that appear when you type out these words. There were four emojis per emotion, representing the different designs used by Apple, Windows, Android and WeChat. Each participant then assigned the emojis to the emotion that they thought was the best match. Women were more likely to match the emojis to the same emotions chosen by the researchers, compared with the men. It may be that women are better at recognizing facial expressions, possibly because they make more eye contact, according to the team. The younger participants also matched up the emojis better than their older counterparts, perhaps because they use these more often. Meanwhile, the British participants matched the emojis better than the others. “For example, it has been suggested that they seldom use the happy emoji to express happiness, instead, they use it for negative meanings such as sarcasm (讽刺) ,” according to the researchers. “When you’re then sending someone a message with an emoji, you can’t just assume that they see it the same way that you do,” says Filik. Isabelle Boutet at the University of Ottawa, Canada, says that matching 24 emojis to just six emotions is quite constrictive. Nevertheless, “there are issues with assigning specific emotional labels to emojis when we don’t know how they’re interpreted by different online communities”, she says. “For example, you would have never thought to use an eggplant as an disapproval if that meaning hadn’t been developed in specific communities.” 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The research results. B．The research process. C．The research theory. D．The research conditions. 2．Who may be better at matching the emojis to the same emotions? A．An old French man. B．A young Chinese man. C．A young British lady. D．An old Japanese lady. 3．What does the underlined word “constrictive” mean in the last paragraph? A．Limited. B．Complicated. C．Difficult. D．Professional. 4．What is the text? A．A biography. B．A book review. C．A science fiction. D．A science report. 19.（23-24高二下·山东泰安·期末） In the last hundred years, the Bali mynah (巴厘岛白椋鸟) has been sought after for its white feathers and blue skin. The capture for sale along with the bird’s habitat loss led to its being listed as “threatened” in 1988. In 1994 the Bali mynah was moved to “critically endangered”. By 2001, experts estimated only about six Bali mynahs were living in the wild, with thousands in captivity (圈养) across the world. Now, conservationists are hoping to increase the mynah population by working with bird breeders and sellers to release them into the wild. Actually, in the 1980s, an organization now called Bird Life International started to work with the government to launch a breeding program for the birds. Breeders can seek government permits to breed the birds. If approved, breeders are given mynahs and can keep 90 percent of the baby birds for private sale. The remaining birds are released at the National Park, where they will be closely watched by park officials. Early mynah releases faced problems. Some birds were infected with some diseases; others were killed by natural hunters. Illegal hunting also continued — the national park’s breeding center was even robbed, with nearly 40 birds stolen. Yet conservation efforts in the last ten years have seen greater success. Tom Squires, a famous conservationist said: “Bird keepers can still keep birds and follow their hobby without causing real problems for wild populations — which is better than species going extinct in the world.” Agus Ngurah, also a well-known conservationist, praised the program. “With the community being the breeders… they are helping us to take care of the birds existing in nature,” he said. Squires noted that there is clear evidence that some released birds have produced young ones. “So that leads me to believe that the population is certainly self-sustaining to an extent,” he said. Meanwhile, 420 Bali mynahs are now found living in the National Park. According to Logan William, another conservationist, “The government should give something back to the community so they can feel the benefits from conservation, and the bird can also benefit.” 1．Why is the mynah hunted by humans? A．They are pests. B．They taste good. C．They look beautiful. D．They are countless. 2．What can we infer from the three conservationists’ words? A．The government contributes the least. B．Bird keepers can keep the birds freely. C．The efforts of protecting the mynah have paid off. D．The community can breed birds for profits completely. 3．How many reasons may cause releasing problems? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. 4．What might be the writer’s attitude to the breeding programme? A．Approving. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Opposed. 20.（23-24高二下·山东潍坊·期末） The majority of plastic that pollutes our planet’s oceans doesn’t float on the surface, but rather underneath the waves. This makes tracking and monitoring the problematic rubbish using technology like satellites challenging for researchers. But a new system of supercomputer-powered search program could help enable satellites for the task. With additional research and fine tuning, it has become a valuable tool in tackling the global issue. As detailed in a study published on June 14 in Nature Communications, a project trained a machine-learning program on 300, 000 imagery of the Mediterranean Sea gathered over six years by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite. The team then used this database to identify what are known as windrows — floating filaments (丝状物) composed of garbage and plastic formed by ocean currents and wind. Windrows, frequently short-lived structures, can extend for miles before spreading into the ocean. While windrows only account for an extremely small portion of overall ocean litter, researchers theorized the rubbish could serve as proxies for pollution hotspots. Between July 2015 and September 2021, the team detected and monitored a total of 14, 374 windrows — an exponential (指数的) increase in documented litter structures. Many of the windrows positioned by satellite images were then subsequently checked by ships in the region. In total, the pollution is estimated to have covered 94. 5 square kilometers, an area equal to roughly 7, 500 soccer fields. Further analyses allowed the team to infer a number of influences, such as nearby population distribution, geography, and rainfall, on where and when ocean litter piles up. A region that frequently experiences heavy rain more often carries garbage out into the water, where coastal desert areas may contribute far less. These hotspots are also primarily located within 15 km of a coast and frequently return to shore within the following weeks or months. “Ocean litter mirrors the failures of our civilization to manage waste,” the team writes in their study. “Satellite-based observations are one of the best hopes for large-scale monitoring.” 1．What challenge do researchers face concerning ocean pollution? A．The hidden plastic. B．The unstable currents. C．The fund shortage. D．The inadequate satellites. 2．What is the focus of paragraph 2? A．The property of windrows. B．The process of confirming windrows C．The way of constructing a database. D．The study of a machine-learning program. 3．What does the underlined word “proxies” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Signs B．Components. C．Defenders. D．Solutions. 4．Why does the writer mention coastal desert areas? A．To emphasize their impact. B．To advocate ocean protection. C．To prove the team’s inference. D．To introduce another influence. 10 / 24 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 1.（23-24高二下·山东菏泽·期末） At Nature Fresh Farms in Leamington, Canada, there’s something new among the rows of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers and strawberries. Using thousands of sensors in every greenhouse, artificial-intelligence technology is helping the farm in aspects such as lighting, irrigation and harvest timing, aiming to increase the yields of its crops and reduce its use of power and water. Farmers use drones(无人机) to survey farms and look for information on weeds, pests and disease. A lot of research into AI and agriculture is done at institutions, but it then needs to be tested in a network of smart farms. One of the farms is Emili’s Innovation Farms. “We really show how they work in a commercial setting and in a sense, act as a risk reducer as we try out these technologies and then share with others (including other farmers) how they actually work as a means to make it easier to adopt and fully use those new technologies,” said Ms. Keena, managing director of Emili. It takes time to find out whether new technology has affected a crop, and this can be a barrier to adoption for farmers. Sometimes it’s within a year, or within a few years. Ms. Keena said, “We can’t ask them to take big risks on integrating new technologies at scale as part of their operations in things that are unproven.” Innovation Farms addresses a piece of one of the barriers of people needing to be able to see these technologies rolled out in a full-scale and commercial way ahead of being able to adopt them themselves. Farmers’ trust levels are also a barrier. Data are important to AI models, but farmers need to be better inspired to share their data in order to make the technology better. But over time, there’s an increase in engagement from farmers. “Farmer engagement is absolutely critical to developing AI tools for agriculture. If they’ve seen it demonstrated essentially in their backyard through a smart farm, well, then we’re that much further ahead toward adoption.” 1．What can be learned about AI from Paragraph 1? A．It shortens production cycle. B．It replaces employees. C．It adds vegetable diversity. D．It changes how farms run. 2．Why is AI technology tested at Emilli’s Innovation Farms? A．To predict its future. B．To confirm its dependability. C．To expand its market. D．To introduce its advantage. 3．What’s the key to removing the barriers? A．Bettering AI models. B．Developing more AI tools. C．Gaining farmers’ recognition. D．Enlarging the farm scales 4．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．AI: a promoter of farmers’ life B．AI: a driver of agricultural development C．Smart farms: The Key to Solving Water Scarcity D．Smart farms:  Replacing Traditional Farming 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了人工智能对农业的帮助、目前面临的障碍以及前景。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Using thousands of sensors in every greenhouse, artificial-intelligence technology is helping the farm in aspects such as lighting, irrigation and harvest timing, aiming to increase the yields of its crops and reduce its use of power and water. Farmers use drones (无人机) to survey farms and look for information on weeds, pests and disease (在每个温室中使用数千个传感器，人工智能技术正在照明、灌溉和收获时间等方面帮助农场，旨在提高作物产量，减少电力和水的使用。农民使用无人机勘测农场，寻找有关杂草、害虫和疾病的信息)”可知，人工智能改变了农场运营的方式，在多个方面助力农场运作。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“We really show how they work in a commercial setting and in a sense, act as a risk reducer as we try out these technologies and then share with others (including other farmers) how they actually work as a means to make it easier to adopt and fully use those new technologies (我们真的展示了它们在商业环境中是如何工作的，从某种意义上说，在我们尝试这些技术时起到了降低风险的作用，然后与其他人（包括其他农民）分享它们实际是如何工作的，以此作为一种更容易采用和充分利用这些新技术的手段)” 可知，在埃米利创新农场测试人工智能技术是为了确认其可靠性，让其他农民更放心地采用，降低风险。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“this can be a barrier to adoption for farmers（这可能成为农民采用的障碍）” 以及第四段“Farmers’ trust levels are also a barrier.(农民的信任水平也是一个障碍)”可知，要消除这些障碍，关键在于获得农民的认可，只有农民认可了这些新技术，才会愿意去采用它们。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“At Nature Fresh Farms in Leamington, Canada, there’s something new among the rows of tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers and strawberries. Using thousands of sensors in every greenhouse, artificial-intelligence technology is helping the farm in aspects such as lighting, irrigation and harvest timing, aiming to increase the yields of its crops and reduce its use of power and water. Farmers use drones(无人机) to survey farms and look for information on weeds, pests and disease(在加拿大利明顿的Nature Fresh Farms，番茄、黄瓜、辣椒和草莓等作物间出现了一些新事物。该农场利用每个温室中的数千个传感器，运用人工智能技术帮助管理照明、灌溉和收获时间等方面，旨在提高作物产量并减少电力和水资源的使用。农民们使用无人机来巡查农场，收集有关杂草、害虫和疾病等信息)”、第二段“A lot of research into AI and agriculture is done at institutions, but it then needs to be tested in a network of smart farms. One of the farms is Emili’s Innovation Farms.( 许多关于人工智能和农业的研究都是在研究机构进行的，但随后需要在一个智能农场网络中进行测试。其中一个这样的农场是Emili的创新农场)”以及最后一段“Farmer engagement is absolutely critical to developing AI tools for agriculture. If they’ve seen it demonstrated essentially in their backyard through a smart farm, well, then we’re that much further ahead toward adoption(农民的参与对于开发农业AI工具至关重要。如果他们在自己的后院通过智能农场亲眼见证了这些技术，那么在推广采用方面我们就能更进一步)”可知，文章围绕人工智能技术在农业中的应用展开，讲述了其如何助力农场运营、在创新农场进行测试以确认可靠性以及推广中面临的障碍与解决关键等内容，重点突出了人工智能对农业发展的推动作用，所以B项“AI: a driver of agricultural development（人工智能：农业发展的驱动力）”作为标题最合适。故选B项。 2.（23-24高二下·山东威海·期末） Permanent lunar habitation will be one of the most difficult things mankind has ever done, and it poses several immediate questions. For a start, where on the Moon would such a settlement be? Not everywhere on our friendly satellite is equal when it comes to settling there. Thanks to its orbital path, the Moon has a long day-night cycle, with each day or night lasting more than two weeks on Earth. This means that the most likely place for human settlements is near one of the poles, where light is all but permanent, and the variations between temperature extremes are much less severe than in equatorial (赤道) regions. There are also thought to be significant water reserves at the poles. Two specific sites often mentioned are Mount Malapert, near the south pole, and the rim of the Peary Crater, near the north. Experts say that Mount Malapert is probably filled with hydrogen and helium deposits. There’s a broad, smooth landing area, clearly in continuous microwave visibility of Earth (for tracking and communications). And, not far away, are permanently shaded areas to the south, which could be easily reached by a vehicle driven down the south slope of the mountain. But if that doesn’t appeal, advantages of the rim of the Peary Crater include its large, flat landscape, surrounded by four mountainous regions on the rim, which stay bright all lunar day. This light source means a relatively stable temperature and solar power. Having chosen the location, accommodation would also likely take one of two forms: below the surface in underground lava tubes, or on the surface in biodomes (生物圈). Underground has the advantage of greater protection from meteorite strikes and from solar radiation, which is around 200 times more powerful on the Moon than on Earth. But overground offers easier access and transport, not to mention the mental thrill of being “outside”. A mixture of the two is most likely. Lunar buildings could be created with 3D-printing technology, using moon dust as the primary construction material. Like any Earth city, settlements would need supplies of energy and food — so where would they be found? 1．What does “this” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The Moon’s long day-night cycle. B．The Moon’s path around the Earth. C．Nearly permanent sunlight at the poles. D．Small difference between temperature extremes. 2．What is the unique advantage of the rim of the Peary Crater for lunar settlement? A．Vast water resources. B．Large, flat landing area. C．Consistent light source. D．Mountainous landscapes. 3．What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A．What an ideal lunar accommodation is like. B．What is a must for an ideal lunar accommodation. C．What technology is needed for lunar accommodation. D．What the next focus of an ideal lunar accommodation is. 4．What is the author’s attitude to the permanent lunar habitation? A．Neutral about its prospects. B．Concerned about the risks involved. C．Doubtful about its possibility. D．Positive about the potential and benefits. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讨论了在月球上永久定居所面临的挑战以及可能的解决方案。 1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“Thanks to its orbital path, the Moon has a long day-night cycle, with each day or night lasting more than two weeks on Earth.(由于它的轨道路径，月球有一个漫长的昼夜周期，在地球上的每一天或每一夜持续两周以上。)”和第三段“This means that the most likely place for human settlements is near one of the poles, where light is all but permanent, and the variations between temperature extremes are much less severe than in equatorial (赤道) regions.(这意味着人类最可能定居的地方是靠近两极的地方，那里的光线几乎是永久的，极端温度之间的变化远没有赤道地区严重。)”可知，第3段中的“this”指的是月球漫长的昼夜循环。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“But if that doesn’t appeal, advantages of the rim of the Peary Crater include its large, flat landscape, surrounded by four mountainous regions on the rim, which stay bright all lunar day.(但如果这些都不吸引人，Peary Crater边缘的优势包括它广阔而平坦的景观，四周环绕着四个山区，在月球上全天都是明亮的。)”可知，Peary Crater边缘在作为月球上定居点的独特优势是恒定的光源，故选C。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Having chosen the location, accommodation would also likely take one of two forms: below the surface in underground lava tubes, or on the surface in biodomes (生物圈).(在选择了地点之后，住处也可能采取两种形式中的一种：在地下熔岩管中，或者在地表的生物圈中。)”可知，最后一段的主旨是理想的月球住处是什么样的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段中“For a start, where on the Moon would such a settlement be?(首先，这样的定居点在月球的什么地方？)”、第三段中“This means that the most likely place for human settlements is near one of the poles(这意味着人类最可能定居的地方是靠近两极的地方)”以及最后一段中“Having chosen the location, accommodation would also likely take one of two forms: below the surface in underground lava tubes, or on the surface in biodomes (生物圈).(在选择了地点之后，住处也可能采取两种形式中的一种：在地下熔岩管中，或者在地表的生物圈中。)”和“Like any Earth city, settlements would need supplies of energy and food — so where would they be found?(像任何地球城市一样，定居点也需要能源和食物的供应——那么在哪里可以找到它们呢？)”可知，作者对于在月球上永久定居所面临的困难以及解决方案进行了客观分析，故作者对在月球上永久定居的前景持中立态度。故选A。 3.（23-24高二下·山东威海·期末） When you watch a great film, there’s always a great mix of everything you enjoy: Explosions! Exotic (异国的) locations! Amazing stunts (特技)! And all of it anchored by famous A-list actors. However, all that could soon be changed. Hollywood was rocked recently by an AI program called Sora. All you need to do is type in a description of what you want to watch, and it creates a video up to one minute long. This is possible because the programme has been fed thousands of hours of existing videos, searched through them for patterns, and then used this learning to create new content. As it develops, this technology could allow filmmakers to greatly expand their creativity. Simply give the computer program a script (脚本), tell it what actors you want, and it will create a movie for you. This will make it much cheaper to make films. AI might even help to create films tailored to personal tastes by analyzing viewing history and making a custom movie. Amazing developments in AI could fuel a new era of filmmaking. However, there are concerns. Many argue that AI can’t be truly creative, as humans are. AI expert Bernard Marr writes, “No matter how impressive a piece of computer-created artwork might be, it’s always built from blocks carved out of the data that’s used to train it.” AI actors could lead to a flood of poor quality, cheap films. As AI films copy and remix data from each other, researchers warn that this could lead to a “downward spiral”, where films become more similar and more boring over time. “Human emotion must always come first,” says Avatar director James Cameron. AI actors may never recreate the complexity of emotions that humans can. They will probably stay trapped in the “uncanny valley” — the uncomfortable feeling we get when we see something that’s almost — but not quite — human. 1．Why is Sora mentioned in the text? A．To explain the principles of AI filmmaking. B．To highlight AI’s impact on filmmakers’ creativity. C．To show how AI can change traditional filmmaking. D．To introduce an AI program for creating custom films. 2．What is a possible concern about AI films? A．They may cause copyright issues. B．They may be much like each other. C．They may change the way humans enjoy films. D．They may not be as impressive as human-made films. 3．How do people typically feel about AI actors imitating human emotions? A．Awkward. B．Confused. C．Frightened. D．Shocked. 4．What is the best title of the text? A．Sora Is Shaking Hollywood B．Create Your Films with Sora C．Should AI Replace Real Actors? D．Does AI Guarantee Great Films? 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了人工智能在电影制作中的应用、潜力和挑战，以及人类情感在电影中的不可替代性。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“All you need to do is type in a description of what you want to watch, and it creates a video up to one minute long. This is possible because the programme has been fed thousands of hours of existing videos, searched through them for patterns, and then used this learning to create new content.(你所需要做的就是输入你想看的内容的描述，它就会创建一个长达一分钟的视频。这是可能的，因为该程序已经输入了数千小时的现有视频，在其中搜索模式，然后利用这种学习来创建新内容。)”可知，提到Sora的目的是展示人工智能如何改变传统的电影制作。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“As AI films copy and remix data from each other, researchers warn that this could lead to a “downward spiral”, where films become more similar and more boring over time.(研究人员警告说，随着人工智能电影相互复制和混合数据，这可能会导致“恶性循环”，随着时间的推移，电影变得越来越相似，越来越无聊。)”可知，人们对人工智能电影的担忧是它们可能非常相似。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“AI actors may never recreate the complexity of emotions that humans can. They will probably stay trapped in the “uncanny valley” — the uncomfortable feeling we get when we see something that’s almost — but not quite — human.(人工智能演员可能永远无法重现人类所能重现的复杂情感。他们可能会一直被困在“神秘谷”中——当我们看到一些几乎但不完全是人类的东西时，我们会感到不舒服。)”可知，人们通常对人工智能演员模仿人类情绪的感觉是感到尴尬，故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Simply give the computer program a script (脚本), tell it what actors you want, and it will create a movie for you. This will make it much cheaper to make films. AI might even help to create films tailored to personal tastes by analyzing viewing history and making a custom movie.(只要给电脑程序一个剧本，告诉它你想要的演员，它就会为你制作一部电影。这将大大降低制作电影的成本。人工智能甚至可以通过分析观看历史和制作定制电影来帮助制作适合个人口味的电影。)”，倒数第二段“AI actors could lead to a flood of poor quality, cheap films.(人工智能演员可能会导致大量劣质廉价电影的出现。)”和最后一段“AI actors may never recreate the complexity of emotions that humans can.(人工智能演员可能永远无法重现人类所能重现的复杂情感。)”可知，本文主要探讨了人工智能在电影制作中的应用、潜力和挑战，以及人类情感在电影中的不可替代性，因此最好的题目是C选项“Should AI Replace Real Actors?(人工智能应该取代真人演员吗？)”。故选C。 4.（23-24高二下·山东威海·期末） Dr. Jane Goodall was only 26 when she traveled to Tanzania to learn about wild chimpanzees in 1960. The world knew very little about the species at the time. Over the course of six decades, her groundbreaking research has transformed the way we see human relationships with chimpanzees and has showed us an entirely new method for wildlife research. Goodall’s research was revolutionary because she integrated herself within the wild chimpanzee communities to learn about their social and familial interactions. She named each animal and formed close bonds with them, learning how very similar they were to us. “Their behavior, with their gestures, kissing, embracing, holding hands,” she said of what she learned about chimpanzees in her research. “In fact, they can use and make tools, the fact they can be violent and can have a kind of war — but they are also loving and selfless.” Goodall said even after all this time, there is still so much to learn from them. “It’s like if you’re watching a group of people. New ideas crop up. New behaviors start. That means an evolving culture.” In addition to her research, she has been a tireless advocate for conservation and animal rights and has been an outspoken climate change activist. She says the coronavirus pandemic has shown us how humans are affecting our global ecosystem. “We brought this pandemic to a large extent on ourselves — we have disrespected the natural world and animals, and we’ve been cutting down forests. Animals are being driven in closer contact with people.” she said. “This creates a fantastic environment where animal-to-human disease can be transmitted.” She warns while we’ve made it through COVID-19, climate change, another result of humans “disrespecting” the earth, will be a tougher opponent. However, she remains hopeful. She urges global collective action and a renewed commitment, which, she believes, can help turn the tide. “It’s cooperation that we need if we’re going to reverse climate change and loss of biodiversity.” she said. 1．What was Goodall’s new method for chimpanzee research? A．Analyzing experimental data. B．Observing and recording their behavior. C．Living among them in the wild. D．Grouping them and making comparisons. 2．What is the groundbreaking finding of Goodall? A．Chimpanzees are endangered species. B．Chimpanzees are ancestors of humans. C．Chimpanzees have their own language. D．Chimpanzees have complex social systems. 3．Why did Goodall mention COVID-19? A．To stress the need of global cooperation. B．To highlight the value of pandemic prevention. C．To show the consequences of disrespecting nature. D．To reveal the impact of COVID-19 on global health. 4．In which column of a magazine is this text most likely to appear? A．Pioneer. B．Opinion. C．Wildlife. D．Lifestyle. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了古道尔对黑猩猩所作研究的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Goodall’s research was revolutionary because she integrated herself within the wild chimpanzee communities to learn about their social and familial interactions.”（古道尔的研究是革命性的，因为她将自己融入了野生黑猩猩群体，以了解它们的社会和家庭互动。）可知，古道尔研究黑猩猩的方法是和他们一起住在野外。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“In fact, they can use and make tools, the fact they can be violent and can have a kind of war — but they are also loving and selfless.”（事实上，他们可以使用和制造工具，他们可以很暴力，可以有一种战争，但他们也是有爱心和无私的。）可知，古道尔突破性的发现是黑猩猩有复杂的社会关系。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第六段“She warns while we’ve made it through COVID-19, climate change, another result of humans ‘disrespecting’ the earth, will be a tougher opponent.”（她警告说，虽然我们已经度过了COVID-19，但气候变化——人类‘不尊重’地球的另一个结果——将是一个更强硬的对手。）可知，古道尔提到COVID-19的原因是为了展示不尊重自然的后果。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Over the course of six decades, her groundbreaking research has transformed the way we see human relationships with chimpanzees and has showed us an entirely new method for wildlife research.”（在过去的60年里，她开创性的研究改变了我们看待人类与黑猩猩关系的方式，并向我们展示了一种全新的野生动物研究方法。）可知，古道尔是一名研究黑猩猩的先锋人物，推断出这篇文章最有可能出现在杂志的先锋栏目中。故选A项。 5.（23-24高二下·山东德州·期末） It’s one of the most common questions adults ask children: what do you want to be when you grow up? Although childhood is supposed to be fun, kids also discuss important topics regarding their futures. Now, a new study finds that children who set big goals regarding their future status and education often set themselves up for success as they age. The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, are the first to reveal a connection between life goal development and future success in school or the workplace. Rodica Damian, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Houston, and other researchers discovered that as children grow up, their goals naturally begin to change. However, as some childhood goals fall away, other goals related to a family stay strong. These include being close to relatives, building more friendships or finding a romantic partner, and even becoming more involved in the community or helping others. During the study, researchers compared how their goals evolved as children moved from adolescence to adulthood and how a person's goals impacted their success in school and as an employee later on. Overall, a child’s goals focusing on their education and future status were the most consistent predictors of income in adulthood. Simply, when a child dreams big about doing well in school or achieving great success as an adult, these goals accurately paint a picture of how successful these children will be. So, the message is simple: dream big and dream of success, kids! Those goals can drive you to success when you grow up! “Our work proves a strong connection between a child’s life goals, educational achievement, and future occupational outcomes. This information is valuable for parents and educators who can use it to encourage children to set ambitious goals. Additionally, it helps develop strategies to support individuals in achieving their goals and reaching their full potential,” Damian concludes. 1．What does the study mainly focus on? A．Why children change their dreams over time. B．Whether childhood goals re late to future success. C．How childhood education determines future career. D．What impact early experiences have on characters. 2．Which of the following goals remains strong as children grow up? A．Connecting with others. B．Achieving academic success. C．Hunting for a high-salary job. D．Improving personal social status. 3．What message does the author convey in paragraph 3? A．Future careers is determined by Childhood achievements. B．Childhood ambition is potentially connected with success. C．Setting small goals is more beneficial than dreaming big. D．Adjusting goals can create new opportunities for success. 4．What is the purpose of the last paragraph? A．To summarize learning strategies. B．To offer suggestions for future studies. C．To stress the significance of the study. D．To point out the limitations of the study. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了一项研究发现，儿童设定的关于未来地位和教育的大目标往往会为他们成年后的成功奠定基础。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Now, a new study finds that children who set big goals regarding their future status and education often set themselves up for success as they age. (现在，一项新的研究发现，设定关于未来地位和教育的大目标的孩子，随着年龄的增长，往往会为自己的成功奠定基础。)”以及第二段中“The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, are the first to reveal a connection between life goal development and future success in school or the workplace. (这项发表在《人格与社会心理学杂志》上的研究首次揭示了生活目标的发展与未来在学校或工作场所成功之间的联系。)” 可知，这项研究主要关注的是儿童时期的目标是否与未来的成功有关。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, as some childhood goals fall away, other goals related to a family stay strong. These include being close to relatives, building more friendships or finding a romantic partner, and even becoming more involved in the community or helping others. (然而，随着一些童年目标的消失，其他与家庭相关的目标依然强烈。这些目标包括与亲戚保持亲近，建立更多的友谊或找到一个浪漫的伴侣，甚至更多地参与社区活动或帮助他人。)”可知，随着孩子的成长，与他人建立联系的目标依然强烈。故选A项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Overall, a child’s goals focusing on their education and future status were the most consistent predictors of income in adulthood. Simply, when a child dreams big about doing well in school or achieving great success as an adult, these goals accurately paint a picture of how successful these children will be.（总的来说，孩子们专注于教育和未来地位的目标是成年后收入的最一致预测因素。简单地说，当一个孩子梦想在学校表现出色或在成年后取得巨大成功时，这些目标准确地描绘了这些孩子将会多么成功。）”可知，作者在第三段传达的信息是，童年的雄心与成功潜在地相关。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Our work proves a strong connection between a child’s life goals, educational achievement, and future occupational outcomes. This information is valuable for parents and educators who can use it to encourage children to set ambitious goals. Additionally, it helps develop strategies to support individuals in achieving their goals and reaching their full potential,” Damian concludes. (我们的工作证明了孩子的生活目标、教育成就和未来职业结果之间的强烈联系。这些信息对家长和教育者来说是有价值的，他们可以用它来鼓励孩子设定雄心勃勃的目标。此外，它有助于制定支持个人实现目标和发挥全部潜力的策略。)”可知，最后一段的目的是强调这项研究的重要性，故选C项。 6.（23-24高二下·山东德州·期末） Buried in ash after Vesuvius’ eruption, hundreds of scrolls (卷轴) have kept their secrets hidden for centuries. But archaeologists have now been able to reveal some of the ancient text with the help of artificial intelligence. Discovered in the ruins of a villa, the Herculaneum scrolls are a collection of around1,000 scrolls, along with other relics. In earlier times, many people tried to unlock the secrets of scrolls but in vain, mainly because most of them were fragile (易碎的) and would shatter into pieces if unrolled. Until now, the only way to read what's inside the scrolls is to put together the thousands of pieces, which may take 500 years to reveal their content. Fortunately, a team led by professor Seales had already pioneered a way to “virtually unwrap” an ancient scroll using X-ray tomography (断层成像技术). But that was not enough to read the barely visible ink on the ancient documents. The chemistry of the ink from the ancient world is different than the chemistry from medieval times. It's largely invisible to the naked eye even when caught by the X-ray. In 2019, they did come up with a solution based on artificial intelligence to “see” the ink, but it needed much data. So they launched the Vesuvius Challenge to accelerate the work and released software and thousands of 3D X-ray images of pieces and two rolled-up scrolls, in the hope that global research groups would take up the challenge. In the end, a team of three students shared the grand prize. They could read 2,000letters from the scroll after training machine-learning algorithms on the scans. After creating a 3D scan of the text using a CT scan, the scroll was then separated into segments. A machine learning model—an application of AI—then detected the inked regions, allowing them to decipher the text. Mastro, a professor at Naples’ University, called the technique “revolutionary.” “We worked literally day and night to study them, but I am more excited that using this method we can reveal what has been hidden in the scrolls for almost 2,000 years,” said Mastro. 1．What issue was resolved with X-ray tomography? A．The fragile nature of the scrolls. B．Putting together divided pieces. C．Showing the scrolls without opening it. D．The difficulty in understanding ancient languages. 2．How did AI function in processing the scrolls? A．By unwrapping the scrolls. B．By analyzing the chemistry. C．By separating them with relics. D．By detecting the barely visible ink. 3．What does the underlined word “decipher” mean in paragraph 5? A．Adapt. B．Summarize. C．Arrange. D．Interpret. 4．What is the passage mainly about? A．Scrolls promote technological revolution. B．AI advanced the way to read ancient scrolls. C．New technology discovered relics in Vesuvius. D．Hidden secrets are recorded by archaeologists. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．D 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们利用人工智能来阅读古卷轴，解释了其具体的操作过程。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“In earlier times, many people tried to unlock the secrets of scrolls but in vain, mainly because most of them were fragile (易碎的) and would shatter into pieces if unrolled.(早些时候，许多人试图解开卷轴的秘密，但都是徒劳的，主要是因为大多数卷轴都很脆弱，一旦展开就会碎成碎片)”以及第三段“Fortunately, a team led by professor Seales had already pioneered a way to “virtually unwrap” an ancient scroll using X-ray tomography (断层成像技术).(幸运的是，由Seales教授领导的一个团队已经开创了一种使用X射线断层扫描“虚拟打开”古代卷轴的方法)”可知，X射线断层扫描解决了不打开就可以展示卷轴的问题。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Fortunately, a team led by professor Seales had already pioneered a way to “virtually unwrap” an ancient scroll using X-ray tomography (断层成像技术). But that was not enough to read the barely visible ink on the ancient documents.(幸运的是，由Seales教授领导的一个团队已经开创了一种使用X射线断层扫描“几乎打开”古代卷轴的方法。但这还不足以阅读古代文献上几乎看不见的墨水)”以及第四段“In 2019, they did come up with a solution based on artificial intelligence to “see” the ink, but it needed much data.(2019年，他们确实提出了一种基于人工智能的解决方案来“看到”墨水，但它需要大量数据)”可知，AI通过检测几乎看不见的墨水来处理卷轴。故选D。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“They could read 2,000letters from the scroll after training machine-learning algorithms on the scans.(在扫描上训练机器学习算法后，他们可以从卷轴上读出2000个字母)”以及“A machine learning model—an application of AI—then detected the inked regions, allowing them to”可知，一种人工智能的应用检测到有墨水的区域，从而使它们能够翻译文本，故划线词意思是“翻译”，与Interpret意义相近。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Mastro, a professor at Naples’ University, called the technique “revolutionary.” “We worked literally day and night to study them, but I am more excited that using this method we can reveal what has been hidden in the scrolls for almost 2,000 years,” said Mastro.( 那不勒斯大学教授马斯特罗称这项技术是“革命性的”。马斯特罗说：“我们夜以继日地研究它们，但更让我兴奋的是，通过这种方法，我们可以揭示隐藏在卷轴中近2000年的东西。”)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要说明了人们利用人工智能来阅读古卷轴，解释了其具体的操作过程，由此可知，这篇文章主要讲的是人工智能改进了阅读古卷轴的方式。故选B。 7.（23-24高二下·山东临沂·期末） Last year, in San Antonio, Dr. Pascal Badiou carefully implanted an outer ear on a woman born without right ear. For Badiou, a recognized expert in the field, such a procedure would normally be routine. But this case had a unique aspect: For the first time, the ear he was implanting was the product of a 3D bioprinter using the woman's own cartilage (软骨) cells. The ability to 3D print human organs is astonishing. Nearly 106, 000 Americans are currently on waiting lists for organ donations, and 17 die each day while waiting, according to the federal Health Resources and Services Administration. A 3D bioprinting process that uses the patient’s own cells to grow organs would potentially curb that waiting list. In 3D bioprinting, the name of the game is cells. The process begins by generating the cells that researchers want to bioprint, which are then instructed to become organ specific cell types. The cells are then turned into a printable bio-ink, mixing them with extra materials to give them a toothpaste-like consistency (黏稠度). The bio-ink is loaded into syringes (注射器) and squeezed out of a nozzle (喷嘴). Once it is finished, the printed tissue is sometimes connected to a pump that drives oxygen and nutrients through it. Given time, the tissue develops on its own and increases in both maturity and function “The 3D bioprinter gives you several advantages, ” says Atala, director of Wake Forest Institute. “Instead of making these tissues and organs by hand one at a time, you can automate the printer to do it. What’s more, we can more precisely locate the cells where they’re needed, and lower overall cost for the increased scale. And in terms of organ transplant, a new organ made of a patient's own cells makes rejection far less likely. ” It sounds science fiction, but it's already happening. “I think that in 10 years we will have organs for transplantation,” says Atala. “We will start with simple organs like skin and cartilage, but then we'll move on to more complicated tissues — eventually the heart, liver, kidney.” 1．What makes the implant operation special? A．Humans first successfully implanted an outer ear B．It made Dr. Badiou a recognized expert of his field. C．The 3D bio-printed product was used in implanting. D．The implant procedure was designed by 3D technology. 2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The advantages of 3D bioprinting. B．The urgent need of 3D bioprinting. C．The potential market of organ donations. D．The increasing number of organ donations. 3．What can we learn about the process? A．The cells are mixed to increase consistency. B．The printed tissue can develop itself by time. C．3D bioprinter generates organ specific cell types D．The tissue drives oxygen and nutrients through a pump. 4．What can we infer from what Atala says? A．Lowering overall cost leads to the increased scale. B．3D bioprinted organs minimize the risk of rejection. C．More complicated tissues will replace simple organs. D．3D bioprinter precisely locate the organs that are needed. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了3D生物打印技术的原理、优势和应用前景，特别是其在器官移植领域的潜力。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段的“But this case had a unique aspect: For the first time, the ear he was implanting was the product of a 3D bioprinter using the woman's own cartilage (软骨) cells.(但这个案例有一个独特的方面：他植入的耳朵是第一次使用女性自己的软骨细胞的3D生物打印机的产品)”可知，3D生物打印产品用于植入，使植入手术与众不同。故选C。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段的“The ability to 3D print human organs is astonishing. Nearly 106, 000 Americans are currently on waiting lists for organ donations, and 17 die each day while waiting, according to the federal Health Resources and Services Administration. A 3D bioprinting process that uses the patient's own cells to grow organs would potentially curb that waiting list.(3D打印人体器官的能力令人惊讶。根据联邦卫生资源和服务管理局的数据，目前有近106000名美国人在等待器官捐献的名单上，每天有17人在等待过程中死亡。使用患者自身细胞生长器官的3D生物打印过程可能会控制等待名单)”可知，本段主要讨论了3D打印人体器官的能力，提到了大量等待器官捐赠的美国人以及每天因此死亡的人数，强调了使用患者自身细胞进行3D生物打印来生长器官可能会减少等待名单的需求。因此，第二段主要讨论的是3D生物打印的迫切需要。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Given time, the tissue develops on its own and increases in both maturity and function(随着时间的推移，组织会自行发展，其成熟度和功能都会提高)”可知，打印出来的组织随着时间的推移可以自行发展。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段的“And in terms of organ transplant, a new organ made of a patient's own cells makes rejection far less likely(在器官移植方面，由患者自身细胞制成的新器官排斥的可能性要小得多)”可推知，3D生物打印的器官可以最大程度地减少排斥的风险。故选B。 8.（23-24高二下·山东临沂·期末） You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you might not know where you are or what time it is. The heat roof masting millions of people across the Pacific Northwest and swaths of Canada, has already claimed hundreds of lives. A study published last month in Nature Climate Change found 37 percent of heat-related deaths is caused by global warming between 1991 and 2023. As temperatures tick ever higher, that figure may well rise. The following is what happens if you’re one of the next people whom extreme heat kills, according to W. Lawrence Kenney, an expert at Penn State University. First, your brain sends a series of messages to your sweat glands telling them to increase sweat production. Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is also directed away from your liver, kidneys, and gut. That’s your body attempting to make your skin hotter than the air outside, hoping to move heat away from you. If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb from a normal level of between 97 degrees and 99 degrees Fahrenheit to somewhere closer to 104 degrees and 105 degrees. “These are the situations where people die of classical heat stroke,” Kenney said. At that temperature, the tissues in the brain become affected. You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you may lose consciousness. While you struggle to stay awake, the overmuch internal heat harms your gut. Your body will likely cause an inflammatory (炎性的) response. Left untreated, what follows is a series of organ failure that leads to all but certain death. We are learning more about how to avoid overheating. A 2019 study by University of Sydney researcher Ollie Jay found that electric fans cooled body temperatures and reduced cardiovascular (心血管的) strain in hot, humid weather. But in dry heat, fans actually increase body temperature —meaning access to air conditioning is crucial. But the most likely assurance against dying of extreme heat is avoiding the rise of global temperatures. Changing that requires rapidly reducing fossil fuel use and finding ways to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than we release. “Efforts so far have remained pitifully insufficient,” Kenney said. 1．What is the main issue discussed in paragraph 1? A．The increasing number of heat-related deaths. B．The changes brought about by global warming. C．The research published in Nature Climate Change. D．The hot weather near the Pacific Northwest and Canada 2．What does your body react in extreme heat conditions? A．The brain sends incorrect instructions. B．The body helps to reduce the skin temperature. C．Sweat increases sharply and blood flows slower. D．Heart rate increases and blood flows to the skin. 3．What is likely to happen if your body fails to cool down? A．The skin temperature will reach its peak. B．Headache will cause your gut inflammatory. C．Organ failure and a high risk of death will appear. D．The internal heat will make you struggle to stay awake 4．What is suggested as the most effective way to avoid overheating? A．Increasing the use of electric fans. B．Installing air-conditioners in homes. C．Decreasing fossil fuel use and carbon emissions. D．Reducing cardiovascular strain in humid weather. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了极端高温对人体的影响以及人们应如何避免过热。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you might not know where you are or what time it is. The heat roof masting millions of people across the Pacific Northwest and swaths of Canada, has already claimed hundreds of lives. A study published last month in Nature Climate Change found 37 percent of heat-related deaths is caused by global warming between 1991 and 2023. As temperatures tick ever higher, that figure may well rise.(一开始你可能会觉得是一种沉闷的头痛。过不了多久，你可能就不知道自己身在何处，也不知道现在是几点了。太平洋西北地区和加拿大大片地区数以百万计的人受到高温屋顶的影响，已经夺走了数百人的生命。上个月发表在《自然气候变化》杂志上的一项研究发现，1991年至2023年间，37%与高温有关的死亡是由全球变暖造成的。随着气温越来越高，这个数字很可能会上升)”可知，本段主要讲述了与高温有关的死亡人数不断增加。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“First, your brain sends a series of messages to your sweat glands telling them to increase sweat production. Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is also directed away from your liver, kidneys, and gut. That’s your body attempting to make your skin hotter than the air outside, hoping to move heat away from you.(首先，你的大脑向汗腺发送一系列信息，告诉它们增加汗液的分泌。然后你的心脏开始加速跳动，将血液输送到皮肤，同时血液也从肝脏、肾脏和肠道流出。这是你的身体试图让你的皮肤比外面的空气更热，希望把热量从你身上带走)”可知，你的身体在极热的环境下会心率加快，血液流向皮肤。故选D项。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb from a normal level of between 97 degrees and 99 degrees Fahrenheit to somewhere closer to 104 degrees and 105 degrees.(如果你的身体不能给你降温，它的内部温度可能会从正常的97到99华氏度上升到接近104到105华氏度)”以及第四段“At that temperature, the tissues in the brain become affected. You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you may lose consciousness. While you struggle to stay awake, the overmuch internal heat harms your gut. Your body will likely cause an inflammatory (炎性的) response. Left untreated, what follows is a series of organ failure that leads to all but certain death.(在这个温度下，大脑组织受到影响。一开始你可能会觉得是钝痛。过不了多久，你就会失去意识。当你努力保持清醒时，体内过多的热量会伤害你的肠道。你的身体可能会引起炎症反应。如果不及时治疗，接下来的是一系列器官衰竭，几乎肯定会导致死亡)”可知，如果你的身体不能冷却下来，会导致器官衰竭和高死亡风险会出现。故选C项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“But in dry heat, fans actually increase body temperature —meaning access to air conditioning is crucial. But the most likely assurance against dying of extreme heat is avoiding the rise of global temperatures. Changing that requires rapidly reducing fossil fuel use and finding ways to remove more carbon from the atmosphere than we release. “Efforts so far have remained pitifully insufficient,” Kenney said.(但避免死于极端高温最有可能的保证是避免全球气温上升。改变这种状况需要迅速减少化石燃料的使用，并找到从大气中去除比我们释放更多碳的方法。肯尼说：“迄今为止的努力仍然不足，令人遗憾”)”可知，最有效的避免过热的方法是减少化石燃料的使用和碳排放。故选C项。 9.（23-24高二下·山东日照·期末） If you’ve ever been pleasant to a rude customer while waiting tables, or smilingly received a truly ugly sweater as a gift, you’ve participated in a display rule. This is hiding a negative emotion usually to promote harmony between two individuals. However, they can have negative consequences for the person suppressing a negative emotion or opinion. As daily interactions become increasingly virtual, display rules are changing. A group of researchers from the University of Tokyo in Japan set out to answer the questions of how emojis are used to reflect emotions in different contexts, if the same display rules apply to emojis, and how they affect a person’s well being. The study observed 1,289 participants who use Simeji, the most-downloaded emoji keyboard in Japan, and how the emojis were used to either express an emotion or mask it. The participants answered questions about their subjective well being, and rated how often they use emojis. They were also given messages with different social contexts and asked to respond to them as they would normally, and then rated the intensity of the expression of their emotions. The study found that texters chose to express more emotions via emoji with people in a private context or with a close friend. The respondents expressed the least amount of emotion with higher-status individuals. The most intense expressions of emotion came with matching emojis, unless the respondents felt the need to mask their true feelings, such as using a smiling emoji to mask sadness. Only when negative feelings were very strongly felt did the respondents use a negative emoji. Additionally, using emojis to express emotions was associated with higher subjective well being compared to masking emotions. The researchers would like to expand this study with a larger and more varied sample, including more males since the Simeji keyboard is more popular among young women and from different cultural backgrounds. “First, the highly gender-imbalanced sample may have led to stronger results. Future research should explore potential gender differences in emoji display rules,” said a researcher. “Second, Japanese culture’s emphasis on interpersonal harmony and concealment (隐瞒) of negative emotions may have influenced the results.” 1．Why do people apply display rules? A．To keep the peace. B．To make more friends. C．To avoid being hurt. D．To create a good impression. 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The research findings. B．The research process. C．The research subjects. D．The research purpose. 3．What did the study find about the participants’ use of emojis? A．It was influenced by different contexts. B．It promoted interpersonal relationships. C．It improved their subjective well being. D．It was a way of masking their true feelings. 4．Why do the researchers want to expand the study? A．To make it known to more people. B．To achieve more convincing results. C．To benefit people from different cultures. D．To explore gender differences in emoji use. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项关于表情符号使用与情感表达的研究。研究探讨了在不同社交情境下，人们如何使用表情符号来反映或隐藏情绪，以及这种行为如何影响个人的幸福感。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“This is hiding a negative emotion usually to promote harmony between two individuals.(这通常是隐藏负面情绪以促进两个人之间的和谐)”可知，人们应用展示规则是为了保持和谐，即维持和平。故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The study observed 1,289 participants who use Simeji, the most-downloaded emoji keyboard in Japan, and how the emojis were used to either express an emotion or mask it. The participants answered questions about their subjective well being, and rated how often they use emojis. They were also given messages with different social contexts and asked to respond to them as they would normally, and then rated the intensity of the expression of their emotions(该研究观察了1289名使用Simeji（日本下载量最大的表情键盘）的参与者，以及他们如何使用表情符号来表达或掩饰情绪。参与者回答了有关主观幸福感的问题，并评价了他们使用表情符号的频率。他们还收到了不同社交背景下的信息，并被要求像平常一样回应，然后评价他们情绪表达的强度)”可知，第三段主要讲述了研究的观察对象、参与者回答的问题、评级的内容等，详细介绍了研究的过程。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“The study found that texters chose to express more emotions via emoji with people in a private context or with a close friend. The respondents expressed the least amount of emotion with higher-status individuals.(研究发现，发短信的人选择在私人场合或与亲密朋友通过表情符号表达更多的情感。受访者对地位较高的人表达的情感最少)”可知，参与者使用表情符号受到不同情境的影响。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“First, the highly gender-imbalanced sample. may have led to stronger results. Future research should explore potential gender differences in emoji display rules, said a researcher. “Second, Japanese culture’s emphasis on interpersonal harmony and concealment(隐瞒) of negative emotions may have influenced the results.”(首先，高度性别失衡的样本可能导致了更强烈的结果。一位研究者表示，未来的研究应该探讨在表情符号显示规则上潜在的性别差异。“其次，日本文化对人际和谐和隐瞒负面情绪的重视可能影响了结果)” 可知，研究人员想要扩大研究是因为当前研究存在样本性别不平衡、文化影响等问题，可能导致结果不够准确，扩大研究是为了获得更有说服力的结果。故选B项。 10.（23-24高二下·山东日照·期末） Consumers’ love for avocados (牛油果) in the USA seems to know no bounds. From 2001 through 2020, consumption of this fruit rich in healthy fats tripled nationwide, rising to over 8 pounds per person yearly. On average, 90% of those avocados are grown in the southwest Mexican state of Michoacán. As with other foods that have become trendy; such as acai berries, intensive avocado production is causing significant environmental damage. Michoacán is the only place on earth that grows avocados year-round, thanks to its mild climate, abundant rainfall and deep volcanic soils. Even so, however, monocultures are never environmentally sustainable. Introducing single, high-yielding plant varieties leads growers to quit native crops. This makes the local ecosystem easily harmed by threats such as pest attacks and reduces food options. It also destroys soils and increases use of agrochemicals. Monoculture also can cause deforestation. Mexican officials estimate that avocado production spurred the clearance of 2,900 to 24,700 acres of forests per year from 2010 through 2020. And it’s resource-intensive: Avocado trees consume four to five times more water than Michoacán's native pines, damaging water resources for human consumption. Today, avocados are one of the most-regulated exports from Mexico. However, these rules do little to address the industry’s environmental impacts. Farmers in Michoacán continue to clear woodlands, spray agrochemicals, and exhaust aquifers (蓄水层). U. S. Ambassador promised that the U. S. would block imports of avocados. However, this won’t restore local ecosystems. As I see it, expecting small-scale growers to protect the environment puts responsibility in the wrong place. And refusing to import Mexican avocados likely would simply lead growers to look for other markets. In my view, importing avocados from different areas of Mexico and the world to reduce the single market share may be the most effective environmental protection strategy. In 2022, the USDA approved imports of avocados grown in the Mexican state of Jalisco. This is a start, but Jalisco will follow Michoacán’s lead unless the U. S. finds more sources and develops more avocado sorts. 1．What is a result of monocultures? A．Improvement to soil quality. B．Resistance to pest attacks. C．Abandoned field of local plants. D．Pollution of water resources. 2．What does the underlined word “spurred” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Drove. B．Held back. C．Ended. D．Depended on. 3．Which of the following does the author agree with? A．Making stricter rules on avocado exports. B．Calling on growers to look for other markets. C．Increasing agrochemical use for higher output. D．Buying avocados from more areas and countries. 4．What is the best title for the text? A．Avocados: A Green Choice? B．The Benefits of Avocado Exports C．The Process of Avocado Production D．Avocado Planting: A Worldwide Trend? 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。牛油果已经成为潮流食物，但牛油果实际上并不是“绿色水果”，其生产正在造成严重的环境破坏。文章对此进行了说明介绍。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“Introducing single, high-yielding plant varieties leads growers to quit native crops.(引进单一、高产的植物品种导致种植者放弃种植本地作物。)”可知，单一栽培的结果是当地植物的废弃田地。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段第六句“Monoculture also can cause deforestation.(单一栽培也会导致森林砍伐。)”可知，此处是指牛油果的生产会加速森林砍伐，所以spurred意为“加速，促使”。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“In my view, importing avocados from different areas of Mexico and the world to reduce the single market share may be the most effective environmental protection strategy.(在我看来，从墨西哥和世界各地进口牛油果以减少单一市场份额可能是最有效的环保策略。)”可知，作者会认同从更多地区和国家购买牛油果。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“As with other foods that have become trendy; such as acai berries, intensive avocado production is causing significant environmental damage.(就像其他已经成为潮流的食物一样，比如巴西莓，密集的牛油果生产正在造成严重的环境破坏。)”可知，文章主要是讲牛油果实际上并不是“绿色水果”，其生产正在造成严重的环境破坏。故选A。 11.（23-24高二下·山东聊城·期末） Just like any other living thing, plants can get stressed. Usually, it’s conditions like heat and drought that lead to this stress, and when they’re stressed, plants might not grow as large or produce as much. Many scientists have tried genetically changing plants. But plants changed for higher crop output tend to have a lower stress tolerance because they put more energy into growth than into protection against stresses. Similarly, improving the ability of plants to survive stress often results in plants that produce less because they put more energy into protection than into growth. Our lab instead focuses on how plants and bacteria sense ethylene (乙烯) and how it interacts with other chemicals to regulate plant development. For this experiment, we exposed the seeds to ethylene gas for several days in the dark to see what effect this might have. After gathering data on these seedlings (young plants), we transferred them to a place with much light. Several days later, some lab members unexpectedly observed that the plants briefly treated with ethylene had larger leaves as well as stronger root systems than plants that had not been exposed to ethylene. These plants continued growing at a faster rate throughout their whole lifetime. But what made our observation even more pleasing is that the brief ethylene treatment also increased tolerance to various stresses such as high temperature and low oxygen conditions. Long-term effects on growth and stress tolerance from brief exposure to a stimulus (刺激物) are often called priming effects (启动效应). So what’s the underlying logic? What we’ve found is that ethylene increases photosynthesis(a process by which plants gain chemical energy from inorganic matters). Part of photosynthesis includes what is called carbon fixation, where plants pull carbon from the atmosphere and use the CO₂ as building blocks to make sugars to fuel their activities. Understanding this is more important than ever and could help improve crop production to feed the world’s population. 1．What is the challenge faced by scientists behind genetically changed plants? A．Guaranteeing a healthy environment for the plants. B．Balancing plants’ productivity and stress resistance. C．Raising survival rates of genetically changed plants. D．Identifying stress factors affecting genetically changed plants. 2．What serves as a stimulus in the author’s experiment? A．Ethylene. B．Bacteria. C．Darkness. D．Sunlight. 3．What is the role of carbon fixation in photosynthesis? A．It changes sugars into CO₂. B．It makes plants absorb much sunlight. C．It helps plants generate energy from CO₂. D．It enhances the process of ethylene priming. 4．Which of following is the best title for the text? A．Why do Some Plants Have a Higher Stress Level? B．Employing a Chemical Early on May Help Feed the World C．How do Priming Effects Increase Photosynthesis in Plants? D．Exposure to Ethylene is a Good Way to Protect Plants 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了转基因植物背后的科学家面临的挑战是平衡植物的生产力和抗逆性，于是作者的实验室通过实验发现短期接触刺激物可以让植物生长和压力耐受性增加，可以帮助提高作物产量，养活世界人口。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But plants changed for higher crop output tend to have a lower stress tolerance because they put more energy into growth than into protection against stresses. Similarly, improving the ability of plants to survive stress often results in plants that produce less because they put more energy into protection than into growth.(但是，为了提高作物产量而改变的植物往往具有较低的抗逆性，因为它们将更多的能量用于生长而不是用于抵御压力。同样，提高植物在逆境中的生存能力往往会导致植物产量减少，因为它们将更多的能量用于保护而不是生长)”可知，转基因植物背后的科学家面临的挑战是平衡植物的生产力和抗逆性。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段“But what made our observation even more pleasing is that the brief ethylene treatment also increased tolerance to various stresses such as high temperature and low oxygen conditions. Long-term effects on growth and stress tolerance from brief exposure to a stimulus (刺激物) are often called priming effects (启动效应).(但更让我们高兴的是，短暂的乙烯处理也增加了对各种应力的耐受性，如高温和低氧条件。短期暴露于刺激对生长和压力耐受性的长期影响通常被称为启动效应)”可知，在作者的实验中，乙烯是刺激因素。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Part of photosynthesis includes what is called carbon fixation, where plants pull carbon from the atmosphere and use the CO₂ as building blocks to make sugars to fuel their activities.(光合作用的一部分包括所谓的碳固定，植物从大气中吸收碳，并利用二氧化碳作为构建块来制造糖来为它们的活动提供燃料)”可知，固碳在光合作用中的作用是帮助植物从二氧化碳中产生能量。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Understanding this is more important than ever and could help improve crop production to feed the world’s population.(了解这一点比以往任何时候都更加重要，可以帮助提高作物产量，养活世界人口)”结合文章主要说明了转基因植物背后的科学家面临的挑战是平衡植物的生产力和抗逆性，于是作者的实验室通过实验发现短期接触刺激物可以让植物生长和压力耐受性增加，可以帮助提高作物产量，养活世界人口。可知，B选项“尽早使用化学物质可能有助于养活世界”最符合文章标题。故选B。 12.（23-24高二下·山东聊城·期末） AI systems can now learn and use human language, but they learn from astronomical amounts of language input—much more than children receive when learning how to understand and speak a language. The best AI systems are trained on text datasets containing trillions of words, whereas children receive just millions per year. But a recent study suggests AI systems can acquire some language with a small set of clues. Researchers took advantage of an existing library of camera footage that captured one baby’s experience. The baby named Sam wore a headcam (头戴式设备) for 61 hours between the ages of six months and 25 months. The headcam recorded video and audio while Sam took part in activities including playing, eating and reading. The researchers fed their AI model individual video images and a written text of what people were saying at that time. They wondered what the model would learn and whether it could provide insights into the language acquisition process in children. Across multiple tests, the AI model correctly matched words with images 62 percent of the time. The AI was also able to match words it had learned with representative images that it had never seen before, such as a common image of an apple, about 35 percent of the time. Words including “car” and “sand” were frequently recognized by the AI, but it struggled with objects that might have more variations, such as “room”. “The findings demonstrate how some aspects of word meaning are learnable by association. However, the study didn’t prove how children actually acquire words,” Joshua Tenenbaum, a scientist who was not involved in the research, says. “The study also focused just on the names of objects—it didn’t show that the AI could learn about verbs, structures and other aspects of language through the recordings,” another scientist adds. With future research, similar studies of learning could pull back the curtain on the mysterious process of language acquisition. 1．What phenomenon about AI systems and children is mainly described in paragraph 1? A．The data gap in language acquisition. B．Sharp distinctions in language learning ability. C．The difficulty of processing large numbers of words. D．Inaccessibility of certain datasets on language learning. 2．How does the AI model learn language in the study? A．By reading and playing with Sam for 61 hours. B．By communicating with Sam for several months. C．By analyzing a large number of words spoken by Sam. D．By engaging in Sam’s daily experiences through recordings. 3．Which of the following words might the AI model most probably struggle to match? A．Bottle. B．Banana. C．Toy. D．Car. 4．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．The limitations of the study. B．Different aspects of language. C．Improvements of the AI model. D．The directions for further study. 【答案】1．A 2．D 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能系统通常需要大量语言数据学习，但新研究表明它们也能通过少量线索学习语言。 1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“AI systems can now learn and use human language, but they learn from astronomical amounts of language input—much more than children receive when learning how to understand and speak a language. The best AI systems are trained on text datasets containing trillions of words, whereas children receive just millions per year. (人工智能系统现在可以学习和使用人类语言，但它们从大量的语言输入中学习——远远超过儿童在学习如何理解和说一门语言时所接受的语言输入。最好的人工智能系统是在包含数万亿单词的文本数据集上进行训练的，而儿童每年只接受数百万个单词的训练)”可知，人工智能系统和儿童学习语言时获得的输入量存在很大的悬殊，本段主要描述了两者在语言习得方面的数据差距。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The baby named Sam wore a headcam (头戴式设备) for 61 hours between the ages of six months and 25 months. The headcam recorded video and audio while Sam took part in activities including playing, eating and reading. The researchers fed their AI model individual video images and a written text of what people were saying at that time. (这个名叫Sam的婴儿在6个月到25个月大的时候戴了61个小时的头戴式设备。当Sam参加包括玩耍、吃饭和阅读在内的活动时，头戴式设备录下了视频和音频。研究人员为他们的人工智能模型提供了个人视频图像和当时人们所说的话的书面文本)”可知，在这项研究中，人工智能模型通过录像参与Sam的日常经历来学习语言。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The AI was also able to match words it had learned with representative images that it had never seen before, such as a common image of an apple, about 35 percent of the time. Words including “car” and “sand” were frequently recognized by the AI, but it struggled with objects that might have more variations, such as “room”. (人工智能还能够将它学过的单词与它以前从未见过的代表性图像进行匹配，比如一个常见的苹果图像，准确率约为35%。包括“汽车”和“沙”在内的单词经常被人工智能识别，但它很难识别可能有更多变化的对象，如“房间”)”可知，人工智能相对能够轻松识别具有代表性图像的单词，如苹果、汽车和沙，但在识别有更多变化的对象上有困难。结合选项可知，玩具会有不同的形态，有很多变化，不易被人工智能识别。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中两个科学家所说的话“The findings demonstrate how some aspects of word meaning are learnable by association. However, the study didn’t prove how children actually acquire words (研究结果表明，单词含义的某些方面是如何通过联想来学习的。然而，这项研究并没有证明儿童实际上是如何习得词汇)”和“The study also focused just on the names of objects—it didn’t show that the AI could learn about verbs, structures and other aspects of language through the recordings (这项研究也只关注物体的名称，并没有表明人工智能可以通过录像学习动词、结构和语言的其他方面)”可知，本段主要探讨了这项研究的局限性。故选A项。 13.（23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末）More people who feel stressed about living in cities have been seeking protection in green spaces for the proven positive impacts on physical and mental health, but the benefits of “blue space” — the sea and coastline, but also rivers, lakes, canals, waterfalls, even fountains — are less well advertised, yet the science has kept in place for at least a decade: being by water is good for body and mind. “Many of the processes are exactly the same as with green space — with some added benefits,” says Dr Mathew White, a senior lecturer at the University of Exeter. White says there are three established pathways by which the presence of water is positively related to health and happiness. First, there are the beneficial environmental factors, such as less polluted air and more sunlight. Second, people who live by water tend to be more physically active. Third — and this is where blue space seems to have an advantage over other natural environments — water has a psychological recovery effect. When you are sailing, surfing o swimming, says White, “you're really in step with natural forces there.” Catherine Kelly is a wellness practitioner who teaches classes in “mindfulness by the sea” She says the sea has a quality that can make people thoughtful. “To go to the sea means letting go,” says Kelly. “It could be lying on a beach or somebody handing you a cocktail. For somebody else, it could be a wild, empty coast. But there is this really human sense of: 'Oh, look, there's the sea’ — and the shoulders drop.” 1．Why are blue spaces less popular than green spaces? A．Because green spaces are good to people's health. B．Because the benefits of green spaces are better advertised. C．Because green spaces have more benefits than blue spaces. D．Because little research has been done on blue spaces. 2．In what way is blue space better than other natural environments according to White? A．Where there's water, there's fresh air B．Water helps people restore mental health. C．People living near water are healthier. D．The sea can make people lost in deep thought. 3．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．The sea will put you at ease. B．The sea will hurt your shoulder. C．The sea will bring you loneliness. D．The sea will make you feel down. 4．What does the author mainly want to tell us? A．Ways to keep us healthy. B．People in cities prefer green spaces. C．Green spaces have been out of date. D．Blue spaces benefit your body and mind. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是近年来，生活在城市中压力很大的人们在寻求绿色空间的保护，文章揭示了除了绿色空间，蓝色空间也有助于人们的身心健康。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“More people who feel stressed about living in cities have been seeking protection in green spaces for the proven positive impacts on physical and mental health,but the benefits of “blue space”— the sea and coastline, but also rivers,lakes,canals,waterfalls,even fountains — are less well advertised, (越来越多的人对城市生活感到压力，一直在寻求绿色空间的保护，因为事实证明，绿色空间对身心健康有积极影响，但“蓝色空间”——海洋和海岸线，还有河流、湖泊、运河、瀑布，甚至喷泉——的好处却很少被宣传)”可知，蓝色空间没有绿色空间那么受欢迎是因为宣传的少。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“White says there are three established pathways by which the presence of water is positively related to health and happiness. First, there are the beneficial environmental factors, such as less polluted air and more sunlight. Second, people who live by water tend to be more physically active. Third — and this is where blue space seems to have an advantage over other natural environments — water has a psychological recovery effect. (怀特说，有三个既定的途径表明，水的存在与健康和幸福呈正相关。首先，有有利的环境因素，如污染更少的空气和更多的阳光。其次，住在水边的人往往更积极锻炼身体。第三，这也是蓝色空间似乎比其他自然环境更有优势的地方——水有一种心理恢复作用)”可推知，水有助于人们恢复心理健康。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““To go to the sea means letting go,” says Kelly. “It could be lying on a beach or somebody handing you a cocktail. For somebody else,it could be a wild, empty coast. But there is this really human sense of: ‘Oh,look, there’s the sea’— and the shoulders drop.”(“去海边意味着放手，”凯利说。“可能是躺在沙滩上，也可能是有人递给你一杯鸡尾酒。对另一些人来说，这可能是一片荒凉、空旷的海岸。但这是一种真正的人类感觉：‘哦，看，这是大海’——然后肩膀就垂了下来。”)”可推知，大海会让你放松的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。通读全文文章讲述的是近年来，生活在城市中压力很大的人们在寻求绿色空间的保护，但文章揭示了除了绿色空间，蓝色空间也有助于人们的身心健康。由此推知，文章的目的是告知人们蓝色空间有益于人们的身心。故选D。 14.（23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末） Researchers from The University of Queensland (UQ) have helped design a new app to protect birds at risk of extinction across the world by eliminating (消除) language barriers among scientists. The Bird Language Diversity web app will help provide a “birds eye view”, ensuring vital information is shared to improve worldwide conservation. Dr Pablo Negret said the research team analyzed more than 10,000 bird species, and found that 1,587 species have 10 languages or more spoken within their distributions, “Scientific information on species can be spread across different languages, but valuable information can go missing or get lost in translation,” Dr Negret said. “Without enough sharing of information, this can affect the effectiveness of conservation measures.” Take the common bird Pochard for example. It is classified as vulnerable species (易危种) and crosses 108 countries in Europe, Asia and north Africa, where a total of 75 official languages are spoken. The survival of the common Pochard, and so many other species, depends on effective cooperation and policy agreements among people with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This app reveals where threatened and migratory birds exist geographically, in relation to the human language spoken in those regions. “We hope the app will encourage researchers and conservation organizations to interact with their peers in other regions, especially if they speak different languages, and be a starting point to allow everyone to work together to protect threatened species,” Dr Negret said. Dr Tatsuya Amano, a researcher and the co-author of the paper, said this work could extend further than bird species. “Any species, whether they're mammals, amphibians (两栖动物), or plants, with a range crossing multiple countries will be impacted by language barriers, as well as species that migrate across different countries, such as marine species and butterflies,” he said. “the impact of poor communication on such an important issue is evident, and it is the reason why we're working hard to improve science communication across languages.” 1．For what purpose is the app developed? A．To improve worldwide conservation B．To educate people about bird species. C．To collect more bird information. D．To promote the bird diversity worldwide. 2．Why is bird Pochard mentioned in the text? A．To present valuable information collected about the bird. B．To highlight the clear communication in its conservation C．To attract people with various linguistic and cultural backgrounds. D．To show the achievements of the scientists from different countries. 3．What is shown on the app? A．The producer of the app. B．The organizations involved. C．The information of new geographers. D．The location of endangered birds. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Birds Protection Is an Urgency B．A New Bird App Helps Learn Languages C．A New Bird App Spreads Its Wings D．Poor Communication Impacts Cooperation 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲述了昆士兰大学的研究人员设计了一款新的应用程序，该应用程序通过消除科学家之间的语言障碍，来保护全球濒临灭绝的鸟类。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The Bird Language Diversity web app will help provide a “birds eye view”, ensuring vital information is shared to improve worldwide conservation.”（这款鸟类语言多样性的网络应用程序将有助于提供一个“鸟瞰”视角，确保分享重要信息以改善全球保护。）可推知，这款应用程序的开发目的是为了改善全球的保护。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第二段中“The Bird Language Diversity web app will help provide a “birds eye view”, ensuring vital information is shared to improve worldwide conservation.”（鸟类语言多样性网络应用程序将有助于提供“鸟瞰”，确保重要信息共享，以改善全球保护。）以及第三段“Take the common bird Pochard for example. It is classified as vulnerable species (易危种) and crosses 108 countries in Europe, Asia and north Africa, where a total of 75 official languages are spoken. The survival of the common Pochard, and so many other species, depends on effective cooperation and policy agreements among people with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.”（以普通的Pochard为例。它被分类为易危物种，并穿越欧洲、亚洲和北非的108个国家，这些国家共有75种官方语言。普通Pochard的生存，以及许多其他物种的生存，都依赖于具有多元语言和文化背景的人们之间的有效合作和政策协议。）可推知，Pochard在文中的提及是为了强调在其保护中的清晰沟通。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“This app reveals where threatened and migratory birds exist geographically, in relation to the language spoken in those regions.”（该应用程序揭示了受威胁鸟类和候鸟的地理位置，以及这些地区的语言。）可知，该应用程序显示了受威胁的候鸟地理上的位置，以及这些地区的语言。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文呢，尤其根据第一段“Researchers from The University of Queensland (UQ) have helped design a new app to protect birds at risk of extinction across the world by eliminating language barriers among scientists. The Bird Language Diversity web app will help provide a “birds eye view”, ensuring vital information is shared to improve worldwide conservation.”（昆士兰大学的研究人员帮助设计了一款新的应用程序，通过消除科学家之间的语言障碍，保护全世界面临灭绝风险的鸟类。鸟类语言多样性网络应用程序将有助于提供“鸟瞰视图”，确保重要信息共享，以改善全球保护。）可知，这篇文章主要是介绍了一款新的应用程序，这款应用程序通过消除科学家之间的语言障碍，来保护全球濒临灭绝的鸟类。因此，C选项“一款新的鸟类应用程序展开翅膀”最能概括文章的主题。故选C。 15.（23-24高二下·山东青岛·期末） Places all over the world are named in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. Many roads and places in Singapore are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countries — in both the West and the East. Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were at first from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is clearer when we see some of the roads named after former British military bases (军事基地). If you step into Selector Airbase you will see Piccadilly Circus — obviously named by some homesick Royal Air Force soldiers. Some places were named after the activities that used to go on at those places. Bras Basah Road is an interesting example, “Base Basah” means “wet rice” in Malay (马来语). Now why would anyone want to name a road “Wet Rice Road?” The reason is simple. During the pioneering days, wet rice was laid out to dry along this road. A few roads in Singapore are named by what they look like. There is “Circular Road” for one. Another road Paya Lebar Crescent is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again. 1．What can we learn from Paragraph 1? A．Many places tend to have more than one name. B．The government is usually the first to name a place. C．A ceremony will be held when a place is named. D．People prefer the place names given by the government. 2．What does the underlined phrase “die hard” in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A．Change suddenly. B．Change greatly. C．Disappear very slowly. D．Disappear secretly. 3．Which of the following places is named by its shape? A．Raffles Place. B．Selector Airbase. C．Piccadilly Circus. D．Paya Lebar Crescent. 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了世界各地对地点、道路等的命名规则是有相通之处的，并列举了新加坡的一些地名和其由来为例。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an organized body steps in and gives the place a name. Often it happens that a place has two names”（通常没有正式的命名仪式，但人们往往会把地名称为参考点。然后一个有组织的人介入，给这个地方起了个名字。一个地方经常有两个名字。）可知，通常在政府正式起名之前，许多地名就由人们习惯称呼决定了，即很多地方一般都有官方的和通俗的两种名称，与A选项“很多地方都不止一个名称”描述相符。故选A项。 2．词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句“As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.”可知，在很多地区，即便在失去了曾经的含义很长时间后，非官方的名词依然能沿袭下来，就是因为这种这些不断传承的习惯叫法很难改变、消逝，die hard在这里就指“慢慢消失”。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“A few roads in Singapore are named by what they look like. There is “Circular Road” for one. Another road Paya Lebar Crescent is called a crescent (月牙) because it begins on the main road, makes a crescent and comes back to join the main road again.”（新加坡有几条路是以它们的样子来命名的。“环行路”就是其中之一。Paya Lebar Crescent被称为新月，因为它从主要道路开始，形成一个新月，然后又回到主要道路。）可知， Paya Lebar Crescent以形状命名。故选D项。 16.（23-24高二下·山东菏泽·期末） The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a relic of the past in our screen-dominated world. But giving up this slower, more tactile (触知的) way of expressing ourselves may come at a significant cost. Both handwriting and typing involve moving our hands and fingers to create words on a page. But handwriting, it turns out, requires a lot more fine-tuned coordination (协调) between the motor and visual systems. Holding a pen skillfully enough to write is a complicated task, as it requires your brain to continuously monitor the pressure that each finger apply to the pen. Then, your motor system has to delicately modify that pressure to re-create each letter of the words in your head on the page. That’s not true for typing. To type “tap” your fingers doesn’t have to trace out the form of the letters — they just make three relatively simple and uniform movements. The clearest consequence of screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might be on kids’ ability to learn the building blocks of literacy — letters. In kids, these visually demanding, fine motor actions, like tracing out ABCs, bake in nervous communication patterns that are really important for learning later on. Ditching (放弃) handwriting instruction could mean that those skills don’t get developed as well, which could impair kids’ ability to learn down the road. For adults, one of the main benefits of writing by hand is that it simply forces us to slow down. During a meeting or lecture, you can’t write everything down if you take notes by hand, which forces you to process the information, writing key words or phrases and using drawing or arrows to work through ideas. You make the information your own, which helps it stick in the brain. However, we don’t have to ditch digital tools to embrace the power of handwriting. So far, research suggests that writing with a stylus (手写笔) on a screen activates the same brain pathways as that with ink on paper. It’s the movement that counts, not its final form. 1．What is the current situation of writing on paper? A．It’s becoming outdated. B．It’s dominating the world. C．It’s at risk of disappearing. D．It’s more costly than ever 2．How does the writer support his argument in paragraph 2? A．By making comparisons. B．By giving definitions. C．By drawing conclusions. D．By introducing evidences. 3．Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “bake in” in paragraph 3? A．stick in. B．break up. C．melt away. D．warm up. 4．What does the author intend to show in the last paragraph? A．The value of digital tools. B．The impact on brain pathways. C．The significance of writing by hand. D．The difference between screen and paper. 【答案】1．C 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了在以屏幕为主宰的时代，书写正在成为过去，但其实书写具有打字所没有的好处。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a relic of the past in our screen-dominated world.(在屏幕主导的世界里，逐字逐句地在页面上记述我们想法的艰苦过程正在成为过去的遗迹。)”可知，在纸上书写正在消失。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“But handwriting, it turns out, requires a lot more fine-tuned coordination (协调) between the motor and visual systems. Holding a pen skillfully enough to write is a complicated task, as it requires your brain to continuously monitor the pressure that each finger apply to the pen. Then, your motor system has to delicately modify that pressure to re-create each letter of the words in your head on the page. That’s not true for typing. To type “tap” your fingers doesn’t have to trace out the form of the letters — they just make three relatively simple and uniform movements.(但事实证明，手写需要运动和视觉系统之间更精细的协调。熟练地握笔写字是一项复杂的任务，因为它需要你的大脑不断监测每个手指对笔的压力。然后，你的运动系统必须巧妙地调整压力，在页面上重新创建你脑海中的每个单词。打字不是这样的。要键入“tap”，你的手指不必找出字母的形式——它们只需要做三个相对简单而均匀的动作。)”可知，作者比较了手写和打字两种形式的不同，由此可知，这里使用了比较的方式。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据第三段“In kids, these visually demanding, fine motor actions, like tracing out ABCs, bake in nervous communication patterns that are really important for learning later on. Ditching (放弃) handwriting instruction could mean that those skills don’t get developed as well, which could impair kids’ ability to learn down the road.(对于孩子们来说，这些视觉要求很高的精细运动动作，比如勾画出ABC等字母，会bake in对以后学习非常重要的神经交流模式。放弃手写教授可能意味着这些技能没有得到很好的发展，这可能会损害孩子们未来的学习能力。)”可知，放弃手写教授会使得一些技能无法培养起来，影响到神经交流模式的发展，可得出神经交流模式的发展与手写能力有关，说明像手写这样视觉要求很高的精细运动动作，其影响刺入了以后对学习非常重要的神经交流模式的发展中，bake in与stick in(刺入)意思接近。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, we don’t have to ditch digital tools to embrace the power of handwriting. So far, research suggests that writing with a stylus (手写笔) on a screen activates the same brain pathways as that with ink on paper. It’s the movement that counts, not its final form.(然而，我们不必抛弃数字工具来拥抱手写的力量。到目前为止，研究表明，在屏幕上用手写笔写字会激活与在纸上用墨水写字相同的大脑通路。重要的是运动，而不是它的最终形式。)”可推测出，作者认为我们不需要抛弃数字工具，无论是在屏幕上还是纸上，手写都对人有好处，强调了手写的意义。故选C。 17.（23-24高二下·山东枣庄·期末） Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to develop more efficient methods of farming in order to fight global warming. Global warming threatens every aspect of our everyday lives, including crop production. It will reduce the soil moisture (水分), especially in areas close to the equator and greatly affect the crop production. Climate change harms poorer countries that do not have money to import food. The result is food shortage. However, agriculture is not just affected by global warming. Agriculture is part of a vicious cycle in which farming leads to global warming, which in turn destroys agricultural production. The process of clearing land for agriculture results in widespread deforestation and contributes to 40 percent of global methane (甲烷) production. Therefore, to deal with climate change, it is necessary to ensure efficient, environmentally-conscious farming. This is where AI enters the scene. Farmers use AI for methods such as precision agriculture, monitoring crop moisture, soil composition, and temperature in growing areas, and enabling farmers to increase production by learning how to take care of their crops and determine the ideal amount of water to use. Furthermore, this technology may help reduce deforestation by allowing humans to grow food in urban areas. It could be especially beneficial for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, where much of the population lives in cities. However, AI is far from a silver bullet — it could actually contribute to global warming as well. Due to the large amount of data that AI needs to process, training a single AI releases five times the emissions that an average car would give off during its lifetime. Further, securing access to AI on a global scale may pose some challenges. Countries will need experts in the field who can successfully use the technology and Internet connection, neither of which are always readily available. Therefore, there is still a long way for developing countries to take advantage of the benefits of AI. Given these concerns, global leaders must consider the potential costs, and the environmental consequences of data processing before developing AI for use in agriculture. 1．What is the purpose of Paragraph 2? A．To advocate greener farming. B．To show the importance of forestation. C．To promote low-carbon living. D．To analyze impacts of global warming. 2．In which aspect can farmers apply Al in crop production? A．Reducing soil pollution. B．Precision farming. C．Solving the food problem. D．Expanding farmland. 3．What do the underlined words “silver bullet” mean in paragraph 4? A．A big fortune. B．A risky attempt. C．A costly method. D．A perfect solution. 4．What’s the author’s attitude to the use of Al in farming? A．Critical. B．Optimistic. C．Cautious. D．Confident. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是人工智能（AI）在农业领域的潜在应用、优势以及面临的挑战，特别是在对抗全球变暖方面的作用。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Therefore, to deal with climate change, it is necessary to ensure efficient, environmentally-conscious farming.(因此，为了应对气候变化，有必要确保高效、环保的农业。)”可知，第二段的目的是提倡环保农业。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Farmers use AI for methods such as precision agriculture, monitoring crop moisture, soil composition, and temperature in growing areas, and enabling farmers to increase production by learning how to take care of their crops and determine the ideal amount of water to use.(农民将人工智能用于精准农业等方法，监测种植区的作物湿度、土壤成分和温度，并使农民能够通过学习如何照顾作物和确定理想的用水量来提高产量。)”可知，农民可以在精准农业方面应用AI。故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段中划线部分下文“it could actually contribute to global warming as well(它实际上也可能导致全球变暖)”可知，AI可能也会导致全球变暖，因此它也不是完美的；“ However, AI is far from a silver bullet(然而，人工智能远不是silver bullet)”中的silver bullet的意思是“完美的解决办法”，和a perfect solution意思相近。故选D。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“However, AI is far from a silver bullet—it could actually contribute to global warming as well.(然而，人工智能远不是灵丹妙药——它实际上也可能导致全球变暖。)”，“Further, securing access to AI on a global scale may pose some challenges.(此外，确保在全球范围内获得人工智能可能会带来一些挑战。)”和最后一段“Given these concerns, global leaders must consider the potential costs, and the environmental consequences of data processing before developing AI for use in agriculture.(鉴于这些担忧，全球领导人在开发用于农业的人工智能之前，必须考虑数据处理的潜在成本和环境后果。)”可知，作者对人工智能在农业中的应用持谨慎的态度。故选C。 18.（23-24高二下·山东泰安·期末） Think twice before you reply to a message with just an emoji (表情符号) . An emoji that represents happiness to one person may express a different emotion to another. To learn more, Ruth Filik at the University of Nottingham, UK, and her colleagues employed 270 British people and 253 people from other countries aged between 18 and 84 years old, with a roughly equal split of men and women, to take part in an online survey. The researchers chose 24 emojis that represented six emotions: happy, disgusted, fearful, sad, surprised or angry, based on the suggested ones that appear when you type out these words. There were four emojis per emotion, representing the different designs used by Apple, Windows, Android and WeChat. Each participant then assigned the emojis to the emotion that they thought was the best match. Women were more likely to match the emojis to the same emotions chosen by the researchers, compared with the men. It may be that women are better at recognizing facial expressions, possibly because they make more eye contact, according to the team. The younger participants also matched up the emojis better than their older counterparts, perhaps because they use these more often. Meanwhile, the British participants matched the emojis better than the others. “For example, it has been suggested that they seldom use the happy emoji to express happiness, instead, they use it for negative meanings such as sarcasm (讽刺) ,” according to the researchers. “When you’re then sending someone a message with an emoji, you can’t just assume that they see it the same way that you do,” says Filik. Isabelle Boutet at the University of Ottawa, Canada, says that matching 24 emojis to just six emotions is quite constrictive. Nevertheless, “there are issues with assigning specific emotional labels to emojis when we don’t know how they’re interpreted by different online communities”, she says. “For example, you would have never thought to use an eggplant as an disapproval if that meaning hadn’t been developed in specific communities.” 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The research results. B．The research process. C．The research theory. D．The research conditions. 2．Who may be better at matching the emojis to the same emotions? A．An old French man. B．A young Chinese man. C．A young British lady. D．An old Japanese lady. 3．What does the underlined word “constrictive” mean in the last paragraph? A．Limited. B．Complicated. C．Difficult. D．Professional. 4．What is the text? A．A biography. B．A book review. C．A science fiction. D．A science report. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项关于表情符号(emoji)在不同人群中的理解和解释差异的研究。研究发现，女性、年轻人和英国参与者更能准确匹配表情符号与预设情感，暗示了性别、年龄和文化背景对emoji解读的影响。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“To learn more, Ruth Filik at the University of Nottingham, UK, and her colleagues employed 270 British people and 253 people from other countries aged between 18 and 84 years old, with a roughly equal split of men and women, to take part in an online survey. The researchers chose 24 emojis that represented six emotions: happy, disgusted, fearful, sad, surprised or angry, based on the suggested ones that appear when you type out these words. There were four emojis per emotion, representing the different designs used by Apple, Windows, Android and WeChat. Each participant then assigned the emojis to the emotion that they thought was the best match.(为了了解更多信息，英国诺丁汉大学的Ruth Filik和她的同事们雇佣了270名英国人和253名来自其他国家的18至84岁的人参加了一项在线调查，男女比例大致相等。研究人员根据你输入这些单词时出现的建议表情符号，选择了24个代表六种情绪的表情符号：快乐、厌恶、恐惧、悲伤、惊讶或愤怒。每种情绪有四个表情符号，代表苹果、Windows、Android和微信使用的不同设计。然后，每个参与者将表情符号分配给他们认为最匹配的情绪)”可知，本段主要介绍了研究人员进行研究的过程。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Women were more likely to match the emojis to the same emotions chosen by the researchers, compared with the men. It may be that women are better at recognizing facial expressions, possibly because they make more eye contact, according to the team. The younger participants also matched up the emojis better than their older counterparts, perhaps because they use these more often. Meanwhile, the British participants matched the emojis better than the others.(与男性相比，女性更有可能将表情符号与研究人员选择的相同情绪相匹配。研究小组表示，女性可能更善于识别面部表情，这可能是因为她们进行了更多的眼神交流。年轻的参与者也比年长的参与者更好地匹配表情符号，也许是因为他们更频繁地使用这些表情符号。与此同时，英国参与者比其他人能更好地匹配表情符号)”可知，女性与男性相比能更好地匹配表情符号，年轻的人与年长的人相比能更好地匹配表情符号，英国参与者比其他人能更好地匹配表情符号，由此可知，一位英国的年轻女士可能更擅长将表情符号与相同的情绪匹配。故选C。 3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Isabelle Boutet at the University of Ottawa, Canada, says that matching 24 emojis to just six emotions is quite constrictive. Nevertheless, “there are issues with assigning specific emotional labels to emojis when we don’t know how they’re interpreted by different online communities”, she says. “For example, you would have never thought to use an eggplant as a disapproval if that meaning hadn’t been developed in specific communities.”(加拿大渥太华大学的Isabelle Boutet说，将24个表情符号与6种情绪相匹配相当constrictive。然而，她说，“当我们不知道不同的在线社区是如何解释表情符号时，为表情符号分配特定的情感标签是有问题的”。“例如，如果茄子的含义没有在特定的社区中得到发展，你永远不会想到用它来表示反对。”)”可知，为表情符号分配特定的情感标签存在问题，如果某种表情符号没有在特定范围内得到发展，那么你就不会想到这种表情符号具备特定的情绪色彩，由此可推知，将表情符号与情绪匹配是有限制的，划线单词表示“有限的”，与limited意义相近。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“To learn more, Ruth Filik at the University of Nottingham, UK, and her colleagues employed 270 British people and 253 people from other countries aged between 18 and 84 years old, with a roughly equal split of men and women, to take part in an online survey. (为了了解更多信息，英国诺丁汉大学的Ruth Filik和她的同事们雇佣了270名英国人和253名来自其他国家的18至84岁的人参加了一项在线调查，男女比例大致相等)”以及第三段“Women were more likely to match the emojis to the same emotions chosen by the researchers, compared with the men. It may be that women are better at recognizing facial expressions, possibly because they make more eye contact, according to the team. The younger participants also matched up the emojis better than their older counterparts, perhaps because they use these more often. Meanwhile, the British participants matched the emojis better than the others.(与男性相比，女性更有可能将表情符号与研究人员选择的相同情绪相匹配。研究小组表示，女性可能更善于识别面部表情，这可能是因为她们进行了更多的眼神交流。年轻的参与者也比年长的参与者更好地匹配表情符号，也许是因为他们更频繁地使用这些表情符号。与此同时，英国参与者比其他人更匹配表情符号)”可知，本文主要介绍了一项研究人员进行的关于表情符号(emoji)在不同人群中的理解和解释差异的研究，及其研究结果，由此可知，文本是一份科学报告。故选D。 19.（23-24高二下·山东泰安·期末） In the last hundred years, the Bali mynah (巴厘岛白椋鸟) has been sought after for its white feathers and blue skin. The capture for sale along with the bird’s habitat loss led to its being listed as “threatened” in 1988. In 1994 the Bali mynah was moved to “critically endangered”. By 2001, experts estimated only about six Bali mynahs were living in the wild, with thousands in captivity (圈养) across the world. Now, conservationists are hoping to increase the mynah population by working with bird breeders and sellers to release them into the wild. Actually, in the 1980s, an organization now called Bird Life International started to work with the government to launch a breeding program for the birds. Breeders can seek government permits to breed the birds. If approved, breeders are given mynahs and can keep 90 percent of the baby birds for private sale. The remaining birds are released at the National Park, where they will be closely watched by park officials. Early mynah releases faced problems. Some birds were infected with some diseases; others were killed by natural hunters. Illegal hunting also continued — the national park’s breeding center was even robbed, with nearly 40 birds stolen. Yet conservation efforts in the last ten years have seen greater success. Tom Squires, a famous conservationist said: “Bird keepers can still keep birds and follow their hobby without causing real problems for wild populations — which is better than species going extinct in the world.” Agus Ngurah, also a well-known conservationist, praised the program. “With the community being the breeders… they are helping us to take care of the birds existing in nature,” he said. Squires noted that there is clear evidence that some released birds have produced young ones. “So that leads me to believe that the population is certainly self-sustaining to an extent,” he said. Meanwhile, 420 Bali mynahs are now found living in the National Park. According to Logan William, another conservationist, “The government should give something back to the community so they can feel the benefits from conservation, and the bird can also benefit.” 1．Why is the mynah hunted by humans? A．They are pests. B．They taste good. C．They look beautiful. D．They are countless. 2．What can we infer from the three conservationists’ words? A．The government contributes the least. B．Bird keepers can keep the birds freely. C．The efforts of protecting the mynah have paid off. D．The community can breed birds for profits completely. 3．How many reasons may cause releasing problems? A．Two. B．Three. C．Four. D．Five. 4．What might be the writer’s attitude to the breeding programme? A．Approving. B．Critical. C．Doubtful. D．Opposed. 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了巴厘岛白椋鸟（Bali mynah）因羽毛美丽遭受捕猎和栖息地丧失，导致种群濒临灭绝，而后通过政府与饲养者合作的繁殖计划，成功增加野生种群数量，保护工作初见成效。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“In the last hundred years, the Bali mynah (巴厘岛白椋鸟) has been sought after for its white feathers and blue skin.(在过去的一百年里，巴厘岛白椋鸟因其白色羽毛和蓝色皮肤而备受追寻)”可知，由于白色羽毛和蓝色皮肤，巴厘岛白椋鸟看起来很漂亮，这导致其被人类捕捉。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第六段“Tom Squires, a famous conservationist said: “Bird keepers can still keep birds and follow their hobby without causing real problems for wild populations — which is better than species going extinct in the world.”(著名的自然资源保护主义者汤姆·斯奎尔斯说：“鸟类饲养员仍然可以饲养鸟类并追随他们的爱好，而不会给野生种群带来真正的问题——这比世界上灭绝的物种要好。”)”、第七段““With the community being the breeders… they are helping us to take care of the birds existing in nature,” he said.(他说：“社区是育种者……他们正在帮助我们照顾自然界中存在的鸟类。”)”以及最后一段“According to Logan William, another conservationist, “The government should give something back to the community so they can feel the benefits from conservation, and the bird can also benefit.”(另一位环保主义者洛根·威廉表示：“政府应该回馈社区，这样他们才能感受到保护的好处，鸟类也能从中受益。”)”可知，保护巴厘岛白椋鸟的努力已经得到成效。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Early mynah releases faced problems. Some birds were infected with some diseases; others were killed by natural hunters. Illegal hunting also continued—the national park’s breeding center was even robbed, with nearly 40 birds stolen.(早期的白椋鸟释放面临问题。一些鸟感染了一些疾病；其他的被自然猎人杀害。非法狩猎也在继续——国家公园的繁殖中心甚至遭到抢劫，近40只鸟被盗)”可知，释放巴厘岛白椋鸟可能面临鸟类感染疾病、被自然猎人杀害和非法狩猎三个问题。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据第六段“Tom Squires, a famous conservationist said: “Bird keepers can still keep birds and follow their hobby without causing real problems for wild populations — which is better than species going extinct in the world.”(著名的自然资源保护主义者汤姆·斯奎尔斯说：“鸟类饲养员仍然可以饲养鸟类并追随他们的爱好，而不会给野生种群带来真正的问题——这比世界上灭绝的物种要好。”)”、第七段““With the community being the breeders… they are helping us to take care of the birds existing in nature,” he said.(他说：“社区是育种者……他们正在帮助我们照顾自然界中存在的鸟类。”)”、第八段“Meanwhile, 420 Bali mynahs are now found living in the National Park.(与此同时，目前有420只巴厘岛白椋鸟生活在国家公园)”以及最后一段“According to Logan William, another conservationist, “The government should give something back to the community so they can feel the benefits from conservation, and the bird can also benefit.”(另一位环保主义者洛根·威廉表示：“政府应该回馈社区，这样他们才能感受到保护的好处，鸟类也能从中受益。”)”可知，作者引用环保主义者的话，表明繁殖巴厘岛白椋鸟取得成效，由此可推知，作者对于繁殖计划的态度是赞同的。故选A。 20.（23-24高二下·山东潍坊·期末） The majority of plastic that pollutes our planet’s oceans doesn’t float on the surface, but rather underneath the waves. This makes tracking and monitoring the problematic rubbish using technology like satellites challenging for researchers. But a new system of supercomputer-powered search program could help enable satellites for the task. With additional research and fine tuning, it has become a valuable tool in tackling the global issue. As detailed in a study published on June 14 in Nature Communications, a project trained a machine-learning program on 300, 000 imagery of the Mediterranean Sea gathered over six years by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite. The team then used this database to identify what are known as windrows — floating filaments (丝状物) composed of garbage and plastic formed by ocean currents and wind. Windrows, frequently short-lived structures, can extend for miles before spreading into the ocean. While windrows only account for an extremely small portion of overall ocean litter, researchers theorized the rubbish could serve as proxies for pollution hotspots. Between July 2015 and September 2021, the team detected and monitored a total of 14, 374 windrows — an exponential (指数的) increase in documented litter structures. Many of the windrows positioned by satellite images were then subsequently checked by ships in the region. In total, the pollution is estimated to have covered 94. 5 square kilometers, an area equal to roughly 7, 500 soccer fields. Further analyses allowed the team to infer a number of influences, such as nearby population distribution, geography, and rainfall, on where and when ocean litter piles up. A region that frequently experiences heavy rain more often carries garbage out into the water, where coastal desert areas may contribute far less. These hotspots are also primarily located within 15 km of a coast and frequently return to shore within the following weeks or months. “Ocean litter mirrors the failures of our civilization to manage waste,” the team writes in their study. “Satellite-based observations are one of the best hopes for large-scale monitoring.” 1．What challenge do researchers face concerning ocean pollution? A．The hidden plastic. B．The unstable currents. C．The fund shortage. D．The inadequate satellites. 2．What is the focus of paragraph 2? A．The property of windrows. B．The process of confirming windrows C．The way of constructing a database. D．The study of a machine-learning program. 3．What does the underlined word “proxies” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Signs B．Components. C．Defenders. D．Solutions. 4．Why does the writer mention coastal desert areas? A．To emphasize their impact. B．To advocate ocean protection. C．To prove the team’s inference. D．To introduce another influence. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是超级计算机帮助解锁了一颗卫星监控堆积如山的漂浮塑料的能力。 1．细节理解题。根据首段中的“The majority of plastic that pollutes our planet’s oceans doesn’t float on the surface, but rather underneath the waves. This makes tracking and monitoring the problematic rubbish using technology like satellites challenging for researchers. (污染地球海洋的大部分塑料并没有漂浮在海面上，而是在海浪下面。这使得使用卫星等技术跟踪和监测有问题的垃圾对研究人员来说具有挑战性。)”可知，污染地球海洋的大部分塑料在海浪之下，这使得使用卫星等技术跟踪和监测有问题的垃圾具有挑战性，由此可知，研究人员在海洋污染方面面临塑料隐藏的挑战。故选A项。 2．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As detailed in a study published on June 14 in Nature Communications, a project trained a machine-learning program on 300, 000 imagery of the Mediterranean Sea gathered over six years by the European Space Agency’s Copernicus Sentinel-2 sateite. The team then used this database to identify what are known as windrows—floating filaments (丝状物) composed of garbage and plastic formed by ocean currents and wind. (正如6月14日发表在《自然通讯》上的一项研究所详述的那样，一个项目对欧洲航天局的哥白尼哨兵2号卫星6年来收集的30万张地中海图像进行了机器学习程序的训练。然后，研究小组使用这个数据库来识别由洋流和风形成的垃圾和塑料组成的所谓的积丘（windrows）。)”可知，一个项目对收集的图像进行了机器学习程序的训练，然后，研究小组使用这些数据库来识别由洋流和风形成的垃圾和塑料组成的所谓的积丘（windrows），由此可知，本段主要介绍的是证实积丘（windrows）的过程。故选B项。 3．词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在的句子“While windrows only account for an extremely small portion of overall ocean litter, researchers theorized the rubbish could serve as … for pollution hotspots. (虽然积丘只占整个海洋垃圾的很小一部分，但研究人员认为，这些垃圾可以作为污染热点的……。)”可知，积丘占海洋垃圾的很小部分，但可以作为污染热点的……，结合下文中的“Between July 2015 and September 2021, the team detected and monitored a total of 14, 374 windrows — an exponential (指数的) increase in documented litter structures. (在2015年7月至2021年9月期间，该团队共检测并监测了14,374个积丘——记录的垃圾结构呈指数增长。)”可知，该团队共检测并监测了14,374个积丘——记录的垃圾结构呈指数增长，由此可推断，这些积丘可以看作是垃圾的指数，所以划线单词的意思与“指数”意义相近。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Further analyses allowed the team to infer a number of influences, such as nearby population distribution, geography, and rainfall, on where and when ocean litter piles up. (进一步的分析使研究小组能够推断出一些影响因素，比如附近的人口分布、地理位置和降雨，以及海洋垃圾堆积的地点和时间。)”以及下文中的“A region that frequently experiences heavy rain more often carries garbage out into the water, where coastal desert areas may contribute far less. (一个经常经历大雨的地区更容易将垃圾带入水中，而沿海沙漠地区的垃圾可能少得多。)”可知，研究小组推断出一些影响因素，包括附近的人口分布、地理位置和降雨，以及海洋垃圾堆积的地点和时间等，进而在下文中提到了沿海沙漠地区的垃圾的情况，由此可推断，文章提到沿海沙漠地区是为了证实研究小组的推断。故选C项。 7 / 43 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$